86:
71:
208:
in an attempt to catch the right winds. On 19 February 1819 he spotted the new land at 62° south latitude and 60° west longitude, but did not land on it (based on those coordinates, it was most likely
Livingston Island.) The naval authorities did not believe his discovery, but on a subsequent trip on
150:
In the eighteenth century, boys would start their seven-year apprenticeship at sea at the age of fourteen. According to John Miers' account of the discovery, William Smith had undertaken his apprenticeship ‘in the
Greenland whale-fishery’. (At that time, there was a substantial
142:
show that
William, eldest son of William and Mary Smith, was baptised at St. Cuthbert's Church on 10 October 1790. Smith had a younger brother, Thomas, and sister, Mary, and his father was a Joiner of
2962:
336:
Miers, John (1820). "Account of the
Discovery of New South Shetland, with observations on its importance in a Geographical, Commercial, and Political point of view".
2124:
447:
401:
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245:
1415:
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3363:
3044:
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2756:
2525:
1114:
1063:
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2814:
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2915:
292:
408:
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3146:
3132:
3106:
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440:
210:
1837:
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1282:
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558:
2580:
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152:
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1426:
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175:
1891:
415:. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015. pp. 17–28.
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2046:
1934:
1718:
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1618:
1445:
647:
167:
as "...perhaps the greatest traveler of them all, who gave so much information concerning early
3437:
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402:
The
Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, 1819-1820: The Journal of Midshipman C. W. Poynter
253:
214:
108:
2270:
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3411:
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3169:
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1213:
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269:
181:
104:
42:
1483:
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2819:
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2401:
2341:
2300:
1913:
1904:
1775:
1770:
1674:
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1295:
1257:
864:
634:
602:
546:
526:
2664:
1069:
1052:
394:
8:
3417:
3339:
2804:
2727:
2643:
2424:
2416:
2365:
2005:
1963:
1458:
1421:
1310:
1074:
944:
747:
552:
234:
1057:
85:
3138:
3030:
3011:
2575:
2550:
2092:
1986:
1950:
1926:
1817:
1664:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1531:
1509:
1488:
1369:
1359:
1106:
994:
922:
595:
586:
578:
489:
469:
100:
221:
which are to the north of
Scotland. At the beginning of the following year, 1820, the
3510:
3316:
3310:
3266:
3251:
3180:
3152:
3060:
2997:
2907:
2879:
2859:
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2705:
2669:
2543:
2510:
2503:
2456:
2438:
2355:
2104:
1973:
1921:
1827:
1780:
1708:
1697:
1409:
1399:
1391:
1287:
1277:
1188:
1183:
1166:
1132:
999:
986:
807:
713:
671:
666:
456:
416:
230:
139:
123:. His discovery was the first ever made south of 60° south latitude, in the present
78:
3586:
3527:
3259:
2951:
2831:
2657:
2630:
2570:
2445:
2375:
2360:
2099:
2028:
2023:
1997:
1992:
1874:
1797:
1750:
1517:
1337:
1302:
1198:
1193:
1127:
1041:
823:
815:
701:
621:
573:
563:
536:
218:
124:
3517:
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3074:
2989:
2956:
2688:
2471:
2463:
2432:
2348:
2308:
2062:
2018:
1958:
1882:
1852:
1847:
1807:
1785:
1733:
1669:
1659:
1610:
1332:
1317:
1170:
1139:
1101:
851:
779:
773:
696:
661:
521:
160:
2040:
3491:
3474:
3427:
3386:
3376:
3345:
3204:
3194:
3086:
3036:
2901:
2851:
2824:
2769:
2565:
2560:
2409:
2262:
2116:
2078:
2035:
1968:
1942:
1896:
1869:
1842:
1812:
1755:
1713:
1703:
1583:
1576:
1473:
1453:
1265:
1225:
1156:
952:
927:
882:
846:
840:
832:
792:
787:
761:
741:
509:
171:, and delighted to hold mission services on board his ship in Sydney Harbour."
