259:
81:
1105:
219:. Arriving in late December they were received courteously, and he was given an audience on 4 January 1254. William's account provided an extensive description of the city's walls, markets and temples, and the separate quarters for Muslim and Chinese craftsmen among a surprisingly cosmopolitan population. He also visited the court of the Vastacius (
331:, although they are very different. William was a good observer and an excellent writer. He asked many questions along the way and did not take folk tales and fables as literal truth. He showed a great facility with language, noting the similarities between those he encountered and those European languages he already knew.
334:
In May 1254, during his stay among the
Mongols, William entered into a famous competition at the Mongol court, as the khan encouraged a formal theological debate between the Christians, Buddhists, and Muslims, in order to determine which faith was correct, as determined by three judges, one from each
351:...who traveled to regions in the east and north and attached himself to the midst of these places, and wrote of the above to the illustrious king; which book I carefully read and with his permission expounded on". After Bacon, however, William's narrative seems to have dropped out of sight until
948:
282:. William's report is divided into 40 chapters. Chapters 1–10 relate general observations about the Mongols and their customs, while chapters 11–40 give an account of the course and the events of William's voyage.
200:. Five weeks later, after the departure from Sudak, he reached the encampment of Batu Khan, Mongol ruler of the Kipchak Khanate and Volga River region. Batu refused conversion but sent the ambassadors on to the
155:
in 1249. The King had been encouraged to send another mission by reports of the presence of
Nestorian Christians at the Mongolian court, but because of an earlier rebuff he declined to send a formal mission.
285:
In the report, he described the peculiarities of the Mongol Empire as well as many geographical observations. There were also anthropological observations, such as his surprise at the presence of
1181:
The Mongol
Mission : Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth centuries. Translated by a Nun of Stanbrook Abbey
238:
William's party stayed at the Khan's camp until 10 July 1254, when they began their long journey back home. After spending two weeks in late
September with Batu Khan, and Christmas at
582:... qui perlustravit regiones orientis et aquilonis et loca in medio his annexa, et scripsit haec praedicta illustri regi; quem librum diligenter vidi et cum ejus auctore contuli.
227:
and met
Nicaean envoys during his travels. Among the Europeans he encountered were the nephew of an English bishop, a woman from Lorraine who cooked William's Easter dinner, and
370:
The Latin text of an incomplete manuscript containing only the first 26 chapters, together with an
English translation by Richard Hakluyt, was published in 1599. A
1124:
211:
William and his travelling companions set off on horseback on 16 September 1253 on a 9,000-kilometre (5,600 mi) journey to the court of the Great Khan at
1238:. Veroffentlichungen des Forschungsinstituts für vergleichende Religionsgeschichte an der Universität Leipzig, II. Reihe, 13 (in German). Leipzig: Deichert.
820:
Strange Names of God: The
Missionary Translation of the Divine Name and the Chinese Responses to Matteo Ricci's "Shangti" in Late Ming China, 1583-1644
1369:
1030:(1599). "The iournal of frier William de Rubruquis a French man of the order of minorite friers, unto the east parts of the worlde A. Dom. 1253".
266:
from a 14th-century copy of the manuscript. The upper portion shows
William of Rubruck and his travelling companion receiving a commission from
147:, "servant of God". William's was the fourth European mission to the Mongols: previous ones had been led by Giovanni da Pian del Carpine and
1354:
1404:
39:
1133:
1394:
512:
1389:
775:
Geschichte der
Mongolen und Reisebericht, 1245-1247. (Trans. and ed., Friedrich Risch.). Leipzig: E. Pfeiffer, 1930, p. 174, n.34
1364:
139:. With William's party were Bartolomeo da Cremona, an attendant called Gosset, and an interpreter named in William's report as
1292:(in Latin). Vol. I: Itinera et relationes Fratrum Minorum saeculi XIII et XIV. Florence: Claras Aquas. pp. 164–332.
