691:
49:
707:
1469:
946:
753:
676:
1817:
67:
391:
1558:
1674:
966:
1182:
926:
886:
1805:
846:
1405:, which sank in the summer of 1495. In 2021, archaeologists recovered more than 2000 peppercorns from the wreck, along with a variety of other spices and exotic foodstuffs including clove, ginger, saffron, and almond. The ship was carrying King Hans to a political summit at the time of its loss. The spices were likely intended for feasts at the summit, which would have included the Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish Councils of State.
866:
906:
1409:
1793:
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long, tied up to neighbouring trees or climbing frames at distances of about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) apart; trees with rough bark are favoured over those with smooth bark, as the pepper plants climb rough bark more readily. Competing plants are cleared away, leaving only sufficient trees to provide shade and permit free ventilation. The roots are covered in leaf
1722:(7%), which give citrusy, woody, and floral notes. These scents are mostly missing in white pepper, as the fermentation and other processing removes the fruit layer (which also contains some of the spicy piperine). Other flavours also commonly develop in this process, some of which are described as off-flavours when in excess: Primarily
1253:
fruit or berry, its only desirable quality being a certain pungency; and yet it is for this that we import it all the way from India! Who was the first to make trial of it as an article of food? and who, I wonder, was the man that was not content to prepare himself by hunger only for the satisfying of a greedy appetite?
1523:
or "foreign pepper". It does not appear to have been widely known at the time, failing to appear in a fourth-century work describing a wide variety of spices from beyond China's southern border, including long pepper. By the 12th century, however, black pepper had become a popular ingredient in the
1483:
As pepper supplies into Europe increased, the price of pepper declined (though the total value of the import trade generally did not). Pepper, which in the early Middle Ages had been an item exclusively for the rich, started to become more of an everyday seasoning among those of more average means.
760:
A single stem bears 20 to 30 fruiting spikes. The harvest begins as soon as one or two fruits at the base of the spikes begin to turn red, and before the fruit is fully mature, and still hard; if allowed to ripen completely, the fruits lose pungency, and ultimately fall off and are lost. The spikes
732:
Pepper can be grown in soil that is neither too dry nor susceptible to flooding, moist, well-drained, and rich in organic matter. The vines do not do well over an altitude of 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level. The plants are propagated by cuttings about 40 to 50 cm (16 to 20 in)
1252:
It is quite surprising that the use of pepper has come so much into fashion, seeing that in other substances which we use, it is sometimes their sweetness, and sometimes their appearance that has attracted our notice; whereas, pepper has nothing in it that can plead as a recommendation to either
728:
growing up to 4 m (13 ft) in height on supporting trees, poles, or trellises. It is a spreading vine, rooting readily where trailing stems touch the ground. The leaves are alternate, entire, 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) long and 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in) across. The
1390:, affordable only to the wealthy, who certainly had unspoiled meat available, as well. In addition, people of the time certainly knew that eating spoiled food would make them sick. Similarly, the belief that pepper was widely used as a preservative is questionable; it is true that
652:
1452:
However, the
Portuguese monopolized the spice trade for 150 years. Portuguese even became the lingua franca of the then known world. The spice trade made Portugal rich. However in the 17th century, the Portuguese lost most of their valuable Indian Ocean trade to the
2978:
Dawid, Corinna; Henze, Andrea; Frank, Oliver; Glabasnia, Anneke; Rupp, Mathias; BĂŒning, Kirsten; Orlikowski, Diana; Bader, Matthias; Hofmann, Thomas (2012). "Structural and
Sensory Characterization of Key Pungent and Tingling Compounds from Black Pepper
1775:
or grinders, which mechanically grind or crush whole peppercorns, are used for this as an alternative to pepper shakers that dispense ground pepper. Spice mills such as pepper mills were found in
European kitchens as early as the 14th century, but the
1147:, Malaysia, and everywhere in Southeast Asia. These areas traded mainly with China, or used the pepper locally. Ports in the Malabar area also served as a stop-off point for much of the trade in other spices from farther east in the Indian Ocean.
1579:, chapter five, as one of the few medicines a monk is allowed to carry. Long pepper, being stronger, was often the preferred medication, but both were used. Black pepper (or perhaps long pepper) was believed to cure several illnesses, such as
1538:): "... Messer Marco heard it stated by one of the Great Kaan's officers of customs that the quantity of pepper introduced daily for consumption into the city of Kinsay amounted to 43 loads, each load being equal to 223 lbs."
1444:
and spices". Though this first trip to India by way of the southern tip of Africa was only a modest success, the
Portuguese quickly returned in greater numbers and eventually gained much greater control of trade on the Arabian Sea. The
664:
3135:"Aroma compound analysis of Piper nigrum and Piper guineense essential oils from Cameroon using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography, solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and olfactometry"
1394:, the compound that gives pepper its spiciness, has some antimicrobial properties, but at the concentrations present when pepper is used as a spice, the effect is small. Salt is a much more effective preservative, and
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5331:
1685:
derived from both the outer fruit and the seed. Black pepper contains between 4.6 and 9.7% piperine by mass, and white pepper slightly more than that. Refined piperine, by weight, is about one percent as hot as the
1131:. Chili peppersâsome of which, when dried, are similar in shape and taste to long pepperâwere easier to grow in a variety of locations more convenient to Europe. Before the 16th century, pepper was being grown in
486:
as a substitute for black pepper, because black pepper would visibly stand out. However, white pepper lacks certain compounds present in the outer layer of the drupe, resulting in a different overall flavour.
1267:
He does not state whether the 50 million was the actual amount of money which found its way to India or the total retail cost of the items in Rome, and, elsewhere, he cites a figure of 100 million sesterces.
538:
Red peppercorns usually consist of ripe peppercorn drupes preserved in brine and vinegar. Ripe red peppercorns can also be dried using the same colour-preserving techniques used to produce green pepper.
1046:. Global pepper production varies annually according to crop management, disease, and weather. Peppercorns are among the most widely traded spice in the world, accounting for 20% of all spice imports.
4753:
729:
flowers are small, produced on pendulous spikes 4 to 8 cm (1.6 to 3.1 in) long at the leaf nodes, the spikes lengthening up to 7 to 15 cm (2.8 to 5.9 in) as the fruit matures.
2476:
455:
White pepper consists solely of the seed of the ripe fruit of the pepper plant, with the thin darker-coloured skin (flesh) of the fruit removed. This is usually accomplished by a process known as
1625:. Some sources say that piperine, a substance present in black pepper, irritates the nostrils, causing the sneezing. Few, if any, controlled studies have been carried out to answer the question.
2453:
1783:
Enhancing the flavour profile of peppercorns (including piperine and essential oils), prior to processing, has been attempted through the postharvest application of ultraviolet-C light (UV-C).
813:, with the wild source gradually decreasing as the quality and yield of the cultivated variety improved. No successful grafting of commercial pepper on wild pepper has been achieved to date.
2706:
Spices, which are used as integral ingredients in cuisine or added as flavouring agents to foods, are present in insufficient quantities for their antimicrobial properties to be significant.
1311:, included 3,000 pounds of pepper as part of the ransom he demanded from Rome when he besieged the city in the fifth century. After the fall of Rome, others took over the middle legs of the
463:; rubbing then removes what remains of the fruit, and the naked seed is dried. Sometimes the outer layer is removed from the seed through other mechanical, chemical, or biological methods.
435:
The pepper drupes can also be dried in the sun or by machine for several days, during which the pepper skin around the seed shrinks and darkens into a thin, wrinkled black layer containing
1756:, which can be detected in concentrations of 0.4 nanograms/l in water and in wine: rotundone is also present in marjoram, oregano, rosemary, basil, thyme, and geranium, as well as in some
1178:
Pepper (both long and black) was known in Greece at least as early as the fourth century BCE, though it was probably an uncommon and expensive item that only the very rich could afford.
1223:, and shipped from there to Italy and Rome. The rough geographical outlines of this same trade route would dominate the pepper trade into Europe for a millennium and a half to come.
6221:
1386:, pepper was often used to conceal the taste of partially rotten meat. No evidence supports this claim, and historians view it as highly unlikely; in the Middle Ages, pepper was a
2582:
2434:
2110:
530:. Their flavour has been described as "spicy and fresh", with a "bright aroma." They decay quickly if not dried or preserved, making them unsuitable for international shipping.
2662:
Dalby, p. 156; also Turner, pp. 108â109, though Turner does go on to discuss spices (not pepper specifically) being used to disguise the taste of partially spoiled wine or ale.