90:
74:
3550:
3454:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3331:
3326:
3302:
3246:
3123:
3117:
3112:
2711:
2622:
2615:
2370:
2165:
2144:
2012:
1790:
1760:
1728:
1723:
1560:
1466:
1349:
1144:
957:
907:
900:
892:
797:
706:
541:
387:
144:
201:
3485:
3479:
3091:
3055:
2921:
2748:
2698:
2637:
2491:
2179:
2130:
1980:
1802:
1765:
1745:
1686:
1220:
1208:
1151:
1079:
980:
877:
871:
768:
756:
629:
607:
531:
484:
197:
156:
3522:
3422:
3370:
3188:
2975:
2763:
2138:
2070:
1832:
1691:
1654:
1554:
1546:
1354:
690:
168:
116:
112:
209:
16 October he landed on the largest of the islands. He named the island
3321:
3224:
3208:
3050:
2983:
2884:
2293:
2242:
2202:
1524:
1250:
1178:
1120:
513:
481:
257:
249:
222:
120:
371:
The
Voyages of Captain William Smith and Others to the South Shetlands
233:
on board to survey the newly discovered islands, discovering also the
2843:
1680:
1232:
1015:
205:
425:
2775:
3402:
2782:
1047:
1023:
1011:
164:
135:
70:
1569:
1648:
973:
373:. London: Royal Geographical Society (published October 1913).
1034:
323:
Antarctica
Observed: Who discovered the Antarctic continent?
299:. Standing Committee on Antarctic Research. 8 September 1953
81:, the land discovered by William Smith on 19 February 1819.
2239:
316:
314:
409:
General
Geography and History of Livingston Island.
16:
19th-century
English captain and Antarctic explorer
311:
3548:
130:
404:, summary of the book retrieved on 2 March 2005
395:Scotland and the Antarctic: Nineteenth Century
441:
174:By 1811 Smith became part owner of the ship
448:
434:
348:
187:
413:Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis
3506:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
229:and dispatched with her with Lieutenant
84:
69:
3081:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
180:, which was then under construction in
89:Smith's and other early voyages in the
3549:
358:(1813), "W" supple. pages, Seq.No.W41.
287:
285:
2225:
467:
455:
429:
335:
320:
99:(c. 1790–1847) was an English
2867:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1064:Norse colonization of North America
368:
325:. Whitby: Caedmon. pp. 59, 62.
282:
13:
2396:United States Exploring Expedition
297:SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
159:.) During his life he worked with
14:
3608:
3562:People from Blyth, Northumberland
3470:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
2838:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
388:Antarctic Voyages and Expeditions
3364:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2757:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
204:, he sailed further south round
192:In 1819, while sailing cargo on
3582:People associated with Shetland
338:Edinburgh Philosophical Journal
260:are named after William Smith.
3577:19th-century English explorers
362:
329:
1:
2743:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
2678:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2226:
275:
131:Early life and Apprenticeship
3100:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
2916:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
2722:French Antarctic Expeditions
2652:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
2538:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
656:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
54:1847 (aged 56–57)
7:
2185:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
1864:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
729:Andrée's balloon expedition
397:, retrieved on 2 March 2005
390:, retrieved on 2 March 2005
263:
10:
3613:
1386:Franklin's lost expedition
1086:Christian IV's expeditions
468:
381:
240:
3592:British people in whaling
3203:
2934:
2521:
2261:
2238:
2234:
2221:
1740:Great Northern Expedition
1634:
1416:Rae–Richardson expedition
1165:
1010:
616:British Arctic Expedition
508:
480:
476:
463:
393:Glasgow Digital Library:
163:, described by historian
58:
50:
28:
21:
3024:British Antarctic Survey
3018:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2263:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
153:British whaling industry
3567:Explorers of Antarctica
3500:Pole of inaccessibility
3163:Antarctic Treaty System
1504:2nd Grinnell expedition
188:Discovery of Antarctica
138:Parish Records held at
3572:South Shetland Islands
254:South Shetland Islands
215:South Shetland Islands
109:South Shetland Islands
93:
82:
3170:Transglobe Expedition
3069:Operation Deep Freeze
2478:Challenger expedition
1344:Coppermine expedition
865:Drifting ice stations
182:Blyth, Northumberland
107:, who discovered the
105:Blyth, Northumberland
88:
73:
43:Blyth, Northumberland
400:Ashgate Publishing:
213:and the archipelago
3340:South magnetic pole
2006:Brusilov expedition
1115:Danish colonization
553:North magnetic pole
235:Antarctic Peninsula
3031:Operation Windmill
3012:Operation Highjump
1987:Rusanov expedition
1892:A. E. Nordenskiöld
1636:North East Passage
1440:McClure expedition
211:King George Island
94:
83:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
2998:Operation Tabarin
2860:Far Eastern Party
2706:Nimrod Expedition
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
1776:M. Pronchishcheva
1698:Siberian Cossacks
1167:Northwest Passage
500:Research stations
457:Polar exploration
421:978-954-07-3939-7
369:Lee, Ida (1913).