1205:
1017:
828:
698:
1058:
56:
He is best known for his travels to various parts of the Middle East and
Central Asia in the 13th century, including the
1374:
1224:
760:
347:, and described him as "Brother William through whom the lord King of France sent a message to the Tartars in 1253 AD
1399:
278:
Itinerarium fratris Willielmi de Rubruquis de ordine fratrum Minorum, Galli, Anno gratiae 1253 ad partes Orientales
1359:
327:
William's report is one of the great masterpieces of medieval geographical literature, comparable to that of
1312:
1384:
258:
136:
1072:
379:
1093:
1379:
1089:
1036:(in English and Latin). Vol. 1. London: George Bishop, Ralph Newberie, and Robert Baker. pp.
383:
1076:
1051:
The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Möngke, 1253-1255
1046:
395:
324:
had extensive knowledge of the region, William was the first to answer the question in written form.
125:
293:. William was critical of the Hellenic traditions he encountered among the Christians of the former
1328:
1068:
1009:
375:
321:
298:
1037:
297:, including the Nicaean celebration of a feast day for Felicitas, which he reports was known to
818:
688:
152:
1349:
1344:
630:
559:
555:
312:
William also answered a long-standing question in demonstrating by his passage north of the
274:
On his return, William presented to King Louis IX a very clear and precise report, entitled
148:
1324:
624:
8:
1318:
970:
926:
904:
717:
450:
359:
1031:
231:, a French silversmith who was making ornaments for the Khan's women and altars for the
1276:
1268:
1176:
522:
267:
232:
113:
97:
93:
1293:
1280:
1239:
1220:
1201:
1184:
1164:
1054:
1042:
Based on British Library MS Royal 14.C.XIII Fol. 225r-236r and thus ends prematurely.
1013:
824:
756:
694:
550:
485:
Ends after Chapter 26 paragraph 8. Used by Richard Hakluyt for his 1599 translation.
341:, William's contemporary and fellow-Franciscan, cited the traveller copiously in his
247:
239:
228:
177:
104:. On 7 May 1253, on Louis' orders, he set out on a missionary journey to convert the
61:
1002:
1260:
1083:(in French and Latin). Vol. 4. Paris: Société de Geographie. pp. 205–396.
371:
294:
220:
1033:
The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation
997:
1120:
1027:
546:
542:
391:
352:
185:
101:
128:. There, William received letters to some of the Tatar chiefs from the emperor.
109:
31:
23:
1264:
578:
frater Wilhelmus quem dominus rex Franciae misit ad Tartaros, Anno Domini 1253
517:
453:
at the beginning of the text and includes some chapter titles in the margins.
205:
1338:
1297:
1168:
1137:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 810–812.
1128:
1111:
121:
57:
1188:
1095:
The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55
1243:
317:
306:
193:
173:
132:
338:
313:
197:
181:
80:
69:
1272:
1288:
Van den Wyngaert, Anastasius (1929). "Itinerarium Willelmi de Rubruc".
1116:
343:
328:
290:
243:
65:
50:
690:
From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi
623:
335:
faith. A Chinese person participated with William in the competition.
131:
William then followed the route of the first journey of the Hungarian
362:
wrote in 1958 long poem "Rubruck in Mongolia" ("Рубрук в Монголии").
224:
212:
189:
117:
732:
60:. His account of his travels is one of the masterpieces of medieval
1217:
In Light of Another's Word: European Ethnography in the Middle Ages
433:
Oldest and the basis of Van den Wyngaeret's 1929 critical edition.
216:
89:
1110:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1157:
Filologia mediolatina: Rivista della Fondazione Ezio Franceschini
495:
Yale University Library, New Haven, Beinecke MS 406 ff. 93r–142v
263:
1251:
Jackson, Peter (1987). "William of Rubruck: A review article".
564:
201:
165:
105:
785:
783:
781:
286:
169:
973:. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University
645:
643:
641:
374:
of the complete Latin text prepared by the French historian
885:
302:
778:
655:
270:. The lower portion shows the two friars on their journey.
1085:
A critical edition of the Latin text on pp. 213–396.
