Wine - Knowledge

4206:, or wine rooms, if they are above-ground, are places designed specifically for the storage and aging of wine. Fine restaurants and some private homes have wine cellars. In an active wine cellar, temperature and humidity are maintained by a climate-control system. Passive wine cellars are not climate-controlled, and so must be carefully located. Because wine is a natural, perishable food product, all types—including red, white, sparkling, and fortified—can spoil when exposed to heat, light, vibration or fluctuations in temperature and humidity. When properly stored, wines can maintain their quality and in some cases improve in aroma, flavor, and complexity as they age. Some wine experts contend that the optimal temperature for aging wine is 13 °C (55 °F), others 15 °C (59 °F). 1630: 3134: 666: 3480: 2477: 4699: 2353: 813: 3126: 2985: 2750: 2537: 3268: 2230:("at room temperature"). However, this does not mean the temperature of the dining room—often around 21 °C (70 °F)—but rather the coolest room in the house and, therefore, always slightly cooler than the dining room itself. Pinot noir should be brought to the table for serving at 16 °C (61 °F) and will reach its full bouquet at 18 °C (64 °F). Cabernet Sauvignon, zinfandel, and Rhone varieties should be served at 18 °C (64 °F) and allowed to warm on the table to 21 °C (70 °F) for best aroma. 2098: 3850: 14199: 4801: 11158: 10866: 14175: 3384: 3005: 2850: 2457: 3642: 36: 14187: 2770: 2557: 3045: 2830: 372: 12206: 3085: 2497: 3065: 2810: 3576: 3456: 3340: 3286: 3600: 3196: 3322: 3304: 3250: 3232: 3504: 3552: 1959: 3025: 2965: 2790: 2730: 2577: 2517: 3528: 361: 2134: 2905: 2710: 2437: 14211: 2925: 2670: 2397: 3432: 3178: 2945: 2690: 2417: 1800: 3408: 3214: 4191: 2214:). Some varieties can also exhibit a mineral flavor due to the presence of water-soluble salts as a result of limestone's presence in the vineyard's soil. Wine aroma comes from volatile compounds released into the air. Vaporization of these compounds can be accelerated by twirling the wine glass or serving at room temperature. Many drinkers prefer to chill red wines that are already highly aromatic, like 2253: 4083: 3974: 7108:...mead was known in Europe long before wine, although archaeological evidence of it is rather ambiguous. This is principally because the confirmed presence of beeswax or certain types of pollen ... is only indicative of the presence of honey (which could have been used for sweetening some other drink) – not necessarily of the production of mead. 4214:, it is not possible to safely freeze wine in the bottle, as there is insufficient room for it to expand as it freezes and the bottle will usually crack. Certain shapes of bottle may allow the cork to be pushed out by the ice, but if the bottle is frozen on its side, the wine in the narrower neck will invariably freeze first, preventing this. 2188:) that grape juice and wine can contain. Experienced tasters can distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape and flavors that result from other factors in wine-making. Typical intentional flavor elements in wine—chocolate, vanilla, or coffee—are those imparted by aging in oak casks rather than the grape itself. 4210:

drinking. These refrigerators keep the humidity low (usually under 50%), below the optimal humidity of 50% to 70%. Lower humidity levels can dry out corks over time, allowing oxygen to enter the bottle, which reduces the wine's quality through oxidation. While some types of alcohol are sometimes stored in the freezer, such as

2176:(the act of pouring a wine into a special container just for breathing) is a controversial subject among wine enthusiasts. In addition to aeration, decanting with a filter allows the removal of bitter sediments that may have formed in the wine. Sediment is more common in older bottles, but aeration may benefit younger wines. 9156:

Suliankatchi; Abebe, Zegeye; Aboyans, Victor; Abrar, Mohammed Mehdi; Acharya, Pawan; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adhikari, Tara Ballav; Adsuar, Jose C.; Afarideh, Mohsen; Agardh, Emilie Elisabet; Agarwal, Gina; Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi; Agrawal, Sutapa; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Akibu, Mohammed; et al. (August 2018).

1748:, a root louse that eventually kills the vine. In the late 19th century, most of Europe's vineyards (excluding some of the driest in the south) were devastated by the infestation, leading to widespread vine deaths and eventual replanting. Grafting is done in every wine-producing region in the world except in 4758:

is the inability to stop or control alcohol use despite harmful consequences to health, job, or relationships; alternative terms include alcoholism, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, or alcohol addiction. and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States. No professional

4164:

from its distribution; however, box-wine plastics, even though possibly recyclable, can be more labor-intensive (and therefore expensive) to process than glass bottles. In addition, while a wine box is recyclable, its plastic bladder most likely is not. Some people are drawn to canned wine due to its

2225:

The ideal temperature for serving a particular wine is a matter of debate by wine enthusiasts and sommeliers, but some broad guidelines have emerged that will generally enhance the experience of tasting certain common wines. White wine should foster a sense of coolness, achieved by serving at "cellar

2116:

Vintage wines are generally bottled in a single batch so that each bottle will have a similar taste. Climate's impact on the character of a wine can be significant enough to cause different vintages from the same vineyard to vary dramatically in flavor and quality. Thus, vintage wines are produced to

2041:

According to Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, wine in Canada is an alcoholic drink that is produced by the complete or partial alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes, grape must, products derived solely from fresh grapes, or any combination of them. There are many materials added during the course

1558:

traditionally used for wine-making, most fruits naturally lack either sufficient fermentable sugars, proper amount of acidity, yeast amounts needed to promote or maintain fermentation, or a combination of these three materials. This is probably one of the main reasons why wine derived from grapes has

2124:

For consistency, non-vintage wines can be blended from more than one vintage, which helps wine-makers sustain a reliable market image and maintain sales even in bad years. One recent study suggests that for the average wine drinker, the vintage year may not be as significant for perceived quality as

1765:

is a concept that encompasses the varieties of grapes used, elevation and shape of the vineyard, type and chemistry of soil, climate and seasonal conditions, and the local yeast cultures. The range of possible combinations of these factors can result in great differences among wines, influencing the

4718:

The main active ingredient of wine is ethanol. A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that moderate ethanol consumption brought no mortality benefit compared with lifetime abstention from ethanol consumption. A systematic analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease study found that

9155:

Griswold, Max G.; Fullman, Nancy; Hawley, Caitlin; Arian, Nicholas; Zimsen, Stephanie R M.; Tymeson, Hayley D.; Venkateswaran, Vidhya; Tapp, Austin Douglas; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Salama, Joseph S.; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abate, Degu; Abay, Solomon M.; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abdulkader, Rizwan

2010:

has developed a system resembling that of France and, in fact, pioneered this concept in 1756 with a royal charter creating the Demarcated Douro Region and regulating the production and trade of wine. Germany created a similar scheme in 2002, although it has not yet achieved the authority of the

4209:

Wine refrigerators offer a smaller alternative to wine cellars and are available in capacities ranging from small, 16-bottle units to furniture-quality pieces that can contain 500 bottles. Wine refrigerators are not ideal for aging, but rather serve to chill wine to the proper temperature for

4151:

Environmental considerations of wine packaging reveal the benefits and drawbacks of both bottled and box wines. The glass used to make bottles is a nontoxic, naturally occurring substance that is completely recyclable, whereas the plastics used for box-wine containers are typically much less

4140:, or bladder, that is later extended by the consumer for serving the contents. Box wine can stay acceptably fresh for up to a month after opening because the bladder collapses as wine is dispensed, limiting contact with air and, thus, slowing the rate of oxidation. In contrast, bottled wine 2179:

During aeration, a younger wine's exposure to air often "relaxes" the drink, making it smoother and better integrated in aroma, texture, and flavor. Older wines generally fade (lose their character and flavor intensity) with extended aeration. Despite these general rules, breathing does not

4723:

and increases the risk of all-cause mortality, and that the most healthful dose of ethanol is zero consumption. Some studies have concluded that drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink daily in women and two drinks daily in men) is associated with a decreased risk of

707:

planted vineyards near garrison towns so wine could be produced locally rather than shipped over long distances. Some of these areas are now world-renowned for wine production. The Romans discovered that burning sulfur candles inside empty wine vessels kept them fresh and free from a

3953:

denominations as to whether wine can and should be used for the Eucharist or allowed as an ordinary drink, with Catholics and some mainline Protestants allowing wine drinking in moderation, and some conservative Protestant groups opposing consumption of alcohol altogether.

9746:

Tomé-Carneiro, J; Gonzálvez, M; Larrosa, M; Yáñez-Gascón, MJ; García-Almagro, FJ; Ruiz-Ros, JA; Tomás-Barberán, FA; García-Conesa, MT; Espín, JC (July 2013). "Resveratrol in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a dietary and clinical perspective".

4748:. Some studies that reported benefits of moderate ethanol consumption erred by lumping former drinkers and life-long abstainers into a single group of nondrinkers, hiding the health benefits of life-long abstention from ethanol. Risk is greater in younger people due to 7815: 7685: 4222:

There are a large number of occupations and professions that are part of the wine industry, ranging from the individuals who grow the grapes, prepare the wine, bottle it, sell it, assess it, market it and finally make recommendations to clients and serve the wine.

3153:. The methodology includes persons 15 years of age or older. About 40% of individuals above the legal drinking age consider themselves "wine drinkers", which is higher than all other alcoholic beverages combined (34%) and those who do not drink at all (26%). 1621:. In these latter cases, the term "wine" refers to the similarity in alcohol content rather than to the production process. The commercial use of the English word "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) is protected by law in many jurisdictions. 2117:

be individually characteristic of the particular vintage and to serve as the flagship wines of the producer. Superior vintages from reputable producers and regions will often command much higher prices than their average ones. Some vintage wines (e.g.

4036:

Certain exceptions to the ban on alcohol apply. Alcohol derived from a source other than the grape (or its byproducts) and the date is allowed in "very small quantities" (loosely defined as a quantity that does not cause intoxication) under the Sunni

6778: 4784:

and of other polyphenols than white wine, the evidence for a cardiac health benefit is of poor quality and at most, the benefit is trivial. Grape skins naturally produce resveratrol in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast during

2180:

necessarily benefit all wines. Wine may be tasted as soon as the bottle is opened to determine how long it should be aerated, if at all. When tasting wine, individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules (e.g.

