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and eventually death. Unfortunately Mr. Clark never recovered well enough to leave the hospital. In this period DeVries and his team had to face a series of issues due to the pressure of the media and the public. He was constantly obsessed with critics and legal issues concerning about what he was doing whether it was right or wrong. With the success of the first patient, DeVries wanted to go on with his trials, but there were not enough funds and medical insurance was never going to pay for such an experimental transplant. Consequently, DeVries found himself on a quest for fund raising, which, at the beginning did not succeed until
383:, DeVries decided to move to Louisville in order to continue with his work on the TAH although he knew that the reason why the Humana Inc. had given him such a generous offer was mainly due to the publicity that this project was to offer them. "Our name is now on every single newspaper in the world. This is the type of advertisement that you cannot buy. As far as I am concerned, you have made your money for the next hundred patients" (Wendell Cherry). And even knowing this, DeVries accepted the deal because it was for medical advancement.
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460:, considering it to have special and emotional meanings which could not be substituted by any human-made machine. The question asked by Una Loy, the wife of Barney Clark, is an example of this skepticism. Before her husband underwent surgery, she asked the doctor if after the transplant her husband would still be able to love her. Many were also disturbed by the fact that Clark was never able to leave the hospital. His life was extended somewhat, but he spent it in bed. The
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heart, through a tube coming out of the patient body. In order to give the patients the ability to move, it was also invented a portable power console which was the size of a briefcase. Since 1982, 350 patients have used the Jarvik-7 heart model, and its original design is still used for the modern Jarvik-7, although due to propriety passages the device name is now "SynCardia". In
October 2004, the Jarvik-7 model was the first medical device to receive a full-FDA approval.
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324:". The patient lived, but DeVries found much harder to manage the device on a patient rather than on a healthy animal. This carried to some complications which led part of the researchers to ask DeVries to turn off the device. In fact they did not want to lose the NIH approval and consequently their funds. DeVries refused to shut down the device, this caught the attention of the media, and made DeVries achieve the cover of
295:(NIH) approval. At the beginning, nobody really paid much consideration to the work, but after a while it started to acquire new attention, things changed, and even the NIH started to be interested in the project. Therefore, DeVries started to look for a suitable patient for the first attempt. In 1982, the FDA gave the approval to experiment the device on a human, and so a panel of six members at the
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Throughout the time between the implant and the death of Barney Clark, the media followed the case so intensively that teams of reporters and television crews besieged the medical center, hankering for information on the patient. Criticism came not only from the medical world, but also from the public. Indeed, many people were disturbed by the idea of replacing the
901:"Biomaterial-centered sepsis and the total artificial heart. Microbial adhesion vs tissue integration." ; Gristina A.G., Dobbins J.J., Giammara B., Lewis J.C., DeVries W.C. ; February 12, 1988 ; Section of Orthopedic Surgery, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ;
871:"A clinical estimation model for noninvasive determination of atrial pressure in total artificial heart patients." ; Mays J.B., Williams M.A., Jung S., Frederick M.G., Barker L.E., DeVries W.C. ; July–September 1987 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "American Society of Artificial Internal Organs" ;
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851:"Thromboembolic and infectious complications of total artificial heart implantation." ; Ward R.A., Wellhausen S.R., Dobbins J.J., Johnson G.S., DeVries W.C. ; 1987 ; Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky ; "Annals of the New York Academy of Science" ;
831:"Vein graft arteriovenous fistula for long-term venous access in a heart transplant recipient lacking superficial veins: a case report." ; Girardet R.E., Masri Z.H., Barbie R.N., Attum A.A., Yared S., DeVries W.C., Lansing A.M. ; November–December 1986 ; "The Journal of Heart Transplantation" ;
249:. The day of the interview, on his way to the hospital, he witnessed a person being stabbed by another man, and helped the victim until he was carried to the emergency room. This episode was probably one of the reasons why he decided not to start his residency in Boston. The second interview he attended was at the
951:"Nine Year Experience with the Clinical use of Total Artificial Hearts as Cardiac Support Devices" ; Joyce L.D., Johnson K.E., Cabrol C., Griffith B.P., Copeland J.G., DeVries W.C., Keon W.J., Wolner E., Frazier O.H., Bucherl E.S., et al. ; July–September 1988 ; Minneapolis Heart Institute ; "
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Throughout his career, DeVries had to face a series of philosophical, religious, and practical objections to the artificial heart program. The media attention to the first implant was the largest ever directed to a medical case. Never before had a medical innovation aroused such a contentious debate.