2328:
1207:, the early empire sent a fleet of around 120 ships on an annual trip to India and back. The fleet timed its travel across the Arabian Sea to take advantage of the predictable
439:. Once dry, the spice is called black peppercorn. After the peppercorns are dried, pepper powder for culinary uses is obtained by crushing the berries, which may also yield an
4985:
4746:
3055:
2847:
was long pepper goes back to the fourth century CE botanical writings of Ji Han; Hui-lin Li's 1979 translation of and commentary on Ji Han's work makes the case that it was
1465:(1580â1640), occupied by force almost all Portuguese interests in the area. The pepper ports of Malabar began to trade increasingly with the Dutch in the period 1661â1663.7
1763:
Pepper loses flavour and aroma through evaporation, so airtight storage helps preserve its spiciness longer. Pepper can also lose flavour when exposed to light, which can
1244:
per pound, while that of white pepper is seven, and of black, four." Pliny also complains, "There is no year in which India does not drain the Roman Empire of 50 million
3404:
651:
1771:. Once ground, pepper's aromatics can evaporate quickly; most culinary sources recommend grinding whole peppercorns immediately before use for this reason. Handheld
4739:
1287:
3172:
Steinhaus, Martin; Schieberle, Peter (28 June 2005). "Role of the
Fermentation Process in Off-odorant Formation in White Pepper: On-site Trial in Thailand".
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4958:
2494:
3552:
2473:
2118:
6167:
3207:
Siebert, Tracey E.; Wood, Claudia; Elsey, Gordon M.; Alan (2008). "Determination of
Rotundone, the Pepper Aroma Impact Compound, in Grapes and Wine".
495:
Green pepper, like black pepper, is made from unripe drupes. Dried green peppercorns are treated in a way that retains the green colour, such as with
1082:
in Kerala, famous for exporting black pepper and various other spices, gets mentioned in a number of classical historical sources for its trade with
2450:
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1398:
were common fare, especially in winter. However, pepper and other spices certainly played a role in improving the taste of long-preserved meats.
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for the first three years. The plants bear fruit from the fourth or fifth year, and then typically for seven years. The cuttings are usually
5601:
625:("mountain horopito") are another replacement for pepper. Several plants in the United States are also used as pepper substitutes, such as
1957:
National
Geographic Complete Guide to Herbs and Spices: Remedies, Seasonings, and Ingredients to Improve Your Health and Enhance Your Life
1281:, a third-century cookbook probably based at least partly on one from the first century CE, includes pepper in a majority of its recipes.
690:
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1401:
Archaeological evidence of pepper consumption in late medieval
Northern Europe comes from excavations on the Danish-Norwegian flagship,
6510:
2431:
6910:
2163:
1549:
and his expeditionary fleets returned with such a large amount of black pepper that the once-costly luxury became a common commodity.
420:
of the pepper plant. The drupes are cooked briefly in hot water, both to clean them and to prepare them for drying. The heat ruptures
6525:
2335:
6747:
5503:
1303:
or even currency. The taste for pepper (or the appreciation of its monetary value) was passed on to those who would see Rome fall.
1534:
testifies to pepper's popularity in 13th-century China, when he relates what he is told of its consumption in the city of Kinsay (
1327:, who travelled east to India, as proof that "pepper was still being exported from India in the sixth century". By the end of the
6812:
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1874:
1865:
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1942:
Peppers, called the king of spices, are the dried berries of a tropical vine native to Kerala, which is India's major producer
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1965:
1935:
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1981:
7012:
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286:, and is one of the most common spices added to cuisines around the world. Its spiciness is due to the chemical compound
2672:
H. J. D. Dorman; S. G. Deans (2000). "Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils".
404:
Processed peppercorns come in a variety of colours, any one of which may be used in food preparation, especially common
3538:
1899:
2502:
1193:, especially after Rome's conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE, open-ocean crossing of the Arabian Sea direct to Chera dynasty
741:, and the shoots are trimmed twice a year. On dry soils, the young plants require watering every other day during the
459:, where fully ripe red pepper berries are soaked in water for about a week so the flesh of the peppercorn softens and
7032:
7002:
4659:
3520:
2890:
2230:
Jaramillo, M. Alejandra; Manos (2001). "Phylogeny and
Patterns of Floral Diversity in the Genus Piper (Piperaceae)".
675:
235:(stonefruit) which is about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter (fresh and fully mature), dark red, and contains a
1561:"There's certainly too much pepper in that soup!". Alice said to herself, as well as she could for sneezing â
6843:
3093:
2027:
793:. Into the 19th century, the forests contained expansive wild pepper vines, as recorded by the Scottish physician
6786:
6583:
5896:
3285:
Collings, Emma R.; Alamar
Gavidia, M. Carmen; Cools, Katherine; Redfern, Sally; Terry, Leon A. (February 2018).
1197:'s Malabar Coast was near routine. Details of this trading across the Indian Ocean have been passed down in the
6470:
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5886:
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1199:
6928:
1127:. In fact, the popularity of long pepper did not entirely decline until the discovery of the New World and of
48:
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4813:
1870:
1797:
1496:
in the second century BCE, if poetic reports regarding an explorer named Tang Meng (ćè) are correct. Sent by
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Wilder Shores of Gastronomy: Twenty Years of the Best Food Writing from the Journal Petits Propos Culinaires
6739:
6726:
6579:
5856:
5417:
2903:
Finlay, Robert (2008). "The Voyages of Zheng He: Ideology, State Power, and Maritime Trade in Ming China".
2720:"The king's spice cabinetâPlant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea"
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17:
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1998:
429:
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regions. Ground, dried, and cooked peppercorns have been used since antiquity, both for flavour and as a
31:
663:
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4672:
4013:
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1856:
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2052:
1335:
control. Once into the Mediterranean, the trade was largely monopolized by Italian powers, especially
6853:
6825:
2277:
2003:
1102:. Peppercorns were a much-prized trade good, often referred to as "black gold" and used as a form of
706:
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5678:
5178:
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2605:. Vol. III (New ed.). Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger. p. 272f79.
761:
are collected and spread out to dry in the sun, then the peppercorns are stripped off the spikes.
595:("canelo" or "winter's bark") is used as a substitute for pepper in cold and temperate regions of
66:
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5944:
3921:
2084:
2023:
2009:
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396:
307:
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2786:
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6804:
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6637:
6599:
6465:
6312:
6029:
5901:
5807:
5173:
4818:
3738:
3691:
3073:"Nutrition facts for black pepper, one tablespoon (6 g); USDA Nutrient Database, version SR-21"
2309:. Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Statistical Division (FAOSTAT). 2019
1809:
1468:
621:
3072:
3019:
2600:
1820:
1519:
In the third century CE, black pepper made its first definite appearance in Chinese texts, as
1516:
leaves, but arguments have been made that it actually refers to pepper, either long or black.
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4205:
4145:
3831:
3791:
3753:
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2534:
1542:
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rituals shortly after his death in 1213 BCE. Little else is known about the use of pepper in
170:
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6212:
6120:
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4190:
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3383:
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1572:
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province. The traditional view among historians is that "sauce-betel" is a sauce made from
1300:
1271:
Black pepper was a well-known and widespread, if expensive, seasoning in the Roman Empire.
279:
1449:
granted Portugal exclusive rights to the half of the world where black pepper originated.
1113:
The ancient history of black pepper is often interlinked with (and confused with) that of
1106:. The legacy of this trade remains in some Western legal systems that recognize the term "
752:
8:
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634:
630:
349:
6902:
4267:
3287:"Effect of UV-C on the physiology and biochemical profile of fresh Piper nigrum berries"
2735:
1780:
used earlier for crushing pepper have remained a popular method for centuries, as well.
1500:
to what is now south-west China, Tang Meng is said to have come across something called
1440:(who spoke Spanish and Italian) why they had come, his representative replied, "we seek
1230:
was now travelling a shorter trade route than long pepper, and the prices reflected it.