873:
638:
849:
143:, meaning "man of God", perhaps representing the Arabic
1219:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
675:
The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia
971:"Le Pelerinage de vie humaine, etc.: Beinecke MS 406"
388:
The Journey of William of Rubruk to the Eastern Parts
301:
through the alleged possession of the second half of
861:
753:
Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde
427:
Corpus Christi, Cambridge, MS 181, pp. 321–398
316:
that it was an inland sea and did not flow into the
837:
1001:
479:British Library, MS Royal 14 C XIII ff. 255r–236r
382:was published in 1839. An English translation by
1336:
1287:
929:. Parker Library on the Web, Stanford University
907:. Parker Library on the Web, Stanford University
720:. Parker Library on the Web, Stanford University
443:Corpus Christi, Cambridge, MS 66A, ff. 67r–110r
1151:Chiesa, Paolo (2008). "Testo e tradizione dell
1077:"Voyage en Orient du Frère Guillaume de Rubruk"
804:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
463:Corpus Christi, Cambridge, MS 407, ff. 37r–66r
320:; although earlier Scandinavian explorers like
1321:, Silk Road Seattle, University of Washington.
1196:Kappler, Claude-Claire; Kappler, René (1985).
1195:
1008:. Translated by Naomi Walford. New Brunswick:
686:
1045:
891:
879:
738:
16:Flemish missionary and explorer (fl. 1248–55)
1214:
1198:Voyage dans l'empire Mongol : 1253-1255
1067:
855:
816:
718:"Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 066A"
1325:William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols
1115:
1040:–92 Latin text, 93–117 English translation.
927:"Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 407"
905:"Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 181"
789:
649:
576:
276:
116:, who had recently returned from a trip to
680:
621:
513:Chronology of European exploration of Asia
188:. The Khan sent William on to his father,
84:Voyage of William of Rubruck in 1253–1255
1088:
996:
867:
750:
661:
257:
135:, and in Asia that of the Italian Friar
79:
1370:Roman Catholic missionaries in Mongolia
1250:
1026:
843:
810:
801:
712:
710:
394:in 1900, and an updated translation by
1337:
1175:
1150:
401:
1331:. From the 1900 Rockhill translation.
1233:
108:to Christianity. He first stopped in
1355:People from Nord (French department)
1253:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1079:. In d'Avezac-Macaya, M.A.P. (ed.).
707:
634:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
246:, he and his companions reached the
1405:Belgian Roman Catholic missionaries
469:Ends after Chapter 26 paragraph 8.
13:
1143:
172:, William continued his trek with
14:
1416:
1395:Christians of the Seventh Crusade
1306:
1081:Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires
622:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
430:Last quarter of the 13th century
1103:
693:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 670–.
1390:Christians of the Sixth Crusade
1236:Reise zu den Mongolen 1253-1255
963:
941:
919:
897:
823:. Peter Lang. pp. 141 ff.
795:
769:
755:. Penn State Press. p. 3.
587:
570:
176:. Nine days after crossing the
96:. In 1248, he accompanied King
744:
667:
615:
535:
1:
1365:13th-century writers in Latin
1215:Khanmohamadi, Shirin (2014).
608:
601:from Jackson and Morgan 1990.
446:First third of 14th century
378:and the English antiquarian
137:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
7:
1200:(in French). Paris: Payot.
1090:Rockhill, William Woodville
1053:. London: Hakluyt Society.
751:De Weese, Devin A. (1994).
506:
365:
10:
1421:
1183:. London: Sheed and Ward.
1155:di Guglielmo di Rubruck".
1098:. London: Hayklut Society.
989:
466:Beginning of 15th century
384:William Woodville Rockhill
253:
223:) during the feast day of
159:
75:
1375:Diplomats of the Holy See
1265:10.1017/S0035869X00166997
1234:Risch, Friedrich (1934).
1004:The Empire of the Steppes
892:Jackson & Morgan 1990
880:Jackson & Morgan 1990
739:Jackson & Morgan 1990
126:Baldwin II, Latin Emperor
64:, comparable to those of
53:missionary and explorer.
1329:University of Washington
1159:(in Italian and Latin).
1121:Beazley, Charles Raymond
1049:; Morgan, David (1990).
1010:Rutgers University Press
856:Michel & Wright 1839
528:
322:Ingvar the Far-Travelled
299:John III Doukas Vatatzes
1400:Franciscan missionaries
1134:Encyclopædia Britannica
790:Yule & Beazley 1911
687:Morris Rossabi (2014).
650:Yule & Beazley 1911
625:"William Rubruck"
593:Details of manuscripts
390:, was published by the
1360:13th-century explorers
1319:Map of Rubruck's Route
577:
277:
271:
85:
36:Gulielmus de Rubruquis
35:
27:
1327:, Silk Road Seattle,
1125:Rubruquis, William of
817:Sangkeun Kim (2004).