270:Livingston Island
231:Edward Bransfield
217:in honour of the
79:Livingston Island
66:
65:
3604:
3045:Ronne Expedition
2530:
2524:
2388:Dumont d'Urville
2236:
2235:
2223:
2222:
1771:V. Pronchishchev
478:
477:
465:
464:
450:
443:
436:
427:
426:
375:
374:
366:
360:
356:Lloyd's Register
352:
346:
345:
333:
327:
326:
318:
309:
308:
306:
304:
289:
237:in the process.
219:Shetland Islands
125:Antarctic Treaty
39:
37:
19:
18:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3532:
3207:
3199:
3075:McMurdo Station
2944:Modern research
2942:
2930:
2665:O. Nordenskjöld
2528:
2522:
2517:
2433:Ross expedition
2257:
2230:
2209:
1638:
1630:
1171:Northern Canada
1169:
1161:
1014:
1006:
512:
504:
472:
459:
454:
384:
379:
378:
367:
363:
353:
349:
334:
330:
319:
312:
302:
300:
291:
290:
283:
278:
266:
243:
190:
161:Richard Siddins
155:, including to
140:Woodhorn Museum
133:
46:
40:
35:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
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3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3492:Vostok Station
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3443:Cherry-Garrard
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3283:Southern Cross
3279:
3278:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3213:
3211:
3205:Farthest South
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3166:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2902:Ross Sea party
2898:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2863:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2702:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2596:Southern Cross
2589:Southern Cross
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2533:
2531:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2454:
2448:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2335:Bellingshausen
2325:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2232:
2231:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1640:Russian Arctic
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1082:
1077:
1075:Snæbjörn galti
1072:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
977:
970:
960:
955:
950:
942:
932:
931:
930:
925:
911:
904:
897:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
868:
861:
860:
859:
854:
849:
837:
836:
835:
821:
812:
811:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
776:
771:
766:
765:
764:
759:
744:
739:
738:
737:
725:
724:
723:
711:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
676:
675:
674:
669:
664:
652:
651:
650:
645:
640:
632:
627:
612:
611:
610:
605:
600:
583:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
518:
516:
510:Farthest North
506:
505:
503:
502:
497:
492:
487:
474:
473:
461:
460:
453:
452:
445:
438:
430:
424:
423:
405:
398:
391:
383:
380:
377:
376:
361:
347:
328:
321:Jones (1982).