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dental surgeon named Barney Clark, affected with an end-stage congestive heart failure. The seven-hour surgery was carried out on
December 2, 1982, and it was successful. Doctor William DeVries, 38 years old at that time, was known to listen occasionally to rock music while performing surgery. In his
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magazine (December 10, 1984). Eventually, they had to deal with the issue of money. To keep Mr. Clark alive, he decided to sell the rights of his story to a newspaper for $ 1 million . Mr. Clark lived for 112 days after the surgery, as complications kept occurring and this led to multiorgan failure
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The pumping action came from air, compressed by an electrical unit located outside of the patient's body. The human-made organ had two separate ventricles grafted with Dacron sleeves to the native atria and great vessels. It was powered by a 400-pound (180 kg) air compressor, connected to the
731:"Indexes of Hemolysis in Human Recipients of the Jarvik-7 Total Artificial Heart: a Cooperative Report of Fifteen Patients" ; Levinson M.M., Copeland J.G., Smith R.G., Cork R.C., DeVries W.C., Mays J.B., Griffith B.P., Kormos R., Joyce L.D., Pritzker M.R., et al. ; May–June 1986 ; "
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By the time he had finished with school, he had already built a family. He married his first wife, Ane Karen, during the last year of college and had four children. During college he was able to hold down three or four jobs and yet he graduated top of his class and received the award for the most
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During 1987, 49 diseased hearts had been substituted by surgeons all over the world with a Jarvik-7 model. In
January 1988 DeVries was close to performing his fifth implantation, when a human donor heart was found for the patient. In January 1990 the approval was withdrawn, and the FDA ended the
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931:"Immunologic complications of long-term implantation of a total artificial heart." ; Wellhausen S.R., Ward R.A., Johnson G.S., DeVries W.C. ; July 1988 ; Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky ; "Journal of Clinical Immunology" ;
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In 1979 Doctor DeVries went back to the
University of Utah to become the chairman of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery; there, he used to perform two to five open-heart operations a week. At that time the university was known for being one of the country's few pioneering centers for advanced
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magazine called it "the Bill
Schroeder's show". After the death of DeVries' second patient, the critics began to charge that the mechanical heart brought more complications than benefits. In fact, both Clark and Schroeder never fully recovered from the surgery and eventually died due to
616:"Determinants of pannus formation in long-surviving artificial heart calves, and its prevention." ; Jarvik R.K., Kessler T.R., McGill L.D., Olsen D.B., DeVries W.C., Deneris J., Blaylock J.T., Kolff W.J. ; 1981 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ;
745:"Summary of the World Experience with Clinical use of Total Artificial Hearts as Heart Support Devices" ; Joyce L.D., Johnson K.E., Pierce W.S., DeVries W.C., Semb B.K., Copeland J.G., Griffith B.P., Cooley D.A., Frazier O.H., Cabrol C., et al. ; May–June 1986 ; "
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that left him unable to speak. He lived for 620 days after the operation, during which he was able to leave the hospital and do a series of normal activities like traveling, attending a basketball game and even fishing. Over the following years DeVries implanted a total of four
646:"Response of the Human Body to the First Permanent Implant of the Jarvik-7 Total Artificial Heart" ; Joyce L.D., DeVries W.C., Hastings W.L., Olsen D.B., Jarvik R.K., Kolff W.J. ; 1983 ; "Transaction-American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ;
476:. Thanks to the Humana Inc. funds, DeVries implanted another artificial heart at the Humana Human Heart Institute International in a patient called Bill Schroeder. The whole case was followed by the media, and DeVries and the Humana were accused of publicity seeking;
982: ; Robotham J.L., Mays J.B., Williams M.A., DeVries W.C. ; October 1990 ; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland ; "Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anestesiologists, Inc."
