684:
262:
926:"I am glad you have got so well rid of Clapham as your Colonel, and if the poor fellow should desire a license to set up his trade at your camp, I hope you will grant him the favor; for though he did not understand the business of a commandant, yet he can bring credentials from the Carbuncle, alias Rednosed Club, in Boston, of his skill in hat making; and as he was well recommended by my countrymen as a good wood-ranger, he can never be at a loss for materials to make up...For a man who had not cunning enough to keep a ball at his foot which turned him ~365 per annum, could not be expected to outwit foxes, beavers, and such other sagacious creatures."
136:
463:"I had hardly finished this business and got my fort well stored with provisions, when I received a letter from the Governor...and my three intended forts being now completed, and the inhabitants contented to remain on their farms under that protection, I resolved to return; the more willingly as a New England Officer, Col. Clapham, experienced in Indian War, being on a visit to our establishment, consented to accept the Command. I gave him a commission, and, parading the garrison, had it read before them, and introduced him to them as an officer who, from his skill in military affairs, was much more fit to command them than myself."
79:
540:
100:
774:"This Post, which is in my Opinion of the utmost Consequence to the Province, is already defensible against all the Power of Musquetry, but as it is from the Nature of its Situation expos’d to a more formidable Descent from the West Branch . It ought I think to be render’d still stronger, for which Purpose a greater Number of Horses and Teams are necessary. ’Tis likewise expedient that this Garrison should be supply’d with at least Six Month’s Provisions and Stores equivalent."
598:. Captain Joseph Shippen later wrote to his father that Governor Morris had made some remarks which offended Clapham, so that Clapham refused to speak to the governor for several days afterward, and eventually saddled his horse with intent to ride away and abandon his troops. Captain Shippen and other officers persuaded Clapham not to leave, and were able to mediate a reconciliation between the two men. Historian William Albert Hunter comments on this event that:
715:." In early July, Clapham marched with his troops from Fort Halifax, while the canoes and bateaux carried supplies downriver, encountering numerous falls and rapids which hindered their progress. On 14 August, Clapham wrote to Governor Morris: "We have the walls of the fort now above-half finished and our other works in such situation that we can make a very good defense against any body of French and Indians that shall seat themselves before us without cannon."
571:, and Colonel Clapham and determined that Fort Hunter should be demolished. Its garrison and supplies were to be divided between Fort Augusta and Fort Halifax. In July and August, settlers in the area protested that removing the fort would put their homes in danger, and after several months of consideration, the governor instead decided to demolish Fort Halifax and transfer its garrison to Fort Hunter, strengthening it from 40 men to 80 men.
1014:"At Break of day this Morning three Men came from Col. Clapham's who was settled at the Oswegly Old Town about 25 Miles from here on the Youghyogeane River, with an account that Col. Clapham, with one of his Men, two women and a child were Merdered by Wolfe and some other Delaware Indians, about two o'clock the day before...The women that were killed at Col. Clapham's were treated in such a brutal manner that Decency forbids the Mentioning."
480:
249:"did on ye fifteenth of June instant at Boston aforesd in ye hearing of Sundry persons willingly & malisciouly utter these false & scandalous Words, concerning ye Complainant, He (meaning the Complainant) is Lyar & a Cheat & has cheated his men (meaning the Soldiers under his Command) of their Provisions; He has used them cruelly & beat one them in such a manner as caused his Death."
897:
the fort's food supply sometimes dwindled to only one or two days' rations. Clapham had a reputation for being hot-tempered and arbitrary, and often had his subordinate officers arrested and imprisoned for minor infractions, releasing them after a few days without trial. By late 1756, construction projects and daily maintenance tasks were abandoned due to poor morale. On 8 December, Major
658:). If you agree to my proposals on behalf of my nation, I will return and immediately collect our whole force to be employed in protecting your people while you are building a fort in our country...The land is troubled, and you may justly apprehend danger, but if you will grant our request we will be together, and if any danger happens to you, we will share it with you."
885:"Besides the duties of my commissions as colonel and captain, been obliged to discharge those of engineer and overseer at the same time, and undergone in the service incredible fatigues without materials and without thanks. commission...never was yet supposed to include building forts and ten thousand other services which I have performed."
996:), ordered by Clapham in November, 1756. Wolf may also have been seeking revenge for having been arrested and imprisoned at Fort Pitt in 1762 on charges of horse theft. He had escaped and plotted his revenge together with his father. Soon after the massacre, Pontiac’s allied tribes in other regions of Pennsylvania captured
833:, where they built bateaux to descend the Susquehanna River, bringing with them two or three small brass cannons. They observed Fort Augusta from a distance, however they were too far away for their guns to shoot from the hill opposite the fort. The force then withdrew after deciding that the fort was too well defended.
535:"We are apt to think, that the Guarrison in the Forts, after being a little more used to the Woods, and acquainted with the cunning Contrivances of the Savages, will be more diligent and successful, in ranging of the Woods; especially if Col. Clapham, who is reckond a very vigilant Gentleman, should soon come up again."