657:
Six variants of peppercorns (two types of white and two types of black, based on region)
6959:
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6172:
5967:
5913:
5478:
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1982:
https://intracen.org/news-and-events/news/these-are-the-worlds-three-most-traded-spices
1827:
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since at least 2000 BCE. J. Innes Miller notes that while pepper was grown in southern
682:
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575:
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61:
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1018:
was the world's largest producer and exporter of black peppercorns, producing 270,192
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5611:
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5125:
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5070:
5015:
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4518:
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3758:
3671:
3609:
3516:
3499:
3489:
3470:
3449:
3439:
3369:
3362:
3346:
3316:
3266:
3256:
3224:
3189:
3154:
3113:
3025:
3000:
2942:
2916:
2886:
2808:
2767:
2749:
2689:
2685:
2606:
2540:
2392:
2365:
2255:
2033:
1961:
1931:
1777:
1340:
1328:
2701:
1420:
Its exorbitant price during the Middle Ages â and the monopoly on the trade held by
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4003:
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3181:
3146:
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2239:
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1433:
1277:
794:
642:
583:
559:
405:
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Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Spices: Modern Uses for Ancient Medicine
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cuisine of the wealthy and powerful, sometimes taking the place of China's native
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2147:
1955:
1925:
1395:
1231:
1107:
1103:
719:
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243:. Peppercorns and the ground pepper derived from them may be described simply as
205:
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2307:"Pepper (piper spp.), World regions/Production/Crops for 2019 (from pick list)"
1731:
1727:
1723:
1525:
1416:, Kerala, India published in 1572 during Portugal's control of the pepper trade
1316:
1291:, that pepper was "a favorite ingredient of the most expensive Roman cookery".
1227:
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591:
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341:
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91:
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3405:"Delivering and Taking the Heat: Indian Spices and Evolving Process Standards"
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History of the Indian people. Life in ancient India in the age of the mantras
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U.S. Library of Congress Science Reference Services, "Everyday Mysteries",
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I season delicacies, the banquets of kings, and the luxuries of the table,
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1980:(2018, February 6). These are the worldâs three most traded spices. ITC.
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1615:
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Like many eastern spices, pepper was historically both a seasoning and a
1505:
1454:
1402:
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1312:
1156:
1114:
1091:
799:
A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar
722:
638:
604:
579:
327:
3998:
3463:"The Gaze of the Other: Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis"
2493:
Prof. George Menachery; Fr. Werner Chakkalakkal, CMI (10 January 2001).
479:
6752:
6445:
6336:
6251:
6241:
6197:
6181:
6177:
6068:
5934:
5802:
5785:
5683:
5529:
5457:
5453:
5400:
5346:
5305:
5130:
5120:
5105:
4973:
4883:
4710:
4705:
4643:
4628:
4568:
4257:
4165:
3911:
3748:
3743:
3681:
3592:
3387:
2869:
2251:
1703:
1634:
1611:
1531:
1475:
1441:
1344:
1245:
1220:
1181:
1144:
1055:
769:
742:
616:
436:
212:
137:
117:
5839:
5697:
5268:
3467:
Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis: A Critical Engagement
3220:
3185:
2996:
522:
Fresh, unpreserved green pepper drupes are used in some cuisines like
6778:
6708:
6560:
6545:
6540:
6490:
6485:
6130:
6049:
6007:
5997:
5234:
5099:
4720:
4715:
4513:
4484:
4434:
4376:
4282:
4170:
4076:
4030:
3650:
1768:
1739:
1687:
1677:
Handheld pepper mills with black (left) and mixed (right) peppercorns
1650:
1638:
1596:
1552:
1461:, who, taking advantage of the Spanish rule over Portugal during the
1437:
1432:
became the first person to reach India by sailing around Africa (see
1413:
1308:
1035:
1027:
931:
891:
600:
421:
370:
311:
299:
291:
228:
127:
6593:
4776:
2243:
805:
resulted in wild pepper growing in more limited forest patches from
6936:
6616:
6495:
6480:
6449:
6439:
6429:
6419:
6400:
6388:
6357:
6352:
6316:
6227:
6080:
6019:
5991:
5981:
5959:
5641:
5626:
5550:
5488:
5473:
5433:
5239:
5214:
5167:
5158:
5085:
5051:
4995:
4990:
4952:
4948:
4922:
4912:
4902:
4892:
4878:
4836:
4633:
4608:
4326:
4311:
4093:
4020:
3988:
3936:
3889:
3846:
3826:
3811:
3776:
3604:
3134:
1804:
1707:
1682:
1584:
1546:
1535:
1425:
1391:
1362:, sheds some light on black pepper's role in England at that time:
1304:
1241:
1067:
1063:
1043:
971:
746:
378:
356:
287:
275:
6791:
6713:
3284:
6682:
6530:
6395:
6361:
6330:
6294:
6152:
6134:
6054:
6011:
5951:
5919:
5729:
5630:
5581:
5554:
5546:
5493:
5427:
5243:
5219:
5140:
5089:
4978:
4841:
4538:
4489:
4404:
4394:
4336:
4272:
4242:
3931:
3894:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3628:
3132:
2008:. Vol. 7 NâPoy (1 Corrected re-issue ed.). Oxford, UK:
1743:
1699:
1592:
1588:
1509:
1484:
Today, pepper accounts for one-fifth of the world's spice trade.
1458:
1332:
1272:
1240:
tells us the prices in Rome around 77 CE: "Long pepper ... is 15
1212:
1208:
1140:
1110:" as a token payment for something that is, essentially, a gift.
1079:
1015:
1000:
851:
516:
508:
500:
456:
444:
425:
3133:
Jirovetz, L; Buchbauer, G; Ngassoum, M. B.; Geissler, M (2002).
2649:
Translation from Turner, p 94. The riddle's answer is of course
1567:(1865). Chapter VI: Pig and Pepper. Note the cook's pepper mill.
6700:
6322:
6298:
6256:
6156:
6084:
5923:
5905:
5763:
5724:
5719:
5497:
5483:
5228:
5144:
5039:
5030:
5020:
4999:
4962:
4933:
4928:
4867:
4859:
4845:
4822:
4494:
4449:
4389:
4346:
4287:
4232:
4195:
4115:
4110:
4071:
3968:
3958:
3879:
3841:
3781:
3771:
3645:
3633:
3623:
2329:"Karvy's special Reports â Seasonal Outlook Report Pepper"
2140:
1792:
1711:
1622:
1408:
1351:
1204:
1123:. The Romans knew of both and often referred to either as just
1095:
1075:
1023:
1019:
871:
810:
738:
571:
236:
1637:(6 grams) of ground black pepper contains moderate amounts of
1022:
or 36% of the world total (table). Other major producers were
6326:
6062:
6058:
6015:
5929:
5698:
5565:
5542:
5182:
5059:
4942:
4873:
4613:
4454:
4414:
4384:
4331:
4306:
4292:
4040:
4025:
3899:
3866:
3851:
3836:
3723:
3618:
3582:
2787:"Interim Report on Gribshunden (1495) Excavations: 2019â2021"
1695:
1694:. The outer fruit layer, left on black pepper, also contains
1607:
1513:
1493:
1160:
1099:
1087:
1039:
1031:
951:
911:
834:
790:
734:
596:
512:
417:
334:
283:
267:
232:
224:
216:
78:
2875:
The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition
2229:
1377:
Unless your bowels have been rattled by my gleaming marrow.
1331:, the central portions of the spice trade were firmly under
778:, it is most closely related to other Asian species such as
6261:
6095:
5840:
5786:
5747:
5438:
5401:
5269:
4351:
4066:
3696:
3686:
3567:
1646:
1472:
Pepper harvested for the European trade, from a manuscript
1320:
1168:
1132:
725:
303:
240:
208:
2671:
1742:(3,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydro-3α,8α-dimethyl-5α-(1-methylethenyl)
1504:
or "sauce-betel". He was told it came from the markets of
2170:. Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
806:
2977:
2385:
Aggarwal, Bharat B.; Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B. (2009).
1528:(the tongue-numbing dried fruit of an unrelated plant).
1373:
Both the sauces and the tenderized meats of the kitchen.
1211:
winds. Returning from India, the ships travelled up the
1155:
Black peppercorns were found stuffed in the nostrils of
1070:, its most important source was India, particularly the
511:
peppercorns, also green, are unripe drupes preserved in
6146:
2474:"Pattanam richest Indo-Roman site on Indian Ocean rim."
1288:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1215:, from where the cargo was carried overland or via the
478:. It finds occasional use in other cuisines in salads,
416:
Black pepper is produced from the still-green, unripe
290:, which is a different kind of spiciness from that of
3412:
An Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper
2334:. Karvy Comtrade Limited. 15 May 2008. Archived from
2032:. Madras: Srinivasa Varadachari & Co. p. 8.
2016:
1927:
Food Culture in India â Food culture around the world
603:, where it is easily found and readily available. In
4763:
3434:
McGee, Harold (2004). "Black Pepper and Relatives".
3206:
3109:
Sensory Evaluation of Food: Principles and Practices
2532:
2384:
1367:
I am black on the outside, clad in a wrinkled cover,
3398:. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). pp. 516â517.
3171:
2718:Larsson, Mikael; Foley, Brendan (26 January 2023).
2602:
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
3469:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 3â43.