631:Catholic Encyclopedia
355:'s 1599 publication.
261:
120:, the capital of the
83:
47:Guillaume de Rubrouck
949:"MS Royal 14 C XIII"
233:Nestorian Christians
184:, next ruler of the
149:Ascelin of Lombardia
88:William was born in
1385:Flemish Franciscans
1177:Dawson, Christopher
802:Weatherford, Jack.
664:, pp. 280–281.
451:historiated initial
402:List of manuscripts
360:Nikolay Zabolotskiy
250:on 15 August 1255.
164:After reaching the
153:André de Longjumeau
28:Willem van Rubroeck
1290:Sinica franciscana
1069:Michel, Francisque
523:Benedict of Poland
272:
268:Louis IX of France
114:Baldwin of Hainaut
98:Louis IX of France
86:
20:William of Rubruck
1380:Explorers of Asia
1207:978-2-228-13670-9
1019:978-0-8135-1304-1
951:. British Library
830:978-0-8204-7130-3
700:978-90-04-28529-3
504:
503:
376:Francisque Michel
248:County of Tripoli
229:Guillaume Boucher
62:travel literature
1412:
1301:
1284:
1247:
1230:
1211:
1192:
1172:
1138:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1084:
1064:
1041:
1028:Hakluyt, Richard
1023:
1007:
983:
982:
980:
978:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
834:
814:
808:
807:
799:
793:
787:
776:
773:
767:
766:
748:
742:
736:
730:
729:
727:
725:
714:
705:
704:
684:
678:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
636:
635:
627:
619:
602:
591:
585:
584:
581:
574:
568:
539:
406:
405:
372:critical edition
350:
295:Byzantine Empire
280:
221:Empire of Nicaea
204:of the Mongols,
44:
43: 1248–1255
41:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1335:
1334:
1313:Rubrouck Museum
1309:
1304:
1227:
1208:
1146:
1144:Further reading
1141:
1104:
1102:
1061:
1060:978-090418029-9
1020:
992:
987:
986:
976:
974:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
903:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
842:
838:
831:
815:
811:
800:
796:
788:
779:
774:
770:
763:
749:
745:
741:, Frontispiece.
737:
733:
723:
721:
716:
715:
708:
701:
685:
681:
672:
668:
660:
656:
648:
639:
620:
616:
611:
606:
605:
592:
588:
579:
575:
571:
547:Hauts-de-France
543:French Flanders
540:
536:
531:
509:
404:
392:Hakluyt Society
368:
353:Richard Hakluyt
348:
256:
242:in present-day
186:Kipchak Khanate
162:
124:, on behalf of
112:to confer with
102:Seventh Crusade
78:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1307:External links
1305:
1303:
1302:
1285:
1248:
1231:
1226:978-0812245622
1225:
1212:
1206:
1193:
1179:, ed. (1955).
1173:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1129:Chisholm, Hugh
1100:
1086:
1073:Wright, Thomas
1065:
1059:
1047:Jackson, Peter
1043:
1024:
1018:
998:Grousset, René
993:
991:
988:
985:
984:
962:
940:
918:
896:
884:
872:
860:
848:
836:
829:
809:
806:. p. 173.
794:
792:, p. 811.
777:
768:
761:
743:
731:
706:
699:
679:
673:Frances Wood,
666:
654:
652:, p. 810.
637:
613:
612:
610:
607:
604:
603:
586:
569:
533:
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
520:
515:
508:
505:
502:
501:
499:
496:
493:
487:
486:
483:
480:
477:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
455:
454:
447:
444:
441:
435:
434:
431:
428:
425:
419:
418:
415:
412:
409:
403:
400:
367:
364:
305:'s incomplete
255:
252:
215:in modern-day
174:oxen and carts
161:
158:
110:Constantinople
77:
74:
49:was a Flemish
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1417:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1112:public domain
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
999:
995:
994:
972:
966:
950:
944:
928:
922:
906:
900:
894:, p. 52.