896:
Pay for troops and officers at Fort
Augusta was delayed repeatedly, to the point where Clapham was forced to loan most of his salary to men and officers under his command to prevent them from deserting or leaving at the end of their enlistment. Shipments of provisions were frequently late, so that
1875:
The
History and Topography of Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Bedford, Adams, and Perry Counties (Pennsylvania): Containing a Brief History of the First Settlers, Notices of the Leading Events, Incidents and Interesting Facts, Both General and Local, in the History of These Counties, General &
1613:
John
Franklin Meginness, "Otzinachson: Or, a History of the West Branch Valley of the Susquehanna ; Embracing a Full Account of Its Settlement—trials and Privations Endured by the Early Pioneers—full Accounts of the Indian Wars, Predatory Incursions, Abductions, and Massacres, &c." in
602:"The Colonel was an obvious target for criticism; a New Englander, self-important in manner, somewhat arbitrary in action, sometimes intemperate in speech, he easily found adversaries who preferred to regard him as a person of limited accomplishments who had risen above his proper station."
1536:
The Acts and
Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay: To which are Prefixed the Charters of the Province. With Historical and Explanatory Notes, and an Appendix. Published Under Chapter 87 of the Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth for the Year
523:
in
January, 1756, and garrisoned with volunteer militia recruited by Thomas McKee, an Indian trader who operated a trading post nearby. He was appointed captain of "McKee's Volunteers," but provisions, clothing and ammunition were in short supply, and the post was vulnerable to attack.
917:
says,) and if he is pleased you have no cause to be displeased, I am sure. I never doubted his skill in fighting
Indians, nor his natural disposition to quarrel with and abuse all mankind. It was always my opinion, that...he was unfit to command a batallion belonging to the king of
411:, dissolving their marriage contract, after William Clapham stood convicted of "leaving the said Mary, cohabiting and committing Adultery with Another Woman in Nova Scotia." The act allowed Mary to marry again, and the council later awarded Mary her household furniture, worth ÂŁ100.
556:. There are references in historic documents to a stockade and to the construction (in January, 1757) of "a Room for the Officers & Barracks for the Soldiers...in Hunters Fort." It was described as having "a commanding view of the river." Fort Halifax was 160 feet wide with
209:. He was considered a competent commander in engagements with French troops and Native American warriors, but towards the end of his military career he was unpopular with troops under his command. Following his retirement from the army, he and his family were killed by
761:
Clapham was concerned that the fort would be vulnerable to French assault from the west, if the French were to deploy artillery. On 7 September 1756, he wrote to
Franklin requesting permission to hire another carpenter for additional fortification of the fort's walls:
394:
In 1751, Clapham was prosecuted in
Halifax for killing a drunk prisoner by gagging him too tightly. The case was unique in that Clapham was not brought before a court martial, but was instead tried in a civilian court. The outcome of the case is not recorded.
683:
844:). The inhabitants had formerly lived at Shamokin and were reportedly under French influence. Clapham believed that war parties from this village had been ambushing, killing and scalping soldiers and civilians, including the soldier killed in September at
935:
After assisting in the establishment of frontier forts, Clapham retired from the army and moved to
Pittsburgh in July 1760. On 14 April 1761, Clapham published the first census of the population of Pittsburgh, conducted under the direction of Colonel
976:). He and Croghan planned to sell corn, hay, and cattle at Fort Pitt. He was a well known and respected figure on the trans-Appalachian frontier in Pennsylvania, but unlike his associate George Croghan, he was not trusted by the Ohio Valley tribes.
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and surrounding earthworks about 10 feet high. Once finished, it was garrisoned by
Pennsylvania Colonial Militia and served as the chief supply post between the area settlements and Shamokin where Fort Augusta would be built later that summer.
992:, his son Wolf, and two other Indians allegedly murdered and scalped Clapham, his wife and child at Clapham's farm on Sewickley Creek. This was reportedly done in retaliation for the destruction of a Lenape community at Great Island (
323:, Clapham raised a company of 70 men, known as "Clapham's Rangers," to fight the Mi'kmaq. Governor Cornwallis offered ÂŁ10 for every Mi'kmaq scalp or prisoner. The bounty of scalps was raised to ÂŁ50 in 1750, motivating Clapham and
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acting as a guide, to destroy the village, and instructed the commander, Captain Hambright, "to Kill, Scalp, and capture as many as you can." The raiding party found the village empty, but returned later and destroyed it.
2047:
The Indian chiefs of Pennsylvania, or, A story of the part played by the American Indian in the history of Pennsylvania: based primarily on the Pennsylvania archives and colonial records, and built around the outstanding
1274:"Letter from Capt. Donald Campbell to Col. Henry Bouquet, 4 August, 1762." in Bouquet, H., Kent, D. H., Stevens, S. Kirby., British Library., Pennsylvania Historical Commission., Frontier Forts and Trails Survey. (1940).
1028:"There is most melancholy news here, the Indians have broke out in divers Places and have murdered Colonel Chapman (sic) and his Family; and two of our Men at the Saw-Mill just by the Ford, and scalps taken off each Man."
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On 7 April 1756, Governor Morris ordered Clapham to march his regiment to Hunter's Mill to begin construction. On 11 May 1756, McKee handed over command of the fort to Colonel Clapham. The fort probably consisted of a
224:
He was married to Mary Clapham. He had one son, William Clapham, Jr., who served as a lieutenant in the Third Battalion, Pennsylvania Regiment of Foot after it was formed in late March, 1756, and who was killed by two
766:"If the Government designs to strengthen this Post by doubling the Fort with another Case of Logs and filling up the intermediate Space with Earth in order to render it Cannon Proof which I think ought to be done."