2082:

at a maximum level of use consistent with good manufacturing practice. Prior to final filtration may be treated with a strongly acid cation exchange resin in the sodium ion form, or a weakly basic anion exchange resin in the hydroxyl ion form.

7641: 2279:: those for which demand increases rather than decreases as their prices rise. Particular selections such as "Verticals", which span multiple vintages of a specific grape and vineyard, may be highly valued. The most notable was a 2074:, including salts thereof, in such quantity that its content in the finished wine shall not exceed 70 parts per million in the free state, or 350 parts per million in the combined state, calculated as sulphur dioxide. Caramel, 9070:

Danner, Lukas; Ristic, Renata; Johnson, Trent E; Meiselman, Herbert L; Hoek, Annet C (November 2016). "Context and wine quality effects on consumers' mood, emotions, liking and willingness to pay for Australian Shiraz wines".

2226:

temperature" (13 °C or 55 °F). Light red wines drunk young should also be brought to the table at this temperature, where they will quickly rise a few degrees. Red wines are generally perceived best when served

3948:

pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice, and the substitution spread quickly over much of the United States, as well as to other countries to a lesser degree. There remains an ongoing debate between some American

2172:, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. Some wine labels suggest opening the bottle and letting the wine "breathe" for a couple of hours before serving, while others recommend drinking it immediately. 1076:

for more. All these theories place the origin of the word in the same geographical location, South Caucasus, that has been established based on archeological and biomolecular studies as the origin of viticulture.

7638: 3833:. "It has been one of history's cruel ironies that the blood libel—accusations against Jews using the blood of murdered gentile children for the making of wine and matzot—became the false pretext for numerous 9416:

Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume II: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and

6774: 7953:

Gómez-Míguez, M. José; Manuela Gómez-Mígueza; Isabel M. Vicarioa; Francisco J. Heredia (April 2007). "Assessment of colour and aroma in white wines vinifications: Effects of grape maturity and soil type".

1559:

historically been more prevalent by far than other types, and why specific types of fruit wines have generally been confined to the regions in which the fruits were native or introduced for other reasons.

9656:"The effects of resveratrol supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials" 1581:. As long as the primary substance fermented is honey, the drink is considered mead. Mead was produced in ancient history throughout Europe, Africa and Asia, and was known in Europe before grape wine. 9582: 4656:, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g. slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes 5156: 3829:, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service. Note that this does not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception that contributes to the Christian beliefs of the 7235:

Fraga, Helder; Malheiro, Aureliano C.; Moutinho-Pereira, José; Cardoso, Rita M.; Soares, Pedro M. M.; Cancela, Javier J.; Pinto, Joaquim G.; Santos, João A.; et al. (24 September 2014).

1272:

can range from violet, typical of young wines, through red for mature wines, to brown for older red wines. The juice from most red grapes is actually greenish-white; the red color comes from

1996: 4636:. The effects of wine depend on the amount consumed, the span of time over which consumption occurs, and the amount of alcohol in the wine, among other factors. Drinking enough to reach a 2324:

often profit by charging excessively high prices for off-vintage or lower-status wines from well-known wine regions, while claiming that they are offering a sound investment unaffected by

5222: 9048: 789:. Prior to the Spanish establishing their American wine grape traditions in California and New Mexico, both France and Britain had unsuccessfully attempted to establish grapevines in 5257: 5152: 1827:). Market recognition of particular regions has recently been leading to their increased prominence on non-European wine labels. Examples of recognized non-European locales include 7515: 219:

intended to define styles and qualities of wine. These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production.

8961: 6918: 4898: 592:

and then throughout the Mediterranean. Evidence for this includes two Phoenician shipwrecks from 750 BCE, found with their cargoes of wine still intact, which were discovered by

556:, probably devoted to making wine for trading in their colonies. The spread of wine culture westwards was most probably due to the Phoenicians, who spread outward from a base of 9391: 5800: 9255: 4386:

Incidents of fraud, such as mislabeling the origin or quality of wines, have resulted in regulations on labeling. "Wine scandals" that have received media attention include:

3648:

of red wine for a sauce by cooking it on a stovetop. It is called a reduction because the heat boils off some of the water, leaving a more concentrated, wine-flavoured sauce.

732:

made wine for years, aging it in caves. An old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining white wine from bastard—bad or tainted

5826: 3672:

course. In fine restaurants in Western countries, wine typically accompanies dinner. At a restaurant, patrons are helped to make good food-wine pairings by the restaurant's

468:. Both archaeological and genetic evidence suggest that the earliest production of wine outside of Georgia was relatively later, likely having taken place elsewhere in the 9021: 6947: 8834: 2113:), 95% of its volume must be from grapes harvested in that year. If a wine is not labeled with a country of origin or AVA the percentage requirement is lowered to 85%. 5384: 7028: 4774:"cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation." 8991: 7188: 4044:, for specific purposes (such as medicines), where the goal is not intoxication. However, modern Hanafi scholars regard alcohol consumption as totally forbidden. 1778:

or other cheaper wines, where consistency takes precedence. Such producers try to minimize differences in sources of grapes through production techniques such as

6751: 3789:

Baruch atah Hashem (Ado-nai) Eloheinu melech ha-olam, boray p'ree hagafen – Praised be the Lord, our God, King of the universe, Creator of the fruit of the vine.

3723:

is an example of a culinary sauce that uses wine as a primary ingredient. Natural wines may exhibit a broad range of alcohol content, from below 9% to above 16%

978:

The ultimate Indo-European origin of the word is the subject of some continued debate. Some scholars have noted the similarities between the words for wine in

8856: 9586: 7576: 7493: 6807:. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, volume 10. Vol. II. with the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 1059. 2062:

in such quantity that the content of soluble sulphates in the finished wine shall not exceed 0.2 percent weight by volume calculated as potassium sulphate.

6127: 5500: 5148: 3676:

or wine waiter. Individuals dining at home may use wine guides to help make food–wine pairings. Wine is also drunk without the accompaniment of a meal in

10066: 8882: 8400: 7607: 2283:

135-year vertical containing every vintage from 1860 to 2003 sold for $ 1.5 million. The most common wines purchased for investment include those from

464:

The earliest archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence for grape wine and viniculture, dating to 6000–5800 BCE was found on the territory of modern

6466: 3907:

sharing bread and wine with his disciples and commanding them to "do this in remembrance of me." Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among

696:. In his writings, Chanakya condemns the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his court's frequent indulgence of a style of wine known as 7350: 5100: 4144:

more rapidly after opening because of the increasing ratio of air to wine as the contents are dispensed; it can degrade considerably in a few days.

9283:"Long-term wine consumption is related to cardiovascular mortality and life expectancy independently of moderate alcohol intake: the Zutphen Study" 3744: 8287: 7935: 7904: 2160:

is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines contain many chemical compounds similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and

1680:" as opposed to a "blended" wine. Blended wines are not necessarily inferior to varietal wines, rather they are a different style of wine-making. 8934: 8734: 5527: 5226: 9044: 3926:

grape juice as a substitute. Wine was used in Eucharistic rites by all Protestant groups until an alternative arose in the late 19th century.

1532:, such as apples and berries, are usually named after the fruit from which they are produced, and combined with the word "wine" (for example, 654:. Five of these amphoras were designated as originating from the king's personal estate, with the sixth from the estate of the royal house of 9501: 8811: 8676: 8574: 8257: 8198: 8098: 5649: 600:), the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of olive oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin, similar to 12132: 8060: 5249: 1296:

To make white wine, grapes are pressed quickly with the juice immediately drained away from the grape skins. The grapes used are typically

9632: 9108:"Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality" 1807:

Regulations govern the classification and sale of wine in many regions of the world. European wines tend to be classified by region (e.g.

4960: 1036:), pointing to the possibility of a common origin of the word denoting "wine" in these language families. The Georgian word goes back to 259: 9158:"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016" 8548: 7523: 535:, included grapes rather than other fruits, they would have been any of the several dozen indigenous wild species in China, rather than 12240: 12070: 8965: 6892: 5039:. Vol. V. Translated by Babbitt, Frank Cole (Loeb Classical Library ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 3–6. 4894: 4422:

In 2010, some Chinese red wines were found to be adulterated, and as a consequence China's Hebei province shut down nearly 30 wineries.

2194:

involves a range of vintages within the same grape and vineyard, or the latter in which there is one vintage from multiple vineyards. "

1766:

fermentation, finishing, and aging processes as well. Many wineries use growing and production methods that preserve or accentuate the

781:

industry. Thanks to Spanish wine culture, these two regions eventually evolved into the oldest and largest producers, respectively, of

9383: 7463: 6439: 11200: 9475: 8912: 5749: 4619: 2320:

Investment in fine wine has attracted those who take advantage of their victims' relative ignorance of this wine market sector. Such

9605: 9312: 9259: 1676:. When one of these varieties is used as the predominant grape (usually defined by law as minimums of 75% to 85%), the result is a " 4703: 4693: 3142: 8336: 7825: 7695: 5885: 5830: 5197: 3680:

or with a selection of cheeses (at a wine and cheese party). Wines are also used as a theme for organizing various events such as

1318:(low sugar) white wine is the most common, derived from the complete fermentation of the juice, however sweet white wines such as 11092: 8007: 2002: 1069: 9013: 8645: 6939: 5724: 5350: 4956:"The Origins of Inebriation: Archaeological Evidence of the Consumption of Fermented Beverages and Drugs in Prehistoric Eurasia" 11810: 8842: 7546: 6063: 5030: 11686: 10081: 10059: 10038: 10014: 9995: 9973: 9951: 9930: 9909: 9887: 9849: 9425: 8617: 8531: 8462: 8433: 8320: 8309: 8121: 8017: 7990: 7799: 7303: 7219: 7156: 7101: 7061: 6912: 6644: 6585: 6196: 6162: 6094: 5965: 5044: 4789:. White wine generally contains lower levels of the chemical as it has minimal contact with grape skins during this process. 4680:. The operation of vehicles or machinery while drunk can increase the risk of accident, and many countries have laws against 1348:. The color can range from a pale orange to a vivid near-purple, depending on the varietals used and wine-making techniques. 1182:

while the juice is being extracted determines the color and general style of the wine. The color has no relation to a wine's

8711: 8151: 5410: 4927: 1486:. There are various ways of increasing the amount of sugar in a wine, yielding products with different strengths and names. 203:

of yeasts are major factors in different styles of wine. These differences result from the complex interactions between the

10914: 5376: 4640:(BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% may cause an overall improvement in mood, increase self-confidence and sociability, decrease anxiety, 4381: 2168:

is determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation, relative to the acidity present in the wine.