310:
293:"Smith Island"
280:
279:
277:
274:
273:
272:
265:
262:
242:
239:
189:
186:
132:
129:
91:Southern Ocean
75:Williams Point
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
41:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3609:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:Discovery Hut
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:A. Sibiryakov
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:Glavsevmorput
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:J. Richardson
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:M. Corte-Real
1187:
1185:
1184:G. Corte-Real
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:C. Richardson
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
989:
985:
984:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
968:
967:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:
943:
941:
940:
939:
933:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
918:
917:
916:Georgiy Sedov
912:
910:
909:
905:
903:
902:
898:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
873:
869:
867:
866:
862:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
842:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
828:
827:
822:
820:
819:
818:
813:
809:
806:
804:
803:Riiser-Larsen
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
783:
782:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
751:
745:
743:
740:
736:
733:
732:
731:
730:
726:
722:
719:
718:
717:
716:
712:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
692:
688:
687:
686:
685:
683:
677:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
657:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
638:
633:
631:
628:
626:
625:
620:
619:
618:
617:
613:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:
594:
593:
592:
591:
589:
584:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
554:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
479:
475:
471:
466:
462:
458:
451:
446:
444:
439:
437:
432:
431:
428:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
396:
392:
389:
386:
385:
372:
365:
359:
357:
351:
343:
339:
332:
324:
317:
315:
298:
294:
288:
286:
281:
271:
268:
267:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
203:
199:
195:
185:
183:
179:
178:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
148:
146:
145:Seaton Sluice
141:
137:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:William Smith
92:
87:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
31:
27:
23:William Smith
20:
3557:1790s births
3498:
3486:Pole of Cold
3484:
3410:
3401:
3369:
3362:
3338:
3309:
3295:
3289:Borchgrevink
3281:
3268:
3253:
3233:
3218:
3187:
3168:
3161:
3145:
3131:
3122:
3105:
3098:
3079:
3067:
3043:
3029:
3022:
3010:
2996:
2982:
2968:
2961:
2922:
2914:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2873:
2865:
2858:
2845:
2836:
2798:
2790:
2781:
2774:
2762:
2755:
2741:
2729:Pourquoi-Pas
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2699:Orcadas Base
2697:
2689:
2676:
2670:C. A. Larsen
2658:
2650:
2636:
2629:
2616:
2608:
2602:Borchgrevink
2595:
2587:
2544:
2536:
2511:C. A. Larsen
2504:
2485:
2476:
2458:
2440:
2431:
2418:
2403:
2394:
2381:
2342:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2302:
2287:
2197:
2190:
2173:
2166:
2152:
2137:
2123:
2110:
2085:
2071:
2069:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2011:
2004:
1985:
1951:
1949:
1935:
1933:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1883:
1881:
1862:
1738:
1696:
1679:
1647:
1611:
1609:
1589:
1588:
1568:
1567:
1553:
1540:
1525:
1511:
1502:
1489:
1460:
1448:Investigator
1447:
1438:
1414:
1401:
1393:
1384:
1371:
1342:
1319:
1304:
1289:
1259:
1244:
1214:
1133:
1113:
1084:
1080:Erik the Red
1062:
1040:
1033:
990:submersibles
987:
981:Arktika 2007
979:
972:
965:
962:
946:
937:
934:
915:
913:
906:
899:
870:
863:
839:
825:
824:
816:
814:
780:
778:
749:
746:
735:S. A. Andrée
727:
714:
689:
681:
678:
654:
636:
623:
614:
596:
587:
585:
551:
412:
370:
364:
355:
350:
341:
337:
331:
322:
301:. Retrieved
296:
246:Smith Island
244:
226:
198:Buenos Aires
193:
191:
176:
173:
149:
134:
96:
95:
67:
62:Ship captain
3597:1847 deaths
3189:Lake Vostok
3139:Tryoshnikov
3061:Schlossbach
2952:Christensen
2894:James Caird
2815:E. R. Evans
2581:Dobrowolski
2551:de Gerlache
2253:Expeditions
2139:Aviaarktika
2093:Samoylovich
1964:Kolomeitsev
1858:Middendorff
1818:Gedenshtrom
1238:I. Fyodorov
1000:Chilingarov
888:E. Fyodorov
495:Expeditions
407:Ivanov, L.