2116:"A List of Houses and Inhabitants at Fort Pitt, 14 April, 1761." in Bouquet, H., Kent, D. H., Stevens, S. Kirby., British Library., Pennsylvania Historical Commission., Frontier Forts and Trails Survey. (1940).
1289:
Letter from Mary Clapham to Jeffrey Amherst, 25 June, 1763, in Bouquet, H., Kent, D. H., Stevens, S. Kirby., British Library., Pennsylvania Historical Commission., Frontier Forts and Trails Survey. (1940).
650:"The Iroquois living on the North Branch of Sasquehanna have lent me as a representative of the whole, to treat with you and will ratify all my contracts. Brother, they agree to your building a Fort at
459:) but he felt that the responsibility for building forts should be given to someone with more military training, and offered a commission to Clapham, who accepted. Franklin writes in his autobiography:
869:"At Shamokin the people are extremely uneasy for their pay. The Colonel is highly displeased I had not orders to pay him for his Captain's commission, likewise that I brought no money to pay the
639:
and a Saw within a Quarter of a Mile." In later correspondence he mentions the complete absence of roads along the river. The Lenape village of Shamokin had been abandoned a few weeks earlier.
467:
Clapham was promoted from captain to colonel in February, 1756, and given command over the Third Battalion, Pennsylvania Regiment of Foot (known as the Augusta Regiment), and over defenses in
909:
Clapham resigned his command of the garrison in March, 1757. He was evidently an unpopular commander, as suggested by Edward Shippen III in a letter to Major James Burd on 26 March 1757:
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covering the entire extent of the wall. A well was located in the westernmost bastion. In front of the main gate, a small bridge over the moat could be raised in the event of an attack.
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was destroyed by French and Indian forces, and soon afterwards Clapham was informed by chief Oghaghradisha that several hundred French and Native American troops had traveled down the
386:
was called on 14 May, the day after the raid, to inquire into the conduct of the commanding officers who allowed the town to be destroyed. In June, Clapham's sergeant was acquitted.
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for military expeditions against enemy forces. The plan of the fort had been previously drawn up by Governor Morris, who wrote to Clapham on 12 June recommending "a square with one
635:. In a June 11 letter to Governor Morris, Clapham noted that the site he chose for the fort was appropriate because of "...the vast Plenty of Pine Timber at Hand, its nearness to
654:, but are desirous that you should also build a Fort three days' journey, in a canoe, higher up the North Branch, in their country, at a place called "Adjouquay" (present-day
631:, arriving on 11 June to start construction. Clapham picked a site near a large stand of pines which he planned to use for construction, close to a water-powered sawmill on
793:. It served as base for the Third Battalion, Pennsylvania Regiment of Foot, known as the Augusta Regiment, which was originally formed to build and garrison Fort Augusta.
371:
726:, it was the largest British fort built in Pennsylvania, with earthen walls more than two hundred feet long topped by wooden fortifications. Buildings included a bakery,
699:. The fort was positioned so as to prevent Native American war parties from descending the Susquehanna River, to serve as a refuge for civilians under attack, and as a
1835:
Rasmussen, Amanda 2015 "An Analysis of Archaeological Remains at Fort Halifax Park." MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
952:
to develop a trading post and a settlement, later referred to as Oswegly Old Town. In 1762, he applied for the right to settle on land 18 miles southeast of
1036:, including "that they deliver up the murderers of Clapham...to be put to death for their Crimes." Both Keekyuscung and his son Wolf had been killed at the
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titled “The Recruiting Officer, Together with Yanky Doodle,” probably published between 1748 and before Clapham completed his service in Canada in 1754:
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On 2 May 1764, Colonel Henry Bouquet drew up a series of demands on Native American tribes with whom he was negotiating for peace as part of the 1764
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In late October, Clapham described the final stages of the fort's construction: "In eight or ten days more the ditch will be carried quite around the
1489:
221:
Nothing is known of William Clapham's early life. He was appointed captain in Boston on 1 November 1747, and may have been born in Massachusetts.
940:, in which he recorded 104 houses and a total population of 332 people, composed of 95 officers, soldiers and their families, and 238 civilians.
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642:
On 10 June, Clapham held a conference with Oghaghradisha, an Iroquois chief, at Clapham's military camp. Oghaghradisha presented Clapham with a
590:
Clapham's temperament was revealed in May, 1756, when he and several officers stayed with Governor Robert Morris at Harris's Ferry, operated by
893:
wrote to his son, Colonel Joseph Shippen, at Shamokin: "You tell me the Colonel frequently says he will soon resign and go to Philadelphia."
2385:
1675:
738:. The wall facing the river was composed of upright logs, and the rear wall was made up of lengthwise logs. Beyond the main wall was a dry
1997:
vol. 6, April 1, 1755, through September 30, 1756, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1963, pp. 501–502.
1982:
vol. 6, April 1, 1755, through September 30, 1756, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1963, pp. 500–501.