1967: 7380: 4752:

which may result in violence or accidents. About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) annually are due to ethanol use.

7020: 6355: 6227: 5193: 4391: 834: 8987: 8762:"Impact of post-bottling oxygen exposure on the sensory characteristics and phenolic composition of Grenache rosé wines" 8760:

Wirth, J.; Caillé, S.; Souquet, J. M.; Samson, A.; Dieval, J. B.; Vidal, S.; Fulcrand, H.; Cheynier, V. (15 June 2012).

7851: 7172: 4913: 14251: 11736: 9560: 8227: 7732: 7631: 6405: 6292: 5861: 5671:

Li, Hua; Wang, Hua; Li, Huanmei; Goodman, Steve; Van Der Lee, Paul; Xu, Zhimin; Fortunato, Alessio; Yang, Ping (2018).

243: 8173: 7881: 7662: 6745: 6610:

Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture

5328: 11790: 11716: 10176: 9868: 8203: 8102: 7765: 7429: 6879: 6859: 6835: 6728: 6617: 6553: 6501: 6258: 6046: 6021: 3912: 1457:

is also used, yielding intermediate results, and simple addition of carbon dioxide is used in the cheapest of wines.

6491: 5982: 168:, and the term "wine" generally refers to grape wine when used without any qualification. Even so, wine can be made 11209: 8860: 5557: 2343: 7572: 7485: 1744:

vines that have been grafted onto North American species' rootstock, a common practice due to their resistance to

10151: 8043: 7407: 6134: 5642:"Penn Museum Archaeochemist And International Scholars Confirm 9,000-Year History of Chinese Fermented Beverages" 5115: 4711: 1363:

of a red and white wine (uncommon and discouraged in most wine growing regions). Rosé wines have a wide range of

785:. Viking sagas earlier mentioned a fantastic land filled with wild grapes and high-quality wine called precisely 741:

Later, the descendants of the sacramental wine were refined for a more palatable taste. This gave rise to modern

10465: 8492: 6634: 6330: 5492: 4303:, educating the staff about wine, and assisting customers with their selections (especially food–wine pairings) 12278: 12233: 10632: 5919: 2347: 1629: 255: 8890: 8392: 7599: 7324: 7121: 1950:. Commercial use of the term Meritage is allowed only via licensing agreements with the Meritage Association. 1010: 830: 12163: 11795: 11193: 11118: 4153: 1419: 1360: 8370: 4267:

A wine merchant who purchases the product of smaller growers or wine-makers to sell them under its own name

3485: 527:

and other organic compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as

12173: 11560: 11123: 8523: 8036:, one of the world's largest dealers, start "fine wine" prices at about £25—in March 2009 with a wine from 6473: 1733:

grapes usually grown to eat fresh or for grape juice, jam, or jelly, and only occasionally made into wine.

868: 262:

in 2022 the top five wine producing countries are Italy, France, Spain, the United States, and Australia.

7346: 5717:

New wine world from Asia Development, regional comparison and opportunities for the wine industry in China

5092: 2271:

per bottle, though the broader term "fine wine" covers those typically retailing in excess of US$ 30–50. "

2034:—those made outside the traditional wine regions of Europe—are usually classified by grape rather than by 11815: 11400: 7864:

As a general rule wine should be tasted as soon as it is opened to determine how long it might be aerated

7635: 6372: 6314: 5121: 5004: 4637: 721: 7237:"Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in Iberian Viticultural Regions" 1351:

There are three primary ways to produce rosé wine: Skin contact (allowing dark grape skins to stain the

14165: 11942: 11043: 11010: 10839: 9897: 8279: 7952: 7939: 7912: 6417: 6367: 6274: 5750:"Smart Winery: A Real-Time Monitoring System for Structural Health and Ullage in Fino Style Wine Casks" 4771: 3874: 2280: 2106: 584:

in Sardinia already had a custom of consuming wine before the arrival of the Phoenicians. The wines of

337: 324:

wine cultures are still connected to these ancient roots. Similarly the largest wine regions in Italy,

138: 8761: 4299:

Also called a "wine steward", this is a specialist wine expert in charge of developing a restaurant's

3867: 14241: 14236: 12226: 12137: 12035: 11947: 11865: 11679: 11133: 11023: 9841:

Wine Politics: How Governments, Environmentalists, Mobsters, and Critics Influence the Wines We Drink

3150: 3133: 2854: 2310:

A drinking-window plateau (i.e., the period for maturity and approachability) that is many years long

782: 222:

Wine has been produced for thousands of years. The earliest evidence of wine is from the present-day

8738: 5523: 3703:

Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as a drink, but as a flavor agent, primarily in

14152: 12293: 12065: 12045: 11186: 11128: 10907: 10849: 10778: 10670: 10271: 10254: 8668: 8033: 4869: 4106: 4061: 3918:

While some Christians consider the use of wine from the grape as essential for the validity of the

2152: 1840: 1392:

Sometimes called amber wines, these are wines made with white grapes but with the skins allowed to

665: 12430: 9497: 8803: 8584: 2316:

Rigorous production methods at every stage, including grape selection and appropriate barrel aging

1460:

The bottles used for sparkling wine must be thick to withstand the pressure of the gas behind the

14256: 12147: 12000: 11741: 11721: 11018: 10391: 10227: 9384:"Understanding Alcohol Use Disorder | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)" 8552: 8516: 8249: 8209: 8106: 6283: 5641: 4834: 4289:

are available. A wine-maker may be trained as an oenologist, but often hires one as a consultant

3999:. In many Muslim countries, possession or consumption of alcoholic drinks carry legal penalties. 3981:, although there has been a long tradition of drinking wine in some Islamic areas, especially in 2202:) are the product of yeast metabolism, as are spoilage aromas such as "medicinal" or "Band-Aid" ( 1688: 1638: 1230: 1208: 979: 843: 485: 450: 1162:

The types have such different properties that in practice they are considered different drinks.

13629: 12378: 12168: 12022: 11875: 10881: 10804: 10249: 9628: 8708:"Alcohol based Perfumes, Deodrants and Creams, Mufti Muhammad ibn Adam, Darul Iftaa, Leicester" 8076: 6827: 6720: 6111: 5184: 4839: 4824: 4819: 4665: 4641: 4432: 3908: 2118: 2038:

or region of origin, although there have been unofficial attempts to classify them by quality.

1904: 1872: 1864: 1852: 1794: 278: 12512: 10098: 5067: 2607:

Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between 30 and 50 degrees latitude north and south of the

1344:. It may be the oldest known type of wine, as it is the most straightforward to make with the 14246: 12308: 12104: 12050: 11870: 11490: 10819: 10588: 10232: 9414: 8423: 7820: 5957: 5951: 4129: 3937: 3636: 2105:

In the United States, for a wine to be vintage-dated and labeled with a country of origin or

1916: 1908: 1884: 1860: 717: 704: 454: 20: 6819: 6712: 6543: 4710:, one of the constituents of wine. Consumption of alcohol by pregnant mothers may result in 12383: 12298: 12209: 11672: 10470: 10222: 9756: 7455: 7248: 6904: 6443: 5764: 5595: 5445: 5034: 4759:

medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine.

4681: 4669: 4401: 3878: 3822: 3740: 2268: 2055: 1868: 1503: 1003: 581: 458: 14038: 9601: 9445: 9432:

The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems

8904: 2352: 1418:

wines, made in any of the above styles (i.e, orange, red, rosé, white). They must undergo

1300:, though red grapes may be used if the winemaker is careful not to let the skin stain the 515:

in the early years of the seventh millennium BCE. Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of

8: 12405: 12393: 12122: 12099: 11048: 11000: 10900: 10144: 9282: 6800: 4786: 4741: 4737: 4661: 4254: 4248: 4004: 3945: 3826: 3767: 3645: 2628: 2620: 2328:. As with any investment, thorough research is essential to making an informed decision. 1606: 1434: 1045: 693: 442: 145: 12813: 10450: 9760: 7252: 6680:

The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter

5768: 5599: 5449: 4698: 3656:

that accompanies and enhances a wide range of cuisines, from the simple and traditional

1371: 984: 885: 12833: 12303: 12249: 12080: 11933: 11830: 11465: 11248: 11038: 10543: 9780: 9723: 9696: 9552: 9462: 9360: 9335: 9182: 9157: 9132: 9107: 8344: 7271: 7236: 6997: 6970: 5878: 5877:

Perra, Mauro; Lo Schiavo, Fulvia; Garnier, Nicolas; Marinval, Philippe (October 2015).

5787: 5468: 5433: 5285: 5179: 4985: 4895:"Learn About Alcohol Content in Wine: Highest to Lowest ABV Wines – 2023 – MasterClass" 4720: 4645: 4528: 4008: 2774: 2561: 2191: 2125:

had been thought, although wine connoisseurs continue to place great importance on it.