893:
888:
881:
876:
869:
868:Rockhill 1900
864:
857:
852:
845:
840:
832:
826:
822:
821:
813:
805:
798:
791:
786:
784:
782:
772:
764:
762:0-271-01073-8
758:
754:
747:
740:
735:
719:
713:
711:
702:
696:
692:
691:
683:
676:
670:
663:
662:Grousset 1970
658:
651:
646:
644:
642:
633:
632:
626:
618:
614:
600:
596:
590:
583:
573:
566:
562:
561:
557:
553:
552:
548:
544:
538:
534:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
500:
498:15th century
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
484:
482:15th century
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
448:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
410:
408:
407:
399:
397:
396:Peter Jackson
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:Thomas Wright
377:
373:
363:
361:
358:Russian poet
356:
354:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
279:
269:
265:
260:
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
122:Mongol Empire
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
82:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:Mongol Empire
54:
52:
48:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1350:1290s deaths
1345:1220s births
1289:
1259:(1): 92–97.
1256:
1252:
1235:
1216:
1197:
1180:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1132:
1094:
1080:
1050:
1032:
1003:
975:. Retrieved
965:
953:. Retrieved
943:
931:. Retrieved
921:
909:. Retrieved
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
844:Hakluyt 1599
839:
819:
812:
803:
797:
771:
752:
746:
734:
722:. Retrieved
689:
682:
674:
669:
657:
629:
617:
598:
594:
589:
572:
558:
549:
537:
490:
474:
458:
438:
422:
387:
369:
357:
342:
337:
333:
326:
318:Arctic Ocean
311:
307:Book of Days
284:
275:
273:
237:
210:
163:
151:in 1245 and
144:
140:
133:Friar Julian
130:
87:
55:
46:
19:
18:
1163:: 133–216.
1153:Itinerarium
1117:Yule, Henry
977:13 November
955:13 November
933:13 November
911:13 November
724:13 November
560:département
518:Michał Boym
449:Contains a
339:Roger Bacon
314:Caspian Sea
206:Möngke Khan
198:Volga River
182:Sartaq Khan
70:Ibn Battuta
1339:Categories
609:References
411:Manuscript
344:Opus Majus
329:Marco Polo
291:Inner Asia
244:Azerbaijan
240:Nakhchivan
202:Great Khan
66:Marco Polo
51:Franciscan
1298:215235814
1281:163539053
1169:1124-0008
1123:(1911). "
677:2002:119.
398:in 1990.
225:Felicitas
213:Karakorum
196:near the
190:Batu Khan
180:, he met
118:Karakorum
1273:25212071
1189:16535040
1092:(1900).
1075:(1839).
1000:(1970).
507:See also
366:Editions
217:Mongolia
168:town of
145:Abdullah
141:Homo Dei
94:Flanders
90:Rubrouck
1244:6823121
1131:(ed.).
1114::
990:Sources
545:in the
264:initial
254:Account
166:Crimean
160:Travels
100:on the
76:Mission
1296:
1279:
1271:
1242:
1223:
1204:
1187:
1167:
1127:". In
1108:
1057:
1016:
827:
759:
697:
580:
565:France
551:région
417:Notes
349:
106:Tatars
1277:S2CID
1269:JSTOR
563:) of
529:Notes
287:Islam
194:Sarai
192:, at
170:Sudak
45:) or
32:Latin
24:Dutch
1294:OCLC
1240:OCLC
1221:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1185:OCLC
1165:ISSN
1055:ISBN
1014:ISBN
979:2019
957:2019
935:2019
913:2019
825:ISBN
757:ISBN
726:2019
695:ISBN
556:Nord
541:Now
414:Date
303:Ovid
68:and
1261:doi
1257:119
597:to
289:in
262:An
178:Don
40:fl.
1341::
1275:.
1267:.
1255:.
1161:15
1119:;
1071:;
1038:71
1012:.
780:^
709:^
640:^
628:.
386:,
309:.
235:.
208:.
92:,
72:.
38:;
34::
30:;
26::
1315:.
1300:.
1283:.
1263::
1246:.
1229:.
1210:.
1191:.
1171:.
1063:.
1022:.
981:.
959:.
937:.
915:.
882:.
870:.
858:.
846:.
833:.
765:.
728:.
703:.
599:D
595:A
567:.
554:(
491:E
475:D
459:C
439:B
423:A
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