1768:
vol. 6, April 1, 1755, through September 30, 1756, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1963, pp. 423–424.
500:
1834:
205:(1722 – 28 May 1763) was an American military officer who participated in the construction of several forts in Pennsylvania during the
687:
Plan of Fort Augusta on the east bank of the Susquehanna River as it was laid out on June 25, 1756 at the former location of Shamokin.
2400:
1709:
Fort of the French and Indian War: Maps of 18th century forts in Pennsylvania, including Fort Hunter, Fort Halifax, and Fort Augusta.
865:, James Young, arrived in mid-July to deliver their pay, much of which had been withheld. Young wrote to Governor Morris on 18 July:
695:
finally received sufficient funding and supplies to begin building Fort Augusta at the former site of the Native American village of
1462:
2395:
2131:
William G. Johnston, "Life and Reminiscences from Birth to Manhood of William G. Johnston," New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1901
452:
370:, destroying the town, killing twenty British civilians and wounding four British soldiers. Captain Clapham and 60 troops from the
2425:
2410:
2349:
Zelnik, E. "Yankees, Doodles, Fops, and Cuckolds: Compromised Manhood and Provincialism in the Revolutionary Period, 1740–1781."
1962:
2007:
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2380:
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362:(also referred to as the Dartmouth Massacre) on 13 May 1751, Miꞌkmaq warriors and Acadian militia under the command of Acadian
2018:
1764:"To Benjamin Franklin from Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 8 March 1756," Founders Online, National Archives. Original source:
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in October 1755. The mill was located about six miles north of Harris' Ferry, probably five hundred feet east of the mouth of
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1345:
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Letters and papers relating chiefly to the provincial history of Pennsylvania, with some notices of the writers, 1729–1806.
2130:
1900:
Waddell, Louis M. "Defending the Long Perimeter: Forts on the Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Frontier, 1755-1765.”
564:
1978:"To Benjamin Franklin from William Clapham, 7 September 1756," Founders Online, National Archives, . Original source:
1534:"An Act to Dissolve the Marriage of Mary Clapham with William Clapham," in Clifford, JH, Wheeler, AS, Williamson, WC.
1304:
2440:
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1463:
Andrew Marshall, "What was Father Le Loutre's War? (1749–1755)" Boot Camp and Military Fitness Institute, Feb 17, 201
960:. Clapham cleared his land in February 1763, and subsequently operated a trading post and extensive plantation where
2243:
2044:
1993:"To Benjamin Franklin from William Clapham, 8 September 1756," Founders Online, National Archives. Original source:
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On 5 April, Shippen wrote again to Major Burd, commenting on the news that Clapham intended to become a fur trader:
451:, Benjamin Franklin had been charged with the rapid construction of three small forts in northeastern Pennsylvania (
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468:
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for 17 October 1754, show a "special act" in the case of Mary Clapham v. William Clapham, sponsored in part by
332:
2230:
Dylan Haney, "My Responsibility: In the Shadow of the King, Pontiac Stands Against the Tide of British Empire"
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Following his service in Nova Scotia, Clapham returned to Boston to face divorce proceedings. Records for the
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238:
40:
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ordered the construction of forts garrisoned with colonial militia, and plans were made to begin building
1856:
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616:
528:
516:
432:
152:
2291:
Pontiac's Conspiracy & Other Indian Affairs: Notices Abstracted from Colonial Newspapers, 1763–1765.
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men; he talks loudly of his ill usage and threatens to leave the service; that he will go and join the
428:
148:
2435:
956:, which he had purchased from George Croghan, and his application was approved by Colonel Bouquet and
1915:
Katharine Faull, "Charting the Colonial Backcountry: Joseph Shippen's Map of the Susquehanna River,"
1294:
vol. 2. Harrisburg: Department of public instruction, Pennsylvania historical commission, pp. 199-200
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973:
969:
579:
289:
169:
60:
2120:
vol. 7. Harrisburg: Department of public instruction, Pennsylvania historical commission, pp 103-108
1748:
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with his company of rangers and two cannons, forcing the Mi'kmaq to withdraw. Clapham fought in the
1876:
Statistical Descriptions of All the Principal Boroughs, Towns, Villages, &c., with an Appendix,
1820:
Joseph Shippen, "Military Letters of Captain Joseph Shippen of the Provincial Service, 1756–1758,"
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Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America.
1899:
1143:
Maps of 18th century forts in Pennsylvania, including Fort Hunter, Fort Halifax, and Fort Augusta.
1992:
1977:
1763:
1648:
Vol. 1: 1706-1757. Mark Skousen, ed. Simon and Schuster: Regnery Publishing, Washington DC, 2007.
611:
On 5 June 1756, Clapham left Fort Hunter with five companies (400 men), marching north along the
1594:
1278:
vol. 10. Harrisburg: Department of public instruction, Pennsylvania historical commission, p. 42
1580:
Nancy F. Cott, "Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts,"
1175:
1033:
985:
836:
In November 1756, Clapham informed Deputy Governor William Denny that about fifty miles up the
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were stationed on Blockhouse Hill. He and the company are reported to have remained within the
367:
2021:
Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: the military, pioneer, and trading posts of the United States,
1888:
1508:
1404:
1315:
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2103:
The Pennsylvania and New York Frontier: History of from 1720 to the Close of the Revolution,
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The Pennsylvania government decided to construct a fort at Hunter's Mill in response to the
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328:
2333:
1857:
Joe Baker and Amanda Rasmussen, "Archaeology at Fort Halifax Park," Series Article: Part 2
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Setting All the Captives Free: Capture, Adjustment, and Recollection in Allegheny Country.