3361:
2934:
2929:
1917:
1553:Traditional medicine, phytochemicals, and research
1226:With ships sailing directly to the Malabar coast,
3250:
2536:Ramses II, Egyptian Pharaoh, Warrior, and Builder
2499:Kodungallur â The Cradle of Christianity in India
2022:
1299:Pepper was so valuable that it was often used as
30:"Peppercorn" redirects here. For other uses, see
6979:
4504:
3438:(Revised ed.). Scribner. pp. 427â429.
2111:"Cleaner technology for white pepper production"
1993:
1991:
1989:
1375:But you will find in me no quality of any worth,
749:, selected both for yield and quality of fruit.
3106:Lawless, Harry T.; Heymann, Hildegarde (2010).
2565:
2563:
2275:
2178:
2176:
1738:(cheese). The aroma of pepper is attributed to
542:
3105:
1900:"What Are The Different Kinds of Peppercorns?"
1492:It is possible that black pepper was known in
710:Black pepper vine climbing on Jackfruit tree (
619:, are sometimes used as pepper; the leaves of
4747:
3560:
3546:
3433:
3017:
2276:Manjunath Hegde, Bomnalli (19 October 2013).
1986:
1347:was funded in large part by the spice trade.
797:(also a botanist and geographer) in his book
298:. It is ubiquitous in the Western world as a
274:is extensively cultivated there and in other
3483:
3345:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2717:
2560:
2359:
2225:
2223:
2173:
1834:is a species in the family Primulaceae (the
3096:. Tis-gdv.de. Retrieved on 31 October 2012.
2578:From Bostock and Riley's 1855 translation.
2486:
2271:
2269:
1185:A Roman-era trade route from India to Italy
4761:
4754:
4740:
3553:
3539:
3174:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2985:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2432:"Artefacts from the lost Port of Muziris."
1960:. National Geographic Books. p. 236.
1930:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 58.
1424:â was one of the inducements that led the
1058:and Southeast Asia, and has been known to
282:. Black pepper is the world's most traded
47:
3310:
2802:
2761:
2743:
2533:Stephanie Fitzgerald (8 September 2008).
2220:
2085:"Why Is Pepper Black? â Know Your Pantry"
3359:
2467:
2266:
1897:
1672:
1556:
1467:
1407:
1382:It is commonly believed that during the
1180:
751:
705:
466:Ground white pepper is commonly used in
389:
365:In the 16th century, people began using
223:), which is usually dried and used as a
3099:
2050:
1953:
1875:United States Department of Agriculture
1866:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1750:originally discovered in the tubers of
1681:Pepper gets its spicy heat mostly from
1479:(The book of the marvels of Marco Polo)
1428:to seek a sea route to India. In 1498,
1294:
816:
56:Pepper plant with immature peppercorns
14:
6980:
3460:
3402:
3382:
3021:CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops
2902:
2598:
2422:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 80
2301:
2299:
2184:"Black Pepper Cultivation and Harvest"
1947:
1893:
1891:
1653:(18% DV), with trace amounts of other
6598:
6597:
4934:CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
4735:
3534:
3510:
3338:
3235:
2784:
2321:
1823:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
1117:, the dried fruit of closely related
27:Ground fruit of the family Piperaceae
6854:f8bd5166-c528-4e28-8f9b-c00c5e3cbce2
3011:
2843:Dalby, pp. 74â75. The argument that
2391:. World Scientific. pp. 26â27.
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
1323:; Innes Miller cites the account of
1248:", and further moralizes on pepper:
1203:. According to the Greek geographer
6506:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
5622:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
5362:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
2872:; Cordier, Henri, Translation from
2539:. Compass Point Books. p. 88.
2420:The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire
2296:
2186:. Thompson Martinez. Archived from
1923:
1888:
1849:
1545:in the early 15th century, Admiral
1369:Yet within I bear a burning marrow.
24:
3486:Spice: The History of a Temptation
3291:Postharvest Biology and Technology
2785:Foley, Brendan (31 January 2024).
1898:Harrison, Paul (27 January 2016).
566:, plants from a different family (
533:
306:and available on dining tables in
25:
7044:
3303:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.11.007
2905:Journal of the Historical Society
2070:
2053:"Where Do Peppercorns Come From?"
1575:. Pepper appears in the Buddhist
764:Black pepper is native either to
382:), which is not closely related.
251:(cooked and dried unripe fruit),
6929:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:682369-1
3053:Why does pepper make you sneeze?
3018:James A. Duke (16 August 1993).
2917:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2008.00250.x
2686:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x
1815:
1803:
1791:
1150:
1078:. The lost ancient port city of
964:
944:
924:
904:
884:
864:
844:
689:
674:
662:
650:
348:. The Greek likely derives from
65:
3331:
3278:
3244:
3200:
3165:
3126:
3087:
3065:
3045:
2971:
2962:
2923:
2896:
2863:
2854:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2778:
2711:
2674:Journal of Applied Microbiology
2665:
2656:
2643:
2630:
2617:
2592:
2572:
2526:
2517:
2444:
2425:
2412:
2378:
2353:
2202:
2153:
2133:
2121:from the original on 9 May 2008
2103:
2051:Higgins, Edward (25 May 2015).
1767:piperine into nearly tasteless
490:
450:
411:
394:Black, green, white, and pink (
239:which encloses a single pepper
3917:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
2941:. Cambridge University Press.
2625:Byzantium: The Early Centuries
2495:"Cranganore: Past and Present"
2044:
1974:
1200:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1159:, placed there as part of the
1074:, in what is now the state of
822:Black pepper production, 2020
570:). As they are members of the
262:Black pepper is native to the
13:
1:
6580:Receptor/signaling modulators
4929:CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
3465:. In Prasad, Anshuman (ed.).
3368:. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press.
3151:10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00376-x
3062:. Retrieved 12 November 2005.
2141:Using fresh green peppercorns
1871:Agricultural Research Service
1842:
1508:, an area in what is now the
1219:to the Nile River, barged to
7008:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
6988:Crops originating from India
2745:10.1371/journal.pone.0281010
2464:Frontline, 10â23 April 2010.
2360:Parthasarthy, V. A. (2008).
2150:. Retrieved 6 November 2005.
1924:Sen, Colleen Taylor (2004).
1628:
543:Pink pepper and other plants
424:in the pepper, accelerating
385:
317:
7:
6208:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
5116:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
4986:Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
4814:15-Deoxy-Î-prostaglandin J2
3729:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
3139:Journal of Chromatography A
3112:. Springer. pp. 62â3.
2441:The Hindu. 3 December 2014.
1786:
669:Black and white peppercorns
302:, and is often paired with
32:Peppercorn (disambiguation)
10:
7049:
7013:Non-timber forest products
3251:Montagne, Prosper (2001).
3024:. CRC Press. p. 395.
2232:American Journal of Botany
1668:
1447:1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
1054:Black pepper is native to
1049:
29:
6606:
6573:
6376:
5849:
5838:
5818:
5795:
5784:
5756:
5707:
5696:
5574:
5410:
5399:
5324:
5278:
5267:
5207:
4786:
4775:
4693:
4652:
4375:
3865:
3651:Coriander leafâ/âCilantro
3566:
3561:Culinary herbs and spices
3488:. London: Vintage Books.
3461:Prasad, Anshuman (2003).
2937:Buddhist Monastic Code II
2804:10.1163/16000390-09401052
2004:Oxford English Dictionary
1954:Hajeski, Nancy J (2016).
1621:Pepper is known to cause
1541:During the course of the
1189:By the time of the early
996:
785:Wild pepper grows in the
756:Single stem with flowers.
701:
362:shares the same meaning.
355:, meaning "long pepper".
345:
255:(dried unripe fruit), or
176:
169:
62:Scientific classification
60:
55:
46:
41:
7033:Plants described in 1753
7003:Medicinal plants of Asia
5193:Umbellularia californica
4549:Montreal steak seasoning
2599:Gibbon, Edward (1873) .
2146:4 September 2011 at the
2024:Srinivasa Iyengar, P. T.
1487:
1474:Livre des merveilles de
712:Artocarpus heterophyllus
696:Close-up of a peppercorn
617:relative of black pepper
564:Schinus terebinthifolius
6163:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
5945:Andrographis paniculata
3511:Young, Gary K. (2001).
3403:Jaffee, Steven (2004).
3395:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3360:Davidson, Alan (2002).
3255:. Hamlyn. p. 726.
3058:31 October 2022 at the
2479:13 January 2016 at the
2437:13 January 2016 at the
2278:"Meet the pepper queen"
2210:"Piper nigrum Linnaeus"
2166:5 December 2012 at the
2159:Katzer, Gernot (2006).