881:"Postmortem microbiological findings of two total artificial heart recipients." ; Dobbins J.J., Johnson G.S., Kunin C.M., DeVries W.C. ; February 1988 ; Beliamine College, Louisville, KY ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ;
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were able to live up to six, seven, even eight months. These results inspired him to take on with the work and so he started a series of long-term animal experiments. After two years of experiments, doctor DeVries and his colleagues tried to obtain the U.S.
811:"Diagnostic monitoring and drive system management of patients with total artificial heart." ; Mays J.B., Williams M.A., Barker L.E., Hastings W.L., DeVries W.C. ; September 1986 ; "Heart and Lung: the Journal of Critical Care" ;
989:" ; Houman Tavaf-Motamen, Sean P. Bannister, Philip C. Corcoran, Robert W. Stewart, Charles R. Mulligan, and William C. DeVries ; June 2008 ; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC ; "
891:"Surgical technique for implantation of the Jarvik-7-100 total artificial heart." ; DeVries W.C. ; February 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ;"The Journal of the American Medical Association" ;
532:"Changes in pulmonary capillary filtration and ventilatory dead space during exposure to 95 per cent oxygen." ; Wolfe W.G., Devries W.C., Anderson R.W., Sabiston D.C. Jr. ; April 1974 ; "The Journal of Surgical Research" ;
941:"The Role of Nuclear Medicine in Three Permanent Total Artificial Heart Recipients" ; Zenger G.H., DeVries W.C. ; July 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "Seminars in Nuclear Medicine" ;
721:"The Role of Nuclear Imaging in the Management of the First Total Artificial Heart Recipient" ; Taylor A. Jr., Milton W., Christian P.E., Datz F.L., Joyce L., DeVries W.C. ; June 1985 ; "Clinical Nuclear Medicine" ;
759:"Surgical Positioning of the Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart" ; Jarvik R.K., DeVries W.C., Semb B.K., Koul B., Copeland J.G., Levinson M.M., Griffith B.P., Joyce L.D., Cooley D.A., Frazier O.H., et al. ; May–June 1986 ; "
861:"Alterations in select immunologic parameters following total artificial heart implantation." ; Stelzer GT, Ward RA, Wellhausen SR, McLeish KR, Johnson GS, DeVries WC. ; February 1987 ; "Artificial Organs" ;
921:"The physician, the media, and the 'spectacular' case." ; DeVries W.C. ; February 12, 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ;
911:"The permanent artificial heart. Four case reports." ; DeVries W.C. ; February 12, 1988 ; Humana Heart Institute International, Louisville, KY ; "The Journal of the American Medical Association" ;
821:"Atrial endocrine function in humans with artificial hearts." ; Schwab T.R., Edwards B.S., DeVries W.C., Zimmerman R.S., Burnett J.C. Jr. ; November 27, 1986 ; "The New England Journal of Medicine" ;
626:"Indeterminate circulatory support with the artificial heart." ; Olsen D.B., DeVries W.C., Kolff J., Frazier O.H., Rahimtoola S.H. ; 1982 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs Journal" ;
670:" ; William C. DeVries, M.D., Jeffrey L. Anderson, M.D., Lyle D. Joyce, M.D., Fred L. Anderson, M.D., Elizabeth H. Hammond, M.D., Robert K. Jarvik, M.D., and Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D. ; February 2, 1984; "
636:"Impact of regulations on artificial organs research." ; Morton W.A., DeVries W.C., Dobelle W.H., Serkes K.D., Sheridan R., Dennis C. ; 1983 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ;
602:"Artificial heart implantation, later cardiac transplantation in the calf." ; Olsen D.B., Devries W.C., Oyer P.E., Reitz B.A., Murashita J., Kolff W.J., Daitoh N., Jarvik R.K., Gaykowski R. ; 1981 ; "
562:"Unilateral pulmonary emphysema created by ligation of the left pulmonary artery in newborn puppies." ; DeVries W.C., Seaber A.V., Sealy W.C. ; February 1979 ; "The Annals of Thoracic Surgery" ;
677:"Nutrition for the First Total Artificial Heart Patient: Implications for Future Patients" ; Raymond J., DeVries W.C., Joyce L.D. ; May 1984 ; "Journal of the American Dietetic Association" ;
783:"Drive System Management of Emergency Conditions in Three Permanent Total Artificial Heart Patients" ; Mays J.B., Hastings W.L., Williams M.A., Barker L.E., DeVries W.C. ; July–September 1986 ; "