519:, owned by Samuel Hunter who lived on Fishing Creek. The mill was fortified with a simple
8:
1914:
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The fort was garrisoned by sixteen officers and 337 men and had twelve cannons and two
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1441:
Cox, Rob S., "John Gorham papers", William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan
840:
was an Indian village with only ten families, located near Great Island (now known as
2229:
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1514:
1410:
1406:
Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749–53
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Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749–53
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On 8 September 1756, he wrote to Franklin requesting additional supplies and horses:
628:
612:
560:, so Fort Hunter was likely similar in construction, but no drawings or plans exist.
504:
420:
348:
309:
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2274:
A. T. Volwiler, "Notes and Documents: William Trent's Journal at Fort Pitt, 1763,"
1845:
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to destroy the fort. This raiding party had been gathered from the French posts at
575:
363:
1751:
Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania,
1631:
Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania,
241:, show that on 30 June 1747, Clapham filed charges against William MacLanahan for
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1945:
James Herbstritt, Janet Johnson and Kurt Carr, "Digging Fort Hunter’s History,"
1784:
James Herbstritt, Janet Johnson and Kurt Carr, "Digging Fort Hunter’s History,"
1246:
Officers and Soldiers in the Service of the Province of Pennsylvania, 1744-1765,
2174:
949:
849:
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belt and gave Clapham the Iroquois name "Ugcarumhiunth." He told Clapham that
508:
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226:
1819:
2364:
1697:
1320:
vol. 3, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed June 29, 2022
1196:
Colonial Women and Domesticity: Selected Articles on Gender in Early America.
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1007:
948:
Soon afterwards, Clapham entered into an economic venture with Indian trader
937:
818:
810:
568:
423:
in constructing a series of forts along the frontier. In late 1755, Governor
383:
297:
2334:
Elkin, C. W. W., "Remarks on some old cemeteries of the Pittsburgh region,"
1137:
In the Shadow of the King: Pontiac Stands Against the Tide of British Empire
351:
during 1751, by summer Cornwallis had disbanded all ranger companies except
1124:
984:
Clapham's Trading Post was the site of the first attack in Pennsylvania of
700:
456:
436:
156:
105:
1055:
There is a reference to "Captain Clapham" in an early version of the song
718:
Clapham had largely completed Fort Augusta by late August 1756. Named for
989:
790:
727:
549:
274:
2348:
2304:
Montrésor, John, Montrésor, James Gabriel. "The Montresor Journals," in
1599:
5th ser. Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing Company, State printer, 1906.
1305:"Homicides of Adults in Massachusetts, 1741–1750," Ohio State University
662:
Fort Halifax was a stockade fort 160 feet (49 m) square, with four
2159:
History of Beaver County, Pennsylvania: And Its Centennial Celebration.
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Fortress America: The Forts That Defended America, 1600 to the Present.
1579:
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American County Histories: Pennsylvania county and regional histories.
1490:"Extract of a Letter from Halifax in Nova Scotia dated June 25, 1751"
1429:
913:"I congratulate you on the good news: Col. Clapham has resigned, (so
747:
670:
The fort was abandoned in late 1757, and was dismantled in mid-1763.
512:
1797:
1364:
Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land, and Donald Marshall Junior
1932:
The Encyclopedia of North American Colonial Conflicts to 1775: A–K.
874:
755:
743:
663:
557:
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488:
340:
1808:
1139:. Amateur archaeology finds in the area of Clapham's trading post.
292:(1749–1755). On 19 August 1749, Captain Clapham was in command at
2323:
Bouquet Memorial Committee. Steinman & Hensel, printers, 1883
2306:
Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1881,
1554:
Omohundro Institute and University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
782:, the barrier gates finished and erected, and the pickets of the
779:
731:
704:
624:
2090:
vol 2, no. 1. Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania., 1919.
479:
2278:
vol. XI, No. 3. Mississippi Valley Historical Association, 1925
2034:"Fort Augusta – 1756," Society of Colonial Wars of Pennsylvania
870:
822:
783:
712:
643:
619:. Clapham and his men marched from Harris's Ferry (present-day
210:
36:
2175:
A. T. Volwiler, "William Trent's Journal at Fort Pitt, 1763,"
2008:"Sunbury: A History," Bucknell University Environmental Center
1552:
The Otis Family in Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts.
1798:
Fort Hunter historical marker, The Historical Marker Database
1633:
Second Edition, Thomas Lynch Montgomery, ed. Harrisburg, 1916
347:
on 3 September 1750. Although fighting continued across the
739:
553:
269:
In 1748, Clapham was sent as a company commander to defend
2086:
Charles Dahlinger, "Pittsburgh's First Burial Ground," in
1494:
The London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer
1478:
Nova Scotia Historical Society. Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1895
1148:
Map of Fortifications on the Pennsylvania frontier in 1756
734:, pork cistern, and a powder magazine with an underground
1390:
The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760.
