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will in 1868, and confirmed the succession in his own will of 1913. On his accession in 1918, his son Vyner (later Sir
Charles Vyner Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak) swore to uphold the will "as forming the constitution of the state". This unique testamentary trust became known as the Sarawak Sovereignty Trust.
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In accordance with the will of the first rajah, James Brooke, the line of succession to the "sovereignty of
Sarawak and all the rights and privileges whatsoever thereto belonging" was to the heirs male lawfully begotten of the Rajah's nephew Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke. Charles inherited under the
764:
Sarawak has a diverse population with a large proportion of indigenous tribal peoples, such as the Dayaks (Kayan, Kelabit, Kenyah, Melanau (Kayan Lalo), Kenowit, Sebop
Bukitan, Kedayan, Tanjong, Sipeng, Kajang, Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan, Punan, Lugat, Lisum, Penan, Sian, Tagal (Murut), Tring, Adang,
824:
was granted a coat of arms (Or a Cross engrailed per cross indented, Azure and Sable in the first quarter an
Estoile of the second. Crest: On an Eastern Crown Or a Brock Proper ducally gorged also Or). The arms were for him and his descendants and the descendants of his late father Thomas Brooke.
604:
by a
Chinese company which imported numerous workers from China and Singapore. After the local Chinese uprising in 1857, the mining operations were gradually taken over by the Borneo Company; it bought out the last Chinese company in 1884. The Borneo Company provided military support to the White
659:. He was never prosecuted. Documents released in the late 20th century indicate that the British government knew that Brooke was not involved, but chose not to reveal the truth of the matter so as not to provoke Indonesia. It had recently won its
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of the territory. The Raj of
Sarawak developed and expanded during the rule of the first two White Rajahs, growing to occupy much of the north region of the island of Borneo. The Brooke administrations leased or annexed more land from Brunei.
655:, the second British governor to Sarawak, was assassinated by two people that were believed to be members of a group dedicated to restoring him as rajah. In reality, they were from a political group agitating for union with newly independent
671:
to the north-west. Since those events, there has been no serious movement for the restoration of the monarchy, although under the will of Sir James Brooke any member of the Brooke family is eligible to be appointed heir.
588:
Rajah James retained many of the customs and symbols of Malay monarchy, and combined them with his own style of absolute rule. The Rajah had the power to introduce laws and acted as chief judge in
Kuching.
508:, by granting new powers to the Council Negri (the parliament). Bertram co-ruled with his elder brother, taking turns of 6–8 months in charge of the country each year. By 1939 Vyner Brooke's nephew
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The heraldic arms of the Brooke dynasty were based on the emblem used by James Brooke prior to 9 November 1848. It consisted of a red and black cross per pale on a yellow shield, crested by a
620:, to police and defend the expanding state. This small army also manned a series of forts around the country, acted as the rajahs' personal guard, and performed ceremonial duties.
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Livong, Miriek, Tabun, Ukit, Bakong, Kiput, Berawan, Narum, Dali, Penan & other Dayaks), Malay, Bidayuh (Land Dayaks) and Iban (Sea Dayaks). In addition, it received numerous
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had taken the reins of government, and it was with a considerable controversy that Vyner attempted to secretly cede
Sarawak to Britain in 1946 in what gave rise to the
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805:
the dynastic surname. The shield design was used as the basis of the
Sarawak flag hoisted 21 September 1848. A crown was added to the flag around 1870 when
738:. Several key buildings from the Brooke period, such as the offices and warehouses of Borneo Company, have been demolished for more recent developments.
734:; the Square Fort; and Brooke Memorial. The Brooke Dockyard, which was founded in the period of Rajah Charles, is still in operation, as is the original
1784:
1318:
577:; the system of government was based on the Bruneian model. Brooke reorganised the government according to the British model, eventually creating a
756:
The Brooke
Gallery which showcases belongings from the Brooke family and artefacts during their time as the White Rajah. The gallery is located in
640:. Unclear as to the legality of cession, the British government simultaneously passed a Bill of Annexation. Rajah Vyner's nephew and legal heir,
592:
The White Rajahs were determined to prevent the indigenous peoples of Sarawak from being exploited by Western business interests. They allowed
1963:
585:(chiefly British) officers to run district outstations. The Sarawak Service was continually reformed by Rajah James and his successors.