117:Graham Land
113:archipelago
3551:Categories
3412:Terra Nova
3317:Shackleton
3260:J. C. Ross
3219:Resolution
3209:South Pole
2984:New Swabia
2908:Mackintosh
2880:Shackleton
2799:Terra Nova
2792:Terra Nova
2526:Heroic Age
2486:Challenger
2446:J. C. Ross
2356:Bransfield
2288:Resolution
2203:icebreaker
2167:Chelyuskin
1908:expedition
1886:Expedition
1828:Matyushkin
1786:Kh. Laptev
1781:Chelyuskin
1675:Heemskerck
1665:Chancellor
1660:Willoughby
1655:Koch boats
1598:Stefansson
1532:McClintock
1496:Inglefield
1338:J. C. Ross
1245:Resolution
1097:Cunningham
995:Sagalevich
684:expedition
643:Stephenson
603:C. F. Hall
590:expedition
564:J. C. Ross
527:Heemskerck
514:North Pole
276:References
258:Antarctica
250:Cape Smith
225:chartered
223:Royal Navy
202:Valparaíso
121:Antarctica
59:Occupation
3511:Tolstikov
3297:Discovery
3267:HMS
3252:HMS
3234:Adventure
3232:HMS
3217:HMS
3153:Tolstikov
2874:Endurance
2659:Antarctic
2644:Drygalski
2617:Discovery
2610:Discovery
2571:Arctowski
2484:HMS
2457:HMS
2451:Abernethy
2439:HMS
2417:USS
2404:Vincennes
2402:USS
2382:Astrolabe
2322:San Telmo
2303:Adventure
2301:HMS
2286:HMS
2281:Kerguelen
2243:Continent
2228:Antarctic
2105:Urvantsev
2063:Vilkitsky
1916:Jeannette
1914:USS
1906:Jeannette
1870:Weyprecht
1848:Pakhtusov
1798:Chichagov
1791:D. Laptev
1734:Permyakov
1709:Stadukhin
1704:Perfilyev
1681:Mangazeya
1619:H. Larsen
1584:Rasmussen
1539:HMS
1510:USS
1459:HMS
1446:HMS
1410:Collinson
1400:HMS
1392:HMS
1370:HMS
1318:HMS
1303:HMS
1288:HMS
1273:Mackenzie
1260:Discovery
1258:HMS
1243:HMS
1215:Discovery
1194:Frobisher
1157:Rasmussen
1070:Gunnbjörn
1016:Greenland
945:USS
936:USS
808:Ellsworth
750:Roosevelt
680:Nansen's
637:Discovery
635:HMS
622:HMS
569:Abernethy
537:Marmaduke
206:Cape Horn
157:Greenland
45:, England
3523:A. Fuchs
3480:V. Fuchs
3460:McKinley
3423:E. Evans
3382:Bjaaland
3377:Amundsen
3327:Marshall
3240:Furneaux
3092:V. Fuchs
3056:E. Ronne
3051:F. Ronne
2990:Ritscher
2844:SY
2832:Filchner
2776:Framheim
2770:Amundsen
2576:Racoviță
2561:Amundsen
2556:Lecointe
2425:Ringgold
2419:Porpoise
2309:Furneaux
2145:Shevelev
2100:Begichev
2079:Amundsen
2041:Nagórski
2019:Brusilov
2013:Sv. Anna
1927:Melville
1897:Palander
1853:Tsivolko
1813:Sannikov
1808:Billings
1751:Chirikov
1670:Barentsz
1612:St. Roch
1603:Bartlett
1577:Amundsen
1561:Sverdrup
1461:Resolute
1350:Franklin
1278:Kotzebue
1145:Sverdrup
1128:Scoresby
1102:Lindenov
953:Plaisted
938:Nautilus
883:Shirshov
857:Belyakov
852:Baydukov
826:Nautilus
788:Amundsen
748:SS
707:Sverdrup
702:Johansen
672:Brainard
667:Lockwood
522:Barentsz
303:22 April
264:See also
115:off the
103:born in
3587:Sealers
3528:Messner
3475:Hillary
3455:Balchen
3403:Polheim
3397:Wisting
3275:Crozier
3247:Weddell
3225:J. Cook
3195:Kapitsa
3176:Fiennes
3118:Klenova
3087:Hillary
3037:Ketchum
2963:BANZARE
2938:·
2783:Polheim
2749:Shirase
2735:Charcot