742:
that was half as deep as the wall was high. Triangular
327:
to form new ranger companies to search the land around
2321:
Col. Henry Bouquet and His Campaigns of 1763 and 1764,
1510:
Crime and Deviance in Canada: Historical Perspectives
1010:, then Superintendent of Fort Pitt, wrote on 29 May:
877:, whether they side with the English or the French."
256:
2261:
Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course and Consequences.
2217:
The American Revolution 1775–1783: An Encyclopedia,
2070:
Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley, printers, 1855.
1917:
The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,
1822:
The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,
627:and canoes loaded with materials traveled down the
355:, a primarily Native American unit formed in 1744.
1646:The Compleated Autobiography by Benjamin Franklin,
711:where the gate is, with a ditch, covered way, and
304:who took twenty prisoners and carried them off to
1539:Wright & Potter, printers to the state, 1896.
389:
2362:
1889:"Fort Halifax, Pennsylvania," Legends of America
1409:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 186.
491:similar in appearance to the one at Fort Hunter.
229:in June 1762. Clapham also had a daughter Mary.
1232:History of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania,
861:Clapham and his men were dissatisfied when the
585:
563:In March 1757, Governor William Denny met with
75:
1678:Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier: 1753–1758,
1506:
1403:Salusbury, John (2011). Ronald Rompkey (ed.).
1263:Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013.
881:Clapham immediately wrote to Governor Morris:
578:in 1763 and fell into ruins. The community of
140:Third Battalion, Pennsylvania Regiment of Foot
2088:The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,
1963:Katherine Faull, "Fort Augusta," (page 2) in
1043:William Clapham is buried in the cemetery at
848:. He ordered a raiding party of 42 men, with
543:Historical marker on the site of Fort Hunter.
419:Clapham then moved to Pennsylvania to assist
414:
2248:Ziegler Printing Co., Inc. Butler, PA, 1927
2081:
2079:
2077:
2050:Ziegler Printing Co., Inc. Butler, PA, 1927
1967:Bucknell Environmental Center, Lewisburg, PA
1608:
1606:
527:On 8 March 1756, Benjamin Franklin wrote to
288:Clapham was stationed in Nova Scotia during
2197:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
1753:Vol. 1, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1896
1718:
1716:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1507:McCormick, Chris; Green, Len, eds. (2005).
1316:Barry M. Moody, “GOLDTHWAIT, BENJAMIN,” in
273:as part of a New England reinforcement for
2219:Volume 1: A–L. Taylor & Francis, 2020.
2061:
2059:
2057:
1919:vol CXXXVI October 2012 No. 4, pp. 461-465
1680:(Classic Reprint). Fb&c Limited, 2018.
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1622:
1430:Lee Sultzman, "Micmac History," 03/01/1999
930:
216:
2276:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
2252:
2177:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
2105:Philadelphia: George S. McManus Co., 1954
2074:
1958:
1956:
1603:
1513:. Canadian Scholars’ Press. p. 101.
1452:Gentleman's Magazine, August 1751, p. 379
1402:
1330:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
979:
856:
253:The outcome of the case is not recorded.
2239:
2237:
2188:
2186:
2170:
2168:
2027:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1713:
1684:
1637:
1567:Reply to Myth: Perspectives on Intimacy.
1189:
1187:
1091:I'll run my Chance and fight the French,
682:
574:The fort was abandoned after the end of
538:
511:. Fort Hunter was initially a stockaded
478:
260:
232:
2406:People of Pennsylvania of Pontiac's War
2054:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1698:A Brief History of The Augusta Regiment
1652:
1584:Vol. 33, No. 4, Oct., 1976, pp. 586–614
1225:
2363:
2179:Vol. 11, No. 3 Dec., 1924, pp. 390–413
1953:
1569:New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
1360:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1160:
405:Massachusetts House of Representatives
2234:
2183:
2165:
2038:
1809:Fort Hunter Mansion and Park, history
1731:
1467:
1184:
1050:
2066:Balch, Thomas, and Shippen, Edward,
1938:
1861:
1772:
1234:Chicago: Brown, Runk & Co., 1891
1178:A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie,
904:
829:, and had assembled at the mouth of
1723:Kaufmann, J. E.., Kaufmann, H. W..
1392:University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
1340:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
1202:
1180:volume II, 1866. J. Barnes, Halifax
796:
758:formed a covered way to the river.
582:was established nearby after 1787.
13:
2246:The Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania,
1824:Vol. 36, No. 3 (1912), pp. 367–378
1629:Pennsylvania Society of New York.
1496:. Vol. 20. 1751. p. 341.
615:to select a suitable location for
265:British soldiers in Halifax, 1749.
14:
2452:
2146:J. R. Weldin & Company, 1900.
2118:The papers of Col: Henry Bouquet,
1786:Pennsylvania Heritage," Fall 2011
1318:Dictionary of Canadian Biography,
1292:The papers of Col: Henry Bouquet,
1276:The papers of Col: Henry Bouquet,
1130:
1094:And that’s the Way we’ll nab 'em.