1935: 1892: 1888: 1782:, tannin filtration, cross-flow filtration, thin-film evaporation, and spinning cones. 1719: 1665: 1430: 824: 14108: 14103: 13958: 13719: 9811: 9173: 5618: 5583: 2256: 812: 254:

further developed viticulture techniques, Europe would encompass three of the largest

13863: 13846: 13396: 13183: 13123: 12313: 12060: 10992: 10939: 10523: 10261: 10077: 10055: 10034: 10028: 10010: 9991: 9969: 9947: 9926: 9920: 9905: 9883: 9864: 9845: 9815: 9784: 9772: 9728: 9677: 9556: 9544: 9467: 9421: 9365: 9304: 9237: 9187: 9137: 9088: 8781: 8641: 8613: 8527: 8458: 8451: 8429: 8316: 8068: 8013: 7986: 7795: 7299: 7276: 7215: 7180: 7152: 7097: 7057: 7002: 6908: 6875: 6855: 6831: 6820: 6724: 6713: 6708: 6640: 6613: 6581: 6549: 6497: 6288: 6254: 6192: 6158: 6090: 6042: 6017: 5961: 5857: 5792: 5623: 5473: 5354: 5040: 4989: 4977: 4849: 4733: 4677: 4633: 4438: 4416: 4395: 4325: 3990: 3724: 3712: 3389: 2165: 2097: 2063: 2023:

have classifications based on a dual system of region of origin and product quality.

1963: 1912: 1856: 1832: 1779: 1644: 1479: 1393: 1345: 1319: 1315: 1261: 1183: 1179: 1019: 1014: 1007: 876: 857: 616: 465: 394: 274: 109: 65: 10460: 7550: 6071: 5715: 5122:

California Vineyardists Association; Associated California Fruit Industries (1980).

3125: 1170:

Wine is made in many ways from different fruits, with grapes being the most common.

503:

A 2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with

14261: 13948: 13767: 13741: 13496: 13376: 12331: 12091: 12040: 11990: 11607: 11520: 11485: 11339: 11284: 10783: 10710: 10573: 10475: 9983: 9807: 9764: 9718: 9708: 9667: 9654:

Zeraattalab-Motlagh, Sheida; Jayedi, Ahmad; Shab-Bidar, Sakineh (8 November 2021).

9536: 9457: 9355: 9347: 9294: 9227: 9177: 9169: 9127: 9119: 9080: 8857:"On TV : Simply Wine with Andrea Immer : Storing Wine : Fine Living" 8777: 8773: 7967: 7963: 7723: 7266: 7256: 6992: 6982: 6900: 6660: 5782: 5772: 5694: 5684: 5613: 5603: 5463: 5453: 5304: 5294: 4969: 4161: 4110: 4077: 4057: 3958: 3858: 3818: 3759: 3049: 2834: 2211: 2059: 1876: 1844: 1836: 1707: 1555: 1495: 1378:

and blushes. Rosé wines are made from a wide variety of grapes all over the world.

1364: 1037: 998: 993: 919: 734: 333: 281: 200: 9084: 8125: 6969:

Culbert, Julie; Cozzolino, Daniel; Ristic, Renata; Wilkinson, Kerry (8 May 2015).

5912:"La Tomba di Giganti del nuraghe Arrubiu di Orroli (CA), o "La Tomba della Spada"" 4338:

A wine expert and journalist who tastes and reviews wines for books and magazines

4160:

editorial suggested that box wine, being lighter in package weight, has a reduced

3940:

applied new pasteurization techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of

13506: 13480: 13411: 13386: 13351: 13300: 13240: 12823: 12288: 12283: 12183: 12142: 12127: 11918: 11908: 11643: 11602: 11505: 11470: 11369: 11344: 11138: 10959: 10876: 10662: 10490: 10425: 10368: 10331: 10211: 10049: 10024: 9839: 9695:

Barbería-Latasa, María; Gea, Alfredo; Martínez-González, Miguel A. (7 May 2022).

9281:

Streppel, M. T.; Ocke, M. C.; Boshuizen, H. C.; Kok, F. J.; Kromhout, D. (2009).

9232: 9215: 8707: 8607: 8147: 8047: 7690: 7645: 7261: 7091: 7051: 6575: 6377: 6278: 6186: 6152: 6064:"Sulfur Dioxide: Science behind this anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, wine additive" 5406: 5123: 4923: 4854: 4844: 4814: 4763: 4185: 4169: 4152:

environmentally friendly. However, wine-bottle manufacturers have been cited for

4148:

is one of the fastest-growing forms of alternative wine packaging on the market.

4098: 4053: 3962: 3957:

The earliest viticulture tradition in the Southwestern United States starts with

3069: 2989: 2814: 2754: 2541: 2272: 2247: 2243: 2207: 2199: 2071: 2070:

in the finished wine shall not be less than 0.15 percent weight by volume. Also,

2031: 1828: 1713: 1684: 1545: 1537: 1375: 1368: 1297: 1265: 1032: 1027: 935: 927: 778: 770: 762: 528: 508: 388: 349: 345: 134: 4408:(a toxic type of alcohol) was used to alter certain wines manufactured in Italy. 3849: 3837:. And due to the danger, those who live in a place where blood libels occur are 1359:

early in fermentation and continuing fermentation of the juice separately), and

13821: 13654: 13619: 13431: 13290: 12085: 11977: 11903: 11771: 11653: 11633: 11623: 11555: 11535: 11450: 11405: 11354: 11319: 11274: 11253: 11233: 11028: 10977: 10931: 10788: 10760: 10735: 10656: 10645: 10640: 10538: 10505: 10321: 10299: 10266: 10242: 10137: 9524: 9214:

O'Keefe, JH; Bhatti, SK; Bajwa, A; DiNicolantonio, JJ; Lavie, CJ (March 2014).

7372: 6517: 4749: 4278: 4012: 3923: 3900: 3728: 3089: 2501: 2325: 1939: 1753: 1693: 1652: 1442: 1423: 1409: 1257: 1143: 1117: 1049: 758: 593: 537: 493: 376: 285: 251: 239: 157: 114: 11033: 9941: 9216:"Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy" 9123: 6987: 6219: 6178: 5689: 5672: 4973: 3995:

Alcoholic drinks, including wine, are forbidden under most interpretations of

3641: 1774:. However, flavor differences are less desirable for producers of mass-market 14231: 14225: 14215: 14198: 14043: 13903: 13609: 13456: 13356: 13346: 13250: 13158: 13138: 13046: 12828: 11880: 11840: 11648: 11628: 11586: 11576: 11510: 11480: 11435: 11410: 11390: 11385: 11329: 11314: 11294: 11279: 11258: 11243: 11238: 11228: 11223: 11157: 11058: 10967: 10865: 10773: 10768: 10445: 10237: 9299: 9106:

Stockwell T, Zhao J, Panwar S, Roemer A, Naimi T, Chikritzhs T (March 2016).

8785: 8579: 8072: 8037: 7847: 7754: 7184: 6413: 6363: 5281:"The Rise of Wine among Ancient Civilizations across the Mediterranean Basin" 4981: 4800: 4725: 4625: 4412: 4360: 4319: 3841:

exempted from using red wine, lest it be seized as "evidence" against them."

3689: 3661: 3009: 3004: 2849: 2612: 2481: 2461: 2456: 2288: 2284: 2239: 2203: 2110: 2067: 1900: 1848: 1808: 1730: 1725: 1698: 1415: 1397: 1129: 890: 801: 794: 669: 639: 624: 561: 524: 309: 235: 223: 35: 14186: 14023: 8223: 7718: 6750:(in Armenian). Vol. I. Yerevan: Yerevan State University. p. 559. 6188:

Enchanted Lifeways: The History, Museums, Arts & Festivals of New Mexico

5608: 5458: 5299: 5280: 4955: 4736:, and early death. Ethanol consumption increases the risk of heart disease, 1276:

present in the skin of the grape. A notable exception is the family of rare

14179: 13755: 13391: 13310: 13295: 13178: 12612: 12502: 12497: 12388: 12373: 12055: 11967: 11957: 11885: 11805: 11731: 11711: 11638: 11581: 11545: 11540: 11525: 11515: 11475: 11460: 11415: 11395: 11364: 11309: 11304: 10844: 10435: 10373: 10363: 10316: 9819: 9776: 9732: 9681: 9672: 9655: 9548: 9471: 9369: 9308: 9241: 9191: 9141: 9092: 7877: 7658: 7280: 7006: 5910:

Perra, Mauro; Marinval, Philippe; Fonzo, Ornella; Garnier, Nicolas (2015).

5796: 5627: 5477: 5324: 4864: 4684:. The social context and quality of wine can affect the mood and emotions. 4470: 4017: 3884: 3755: 3704: 3665: 3119: 2969: 2949: 2929: 2769: 2734: 2694: 2674: 2616: 2556: 2521: 2421: 2401: 2260: 2157: 2146: 1984: 1943: 1920: 1896: 1812: 1767: 1483: 1473: 1396:

during pressing, similar to red and rosé wine production. They are notably

1155: 1105: 903: 790: 754: 750: 531:, cannot be ruled out. If these drinks, which seem to be the precursors of 409: 325: 321: 301: 231: 227: 208: 204: 119: 13978: 13953: 13801: 12527: 10593: 9540: 7758: 7433: 4918: 4916: 4324:

A specialist in the science of grapevines; a manager of vineyard pruning,

4262: 1331: 1101: 14203: 14191: 13908: 13669: 13644: 13589: 13511: 13491: 13461: 12991: 12971: 12941: 12878: 12748: 12688: 12652: 12602: 12572: 12562: 12487: 12477: 12467: 12462: 12336: 11860: 11695: 11530: 11500: 11440: 11430: 11425: 11349: 11324: 11299: 11289: 11162: 11113: 11076: 10870: 10725: 10715: 10613: 10378: 10309: 10168: 10007:

Planet Wine: A Grape by Grape Visual Guide to the Contemporary Wine World

9961: 9918: 9745: 7403: 5990: 5940:

MIT technology helps map ancient Phoenician shipwrecks MIT press release.

5748:

Cañete, Eduardo; Chen, Jaime; Martín, Cristian; Rubio, Bartolomé (2018).