2545:Belgica
2464:Crozier
2376:Morrell
2371:Weddell
2349:Lazarev
2294:J. Cook
2248:History
2198:Arktika
2174:Krassin
2159:Voronin
2131:Schmidt
2117:Ushakov
2056:Vaygach
2024:Albanov
1993:Rusanov
1974:Kolchak
1969:Matisen
1943:Makarov
1922:De Long
1823:Wrangel
1803:Lyakhov
1756:Malygin
1714:Dezhnev
1541:Pandora
1512:Advance
1479:Kennedy
1474:Belcher
1467:Kellett
1454:McClure
1378:Beechey
1372:Blossom
1365:Simpson
1333:Crozier
1326:Hoppner
1283:J. Ross
1251:J. Cook
1199:Gilbert
1092:J. Hall
1058:Ingólfr
1048:Naddodd
1042:Vikings
1029:Brendan
1024:Pytheas
1012:Iceland
966:Arktika
958:Herbert
923:Badygin
893:Krenkel
878:Papanin
847:Chkalov
833:Wilkins
798:Wisting
742:F. Cook
648:Markham
608:Bessels
597:Polaris
588:Polaris
559:J. Ross
542:Carolus
490:History
382:Sources
252:in the
241:Honours
227:William
194:William
177:William
165:Ida Lee
136:Earsdon
101:captain
34: (
3438:Bowers
3433:Wilson
3392:Hassel
3387:Helmer
3356:Mackay
3346:Mawson
3311:Nimrod
3269:Terror
3254:Erebus
3181:Burton
2976:Rymill
2852:Mawson
2846:Aurora
2825:Lashly
2810:Wilson
2713:Nimrod
2690:Scotia
2497:Murray
2472:Cooper
2459:Terror
2441:Erebus
2410:Wilkes
2361:Palmer
2329:Vostok
2276:Bouvet
2200:-class
2180:Gakkel
2048:Taymyr
2029:Konrad
1998:Kuchin
1936:Yermak
1843:Lavrov
1761:Ovtsyn
1746:Bering
1724:Ivanov
1687:Hudson
1649:Pomors
1626:Cowper
1591:Karluk
1490:Isabel
1484:Bellot
1434:Austin
1402:Terror
1394:Erebus
1290:Griper
1266:Clerke
1226:Baffin
1209:Hudson
1140:Nansen
1053:Garðar
974:Barneo
841:ANT-25
817:Italia
793:Nobile
762:Henson
721:Amedeo
697:Nansen
662:Greely
532:Hudson
470:Arctic
419:
344:: 370.
127:area.
3518:Crary
3465:Dufek
3428:Oates
3418:Scott
3351:David
3332:Adams
3303:Barne
3124:Mirny
3113:Somov
2923:Quest
2820:Crean
2805:Scott
2684:Bruce
2638:Gauss
2631:Gauss
2505:Jason
2492:Nares
2366:Davis
2343:Mirny
2316:Smith
2271:Roché
2191:Lenin
2111:Sadko
2036:Wiese
1981:Sedov
1952:Zarya
1875:Payer
1838:Litke
1833:Anjou
1766:Minin
1729:Vagin
1719:Popov
1692:Poole
1547:Young
1360:Dease
1305:Hecla
1296:Parry
1221:Bylot
1204:Davis
1179:Cabot
1152:Peary
1134:Jason
1121:Egede
1035:Papar
947:Skate
928:Wiese
908:NP-37
901:NP-36
781:Norge
769:Sedov
757:Peary
715:Jason
630:Nares
624:Alert
579:Hayes
547:Parry
485:Ocean
196:from
111:, an
3450:Byrd
3371:Fram
3322:Wild
3004:Marr
2970:BGLE
2957:Byrd
2885:Wild
2764:Fram
2566:Cook
2087:AARI
2072:Maud
1959:Toll
1884:Vega
1570:Gjøa
1555:Fram
1518:Kane
1355:Back
1320:Fury
1311:Lyon
1233:Munk
872:NP-1
774:Byrd
691:Fram
682:Fram
574:Kane
417:ISBN
411:In:
305:2015
248:and
169:Fiji
51:Died
36:1790
32:1790
29:Born
3147:3rd
3133:2nd
3107:1st
2940:IGY
2936:IPY
1526:Fox
1422:Rae
988:Mir
964:NS
200:to
119:in
77:on
3553::
2052:/
340:.
313:^
295:.
284:^
256:,
184:.
147:.
2529:"
2523:"
2466:)
2462:(
2453:)
2444:(
449:e
442:t
435:v
342:3
307:.
38:)
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