1075:And Seven more we leave on shore,
339:on 23 March 1750, by arriving at
257:Service in Nova Scotia, 1748–1754
2401:Military history of Pennsylvania
2386:People of Father Le Loutre's War
1995:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin,
1980:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin,
1766:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin,
1069:Here's Father and I, for Canady,
398:
134:
98:
77:
2396:Military history of Nova Scotia
2342:
2327:
2312:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2223:
2208:
2150:
2135:
2124:
2109:
2094:
2012:
2001:
1986:
1971:
1923:
1908:
1893:
1882:
1850:
1839:
1828:
1813:
1802:
1791:
1757:
1702:
1588:
1582:The William and Mary Quarterly,
1573:
1558:
1543:
1527:
1500:
1482:
1456:
1445:
1434:
1423:
1396:
1381:
1367:. University of Toronto Press.
1354:
1334:(2011) . Ronald Rompkey (ed.).
1324:
943:
678:
673:
606:
503:, near its confluence with the
316:, the prisoners were released.
300:and his party were attacked by
2426:Colonial forts in Pennsylvania
2411:Military personnel from Boston
1309:
1298:
1282:
1267:
1252:
1238:
474:
390:Prosecution for homicide, 1751
331:for Mi'kmaq. Clapham relieved
312:complained to the Governor of
213:warriors on his farm in 1763.
1:
2416:1763 murders in North America
2381:British America army officers
2353:vol. 16, no. 3 (2018): 514–44
2336:Western Pennsylvania History,
1595:Thomas Lynch Montgomery, ed.
1153:
838:West Branch Susquehanna River
239:Suffolk County, Massachusetts
1248:vol I, Pennsylvania Archives
1081:Tho' I am young I do belong,
586:Dispute with Governor Morris
7:
2431:French and Indian War forts
2289:Armand Francis Lucier, ed.
2263:Taylor & Francis, 2012.
2157:Bausman, Joseph Henderson.
2142:Chapman, Thomas Jefferson,
1098:
1078:For to take Care of Mother.
746:on each corner permitted a
529:August Gottlieb Spangenberg
245:, claiming that MacLanahan
10:
2457:
2161:Knickerbocker Press, 1904.
901:took command of the fort.
415:Promotion to colonel, 1756
310:Governor Edward Cornwallis
2023:New York: Macmillan, 1988
1072:Likewise another Brother,
974:West Newton, Pennsylvania
970:Sutersville, Pennsylvania
580:Fort Hunter, Pennsylvania
382:during the whole raid. A
162:
144:
127:
119:
111:
91:
71:
50:
30:
23:
16:American colonial soldier
2441:Colonels (military rank)
1676:Hunter, William Albert.
1476:History of Halifax City,
1361:Wicken, William (2002).
1110:Raid on Dartmouth (1751)
1061:, printed in an undated
1021:The Pennsylvania Gazette
994:Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
842:Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
621:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
596:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
185:Raid on Dartmouth (1751)
65:Province of Pennsylvania
2421:American murder victims
2351:Early American Studies,
2338:v. 38, 1955; p. 95–110.
2215:Richard L. Blanco, ed.
958:General Robert Monckton
931:Pittsburgh census, 1761
594:and the future site of
277:, where he served with
217:Early career and family
1947:Pennsylvania Heritage,
1597:Pennsylvania Archives:
1474:Thomas Beamish Akins,
1105:Father Le Loutre's War
1034:Treaty of Fort Niagara
980:Death and burial, 1763
857:Problems and conflicts
688:
656:Pittston, Pennsylvania
544:
492:
368:Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
360:1751 raid on Dartmouth
290:Father Le Loutre's War
266:
170:Father Le Loutre's War
2391:Forts in Pennsylvania
2293:Heritage Books, 2000.
1902:Pennsylvania History,
1873:Rupp, Israel Daniel.
1727:Hachette Books, 2007.
968:(between present-day
720:Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
691:In June, 1756, Major
686:
542:
497:Penn's Creek Massacre
482:
455:, Fort Franklin, and
449:GnadenhĂĽtten massacre
441:Penn's Creek massacre
372:45th Regiment of Foot
264:
233:Defamation case, 1747
207:French and Indian War
192:French and Indian War
112:Years of service
2259:Middleton, Richard.
2144:Old Pittsburgh Days.
2019:Roberts, Robert B.,
425:Robert Hunter Morris
1965:Sunbury: A History,
1904:62:2(1995):171-195.
1749:Clarence M. Busch,
1644:Benjamin Franklin,
1618:H. B. Ashmead, 1857
1198:Garland Pub., 1988.
1038:Battle of Bushy Run
986:Pontiac's Rebellion
807:Great Shamokin Path
445:Great Cove massacre
345:Battle at Chignecto
337:Battle at St. Croix
283:Benjamin Goldthwait
180:Battle at Chignecto
175:Battle at St. Croix
2101:William Brewster,
1051:In popular culture
1040:on 6 August 1763.
1024:on 31 May stated:
1002:siege to Fort Pitt
988:. On 28 May 1763,
966:Youghiogheny River
891:Edward Shippen III
889:On 5 August 1756,
863:Commissary General
689:
545:
493:
469:Northampton County
296:, when Lieutenant
294:Canso, Nova Scotia
267:
237:Court records for
131:Clapham's Rangers,
1930:Tucker, Spencer.