5309: 4859: 4806: 4781: 4454: 4343: 4333: 4286: 4203: 4197: 4173: 4145: 4094: 4073: 4065: 4030: 4029:

sects – one of the two main branches of Islam in Turkey (the other being

3941: 3934: 3896: 3830: 3783: 3273: 3044: 3029: 2909: 2829: 2794: 2714: 2581: 2441: 2276: 1990: 1975: 1614: 1590: 1550: 1461: 1387: 1273: 1235: 1111: 746: 742: 713: 647: 589: 545: 329: 289: 216: 181: 13698: 12713: 10495: 7716: 6971:"Classification of Sparkling Wine Style and Quality by MIR Spectroscopy" 6335:

Etymologicon Magnum, Or Universal Etymological Dictionary, on a New Plan

6309: 5699: 5549: 371: 14113: 14048: 13993: 13933: 13878: 13826: 13285: 13228: 12552: 12542: 12400: 12193: 12075: 11923: 11825: 11550: 11495: 11455: 11445: 11420: 11334: 11066: 10982: 10972: 10923: 10829: 10824: 10809: 10745: 10740: 10705: 10603: 10598: 10558: 10485: 10430: 10420: 10402: 10358: 10346: 10336: 10294: 10120: 10110: 9768: 9713: 6133:. United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 7–9. Archived from 4829: 4767: 4755: 4375: 4272: 4137: 4118: 3950: 3720: 3146: 2337: 2321: 2267:

Outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands of

2219: 2215: 2138: 1820: 1785:

About 700 grapes go into one bottle of wine, approximately 2.6 pounds.

1775: 1745: 1661: 1657: 1541: 1529: 1524: 1337: 1305: 1291: 1278: 1269: 1223: 1133: 1125: 1095: 774: 766: 612: 608: 573: 557: 477: 446: 317: 313: 169: 99: 81: 48: 40: 13594: 13315: 12218: 10415: 9599: 9525:"Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)" 9351: 8040: 6184: 5777: 5432:

McGovern, Patrick; Jalabadze, Mindia; et al. (28 November 2017).

4348:

A wine expert who tastes wines to ascertain their quality and flavour

4117:"corks". Although alternative closures are less expensive and prevent 4025:

for more than a thousand years, long before the advent of Islam. Some

1104:, made from blue grapes, where the skins are sorted from early in the 449:

and was consumed and celebrated by ancient civilizations like ancient

14098: 14063: 14033: 13893: 13604: 13366: 13260: 13223: 13001: 12931: 12808: 12788: 12723: 12642: 12517: 12356: 11995: 11835: 11753: 11359: 10944: 10834: 10814: 10750: 10730: 10720: 10680: 10618: 10500: 10440: 10341: 10186: 8484: 6747:

Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words]

6636:

The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics

5526:. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 4874: 4300: 4294: 4136:", or "cask wine". Tucked inside the package is a tap affixed to the 4087: 3927: 3919: 3888: 3771: 3673: 3581: 3461: 3345: 3084: 2984: 2749: 2536: 2496: 2300: 2292: 2079: 1927: 1926:

Some blended wine names are marketing terms whose use is governed by

1819:), while non-European wines are most often classified by grape (e.g. 1749: 1594: 1533: 1507: 1491: 1450: 1438: 1309: 1152:, wine with a characteristically sweet taste and low alcohol content. 1121: 1108:

process or rosé wine can also be made from rosé wine grape varieties.

662:

in modern-day China, dating from the second and first millennia BCE.

620: 532: 481: 305: 247: 185: 13888: 13664: 12863: 9798:

Frémont, Lucie (January 2000). "Biological effects of resveratrol".

9213: 9014:"– Massive Côte du Rhône fine-wine fraud uncovered by French police" 8366: 7234: 5911: 4363:

with a basic- to mid-level knowledge of wine and food–wine pairings

3961:, beginning in the 1600s, with Christian friars and monks producing 804:, developed in 1874 after grapevines were brought back from Europe. 14123: 14118: 14083: 14073: 13983: 13918: 13811: 13750: 13729: 13714: 13564: 13265: 13128: 13071: 13051: 12951: 12926: 12893: 12778: 12637: 12632: 12622: 12537: 12522: 12507: 12178: 11952: 11800: 11758: 11746: 10690: 10685: 10675: 10568: 10548: 10515: 10480: 10326: 10289: 10201: 10196: 10181: 9694: 9653: 7320: 7125: 6891:

Waldin, Monty; A, Harvey David A. Harvey David (19 November 2015),

5223:"National Geographic: Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave" 5060: 5056:– via Loeb Classical Library and University of Chicago Press. 4778: 4653: 4649: 4405: 4357: 4282: 4133: 4102: 4069: 3814: 3763: 3708: 3681: 3677: 3605: 3291: 3201: 3064: 2809: 2173: 2169: 2047: 2043: 2007: 1958: 1931: 1737: 1702: 1677: 1602: 1487: 1446: 1341: 1251: 1213: 1149: 1114:, made from white wine grapes where the grape skins are not removed 1089: 966: 962: 689: 659: 469: 341: 266: 193: 94: 44: 11178: 10410: 2133: 619:

subject nations bringing gifts to the Achaemenid king, among them

360: 14093: 14013: 13998: 13943: 13856: 13836: 13791: 13776: 13760: 13734: 13699: 13659: 13649: 13599: 13544: 13421: 13406: 13325: 13305: 13270: 13203: 12803: 12763: 12743: 12708: 12667: 12592: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12010: 12005: 11962: 11913: 11820: 11143: 10949: 10700: 10553: 10528: 10455: 10191: 9045:"Vintage scam: 66 million bottles of French wine said to be fake" 6440:"Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture" 5343: 5153:

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

4707: 4581: 4308: 4141: 4114: 3930: 3838: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3693: 3669: 3509: 3327: 3309: 3255: 3237: 3024: 2789: 2608: 2576: 2185: 2092: 2075: 2051: 1816: 1761: 1648: 952:), meaning "in (the month)" or "(festival) of the new wine", and 909: 786: 709: 651: 643: 601: 565: 553: 497: 473: 420: 380: 297: 293: 212: 153: 13786: 10304: 7974: 7600:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations" 1799: 1282:

varieties, which actually have red flesh and produce red juice.

1218: 615:

dating back to 515 BCE include carvings depicting soldiers from

104: 14210: 14133: 14058: 13988: 13968: 13963: 13923: 13634: 13559: 13554: 13539: 13516: 13501: 13476: 13466: 13436: 13426: 13416: 13280: 13245: 13235: 13193: 13188: 13168: 13148: 13101: 13076: 13066: 12916: 12783: 12773: 12753: 12728: 12657: 12532: 11108: 11071: 10695: 10583: 10578: 7287: 6968: 5431: 5407:"'World's oldest wine' found in 8,000-year-old jars in Georgia" 4949: 4947: 4945: 4745: 4729: 4657: 4190: 4038: 4022: 3996: 3978: 3892: 3863: 3834: 3809:

is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the

3685: 3557: 3437: 3183: 2904: 2709: 2657: 2436: 2382: 2296: 2195: 2016: 1947: 1880: 1824: 1673: 1618: 1499: 729: 635: 634:(8th century BCE, but possibly relating earlier compositions), 585: 569: 431: 364: 215:), and the wine production process. Many countries enact legal 177: 11664: 5876: 4604:

100 g wine is approximately 100 ml (3.4 fl oz.)

2252: 1577:

with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or

13868: 13674: 13624: 13579: 13569: 13534: 13446: 13320: 13255: 13198: 13061: 13036: 13031: 13016: 12996: 12981: 12961: 12946: 12853: 12843: 12838: 12798: 12793: 12768: 12738: 12703: 12698: 12662: 12647: 12582: 12452: 12366: 11928: 11764: 11726: 10892: 10608: 10563: 10533: 9498:"Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5" 6406: 6390: 6356: 6016:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 355–356. 4676:, life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal 4484: 4211: 4122: 4026: 3904: 3853: 3716: 3653: 3533: 3413: 3219: 2964: 2944: 2924: 2729: 2689: 2669: 2516: 2476: 2416: 2396: 2181: 2161: 2042:

of the manufacture, such as yeast, concentrated grape juice,

2020: 2012: 1669: 1574: 1137: 947: 907: 894: 850: 685: 681: 631: 577: 549: 520: 516: 512: 270: 189: 165: 149: 141: 9069: 7909:

Monitoring by Analysis of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol"

7783: 5278: 4942: 3149:

in a given year, according to the most recent data from the

13781: 13441: 13026: 13006: 12936: 12888: 12883: 12818: 12758: 12361: 12030: 11985: 10051:

Creating Wine: The Emergence of a World Industry, 1840–1914

7544: 7212:

Jancis Robinson's Wine Course: A Guide to the World of Wine

6940:"The most popular Types of wine & types of wine grapes" 5250:"Traces of 6,000-year-old wine discovered in Sicilian cave" 4673: 4629: 4082: 4000: 3982: 3657: 2624: 1610: 1598: 1578: 1568: 1464:, which can be up to 6 standard atmospheres (88 psi). 1356: 1352: 1301: 1158:, are sweet wines that are typically served with a dessert. 725: 655: 504: 489: 405: 173: 161: 9919:

McCarthy, Ed; Mary Ewing-Mulligan; Piero Antinori (2006).

9154: 5987:

Grandiose Survey of Chinese Alcoholic Drinks and Beverages

4105:). An increasing number of wine producers have been using 2263:

from the Bordeaux region of France, is highly collectible.

1740:. Most of the world's vineyards are planted with European 1683:

Wine can also be made from other species of grape or from

1146:, wine with a higher alcohol content than the other types. 1064:-, a native Kartvelian word derived from the verbal root * 14008: 13614: 13213: 12873: 9333: 9105: 8959: 8732: 7056:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 290. 6715:

Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon

6402: 5909: 4672:

during unconsciousness. A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes

4504: 4194: 3110:

The UK was the world's largest importer of wine in 2007.

2873:* May include official, semi-official or estimated data. 934:). The earliest attested terms referring to wine are the 9280: 8759: 8612:. American Palate Series (in Italian). American Palate. 6157:. American Palate Series (in Italian). American Palate. 5279:

Harutyunyan, Mkrtich; Malfeito-Ferreira, Manuel (2022).

5217: 5215: 3821:

obligation of adults to drink four cups of wine. In the

2603:* May include official, semi-official or estimated data. 2313:

A consensus among experts as to the quality of the wines

1997:

Appellation d'Origine Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure

1340:

from red grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a

10129: 7347:"Celebrate National Trivia Day with These 35 Fun Facts" 5854:

Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture

5582:

McGovern, Patrick E.; et al. (30 September 2003).