2115:The Hindu Business line
2010:Oxford University Press
1167:and how it reached the
801:(Volume III). However,
574:family, they may cause
558:, or its relative, the
397:Schinus terebinthifolia
247:, or more precisely as
6584:Ion channel modulators
6313:Tetrahydrocannabivarin
5808:Tripterygium wilfordii
5174:Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
4505:
3339:Dalby, Andrew (2002).
3253:Larousse Gastronomique
2483:The Hindu. 3 May 2009.
1678:
1568:
1480:
1417:
1380:
1265:
1186:
757:
718:The pepper plant is a
715:
622:Pseudowintera colorata
550:are the fruits of the
401:
6141:Lysophosphatidic acid
3484:Turner, Jack (2004).
3384:Holmes, Edward Morell
2585:23 March 2021 at the
1802:at Wikimedia Commons
1676:
1560:
1543:Ming treasure voyages
1471:
1436:); asked by Arabs in
1411:
1364:
1325:Cosmas Indicopleustes
1250:
1184:
755:
709:
582:, for persons with a
560:Brazilian pepper tree
393:
215:, cultivated for its
6521:Pregnenolone sulfate
6342:Euphorbia resinifera
6284:Euphorbia resinifera
6213:Phenylacetylrinvanil
6173:N-Oleoylethanolamide
6121:Homodihydrocapsaicin
5509:Pregnenolone sulfate
5372:Pregnenolone sulfate
5179:Thiopropanal S-oxide
5164:Tetrahydrocannabinol
4852:Allyl isothiocyanate
4400:Beau monde seasoning
3765:Limnophila aromatica
3513:Rome's Eastern Trade
2933:(30 November 1990).
2456:23 July 2021 at the
2284:. No. Bangalore
2012:. 1913. p. 663.
1573:traditional medicine
1358:, a seventh-century
1343:. The rise of these
1295:Postclassical Europe
1228:Malabar black pepper
817:Production and trade
552:Peruvian pepper tree
280:traditional medicine
259:(ripe fruit seeds).
6426:Cannabigerolic acid
6188:Nordihydrocapsaicin
6149:(acidic conditions)
4524:Jamaican jerk spice
4146:Japanese pricklyash
3436:On Food and Cooking
3209:J. Agric. Food Chem
2736:2023PLoSO..1881010L
2505:on 23 December 2013
2451:"Muziris, at last?"
2362:Chemistry of spices
1726:(pig manure-like),
1655:essential nutrients
1564:Alice in Wonderland
1360:Bishop of Sherborne
823:
772:. Within the genus
476:Portuguese cuisines
6389:Vernonia tweediana
5968:African blue basil
5940:Bisandrographolide
5526:Steviol glycosides
5479:Hydroxycitronellal
5225:Dehydroligustilide
5045:Angelica acutiloba
4959:Dehydroligustilide
4500:Herbes de Provence
4131:Grains of paradise
3994:Crushed red pepper
3708:Houttuynia cordata
3075:. Conde Nast. 2014
2931:Thanissaro Bhikkhu
2881:9 May 2008 at the
2791:Acta Archaeologica
2341:on 30 January 2018
2089:knowyourpantry.com
1828:False black pepper
1720:beta-caryophyllene
1716:alpha-phellandrene
1679:
1577:Samaññaphala Sutta
1569:
1481:
1418:
1217:Nile-Red Sea canal
1187:
821:
758:
716:
683:Kampot peppercorns
576:allergic reactions
402:
294:characteristic of
6975:
6974:
6875:Open Tree of Life
6600:Taxon identifiers
6591:
6590:
6569:
6568:
6501:Meclofenamic acid
6307:melegueta peppers
6178:Nonivamide (PAVA)
5914:melegueta peppers
5834:
5833:
5780:
5779:
5692:
5691:
5612:Meclofenamic acid
5535:Stevia rebaudiana
5395:
5394:
5357:Meclofenamic acid
5263:
5262:
5153:melegueta peppers
5126:Phenacyl chloride
5081:N-Methylmaleimide
5071:Methyl salicylate
5016:Hydrogen peroxide
4969:Diallyl disulfide
4831:melegueta peppers
4729:
4728:
4701:Chinese herbology
4579:Pumpkin pie spice
4559:Old Bay Seasoning
4519:Italian seasoning
4465:Five-spice powder
3767:(rice-paddy herb)
3610:Indian bay leaf (
3495:978-0-375-70705-6
3476:978-1-4039-8229-2
3445:978-0-684-80001-1
3375:978-1-58008-417-8
3352:978-0-520-23674-5
3262:978-0-600-60235-4
3221:10.1021/jf800184t
3215:(10): 3745â3748.
3186:10.1021/jf050604s
3180:(15): 6056â6060.
3119:978-1-4419-6488-5
3031:978-0-8493-3620-1
2997:10.1021/jf300036a
2991:(11): 2884â2895.
2948:978-0-521-36708-0
2885:, Vol. 2, Dover.
2546:978-0-7565-3836-1
2460:R. Krishnakumar,
2418:J. Innes Miller,
2398:978-981-283-791-2
2371:978-1-84593-405-7
2117:. 27 March 2008.
2091:. 22 October 2021
1967:978-1-4262-1588-9
1937:978-0-313-32487-1
1796:Media related to
1778:mortar and pestle
1329:Early Middle Ages
1012:
1011:
1007:
369:to also mean the
231:. The fruit is a
193:
192:
16:(Redirected from
7040:
6968:
6967:
6955:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6932:
6931:
6919:
6918:
6906:
6905:
6893:
6892:
6883:
6882:
6870:
6869:
6857:
6856:
6847:
6846:
6834:
6833:
6821:
6820:
6808:
6807:
6795:
6794:
6782:
6781:
6769:
6768:
6756:
6755:
6743:
6742:
6730:
6729:
6717:
6716:
6704:
6703:
6691:
6690:
6678:
6677:
6665:
6664:
6652:
6651:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6595:
6594:
6436:Cannabigerovarin
6168:N-Oleoyldopamine
6074:Euodia ruticarpa
6040:Dihydrocapsaicin
5847:
5846:
5843:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5449:Cooling Agent 10
5408:
5407:
5404:
5276:
5275:
5272:
4794:4-Hydroxynonenal
4784:
4783:
4780:
4765:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4733:
4732:
4510:
4317:Tasmanian pepper
4298:Sichuan pepper (
4253:Pomegranate seed
4067:Dillâ/âDill seed
3922:Brazilian pepper
3885:Alligator pepper
3639:garlicâ/âChinese
3555:
3548:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3507:
3480:
3457:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3414:. Archived from
3409:
3399:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3356:
3342:Dangerous Tastes
3325:
3324:
3314:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2940:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2900:
2894:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2747:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2596:
2590:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2501:. Archived from
2490:
2484:
2471:
2465:
2462:www.frontline.in
2448:
2442:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:on 9 August 2014
2180:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2057:Farmers' Almanac
2048:
2042:
2041:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1853:
1819:
1808:Data related to
1807:
1795:
1753:Cyperus rotundus
1734:(phenolic), and
1730:(horse manure),
1602:Pepper contains
1599:, among others.
1434:Age of Discovery
1396:salt-cured meats
1278:De re coquinaria
1263:
998:
970:
968:
967:
950:
948:
947:
930:
928:
927:
910:
908:
907:
890:
888:
887:
870:
868:
867:
850:
848:
847:
838:
824:
820:
795:Francis Buchanan
693:
678:
666:
654:
643:field pennycress
635:shepherd's purse
631:least pepperwort
627:field pepperwort
584:tree nut allergy
548:Pink peppercorns
432:during drying.
406:peppercorn sauce
347:
182:
70:
69:
51:
39:
38:
21:
7048:
7047:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7037:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6963:
6958:
6950:
6948:
6940:
6935:
6927:
6922:
6914:
6909:
6901:
6896:
6888:
6886:
6878:
6873:
6865:
6862:Observation.org
6860:
6852:
6850:
6842:
6837:
6829:
6824:
6816:
6811:
6803:
6798:
6790:
6785:
6777:
6772:
6764:
6759:
6751:
6746:
6738:
6733:
6725:
6720:
6712:
6707:
6699:
6694:
6686:
6681:
6673:
6668:
6660:
6655:
6647:
6645:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6602:
6592:
6587:
6565:
6556:Tolfenamic acid
6476:Flufenamic acid
6372:
6279:Resiniferatoxin
6272:Ruta graveolens
6035:Diacyl glycerol
5830:
5814:
5776:
5772:
5752:
5738:
5688:
5674:Tolfenamic acid
5667:Ruta graveolens
5607:Flufenamic acid
5570:
5519:Ruta graveolens
5430:(intracellular)
5391:
5387:Tolfenamic acid
5342:Flufenamic acid
5320:
5296:Diacyl glycerol
5259:
5203:
4889:Cannabichromene
4799:4-Oxo-2-nonenal
4771:
4760:
4730:
4725:
4689:
4648:
4624:Tandoori masala
4371:
4248:Peruvian pepper
4136:Grains of Selim
4121:Aromatic ginger
4054:Bunium persicum
3861:
3562:
3559:
3529:
3523:
3496:
3477:
3446:
3424:
3422:
3421:on 3 March 2016
3418:
3407:
3376:
3353:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3283:
3279:
3263:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3205:
3201:
3170:
3166:
3145:(1â2): 265â75.