493:, Devon. Anthony Brooke had his ashes interred at Sheepstor as well as at the Brooke Family graveyard in Kuching, as per his last wish.
261:– which was known as Sarawak Asal (Original Sarawak) – by the Sultanate of Brunei for helping fight piracy and insurgency among the
1721:
679:
still maintains strong ties to the state and its people and are represented by the Brooke Trust, and by Anthony Brooke's grandson
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402:
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The architectural legacy of the dynasty can be seen in many of the country's 19th-century and colonial heritage buildings. In
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304:
until 1841 when James Brooke was granted a sizeable area of land in the southwest area of Brunei – around the town of
288:. His nephew had been the legal heir to the throne and objected to the cession, as did most of the Sarawak members of the
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1555:"Photostat of original letter written by J.P. Brooke-Little, Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms to Margaret Noble"
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1530:"Photostat of original letter written by Charles Brooke to William Robert Rupert Mounsey 14 Feb 1913"
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596:(the Borneo Company) to assist in managing the economy. The core of the early Sarawak economy was
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in accordance with the will of James Brooke, the White Rajahs' dynasty continued through Brooke's
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immigrants, whose businesses and labour were encouraged at various times by the White Rajahs.
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Modern Kuching has many businesses and attractions that refer to the era of the White Rajahs:
1351:
Kaur, Amarjit (February 1995). "The Babbling Brookes: Economic Change in Sarawak 1841–1946".
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50:
644:, initially opposed annexation by the Crown, as did a majority of the native members of the
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Fort Margherita was erected by Rajah Charles and named after his wife, the Ranee Margaret.
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Sylvia, Queen of the Headhunters: A Biography of Lady Brooke, the Last Ranee of Sarawak
1505:"Photostat of original letter written by James Brooke to Lord Palmerston 14 March 1849"
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Because of his opposition to the cession, Anthony Brooke was considered a suspect when
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Rajahs during crises such as the Chinese uprising. One of the company steamships, the
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Vyner Brooke instituted significant political reforms during his tenure. He ended the
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1660:. Vol. 11. Den Haag: Koninklijk Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde. 1996.
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wanted to differentiate the government flag from the merchant flag (without crown).
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1480:"Transcript of letter written by James Brooke to Lord Palmerston 14 March 1849"
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489:(but without taking degrees). All of them died in England and are buried at
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This article is about the White Rajahs of Sarawak. For the White Rajah of
1882:
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named after James Brooke's schooner, refer to the history of the Brookes.
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1872:
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656:
474:
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Schutte, O (1981). "M. R. H. Calmeyer, de Wind, de Windt, de Wint".
1454:"Radio 4's investigative history - The stabbed governor of Sarawak"
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More illegitimate children have been suspected but not acknowledged
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When James Brooke first arrived in Sarawak, it was governed as a
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683:, at many state functions and supporting heritage projects.
45:
For other European men sometimes referred to as Rajah, see
1620:
The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak
280:, the latter of whom ceded his rights over Sarawak to the
1576:
1634:
The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946
632:, during which Sarawak and the rest of Borneo had been
424:
His uncle James named Charles as his successor in 1865
419:, with whom he had six children; three survived infancy
636:, the third rajah, Vyner Brooke, ceded Sarawak to the
27:
British dynasty ruling the Raj of Sarawak (1841–1946)
1678:
Old Rajah Brooke website (snapshot from 9 June 2009)
1595:
473:Graves of the White Rajahs at St Leonard's Church,
241:, located on the north west coast of the island of
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1394:Chinese Pioneers on the Sarawak Frontier 1841–1941
1285:Wife of Heir apparent: Her Highness The Ranee Muda
1319:List of heads of government of the Raj of Sarawak
265:in 1841 and received independent kingdom status.