1846:Fort Halifax Park
1520:978-1-55130-274-4
1416:978-0-7735-3869-6
1374:978-0-8020-7665-6
1347:978-0-7735-9089-2
1230:Herbert C. Bell,
1194:Hoffer, Peter C.
1045:Trinity Cathedral
998:Fort Presque Isle
905:Resignation, 1757
629:Susquehanna River
613:Susquehanna River
507:, in present-day
505:Susquehanna River
421:Benjamin Franklin
349:Chignecto Isthmus
321:raid on Dartmouth
200:
199:
67:, British America
58:(aged 40–41)
41:Massachusetts Bay
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1577:
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1565:John F. Crosby,
1562:
1556:
1550:Waters, John J.
1547:
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1182:
1173:
964:enters into the
801:In August 1756,
797:Military actions
722:, the mother of
552:surrounded by a
439:. Following the
378:firing from the
364:Joseph Broussard
353:Gorham's Rangers
139:
138:
137:
104:
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2317:
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2308:New York, 1882.
2302:
2298:
2287:
2283:
2272:
2268:
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2235:
2228:
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2013:
2006:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1976:
1972:
1961:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1934:ABC-CLIO, 2008.
1928:
1924:
1913:
1909:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1878:G. Hills, 1846.
1871:
1862:
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1397:
1388:Grenier, John.
1386:
1382:
1375:
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1355:
1348:
1332:Salusbury, John
1329:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1272:
1268:
1259:Steele, Ian K.
1257:
1253:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1203:
1192:
1185:
1174:
1161:
1156:
1133:
1101:
1086:Captain Clapham
1053:
1047:in Pittsburgh.
982:
962:Sewickley Creek
946:
933:
907:
859:
799:
754:connected by a
724:King George III
707:to protect the
681:
676:
633:Armstrong Creek
609:
592:John Harris Sr.
588:
554:defensive ditch
477:
417:
401:
392:
325:Francis Bartelo
319:After the 1749
279:Jedidiah Preble
271:Annapolis Royal
259:
235:
219:
203:William Clapham
196:
135:
133:
132:
99:
97:
78:
76:
59:
55:
45:British America
35:
26:
25:William Clapham
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2193:Dixon, David.
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2045:C. Hale Sipe,
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850:Andrew Montour
831:Anderson Creek
803:Fort Granville
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483:Reconstructed
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1125:Fort Augusta
1120:Fort Halifax
1085:
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835:
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786:completed."
777:
769:
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701:staging area
690:
679:Construction
674:Fort Augusta
669:
661:
641:
623:), while 18
617:Fort Halifax
610:
607:Fort Halifax
589:
573:
565:Lord Loudoun
562:
546:
526:
517:Great Valley
494:
466:
457:Fort Lebanon
437:Fort Augusta
433:Fort Halifax
418:
402:
393:
357:
318:
287:
268:
252:
236:
227:Panis slaves
223:
220:
202:
201:
163:Battles/wars
157:Fort Augusta
153:Fort Halifax
106:British Army
56:(1763-05-28)
18:
2376:1763 deaths
2371:1722 births
1115:Fort Hunter
1084:To valiant
990:Keekyuscung
875:Six Nations
825:village of
791:swivel guns
752:Blockhouses
728:smoke house
550:block house
475:Fort Hunter
429:Fort Hunter
358:During the
333:John Gorham
275:Nova Scotia
149:Fort Hunter
61:West Newton
54:28 May 1763
2365:Categories
1154:References
899:James Burd
827:Kittanning
821:, and the
736:powder keg
693:James Burd
485:blockhouse
453:Fort Allen
447:, and the
376:blockhouse
314:Ile Royale
306:Louisbourg
243:defamation
72:Allegiance
1949:Fall 2011
1176:Murdoch,
1063:broadside
1000:and laid
954:Fort Pitt
918:England."
748:crossfire
513:gristmill
380:loopholes
366:, raided
115:1747–1757
1099:See also
756:stockade
744:bastions
697:Shamokin
664:bastions
652:Shamokin
637:Shamokin
558:bastions
521:stockade
489:stockade
341:Pisiguit
308:. After
145:Commands
92:Service/
815:Venango
780:parapet
732:cistern
730:, beef
709:curtain
705:ravelin
625:bateaux
515:in the
335:in the
329:Halifax
302:Mi'kmaq
123:Colonel
2202:
2048:chiefs
1517:
1413:
1371:
1344:
871:Battoe
823:Lenape
817:, and
784:glacis
713:glacis
644:wampum
531:that:
443:, the
435:, and
211:Lenape
103:
94:branch
82:
37:Boston
1537:1867.
2200:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1342:ISBN
972:and
740:moat
487:and
281:and
128:Unit
120:Rank
51:Died
34:1722
31:Born
2367::
2236:^
2185:^
2167:^
2076:^
2056:^
1955:^
1863:^
1774:^
1733:^
1715:^
1686:^
1654:^
1605:^
1492:.
1204:^
1186:^
1162:^
1004:.
813:,
567:,
471:.
431:,
285:.
155:,
151:,
63:,
43:,
39:,
1523:.
1419:.
1377:.
1350:.
1088:,
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