5434:"Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus" 4121:, they have been blamed for such problems as excessive 3794:

The blessing over wine said before consuming the drink.

3731:(usually with brandy) may contain 20% alcohol or more. 2303:. Characteristics of highly collectible wines include: 1573:

Mead, also called honey wine, is created by fermenting

658:. Traces of wine have also been found in central Asian 246:

but is mainly connected to later Spanish traditions in

242:

has some connection to alcoholic beverages made by the

9626: 7980: 7789: 7321:"High Alcohol is a Wine Fault... Not a Badge of Honor" 7293: 6220:"Vinland: The Mystical Legend of "The Land of Grapes"" 6144: 5584:"Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China" 5550:"Backdirt | UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology" 3973: 1304:

during the separation of the pulp-juice. For example,

720:

supported wine because the clergy required it for the

14163: 7717:

Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (May 2006).

6874:

pgs 15, 225, 320, 360 Time Warner Books, London 2003

6719:. Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 6608:

Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Ivanov, Vjačeslav V. (1994).

5747: 5594:(51). The National Academy of Sciences: 17593–17598. 5212: 4128:

Some wines are packaged in thick plastic bags within

3118:"Drink wine" redirects here. For the Adele song, see 1609:), are made from starch-based materials and resemble 1478:

This refers to sweet wines that have a high level of

970: 965:

inscriptions. Linear B also includes, inter alia, an

953: 938: 457:. Throughout history, wine has been consumed for its 19:

This article is about the drink. For other uses, see

8518:

The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism

7981:

Johnson, Hugh; Jancis Robinson (13 September 2001).

7790:

Johnson, Hugh; Jancis Robinson (13 September 2001).

7294:

Johnson, Hugh; Jancis Robinson (13 September 2001).

5827:"2,600-year-old wine 'factory' unearthed in Lebanon" 5317: 5072:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1903. p. 263 4796: 1930:

law rather than by specific wine laws. For example,

816:

Map showing the words for wine in European languages

757:, and these wine grape traditions were brought into 548:

wine press was excavated at Tell el-Burak, south of

265:

Wine has long played an important role in religion.

207:

development of the grape, the reactions involved in

12429: 8962:"Chinese Government Shuts Down Fake Wine Producers" 8935:"Italian wine under investigation for adulteration" 7021:"How much pressure is there in a champagne bottle?" 6864: 6577:

Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages

6545:

Indo-European Language and Culture, an introduction

6253:(Fourth ed.). Dorling Kindersly. p. 568. 5005:"Ranked: World's Biggest Wine Producers by Country" 2356:

Grapes fermenting to make wine in Western Australia

8515: 8450: 7719:"Change to Vintage Date Requirements (2005R-212P)" 7486:"German Wine Guide: Wine Laws and Classifications" 7149:The Simon & Schuster Pocket Wine Label Decoder 7140: 6854:Third Edition pg 593 Oxford University Press 2006 6518:"Palaeolexicon - The Linear B word wo-no-wa-ti-si" 4411:In 2008, some Italian wines were found to include 3145:measured in liters of pure ethyl alcohol consumed 3137:Wine as a share of total alcohol consumption, 2010 1098:, made from green grapes or destemmed blue grapes. 8835:"Holy Hangover! Wine Bottles Cause Air Pollution" 8768:. 6th International Conference on Water in Food. 8540: 8421: 8367:"Kuopion Viinijuhlat » Kuopio Wine Festival" 7759:"Parker v. Prial: The Death of the Vintage Chart" 7404:"Terroir revisited: towards a working definition" 7124:. Anderson Valley Brewing Company. Archived from 6607: 6078: 6005: 3727:, with most wines being in the 12.5–14.5% range. 1756:– the only places not yet exposed to the insect. 1429:Two common methods of accomplishing this are the 1260:) from the grape skin, by allowing the grapes to 800:In East Asia, the first modern wine industry was 492:. The earliest known winery from 4100 BCE is the 14223: 9697:"Alcohol, Drinking Pattern, and Chronic Disease" 9334:Lindberg, Matthew L.; Ezra A. Amsterdam (2008). 7933: 7902: 6659: 5723:, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, p. 1, 3745:Wine in religious communities of the Middle East 2611:. The world's southernmost vineyards are in the 1060:. An alternate hypothesis by Fähnrich supposes * 9602:"General Information on Alcohol Use and Health" 8733:J. L. CALHEIROS E MENESES (14 September 2014). 8448: 6667:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–195. 6273: 6242: 6185:New Mexico. Office of Cultural Affairs (1995). 5670: 5588:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5438:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4398:was used as a sweetener in some Austrian wines. 3944:. Some Christians who were part of the growing 3696:is known for its annual Kuopio Wine Festivals ( 2307:A proven track record of holding well over time 2121:), are only made in better-than-average years. 10047: 9287:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 8990:. Drinkingny.wordpress.com. 27 December 2010. 8960:Xinhua and Staff Reporter (24 December 2010). 8280:"Wine as a share of total alcohol consumption" 7627: 7625: 7203: 7173:"Don't Judge a Wine by the Grape on Its Label" 7076:Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat (Anthea Bell, tr.) 5707: 5241: 4449:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 4253:A craftsperson of wooden barrels and casks. A 1513: 1441:, and more expensive sparkling wines, and the 1256:Red wine gains its color and flavor (notably, 12234: 11680: 11194: 10908: 10145: 9412: 9248: 8801: 8605: 7573:"Langton's Australian Wine Classification IV" 6429:Found on the PY Vn 48 and PY Xa 1419 tablets. 6150: 5171: 1048:or the lexeme was specifically borrowed from 688:is from the late 4th-century BCE writings of 164:in the process. Wine is most often made from 12133:Effects of climate change on wine production 9600:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 9585:. American Heart Association. Archived from 9420:. Hoboken.: Taylor and Francis. p. 55. 6826:(in German). Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 6695:Constituent Order in the Languages of Europe 5741: 4285:. In the 2000s, BSc degrees in oenology and 773:heritage, these grapes were also brought to 630:Literary references to wine are abundant in 13702:and infused distilled drinks by ingredients 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 8315:(Report). World Health Organization. 2011. 8105:of the United Nations (FAO). Archived from 7622: 7547:"Towards an Australian Wine Classification" 6707: 5879:"La vita e il vino nella Sardegna nuragica" 4961:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 4762:Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause 4369: 3922:, many Protestants also allow (or require) 3887:, wine is used in a sacred rite called the 2006:(AOC) or similar, depending on the region. 1953: 393:The earliest known traces of wine are from 383:is home to the world's oldest known winery. 260:International Organisation of Vine and Wine 13100: 12261: 12241: 12227: 11687: 11673: 11201: 11187: 10915: 10901: 10152: 10138: 9749:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 9660:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 9629:"Alcohol, Wine and Cardiovascular Disease" 9336:"Alcohol, wine, and cardiovascular health" 8832: 8697:Sahih Muslim Book 043, Hadith Number 7186. 8310:Global status report on alcohol and health 8122:"New Zealand Wine Regions – Central Otago" 7545:Chlebnikowski, Simon; Alex Chlebnikowski. 6692: 6580:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 227. 6541: 5673:"The worlds of wine: Old, new and ancient" 4033:) – use wine in their religious services. 3711:, since its acidity lends balance to rich 3664:. Wine is often served with dinner. Sweet 336:, likewise, viticulture traditions in the 34: 10074:Windows on the World Complete Wine Course 9722: 9712: 9671: 9516: 9461: 9446:"Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders" 9359: 9327: 9298: 9231: 9181: 9131: 8833:Muzaurieta, Annie Bell (1 October 2008). 8457:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 8005: 7318: 7270: 7260: 7096:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 7. 6996: 6986: 6677: 6632: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6287:. Octopus Publishing Group. p. 376. 6248: 6212: 6061: 5786: 5776: 5713: 5698: 5688: 5617: 5607: 5467: 5457: 5308: 5298: 5177: 5146: 5084: 4620:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption 4314:A wine producer; a person who makes wine 3734: 2645:Top ten wine exporting countries in 2022 2011:other countries' classification systems. 1178:The type of grape used and the amount of 544:In 2020, a 2,600-year-old well-preserved 541:, which was introduced 6000 years later. 344:friars and monks first produced wines in 10115: 10023: 9522: 9490: 9437: 9198: 8797: 8795: 8639: 8522:. Boston, Massachusetts: BRILL. p. 8425:Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide, 7th Edition 8174:"Wine exports by country worldwide 2022" 8119: 7209: 6817: 6639:. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 505. 6496:. American School of Classical Studies. 6084: 6011: 5851: 5664: 5581: 5028: 4697: 4694:Long-term effects of alcohol consumption 4189: 4081: 3972: 3848: 3640: 3143:list of countries by alcohol consumption 3132: 3124: 2351: 2251: 2132: 2096: 1957: 1798: 1628: 1120:, made from both green and blue grapes. 811: 664: 650:bearing the name "Kha'y", a royal chief 370: 359: 12248: 11093:Clarification and stabilization of wine 9939: 9896: 9877: 9797: 8549:"Pesach: What We Eat and Why We Eat It" 8513: 8191: 8091: 7683: 7089: 7083: 6890: 6822:Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch 6116:. Series 1. Episode 9. 3 November 2006. 6068:Practical Winery & Vineyard Journal 6036: 5949: 5577: 5575: 5542: 4777:Although red wine contains more of the 4664:, vomiting, and death may occur due to 4257:is a facility that produces such casks 3770:of Dionysus used wine as a sacramental 1934:is generally a Bordeaux-style blend of 842:The English word "wine" comes from the 835:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14224: 10004: 9982: 9960: 9858: 9837: 9608:from the original on 18 September 2008 8609:New Mexico Wine: An Enchanting History 7816:"Fruity character and breathing times" 7549:. Nicks Wine Merchants. Archived from 7146: 6844: 6799: 6612:. Berlin/New York: Mouton De Gruyter. 6573: 6562: 6489: 6328: 6154:New Mexico Wine: An Enchanting History 6041:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 82–89. 5648:. ScienceDaily LLC. 24 December 2004. 5490: 5381:American Institute for Cancer Research 5093:"New Mexico's Deep Winemaking History" 4165:portability and recyclable packaging. 4021:(Persian wine) was a central theme of 3660:to the most sophisticated and complex 2634: 1988:("table wine") at the bottom, through 1643:Wine is usually made from one or more 258:. Based on statistics gathered by the 13697: 13099: 12428: 12260: 12222: 11668: 11182: 10896: 10133: 10114: 10071: 9563:from the original on 13 February 2020 9443: 9315:from the original on 1 September 2019 8792: 8714:from the original on 13 December 2013 8551:. Project Genesis Inc. Archived from 7828:from the original on 10 November 2013 7735:from the original on 16 December 2008 7698:from the original on 10 November 2013 7579:from the original on 27 December 2014 7466:from the original on 4 September 2019 7049: 6772: 6754:from the original on 26 February 2020 6633:Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen (2012). 6472:. Université de Liège. Archived from 5829:. National Geographic. Archived from 5560:from the original on 30 November 2020 5530:from the original on 6 September 2010 5413:from the original on 14 November 2017 5387:from the original on 20 December 2016 5247: 5090: 5002: 4930:from the original on 14 November 2017 3362:Wine vs. beer consumption per capita 2066:in such quantity that the content of 1770:and taste influences of their unique 1453:, and less expensive wines. A hybrid 1264:. Red wine is made from dark-colored 1031: 1013: 997: 568:(as well as including small parts of 8964:. Wantchinatimes.com. Archived from 8666: 8495:from the original on 2 December 2019 8369:(in Finnish). Kuopio Wine Festival. 7985:. Mitchell Beazley. pp. 44–45. 7753: 7665:from the original on 13 January 2008 7496:from the original on 22 January 2013 7298:. Mitchell Beazley. pp. 22–23. 6905:10.1093/acref/9780198705383.001.0001 6743: 6548:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 42. 6089:. Harper Perennial. pp. 62–63. 5922:from the original on 16 October 2022 5824: 5806:from the original on 16 October 2022 5714:Li, Yuanbo; Bardaji, Isabel (2018), 5572: 5521: 5503:from the original on 2 December 2014 5260:from the original on 14 October 2017 5140: 4953: 4924:"Georgia made 'world's oldest wine'" 4382:List of food contamination incidents 4243:A person in charge of a wine cellar 3749: 3156: 2639: 2141:is the first step in tasting a wine. 1982:, with classifications ranging from 1589:Other drinks called "wine", such as 1355:), saignée (removing juice from the 1044:-, which is either a borrowing from 961:, meaning "wine garden", written in 765:were brought by Franciscan monks to 596:As the first great traders in wine ( 11208: 9529:The New England Journal of Medicine 8994:from the original on 4 January 2014 8679:from the original on 29 August 2013 8640:Harrison, Frances (11 April 2008). 8606:Birchell, D. B.; Steel, G. (2013). 6944:Food and Beverage service knowledge 6686: 6671: 6464: 6442:. Dartmouth College. Archived from 5884:(in Italian). Preistoria del Cibo. 5652:from the original on 23 August 2018 5351:"Effects at Specific B.A.C. Levels" 5194:Archaeological Institute of America 5159:from the original on 26 August 2012 5103:from the original on 23 August 2019 4606:Sugar and alcohol content can vary. 4392:1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal 1759:In the context of wine production, 1092:, made from blue grapes with skins. 867:), "wine", itself derived from the 367:, historically used in wine making. 211:, the grape's growing environment ( 13: 11737:International Grape Genome Program 9966:Oldman's Guide to Outsmarting Wine 9904:(5th ed.). Mitchell Beazley. 9844:. University of California Press. 9830: 9478:from the original on 18 March 2015 9051:from the original on 26 April 2021 9024:from the original on 26 April 2021 8915:from the original on 11 March 2020 8642:"Alcohol fatwa sparks controversy" 8583:. 3 September 1956. Archived from 8546: 8428:. Simon and Schuster. p. 15. 8290:from the original on 16 March 2020 8260:from the original on 16 March 2020 8230:from the original on 22 April 2009 8224:"UK tops world wine imports table" 7903:ETS Laboratories (15 March 2001). 7884:from the original on 25 April 2006 7875: 7854:from the original on 10 April 2018 7656: 7632:Title 27 of the United States Code 7597: 7430:"The Spirit of the Commemorations" 7410:from the original on 23 March 2020 7383:from the original on 1 August 2013 7353:from the original on 3 August 2021 7319:Citriglia, Matthew (14 May 2006). 7210:Robinson, Jancis (28 April 2006). 6626: 6307: 6151:Birchell, D.B.; Steel, G. (2013). 6085:Phillips, Rod (12 November 2002). 6062:Henderson, Pat (1 February 2009). 5980: 5891:from the original on 3 August 2018 4901:from the original on 12 April 2023 1624: 1613:more than traditional wine, while 1308:(a red grape) is commonly used in 638:(7th century BCE), and others. In 588:were exported to Egypt during the 244:indigenous peoples of the Americas 199:Different varieties of grapes and 14: 14273: 11717:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 10177:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 10092: 9523:Schuckit, MA (27 November 2014). 9394:from the original on 21 July 2022 9042: 8988:"Adulterated Chinese wine seized" 8859:. 11 January 2010. Archived from 8403:from the original on 14 June 2020 8373:from the original on 26 July 2020 8204:Food and Agriculture Organization 8154:from the original on 10 June 2008 8103:Food and Agriculture Organization 7771:from the original on 25 June 2008 7684:Platman, Clive (2 October 2002). 