1935:
1330:in southern Borneo, 30 years before James Brooke
623:
565:showing bronze image of a Sarawak native warrior
1421:
1419:
1417:
375:unmarried, but acknowledged an illegitimate son
1445:
308:(now Kuching) and the nearby mining region of
1715:
600:, later followed by gold, which was mined in
485:educations, Vyner went to public schools and
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1425:
1414:
1326:, a small independent state established by
378:granted Sarawak and the title Rajah by the
316:. He was later confirmed with the title of
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1708:
1282:Heir apparent: His Highness The Rajah Muda
667:, and the UK was already dealing with the
463:son of the preceding, inherited the title
1552:
96:HH Sir James Brooke, 1st Rajah of Sarawak
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1279:Wife of Ruler: Her Highness The Ranee
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38:. For the book by Nigel Barley, see
1581:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1341:
711:was named after the Brooke family.
24:
1964:Heads of state of former countries
1729:
1577:Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001).
1527:
1502:
1477:
460:, with whom he had three daughters
25:
1975:
1666:
1428:"The stabbed governor of Sarawak"
1314:List of Sarawakian royal consorts
500:of the rajah in 1941, before the
300:Sarawak was part of the realm of
1918:Anti-cession movement of Sarawak
1298:Female: Her Highness Dayang Muda
801:parlance as a "brock" and hence
514:anti-cession movement of Sarawak
444:
401:
362:
89:
71:
722:, or governor's residence; the
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1521:
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1471:
1452:Mike Thomson (12 March 2012).
1426:Mike Thomson (14 March 2012).
1385:
993:Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke
828:
745:The James Brooke Café and the
13:
1:
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1274:Ruler: His Highness The Rajah
624:Cession to the United Kingdom
612:Rajah Charles formed a small
548:
414:Dayang Mastiah, one son, Esca
312:– from Bruneian Sultan
270:descent through the male line
214:Anthony Walter Dayrell Brooke
40:Nigel Barley (anthropologist)
1836:Order of the Star of Sarawak
1596:Sylvia, Lady Brooke (1970).
1295:Male: His Highness Tuan Muda
609:, helped recapture Kuching.
557:Brooke Memorial outside the
481:James and Charles had short
417:Margaret Alice Lili de Windt
257:was granted the province of
233:, who founded and ruled the
151:; 183 years ago
7:
1302:
634:occupied by Japanese forces
329:
169:; 78 years ago
10:
1980:
1640:Cambridge University Press
1363:Cambridge University Press
982:John Brooke Johnson Brooke
451:26 September 1874, England
284:in 1946, which was made a
210:John Brooke Johnson Brooke
44:
29:
1910:
1865:
1844:
1798:
1777:
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1611:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1528:Brooke, Charles Anthoni.
1371:10.1017/s0026749x00012634
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1598:Queen of the Headhunters
249:, from 1841 to 1946. Of
34:in southern Borneo, see
1923:Crown Colony of Sarawak
1790:British representatives
1398:Oxford University Press
785:Government flag of the
544:The Brooke dynasty tree
491:Sheepstor parish church
247:Maritime Southeast Asia
1852:Borneo Company Limited
1649:De Nederlandsche Leeuw
1618:Reece, R.H.W. (1993).
817:
790:
696:
594:Borneo Company Limited
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392:Charles Johnson/Brooke
1605:Eade, Philip (2007).
1392:Chew, Daniel (1990).
822:Sir James Brooke, KCB
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372:11 June 1868, England
314:Omar Ali Saifuddin II
51:Joseph William Torrey
1888:Sarawak State Museum
1759:Charles Vyner Brooke
1553:Brooke-Little, J.P.