3131:
3127:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3060:Wayback Machine
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3016:
3012:
2976:
2972:
2968:Turner, p. 160.
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2928:
2924:
2901:
2897:
2883:Wayback Machine
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2783:
2779:
2730:(1): e0281010.
2716:
2712:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2638:The Spice Trade
2635:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2597:
2593:
2587:Wayback Machine
2577:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2487:
2481:Wayback Machine
2472:
2468:
2458:Wayback Machine
2449:
2445:
2439:Wayback Machine
2430:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2274:
2267:
2244:10.2307/2657072
2228:
2221:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2168:Wayback Machine
2158:
2154:
2148:Wayback Machine
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2049:
2045:
2021:
2017:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1896:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1836:primrose family
1814:at Wikispecies
1789:
1746:-1(2H)-one), a
1671:
1631:
1555:
1490:
1412:A depiction of
1379:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1297:
1264:
1260:Natural History
1257:
1237:Natural History
1232:Pliny the Elder
1175:of South Asia.
1153:
1108:peppercorn rent
1104:commodity money
1052:
1008:
992:
978:
965:
963:
958:
945:
943:
938:
925:
923:
918:
905:
903:
898:
885:
883:
878:
865:
863:
858:
845:
843:
832:
831:
819:
704:
697:
694:
685:
679:
670:
667:
658:
655:
607:, the seeds of
545:
536:
534:Red peppercorns
493:
484:mashed potatoes
453:
414:
388:
320:
189:
184:
178:
165:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7046:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6993:Essential oils
6990:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6965:wfo-0000486494
6956:
6946:
6933:
6920:
6907:
6894:
6884:
6871:
6858:
6848:
6835:
6822:
6809:
6796:
6783:
6770:
6757:
6744:
6731:
6718:
6705:
6692:
6679:
6666:
6653:
6643:
6628:
6612:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6589:
6588:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6443:
6433:
6423:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6355:
6350:
6334:
6320:
6310:
6292:
6276:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6246:Dorrigo pepper
6239:
6225:
6218:Phorbol esters
6215:
6210:
6205:
6195:
6185:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6150:
6143:
6138:
6128:
6118:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6078:
6066:
6052:
6047:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6005:
5995:
5988:Cannabidivarin
5985:
5975:
5956:camphor laurel
5949:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5917:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5844:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5799:
5797:
5790:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5702:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5624:
5619:
5617:Mefenamic acid
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5539:
5523:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5405:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5310:St John's wort
5303:
5298:
5293:
5290:St John's wort
5282:
5280:
5273:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5186:
5176:
5171:
5161:
5156:
5138:
5135:Dorrigo pepper
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5103:
5093:
5083:
5078:
5068:
5063:
5056:Sichuan pepper
5049:
5033:
5028:
5026:Isothiocyanate
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4971:
4966:
4956:
4946:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4919:Cinnamaldehyde
4916:
4906:
4896:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4849:
4839:
4834:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4781:
4773:
4772:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4736:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4694:Related topics
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:Mulling spices
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4430:Cinnamon sugar
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:Voatsiperifery
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4047:Nigella sativa
4038:
4033:
4031:Coriander seed
4028:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3580:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3508:
3494:
3481:
3475:
3458:
3444:
3431:
3400:
3389:"Pepper"
3380:
3374:
3357:
3351:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3277:
3261:
3243:
3241:McGee, p. 428.
3234:
3199:
3164:
3125:
3118:
3098:
3086:
3064:
3044:
3030:
3010:
2970:
2961:
2947:
2922:
2895:
2862:
2853:
2836:
2834:Jaffee, p. 10.
2827:
2818:
2797:(1): 132â145.
2777:
2710:
2664:
2655:
2642:
2636:Innes Miller,
2629:
2616:
2591:
2571:
2559:
2545:
2525:
2516:
2485:
2466:
2443:
2424:
2411:
2397:
2377:
2370:
2352:
2320:
2295:
2265:
2219:
2214:Flora of China
2201:
2172:
2152:
2132:
2102:
2069:
2043:
2015:
1985:
1973:
1966:
1946:
1936:
1916:
1887:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1788:
1785:
1732:3-methylphenol
1728:4-methylphenol
1724:3-methylindole
1698:-contributing
1670:
1667:
1649:(10% DV), and
1630:
1627:
1604:phytochemicals
1554:
1551:
1526:Sichuan pepper
1489:
1486:
1365:
1307:, king of the
1296:
1293:
1255:
1195:southern India
1152:
1149:
1060:Indian cooking
1051:
1048:
1010:
1009:
1005:United Nations
997:
994:
993:
988:
986:
980:
979:
976:
974:
960:
959:
956:
954:
940:
939:
936:
934:
920:
919:
916:
914:
900:
899:
896:
894:
880:
879:
876:
874:
860:
859:
856:
854:
840:
839:
828:
818:
815:
766:Southeast Asia
703:
700:
699:
698:
695:
688:
686:
680:
673:
671:
668:
661:
659:
656:
649:
613:Piper excelsum
592:Drimys winteri
544:
541:
535:
532:
497:sulfur dioxide
492:
489:
480:light-coloured
452:
449:
413:
410:
387:
384:
319:
316:
272:Malabar pepper
211:in the family
191:
190:
185:
174:
173:
167:
166:
162:P. nigrum
159:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
89:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7045:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7023:Piper (plant)
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:Indian spices
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6943:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6881:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6845:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6644:
6639:
6633:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6596:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6572:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6536:Ruthenium red
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6516:Niflumic acid
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6384:α-Spinasterol
6382:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6111:Homocapsaicin
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6024:wild bergamot
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5972:camphor basil
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5837:
5827:
5826:Ruthenium red
5824:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5773:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5695:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5657:Ruthenium red
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:Niflumic acid
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:; indirectly)
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:Frescolat MGA
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5398:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Niflumic acid
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5266:
5256:
5255:Ruthenium red
5253:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Methylglyoxal
5064:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4939:Cuminaldehyde
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4594:Ras el hanout
4592:
4590:
4589:Quatre Ă©pices
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Khmeli suneli
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:Garlic powder
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Bouquet garni
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4176:Litsea cubeba
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:Juniper berry
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Celery powder
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:Lemon verbena
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3524:
3522:0-415-24219-3
3518:
3515:. Routledge.
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2891:0-486-27587-6
2888:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:Dalby, p. 77.
2857:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2831:
2825:Prasad, p. 3.
2822:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:(2): 308â16.
2679:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2652:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2569:Young, p. 25.
2566:
2564:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2523:Dalby, p. 93.
2520:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2283:
2282:Deccan Herald
2279:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:(4): 706â16.