1000:" ; Charles R. Mulligan Jr, Houman Tavaf-Motamen, Robert Stewart, and William C. Devries ; July 2008 ; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC ; "
797:"The Microscopic Evaluation of Skin Buttons used in a Long-Term Human Total Artificial Heart Recipient" ; Murray K.D., Abbott T., DeVries W.C., Gaykowski R., Olsen D.B. ; July–September 1986 ; "
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DeVries, William C.; Anderson, Jeffery L.; Joyce, Lyle D.; Anderson, Fred L.; Hammond, Elizabeth H.; Jarvik, Robert K.; Kloff, Williem J. (February 2, 1984). "Clinical Use of the Total
Artificial Heart".
841:"Multigated Radionuclide Study of the Total Artificial Heart" ; Datz F.L., Christian P.E., Taylor A. Jr, Hastings W.L., DeVries W.C. ; 1987 ; "European Journal of Nuclear Medicine" ;
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complications. DeVries felt that the best way to concede the dilemma was to have people understand that the TAH was not a permanent solution but just a temporary substitution for a diseased heart.
701:"Preparing an institution for clinical device experimentation." ; Hastings W.L., Mays J.B., Elzy P., DeVries W.C. ; 1985 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ;
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Thanks to his work, the TAH was used in many hospitals, not as a permanent solution for diseased heart patient, but as a "bridge" in order to assist the heart and wait for a final transplant.
582:"Pulmonary tissue volume in isolated perfused dog lungs." ; Crapo R.O., Crapo J.D., Morris A.H., Berlin S.L., Devries W.C. ; May 1980 ; "Journal of Applied Physiology" ;
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572:"Transvascular fluid and protein dynamics in the lung following hemorrhagic shock." ; Anderson R.W., DeVries W.C. ; April 1979 ; "The Journal of Surgical Research" ;
492:"Consumptive coagulopathy, shock, and the artificial heart." ; DeVries W.C., Kwan-Gett C.S., Kolff W.J. ; 1970 ; "American Society for Artificial Internal Organs" ;
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questioned whether the artificial heart research was useful or just a "Dracula" sucking funds away from other programs. DeVries felt that all this attention was slowing his work in
711:"The ethical implications of the artificial heart: an interview with Dr. William DeVries." ; DeVries W.C. ; May–June 1985 ; "Federation of American Hospital" ;
965:"Circulatory Support 1988. Bleeding and Anticoagulation" ; Jack G. Copeland III, Laurence A. Harker, J. Heinrich Joist, and William C. DeVries ; January 1989 ; "
522:"Ventilatory dead space in diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism." ; Duranceau A., DeVries W.C., Wolfe W.G., Sabiston D.C. Jr. ; 1974 ; "Surgical Forum" ;
592:"The management of spontaneous pneumothorax and bullous emphysema." ; DeVries W.C., Wolfe W.G. ; August 1980 ; "The Surgical Clinics of North America" ;
552:"Physiologic and pathologic responses of the pulmonary circulation to high flow shunts." ; DeVries W.C., Anderson R.W. ; 1975 ; "Surgical Forum" ;
773:"Results of artificial heart implantation in man." ; Yared S.F., Johnson G.S., DeVries W.C. ; June 1986 ; "Transplantation Proceedings-Journal" ;
512:"Pulmonary capillary filtration following oxygen exposure." ; DeVries W.C., Anderson R.W., Wolfe W.G., Alexander L.G. ; 1973 ; "Surgical Forum" ;
162:, where he had enrolled as a naval surgeon. When his father died William was only six months old. He was raised by his grandmother and his mother who was a member of
1007:"Who was William Ray Rumel?" ; Welling D.R., Rich N.M., Burris D.G., Boffard K.D., Devries W.C. ; September 2008 ; "World Journal of Surgery" ;
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program. Before his retirement, in 1999, doctor DeVries decided, in 1988, to go back to traditional cardiovascular surgery. On
December 29, 2000, he joined the
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phoned him, a week after the implant, he asked why his social security check was late. Unfortunately two weeks later mister
Schroeder suffered of a series of
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Dr. William DeVries and his surgical team replaced a diseased heart with the Jarvik-7, the first permanent artificial heart ever used for a human patient.