1354:Modern Asian Studies
1078:Charles Vyner Brooke
777:Heraldry and emblems
520:today is a state of
487:Cambridge University
435:Charles Vyner Brooke
411:17 May 1917, England
408:3 June 1829, England
369:29 April 1803, India
140:Charles Vyner Brooke
47:James Erskine Murray
1785:Heads of government
1204:James Lionel Brooke
820:On 9 November 1848
661:war of independence
575:Sultanate of Brunei
454:9 May 1963, England
253:, the first ruler,
227:hereditary monarchy
1949:History of Sarawak
1693:2020-09-24 at the
1688:rajahofsarawakfund
1579:My Life in Sarawak
1070:Esca Brooke-Daykin
818:
791:
718:these include the
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567:
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532:Line of succession
526:Malaysia Agreement
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388:Charles of Sarawak
263:indigenous peoples
126:First monarch
1944:History of Borneo
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1269:Styles and titles
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669:Malayan Emergency
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342:Succession right
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136:Last monarch
16:(Redirected from
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736:Sarawak Museum
728:Old Courthouse
724:Sarawak Museum
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1898:Square Tower
1811:Coat of arms
1806:Constitution
1747:James Brooke
1738:
1657:
1648:
1633:
1619:
1606:
1597:
1578:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:
1548:
1537:. Retrieved
1533:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
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1487:. Retrieved
1483:
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1462:. Retrieved
1457:
1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1431:
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1289:
1288:
1258:Jason Brooke
1256:
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792:
789:, ~1870–1946
763:
740:
713:
698:
681:Jason Brooke
674:
650:
630:World War II
627:
614:paramilitary
611:
606:
591:
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571:vassal state
568:
535:
506:World War II
495:
480:
458:Sylvia Brett
434:
429:
391:
386:
353:James Brooke
352:
347:
299:
286:Crown colony
267:
255:James Brooke
223:White Rajahs
222:
220:
206:Pretender(s)
130:James Brooke
120:His Highness
95:
78:Coat of arms
77:
1911:Dissolution
1883:Fort Sylvia
1761:(1917–1946)
1755:(1868–1917)
1749:(1841–1868)
911:Emma Brooke
829:Family tree
803:alluding to
797:, known in
665:Netherlands
616:force, the
441:(1917–1946)
398:(1868–1917)
359:(1841–1868)
278:grandnephew
18:White Rajah
1938:Categories
1893:The Astana
1873:Fort Alice
1778:Government
1609:. London:
1564:2022-07-25
1539:2022-07-24
1514:2022-07-24
1489:2022-07-24
1464:2016-11-04
1460:. BBC News
1438:2016-11-04
1434:. BBC News
1335:References
1152:Rajah Muda
1093:Rajah Muda
986:Rajah Muda
549:Government
524:after the
200:Hereditary
186:The Astana
1866:Buildings
1683:bbc.co.uk
1656:"Quast".
1458:bbc.co.uk
1432:bbc.co.uk
1379:0026-749X
705:Brooketon
663:from the
657:Indonesia
528:of 1963.
475:Sheepstor
339:Marriages
268:Based on
196:Appointer
182:Residence
164:Abolition
146:Formation
63:Rajah of
1826:Currency
1691:Archived
1630:(1960).
1303:See also
799:heraldic
747:Royalist
598:antimony
583:European
522:Malaysia
330:Portrait
1799:Symbols
1770:Kingdom
767:Chinese
716:Kuching
573:of the
563:Kuching
518:Sarawak
504:during
306:Sarawak
259:Kuching
229:of the
225:were a
190:Kuching
172: (
154: (
111:Details
65:Sarawak
1821:Anthem
1739:Rajahs
1585:
1404:
1377:
1324:Maluka
795:badger
771:Indian
726:; the
720:Astana
709:Brunei
687:Legacy
628:After
302:Brunei
296:Rulers
274:nephew
243:Borneo
53:, and
32:Maluka
1509:Trove
1361:(1).
336:Death
333:Birth
318:Rajah
237:as a
116:Style
1816:Flag
1583:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1375:ISSN
769:and
749:, a
699:The
675:The
327:Name
276:and
221:The
174:1946
167:1946
156:1841
149:1841
1367:doi
751:pub
707:in
703:of
602:Bau
561:at
310:Bau
245:in
1940::
1557:.
1532:.
1507:.
1482:.
1456:.
1430:.
1416:^
1400:.
1373:.
1359:29
1357:.
1343:^
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516:.
292:.
212:,
188:,
49:,
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1600:.
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1517:.
1492:.
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1410:.
1381:.
1369::
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437:)
433:(
394:)
390:(
355:)
351:(
176:)
158:)
57:.
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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