2237:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1905:
1904:Food Republic
1901:
1894:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1837:
1833:
1832:Embelia ribes
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:sesquiterpene
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:chili peppers
1689:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1663:dietary fibre
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1463:Iberian Union
1460:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:Vasco da Gama
1427:
1423:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:Saint Aldhelm
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:and then the
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:Edward Gibbon
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Malabar Coast
1170:
1166:
1165:ancient Egypt
1162:
1161:mummification
1158:
1151:Ancient times
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:chili peppers
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:Malabar Coast
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1006:
1002:
995:
991:
987:
985:
982:
981:
975:
973:
962:
961:
955:
953:
942:
941:
935:
933:
922:
921:
915:
913:
902:
901:
895:
893:
882:
881:
875:
873:
862:
861:
855:
853:
842:
841:
836:
829:
826:
825:
814:
812:
808:
804:
803:deforestation
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:Western Ghats
783:
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
762:
754:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
730:
727:
724:
721:
713:
708:
692:
687:
684:
677:
672:
665:
660:
653:
648:
647:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:Anacardiaceae
565:
561:
557:
556:Schinus molle
553:
549:
540:
531:
529:
528:Tamil cuisine
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:freeze-drying
502:
498:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
448:
446:
442:
441:essential oil
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
409:
407:
400:) peppercorns
399:
398:
392:
383:
381:
380:
375:
372:
368:
363:
361:
358:
354:
351:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
326:derives from
325:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:chili peppers
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:Malabar Coast
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
202:
197:
188:
183:
181:
175:
172:
171:Binomial name
168:
164:
163:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:Tracheophytes
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
42:Black pepper
40:
37:
33:
19:
7018:Pepper trade
6890:Piper_nigrum
6638:Piper nigrum
6608:Piper nigrum
6607:
6576:
6575:
6416:Cannabigerol
6387:
6340:
6282:
6270:
6232:black pepper
6231:
6192:chili pepper
6125:chili pepper
6115:chili pepper
6106:Hepoxilin B3
6101:Hepoxilin A3
6072:
6044:chili pepper
6002:chili pepper
5943:
5806:
5665:
5592:Clotrimazole
5533:
5517:
5469:Frescolat ML
5377:Progesterone
5286:Adhyperforin
5199:WIN 55,212-2
5192:
5043:
5011:Hepoxilin B3
5006:Hepoxilin A3
4977:
4909:Cannabigerol
4574:Powder-douce
4564:Panch phoron
4534:Lemon pepper
4470:Garam masala
4460:Fines herbes
4440:Curry powder
4420:Chaat masala
4299:
4278:Sarsaparilla
4238:Onion powder
4186:Mango-ginger
4052:
4045:
3979:Chili powder
3916:
3764:
3754:Lemon myrtle
3711:
3707:
3662:
3661:Vietnamese (
3611:
3575:
3512:
3485:
3466:
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3416:the original
3411:
3393:
3363:
3341:
3332:Bibliography
3294:
3290:
3280:
3252:
3246:
3237:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3108:
3101:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3067:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3020:
3013:
2988:
2984:
2981:Piper nigrum
2980:
2973:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2936:
2925:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2849:Piper nigrum
2848:
2844:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2705:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2623:J. Norwich,
2619:
2601:
2594:
2574:
2550:. Retrieved
2535:
2528:
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:the original
2498:
2488:
2469:
2461:
2446:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2387:
2380:
2364:. CABI Pub.
2361:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2286:. Retrieved
2281:
2235:
2231:
2213:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:the original
2155:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2088:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:
2046:
2028:
2018:
2002:
1976:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1926:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1878:. Retrieved
1864:
1859:Piper nigrum
1858:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1811:Piper nigrum
1810:
1799:Piper nigrum
1798:
1790:
1782:
1773:pepper mills
1769:isochavicine
1762:
1758:Shiraz wines
1751:
1736:butyric acid
1702:, including
1680:
1641:(13% of the
1632:
1620:
1616:pyrrolidines
1606:, including
1601:
1581:constipation
1570:
1562:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1501:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1451:
1419:
1400:
1381:
1366:
1354:authored by
1349:
1315:, first the
1298:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1235:
1225:
1198:
1191:Roman Empire
1188:
1177:
1154:
1124:
1120:Piper longum
1118:
1112:
1084:Roman Empire
1053:
1013:
989:
983:
798:
784:
779:
773:
763:
759:
731:
717:
711:
620:
612:
590:
589:The bark of
588:
578:, including
563:
555:
546:
537:
524:Thai cuisine
521:
494:
491:Green pepper
482:sauces, and
465:
454:
451:White pepper
434:
415:
412:Black pepper
403:
395:
377:
374:chili pepper
366:
364:
359:
352:
337:
330:
323:
321:
261:
257:white pepper
256:
253:green pepper
252:
249:black pepper
248:
244:
220:
201:Piper nigrum
200:
199:
196:Black pepper
195:
194:
180:Piper nigrum
179:
177:
161:
160:
148:
111:
98:
85:
36:
18:White pepper
6903:kew-2569664
6774:iNaturalist
6632:Wikispecies
6551:Tivanisiran
6456:Capsazepine
6368:Zucapsaicin
6236:long pepper
6202:Pacific yew
6091:GSK1016790A
5978:Cannabidiol
5964:camphorweed
5652:RQ-00203078
5647:PF-05105679
5587:Capsazepine
5352:GSK2293017A
5316:Substance P
5301:GSK1702934A
5250:PF-04745637
5189:Umbellulone
5110:Pacific yew
5096:Oleocanthal
5075:wintergreen
5036:Ligustilide
4899:Cannabidiol
4864:horseradish
4673:Bangladeshi
4604:Sharena sol
4599:Recado rojo
4584:QĂąlat daqqa
4544:Mixed spice
4480:Garlic salt
4445:Doubanjiang
4181:Long pepper
4141:Horseradish
3959:Celery seed
3832:SanshĆ leaf
3749:Lemon grass
3297:: 161â165.
2870:Yule, Henry
2580:Text online
1909:21 November
1643:daily value
1612:piperidines
1403:Gribshunden
1388:luxury item
1384:Middle Ages
1345:city-states
1313:spice trade
1157:Ramesses II
1115:long pepper
1092:Mesopotamia
639:horseradish
605:New Zealand
580:anaphylaxis
428:that cause
328:Old English
105:Angiosperms
6982:Categories
6898:Plant List
6446:Cannabinol
6346:pooissonii
6337:Tinyatoxin
6288:pooissonii
6252:Probenecid
6242:Polygodial
6198:Paclitaxel
6182:PAVA spray
6069:Evodiamine
6020:pepperwort
5935:Anandamide
5902:α-Sanshool
5850:Activators
5803:Triptolide
5796:Activators
5708:Activators
5684:TRPM4-IN-5
5602:Elismetrep
5530:stevioside
5458:eucalyptus
5454:Eucalyptol
5418:ADP-ribose
5411:Activators
5347:GSK417651A
5306:Hyperforin
5279:Activators
5159:Tear gases
5131:Polygodial
5121:PF-4840154
5106:Paclitaxel
4974:Dicentrine
4884:Bradykinin
4819:α-Sanshool
4787:Activators
4769:modulators
4711:Marination
4706:Herbal tea
4668:Australian
4664:By region
4639:Yuzu koshĆ
4629:Thuna paha
4569:Persillade
4322:Tonka bean
4258:Poppy seed
4166:Dried lime
4089:Fingerroot
4004:New Mexico
3912:Asafoetida
3744:Lemon balm
3702:Hoja santa
3682:Curry leaf
3425:27 October
3079:25 October
3037:29 January
2954:29 January
2911:(3): 337.
2552:29 January
2345:29 January
2288:22 January
2125:29 January
1843:References
1718:(9%), and
1704:germacrene
1635:tablespoon
1597:toothaches
1532:Marco Polo
1498:Emperor Wu
1476:Marco Polo
1442:Christians
1426:Portuguese
1301:collateral
1285:wrote, in
1221:Alexandria
1145:Madagascar
1056:South Asia
830:Production
789:region of
780:P. caninum
770:South Asia
743:dry season
681:Dried red
461:decomposes
445:extraction
437:melanoidin
422:cell walls
270:, and the
221:peppercorn
213:Piperaceae
138:Piperaceae
118:Magnoliids
6740:200005581
6727:200005581
6577:See also:
6561:TRPV3-74a
6546:SB-705498
6541:SB-366791
6491:Lanthanum
6486:HC-067047
6406:Asivatrep
6267:Rutamarin
6131:Incensole
6081:Gingerols
6050:Estradiol
6026:, others)
6008:Carvacrol
5998:Capsaicin
5892:13-oxoODE
5882:12S-HpETE
5862:5',6'-EET
5662:Rutamarin
5561:Thio-BCTC
5514:Rutamarin
5444:Coolact P
5235:HC-030031
5100:olive oil
4996:Gingerols
4809:12S-HpETE
4721:Spice rub
4716:Seasoning
4683:Pakistani
4514:Idli podi
4485:Gochujang
4435:Crab boil
4352:Yuzu zest
4283:Sassafras
4171:Liquorice
4077:Fenugreek
4014:Cultivars
2893:. p. 204.