687:"Evaluation of Total Artificial Heart Performance in Man" ; Anderson F.L., DeVries W.C., Anderson J.L., Joyce L.D. ; August 1, 1984 ; "
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first Jarvik-7 implant the operating room was hushed, except for the voice communications to the medical team and the quietly played strains of
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502:"Airway pressure and pulmonary edema formation." ; Alexander L.G., DeVries W.C., Anderson R.W. ; 1973 ; "Surgical Forum" ;
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during his work and during night he was paid to watch over the animals in the lab. In 1969 after some advice from doctor
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David K.C. Cooper."Open Heart: The
Radical Surgeons who Revolutionized Medicine." 2010, New York, Kaplan Publishing.
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David K.C. Cooper."Open Heart: The
Radical Surgeons who Revolutionized Medicine." 2010, New York, Kaplan Publishing.
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David K.C. Cooper."Open Heart: The Radical Surgeons who Revolutionized Medicine." 2010, New York, Kaplan Publishing.
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David K.C. Cooper."Open Heart: The Radical Surgeons who Revolutionized Medicine." 2010, New York, Kaplan Publishing.
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David K.C. Cooper."Open Heart: The Radical Surgeons who Revolutionized Medicine." 2010, New York, Kaplan Publishing.
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until he was five. After his mother remarried, the family was enlarged by eight more children and they all moved to
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Cooper David K.C."Open Heart: The Radical Surgeons who Revolutionized Medicine." 2010, New York, Kaplan Publishing.
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was his second candidate. The patient survived through the surgery, and initially did so well that when president
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542:"Oxygen toxicity." ; Wolfe W.G., DeVries W.C. ; 1975 ; "Annual Review of Medicine" ;
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656:"The Artificial Heart" ; DeVries W.C., Joyce L.D. ; 1983 ; "Clinical Symposia" ;
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Collections of DeVries papers are held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.
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as a lieutenant colonel, becoming at age 57 one of the oldest people to enter and complete the
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1530:"Men in the News; a Pair of Skilled Hands to Guide an Artificial Heart: Robert Kiffler Jarvik"
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1144:"Men in the News; a Pair of Skilled Hands to Guide an Artificial Heart: Robert Kiffler Jarvik"
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surgery on vital organs and their transplanting and implanting into animals and humans. In
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DeVries, William C. (February 2, 1984). "Clinical Use of the Total Artificial Heart".
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and to start his residency in another hospital. That is also the year in which doctor
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It was thanks to one of the jobs that he was involved in surgery. He assisted doctor
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Repair of Anomalous Origin of Right Coronary Artery from the Left Sinus of Valsalva
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started searching for a patient. The group was composed of two cardiologists, a
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U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health ; "
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980:"Cardiorespiratory Interactions in Aatients with an Artificial Heart"
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attempted his first artificial heart transplant in a patient, in
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teaching surgical residents there and medical students from the
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1404:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
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fraternity. He graduated in 1966 with a bachelor's degree in
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Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences faculty
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Sandeep, Jauhar (February 5, 2004). "The Artificial Heart".
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Jauhar, Sandeep (February 5, 2004). "The Artificial Heart".
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In 1983, DeVries received the Golden Plate Award of the
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and track teams. During his childhood DeVries became an
123:, mainly known for the first transplant of a TAH (total
406:, and always had someone with a TAH in his facility.
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Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
1027:"Uncle Sam Recruits World-Renowned Heart Surgeon"
253:, but eventually he opted for a residency at the
190:and thanks to his sport abilities he went to the
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442:George Washington University School of Medicine
198:scholarship. During college he was part of the
164:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
139:William DeVries was born December 19, 1943, in
351:The Jarvik-7 was a mechanical device, made of
998:Chondrosarcoma Masquerading as Cardiomyopathy
761:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
747:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
733:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
1587:University of Utah School of Medicine alumni
953:American Society for Internal Organs Journal
799:American Society for Internal Organs Journal
785:American Society for Internal Organs Journal
604:American Society for Internal Organs Journal
668:Clinical Use of the Total Artificial Heart
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174:and where he was an athlete being on the
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116:(born December 19, 1943) is an American
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1108:. Boy Scouts of America. Archived from
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1612:Latter Day Saints from North Carolina
1486:" ; accessdate November 19, 2012
1426:"William C. DeVries Papers 1946-2002"
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1025:Kozaryn, Linda D. (August 13, 2002).
1637:Physicians from Louisville, Kentucky
1592:George Washington University faculty
1528:Webster, Bayard (December 3, 1982).
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1142:Webster, Bayard (December 3, 1982).
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147:immigrant who died in combat on the
1500:The New England Journal of Medicine
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1455:The New England Journal of Medicine
1285:The New England Journal of Medicine
1247:The New England Journal of Medicine
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672:The New England Journal of Medicine
143:. His father, Henry DeVries, was a
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1214:"William Castle DeVries Biography"
1063:"Dr. Willilam C. DeVries, Surgeon"
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689:The American Journal of Cardiology
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1549:YourDictionary, n.d. Web ; "
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1216:. Encyclopedia of World Biography
297:University of Utah Medical Center
1607:20th-century American physicians
1582:American people of Dutch descent
1065:. Defend America. Archived from
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1617:Latter Day Saints from Kentucky
1428:. National Library of Medicine.
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1412:American Academy of Achievement
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1343:"Robert Jarvik on the Jarvik-7"
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414:American Academy of Achievement
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1345:. Jarvik Heart. Archived from
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1002:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
991:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
967:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
243:Massachusetts General Hospital
135:Early years and medical school
1:
1484:Robert Jarvik on the Jarvik-7
1369:"Conversione unitĂ di misura"
1045:
1031:American Forces Press Service
339:. offered him to relocate in
293:National Institutes of Health
289:Food and Drug Administration
7:
1482:Jarvik Heart, Inc. ; "
1468:10.1056/NEJM198402023100501
1298:10.1056/NEJM198402023100501
10:
1653:
1577:American thoracic surgeons
1435:
1061:Kozaryn, Linda D. (2002).
468:, and so decided to leave
422:United States Army Reserve
1106:"Fact Sheet Eagle Scouts"
366:Jarvik-7 artificial heart
107:
93:
86:
78:
42:
30:
23:
1627:Physicians from Brooklyn
311:The first patient was a
375:In Louisville, Kentucky
335:, vice chairman of the
1551:William Castle DeVries
367:
274:he worked with doctor
251:Johns Hopkins hospital
229:, he decided to leave
172:Ben Lomond High School
114:William Castle DeVries
47:William Castle DeVries
1602:20th-century surgeons
379:After the offer from
365:
1632:Physicians from Utah
1112:on February 27, 2008
426:Officer Basic Course
341:Louisville, Kentucky
318:Joseph-Maurice Ravel
265:The artificial heart
170:, where he attended
1513:10.1056/NEJMp038244
1408:www.achievement.org
1349:on January 20, 2013
1260:10.1056/NEJMp038244
160:Battle of Hollandia
158:in 1944 during the
1535:The New York Times
1149:The New York Times
1069:on January 5, 2014
472:for a position in
368:
223:Willem Johan Kolff
192:University of Utah
141:Brooklyn Navy Yard
16:American physician
1447:978-1-60714-490-8
1391:978-1-60714-490-8
1324:978-1-60714-490-8
1192:978-1-60714-490-8
1175:978-1-60714-490-8
1093:978-1-60714-490-8
404:artificial-hearts
307:The first patient
111:
110:
88:Scientific career
57:December 19, 1943
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284:artificial heart
186:state finals in
125:artificial heart
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451:Media attention
434:Washington D.C.