2813:0065-101X
2754:1932-6203
2611:669186315
2038:613210854
1765:transform
1740:rotundone
1690:found in
1688:capsaicin
1651:manganese
1639:vitamin K
1629:Nutrition
1589:abscesses
1309:Visigoths
1246:sesterces
1171:from the
1036:Sri Lanka
1028:Indonesia
1014:In 2020,
932:Sri Lanka
892:Indonesia
747:cultivars
720:perennial
601:Argentina
386:Varieties
371:New World
350:Dravidian
322:The word
318:Etymology
300:seasoning
292:capsaicin
229:seasoning
206:flowering
156:Species:
128:Piperales
75:Kingdom:
6942:25000013
6937:Tropicos
6887:PalDat:
6805:11097708
6792:682369-1
6617:Wikidata
6511:NGD-8243
6496:Mavatrep
6481:GRC-6211
6450:cannabis
6440:cannabis
6430:cannabis
6420:cannabis
6401:AMG-9810
6377:Blockers
6358:Vanillin
6353:Tramadol
6317:cannabis
6295:Shogaols
6228:Piperine
5992:cannabis
5982:cannabis
5960:rosemary
5877:12S-HETE
5872:9-oxoODE
5819:Blockers
5769:PI(4,5)P
5757:Blockers
5735:PI(3,5)P
5642:Ononetin
5627:Nicotine
5575:Blockers
5551:fructose
5543:tastants
5489:Linalool
5474:Geraniol
5434:CIM-0216
5325:Blockers
5240:Nicotine
5215:A-967079
5208:Blockers
5168:cannabis
5141:Shogaols
5086:Nicotine
5052:Linalool
4991:Formalin
4953:turmeric
4949:Curcumin
4923:cinnamon
4913:cannabis
4903:cannabis
4893:cannabis
4879:ASP-7663
4837:Acrolein
4660:Culinary
4634:Vadouvan
4609:Shichimi
4507:HĂșng lĂŹu
4327:Turmeric
4312:Tamarind
4161:Korarima
4094:Galangal
4062:Deulkkae
4021:Cinnamon
3999:Jalapeño
3989:Chipotle
3937:Cardamom
3890:Allspice
3857:Woodruff
3847:Tarragon
3812:Rosemary
3777:Marjoram
3739:Lavender
3734:Kkaennip
3672:Culantro
3656:Bolivian
3605:Bay leaf
3577:Angelica
3504:61213802
3454:56590708
3386:(1885).
3321:29398783
3271:47231315
3229:18461962
3194:16028995
3159:12462618
3056:Archived
3005:22352449
2879:Archived
2772:36701280
2724:PLOS ONE
2702:21788355
2694:10736000
2583:Archived
2477:Archived
2454:Archived
2435:Archived
2404:28 March
2313:25 March
2260:11302858
2164:Archived
2144:Archived
2119:Archived
2026:(1912).
1999:"Pepper"
1787:See also
1708:limonene
1700:terpenes
1683:piperine
1645:or DV),
1623:sneezing
1585:insomnia
1547:Zheng He
1536:Hangzhou
1457:and the
1392:piperine
1317:Persians
1256:â
1068:Malaysia
1064:Thailand
1044:Malaysia
999:Source:
972:Malaysia
827:Country
609:kawakawa
430:browning
379:Capsicum
357:Sanskrit
288:piperine
276:tropical
134:Family:
6826:MoBotPF
6753:3086357
6683:Ecocrop
6531:RN-9893
6526:RN-1734
6396:AMG-517
6362:vanilla
6331:oregano
6303:Sichuan
6281:(RTX) (
6257:Protons
6220:(e.g.,
6153:Menthol
6135:incense
6055:Eugenol
6012:oregano
5952:Camphor
5920:Allicin
5910:Sichuan
5897:20-HETE
5887:13-HODE
5730:ML2-SA1
5631:tobacco
5582:AMG-333
5555:sucrose
5547:glucose
5545:(e.g.,
5528:(e.g.,
5494:Menthol
5428:Calcium
5244:tobacco
5220:AM-0902
5149:Sichuan
5090:tobacco
4979:Lindera
4856:mustard
4842:Allicin
4827:Sichuan
4804:4,5-EET
4766:channel
4644:Za'atar
4539:Mitmita
4490:Harissa
4405:Berbere
4395:Baharat
4362:Zereshk
4357:Zedoary
4337:Vanilla
4300:huÄjiÄo
4273:Saffron
4263:Radhuni
4243:Paprika
4228:Njangsa
4223:Nigella
4201:Mustard
4099:greater
4009:Tabasco
3984:Cayenne
3964:Charoli
3932:Caraway
3927:Camphor
3895:Amchoor
3807:Perilla
3802:Parsley
3797:Oregano
3792:Mitsuba
3787:Mugwort
3712:giáș„p cĂĄ
3692:Epazote
3663:rau rÄm
3629:Chervil
3312:5727672
3275:"Mill".
2845:jujiang
2763:9879437
2732:Bibcode
2640:, p. 83
2252:2657072
2139:Ochef,
1880:2 March
1744:azulene
1714:(10%),
1710:(10%),
1706:(11%),
1669:Flavour
1659:protein
1593:sunburn
1587:, oral
1510:Sichuan
1502:jujiang
1459:English
1438:Calicut
1414:Calicut
1333:Islamic
1273:Apicius
1258:Pliny,
1242:denarii
1213:Red Sea
1209:monsoon
1141:Sumatra
1080:Muziris
1066:and in
1050:History
1016:Vietnam
1003:of the
1001:FAOSTAT
990:747,644
877:114,749
857:270,192
852:Vietnam
517:vinegar
509:Pickled
501:canning
468:Chinese
457:retting
426:enzymes
376:(genus
360:pippali
353:pippali
308:shakers
204:) is a
144:Genus:
124:Order:
79:Plantae
7028:Spices
6952:447505
6949:uBio:
6911:PLANTS
6880:472526
6867:350920
6851:NZOR:
6831:285067
6701:596620
6662:486581
6649:114949
6646:APDB:
6623:Q43084
6471:DHEA-S
6323:Thymol
6299:ginger
6222:4α-PDD
6085:ginger
5924:garlic
5906:ginger
5867:9-HODE
5764:ML-SI3
5725:ML-SA1
5720:MK6-83
5541:Sweet
5504:PMD 38
5484:Icilin
5337:DHEA-S
5229:celery
5145:ginger
5040:celery
5031:JT-010
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5000:ginger
4963:celery
4868:wasabi
4860:radish
4846:garlic
4823:ginger
4678:Indian
4495:Hawaij
4450:Douchi
4425:Chaunk
4390:Advieh
4385:Adjika
4377:Blends
4347:Wasabi
4288:Sesame
4233:Nutmeg
4196:Mahleb
4191:Mastic
4126:Golpar
4116:Ginger
4111:Garlic
4104:lesser
4072:Fennel
3969:Chenpi
3949:Cassia
3880:Ajwain
3875:Aonori
3867:Spices
3842:Sorrel
3827:Savory
3772:Lovage
3719:Hyssop
3646:Cicely
3634:Chives
3624:Borage
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2651:pepper
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2250:
2194:14 May
2161:Pepper
2095:24 May
2036:
1964:
1934:
1821:Pepper
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1661:, and
1614:, and
1608:amides
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1422:Venice
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1305:Alaric
1205:Strabo
1098:, and
1096:Levant
1076:Kerala
1042:, and
1024:Brazil
1020:tonnes
977:30,804
969:
957:33,348
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937:43,557
929:
917:66,000
909:
897:89,041
889:
872:Brazil
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835:tonnes
811:Kerala
739:manure
702:Plants
641:, and
572:cashew
474:, and
367:pepper
346:ÏÎÏΔÏÎč
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324:pepper
245:pepper
6916:PINI3
6844:13216
6818:18310
6800:IRMNG
6779:83583
6766:28589
6714:PIPNI
6675:4J4Z3
6461:DCDPC
6327:thyme
6063:clove
6059:basil
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5930:AM404
5857:2-APB
5743:SF-22
5715:EVP21
5699:TRPML
5597:DCDPC
5566:WS-12
5332:DCDPC
5183:onion
5060:thyme
4982:spp.)
4943:cumin
4874:AM404
4653:Lists
4619:Tajin
4614:Tabil
4455:Duqqa
4415:Buknu
4332:Uzazi
4307:Sumac
4293:Shiso
4216:white
4211:brown
4206:black
4156:Kokum
4041:Cumin
4036:Cubeb
4026:Clove
3974:Chili
3942:black
3900:Anise
3852:Thyme
3837:Shiso
3724:Jimbu
3677:Cress
3619:Boldo
3598:Lemon
3583:Basil
3568:Herbs
3419:(PDF)
3408:(PDF)
2698:S2CID
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2339:(PDF)
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2248:JSTOR
2062:2 May
2006:(OED)
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86:Clade
6924:POWO
6839:NCBI
6813:ITIS
6787:IPNI
6761:GRIN
6748:GBIF
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4082:blue
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3593:Thai
3588:Holy
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