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255:Duke University
208:Genetic biology
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37:DeVries in 2002
26:
25:William DeVries
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470:Salt Lake City
462:New York Times
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387:Bill Schroeder
381:Wendell Cherry
376:
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348:
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333:Wendell Cherry
308:
305:
291:(FDA) and the
272:Salt Lake City
266:
263:
259:North Carolina
231:Salt Lake City
227:Keith Reemtsma
156: (DD-611)
136:
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118:cardiothoracic
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98:cardiothoracic
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79:Known for
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276:Robert Jarvik
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235:Denton Cooley
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1541:November 15,
1539:. Retrieved
1533:
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1363:
1353:November 19,
1351:. Retrieved
1347:the original
1314:
1289:
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1245:
1220:November 19,
1218:. Retrieved
1182:
1165:
1155:November 15,
1153:. Retrieved
1147:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:the original
1100:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:the original
1034:. Retrieved
487:Publications
477:
454:
446:
418:
411:
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385:
378:
369:
353:polyurethane
350:
347:The Jarvik-7
325:
310:
301:psychiatrist
268:
220:
214:outstanding
212:
188:high jumping
153:
138:
127:) using the
113:
112:
87:
18:
1567:1943 births
278:and doctor
180:Eagle Scout
168:Ogden, Utah
1561:Categories
1046:References
1036:August 19,
474:Louisville
395:infections
337:Humana Inc
176:basketball
53:1943-12-19
1393:; pag 391
1177:; pag 390
1095:; pag 389
969:" ;
955:" ;
801:" ;
787:" ;
763:" ;
749:" ;
735:" ;
691:" ;
606:" ;
357:aluminium
204:molecular
200:Sigma Chi
152:USS
149:destroyer
1521:14762180
1268:14762180
1116:March 3,
1073:June 12,
1013:18443854
717:10271372
440:and the
216:graduate
129:Jarvik-7
68:New York
64:Brooklyn
1476:6690950
1436:Sources
1306:6690950
975:2912399
961:3058184
947:3175681
937:3261735
927:3275827
917:3336198
907:3336200
897:3275826
887:3121874
877:3676010
867:3566584
857:3439750
847:3622562
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827:2945989
817:3639075
807:3778747
793:3778716
779:3521002
769:3612355
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741:3612356
727:4017394
707:3837541
697:6465023
683:6425392
662:6546047
652:6673327
642:6673323
632:7164318
622:7331167
612:7036495
598:7423365
588:7451289
558:1216112
538:4827935
528:4439171
518:4805992
508:4618644
498:5454179
399:strokes
313:Seattle
239:Houston
131:model.
121:surgeon
102:surgeon
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1491:PubMed
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322:Boléro
247:Boston
94:Fields
458:heart
280:Kolff
196:track
194:on a
145:Dutch
1543:2012
1517:PMID
1472:PMID
1443:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1355:2012
1320:ISBN
1302:PMID
1264:PMID
1222:2012
1188:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1157:2012
1118:2008
1089:ISBN
1075:2006
1038:2008
1009:PMID
971:PMID
957:PMID
943:PMID
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913:PMID
903:PMID
893:PMID
883:PMID
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713:PMID
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693:PMID
679:PMID
658:PMID
648:PMID
638:PMID
628:PMID
618:PMID
608:PMID
594:PMID
584:PMID
574:PMID
564:PMID
554:PMID
544:PMID
534:PMID
524:PMID
514:PMID
504:PMID
494:PMID
479:Life
466:Utah
397:and
355:and
327:Time
320:'s "
206:and
184:Utah
154:Kalk
72:U.S.
43:Born
1509:doi
1505:350
1464:doi
1460:310
1294:doi
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1256:doi
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432:in
257:in
245:in
1563::
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1331:^
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