7610:from the original on 17 July 2017 7401: 7191:from the original on 9 April 2018 7119: 6781:from the original on 7 April 2014 6230:from the original on 17 June 2020 5331:from the original on 1 April 2020 5248:Tondo, Lorenzo (30 August 2017). 5225:. 12 January 2011. Archived from 4702:Most significant of the possible 4648:. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes 4426: 3913:Eucharistic theologies contrasted 3774:to induce a mind-altering state. 3762:religious ceremonies was common. 3129:Wine consumption per person, 2014 1938:and Merlot, but may also include 1923:are the three largest producers. 1788: 564:coast centered around modern day 14209: 14197: 14185: 14173: 12205: 12204: 11156: 10864: 9791: 9739: 9688: 9647: 9635:from the original on 4 July 2008 9620: 9593: 9575: 9504:from the original on 18 May 2015 9444:Hasin, Deborah (December 2003). 9406: 9376: 9274: 9148: 9099: 9063: 9036: 9006: 8980: 8953: 8927: 8905:"Wine Fridges and Wine Cabinets" 8897: 8875: 8849: 8826: 8814:from the original on 23 May 2019 8753: 8726: 8700: 8691: 8667:Tait, Robert (12 October 2005). 8660: 8648:from the original on 12 May 2011 8633: 8599: 8567: 8507: 8482: 8476: 8442: 8415: 8393:"6 Secrets of Cooking With Wine" 8385: 8359: 8329: 8302: 8272: 8242: 8216: 8166: 8140: 8113: 8053: 8026: 8009:The great book of French cuisine 7999: 7946: 7934:ETS Laboratories (15 May 2002). 7927: 7896: 7869: 7840: 7794:. Mitchell Beazley. p. 46. 7031:from the original on 4 June 2021 6950:from the original on 21 May 2021 6921:from the original on 4 June 2021 6872:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Wine 6805:Etymological Dictionary of Greek 6542:Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (2010). 6128:"Global Wine Report August 2006" 5730:from the original on 23 May 2022 5200:from the original on 5 June 2011 4799: 4712:fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 3977:All alcohol is prohibited under 3652:Wine is a popular and important 3630: 3598: 3574: 3550: 3526: 3502: 3478: 3454: 3430: 3406: 3382: 3338: 3320: 3302: 3284: 3266: 3248: 3230: 3212: 3194: 3176: 3083: 3063: 3043: 3023: 3003: 2983: 2963: 2943: 2923: 2903: 2848: 2828: 2808: 2788: 2768: 2748: 2728: 2708: 2688: 2668: 2575: 2555: 2535: 2515: 2495: 2475: 2455: 2435: 2415: 2395: 2344:List of wine-producing countries 2026: 1978:systems based on the concept of 1736:Hybridization is different from 1080: 692:, the chief minister of Emperor 332:have heritages in connection to 152:in the fruit and converts it to 11694: 8735:"The cork industry in Portugal" 8120:Courtney, Sue (16 April 2005). 7808: 7747: 7710: 7677: 7659:"Wine vintages, vintage charts" 7650: 7591: 7565: 7538: 7508: 7478: 7448: 7422: 7395: 7365: 7339: 7327:from the original on 5 May 2008 7312: 7228: 7214:. Abbeville Press. p. 97. 7165: 7113: 7070: 7043: 7013: 6962: 6932: 6884: 6811: 6793: 6775:"Kartvelian Etymology database" 6766: 6737: 6701: 6653: 6601: 6535: 6510: 6483: 6467:"The Last days of Pylos Polity" 6458: 6432: 6423: 6396: 6383: 6349: 6322: 6301: 6267: 6251:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia 6120: 6103: 6055: 6030: 5974: 5943: 5934: 5916:Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 5903: 5870: 5845: 5818: 5634: 5515: 5491:Tucker, Abigail (August 2011). 5484: 5425: 5399: 5369: 5272: 5147:Ellsworth, Amy (18 July 2012). 4644:, and impair judgment and fine 3844: 2275:" are considered by some to be 2192:Vertical and horizontal tasting 2058:, sugar, or aqueous solutions. 2003:Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée 1200:Short contact with grape skins 1186:—all may be made sweet or dry. 646:were found in the tomb of King 16:Alcoholic drink made from fruit 12279:History of alcoholic beverages 10922: 10054:. Princeton University Press. 9256:"Alcohol Facts and Statistics" 8778:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.019 8199:"Crops and livestock products" 8006:Pellaprat, Henri-Paul (2003). 7968:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.02.038 7598:Branch, Legislative Services. 6852:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 6490:Wright, James C., ed. (2004). 5956:. Simon and Schuster. p. 5856:. Princeton University Press. 5409:. BBC News. 13 November 2017. 5091:Adams, Fiona (29 April 2019). 5022: 4996: 4926:. BBC News. 13 November 2017. 4887: 4602:10.6 g alcohol is 13%vol. 4217: 3684:around the world; the city of 3113: 2623:, and the northernmost are in 2362:2014 wine production estimates 2348:List of wine-producing regions 1197:Long contact with grape skins 1173: 849:, an early borrowing from the 1: 12164:Glossary of viticulture terms 11796:Diurnal temperature variation 11119:Glossary of viticulture terms 10033:(3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. 9902:Hugh Johnson's Wine Companion 9880:Larousse Encyclopedia of Wine 9878:Foulkes, Christopher (2001). 9812:10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00410-5 9174:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2 9085:10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.006 8802:Augustus Weed (22 May 2019). 8250:"Wine consumption per person" 7093:A History of Beer and Brewing 6665:The Indo-European Controversy 6337:. Francis Hodson. p. 145 5852:McGovern, Patrick E. (2003). 4880: 4613: 3766:often included wine, and the 3141:Wine-consumption data from a 2331: 2233: 1540:) and are generically called 1426:, which creates the bubbles. 435: 424: 413: 398: 170:from a variety of fruit crops 12174:Glossary of winemaking terms 11124:Glossary of winemaking terms 10030:The Oxford Companion to Wine 9627:American Heart Association. 9233:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005 8453:The Oxford Companion to Wine 7262:10.1371/journal.pone.0108078 6897:The Oxford Companion to Wine 6697:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 6014:The Oxford Companion to Wine 5981:Rong, Xu Gan; Fa, Bao Tong. 5757:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 4721:increases the risk of cancer 4687: 4047: 3817:) during the Seder, it is a 3799:Wine is an integral part of 2627:, Sweden, just north of the 1544:or country wine (similar to 1403: 1203:No contact with grape skins 807: 340:started within New Spain as 296:also incorporates it in the 7: 9988:Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide 9073:Food Research International 8206:of the United Nations (FAO) 7956:Journal of Food Engineering 7636:Code of Federal Regulations 6899:, Oxford University Press, 6663:; Lewis, Martin W. (2015). 6315:Online Etymology Dictionary 4954:Doce, Elisa Guerra (2004). 4792: 4638:blood alcohol concentration 4172:kegs and is referred to as 4007:that disappeared after the 3754:The use of wine in ancient 2374:(with link to wine article) 2086: 1514:From other fruits and foods 1262:soak in the extracted juice 825:Linear B Unicode characters 680:The first known mention of 277:, and was used by both the 10: 14278: 11943:Integrated pest management 11044:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 9583:"Alcohol and Heart Health" 8883:"Storing Wine Temperature" 8804:"Canned Wine Comes of Age" 8422:Parker, Robert M. (2008). 8337:"Wine Statistics for 2019" 8041:website "Fine wine offers" 7025:BBC Science Focus Magazine 6407: 6357: 6039:Vintage: The Story of Wine 6012:Robinson, J., ed. (2006). 5983:"Wine Production in China" 5953:Vintage: The Story of Wine 4772:American Heart Association 4691: 4617: 4459:355 kJ (85 kcal) 4436: 4430: 4379: 4373: 4183: 4179: 4051: 3988: 3891:, which originates in the 3875:Christian views on alcohol 3872: 3856:making wine from water in 3801:Jewish laws and traditions 3781: 3777: 3738: 3634: 3117: 2879:2013 export market shares 2341: 2335: 2237: 2150: 2144: 2128: 2107:American Viticultural Area 2090: 1792: 1636: 1566: 1522: 1471: 1467: 1407: 1385: 1329: 1289: 1249: 1190:Types of wine from grapes 971: 954: 948: 939: 908: 895: 386: 355: 338:Southwestern United States 18: 14252:Ceremonial food and drink 14148: 13707: 13693: 13527: 13336: 13113: 13109: 13095: 12904: 12678: 12442: 12438: 12424: 12324: 12271: 12267: 12256: 12202: 12156: 12138:Environmental stewardship 12113: 12019: 11976: 11894: 11851: 11781: 11702: 11616: 11595: 11569: 11378: 11267: 11216: 11152: 11134:History of the wine press 11101: 11085: 11057: 11024:Sparkling wine production 11009: 10991: 10958: 10930: 10858: 10797: 10759: 10654: 10631: 10514: 10401: 10389: 10282: 10210: 10167: 10127: 9124:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185 8034:Berry Brothers & Rudd 7147:George, Rosemary (1991). 6988:10.3390/molecules20058341 6693:Siewierska, Anna (1998). 6558:– via Google books. 6506:– via Google books. 5930:– via academia.edu. 5690:10.1016/j.wep.2018.10.002 5677:Wine Economics and Policy 5149:"7,000 Year-old Wine Jar" 4974:10.1007/s10816-014-9205-z 4599: 4595: 4580: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4541: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4448: 3151:World Health Organization 2863: 2590: 1584: 1381: 1222: 1165: 880: 837: instead of Linear B. 783:wine of the United States 87: 76: 63: 55: 33: 13551:Coconut and other palms 12923:Coconut and other palms 12294:History of Bordeaux wine 12066:Great French Wine Blight 11129:Wine tasting descriptors 10850:Wine tasting descriptors 10779:Phenolic content in wine 10671:Alternative wine closure 10255:Great French Wine Blight 10159: 9300:10.1136/jech.2008.082198 9043:Paris, Charles Bremner. 8449:Jancis Robinson (2006). 8226:. BBC. 14 January 2009. 7644:17 February 2007 at the 6818:Fähnrich, Heinz (2007). 6678:Arbeitman, Yoël (2000). 6574:Klimov, Georgij (1998). 5493:"The Beer Archaeologist" 5178:Berkowitz, Mark (1996). 5069:Congressional Serial Set 4870:Wine warehouses of Bercy 4370:Forgery and manipulation 4101:(50% of which come from 4062:Alternative wine closure 4005:a thriving wine industry 3968: 2615:region of New Zealand's 2153:Wine tasting descriptors 2101:Vintage French Champagne 1954:European classifications 1562: 1554:). Other than the grape 1518: 1400:, and usually made dry. 1285: 607:The earliest remains of 12379:Drinking establishments 12148:Sustainable agriculture 11929:Frost damage prevention 11811:Regional climate levels 11019:Malolactic fermentation 10048:Simpson, James (2011). 10005:Pigott, Stuart (2004). 9940:MacNeil, Karen (2001). 9220:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 8547:Rutman, Rabbi Yisrael. 8514:Neusner, Jacob (2000). 8046:20 January 2012 at the 7983:The World Atlas of Wine 7792:The World Atlas of Wine 7296:The World Atlas of Wine 6373:A Greek–English Lexicon 6329:Whiter, Walter (1800). 6284:The World Atlas of Wine 6191:. New Mexico Magazine. 6087:A Short History of Wine 5609:10.1073/pnas.0407921102 5459:10.1073/pnas.1714728114 5300:10.3390/heritage5020043 5180:"World's Earliest Wine" 4835:List of grape varieties 4719:consumption of ethanol 4132:boxes, and are called " 4093:Most wines are sold in 3868:Visoki Dečani monastery 3668:may be served with the 2206:), "spicy" or "smoky" ( 1879:; Vale dos Vinhedos in 1835:, Anderson Valley, and 1639:List of grape varieties 1530:Wines from other fruits 1325: 992:, Ancient Greek οἶνος, 980:Indo-European languages 441:BCE). Wine reached the 13586:Sugarcane or molasses 13023:Sugarcane or molasses 12262:History and production 12169:Glossary of wine terms 11401:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9990:. Simon and Schuster. 9859:Dominé, André (2001). 9838:Colman, Tyler (2008). 9413:Jill Littrell (2014). 8710:. Central-mosque.com. 7850:. Williamson's Wines. 7050:Fitch, Edward (1990). 6249:Stevenson, T. (2005). 6113:Tales from the Palaces 6110:"The Great Resource". 5950:Johnson, Hugh (1989). 4840:Health effects of wine 4825:Classification of wine 4820:Glossary of wine terms 4715: 4666:respiratory depression 4433:Health effects of wine 4200: 4090: 3986: 3870: 3797: 3735:Religious significance 3649: 3138: 3130: 2357: 2264: 2142: 2102: 1971: 1831:, Santa Clara Valley, 1804: 1795:Classification of wine 1634: 1420:secondary fermentation 1245: 823:This section contains 817: 769:in 1628 beginning the 677: 623:bringing their famous 523:, contained traces of 384: 368: 256:wine-producing regions 12309:History of Rioja wine 10820:Wine and food pairing 10072:Zraly, Kevin (2006). 9863:. Cologne: Könemann. 9541:10.1056/NEJMra1407298 8012:. New York: Vendome. 7824:. 18 September 2005. 7821:The New Straits Times 7686:"Wine: Lovely bubbly" 7373:"Wine classification" 7090:Hornsey, Ian (2003). 6682:. Peeters Publishers. 6522:www.palaeolexicon.com 6364:Liddell, Henry George 6074:on 28 September 2013. 5522:McGovern, Patrick E. 5444:(48): E10309–E10318. 4701: 4547:Vitamins and minerals 4437:Further information: 4193: 4168:Some wine is sold in 4130:corrugated fiberboard 4085: 3976: 3938:Thomas Bramwell Welch 3852: 3787: 3644: 3637:Wine and food pairing 3635:Further information: 3486:São Tomé and Príncipe 3136: 3128: 2355: 2255: 2136: 2100: 1961: 1803:Wine grapes on a vine 1802: 1632: 1298:white grape varieties 815: 718:Roman Catholic Church 668: 374: 365:Georgian clay vessels 363: 21:Wine (disambiguation) 14020:Mammee apple flower 12299:History of Champagne 10471:Muscat of Alexandria 10009:. Mitchell Beazley. 9673:10.1093/ajcn/nqab250 9168:(10152): 1015–1035. 9112:J Stud Alcohol Drugs 8887:maridajesgourmet.com 8741:on 14 September 2014 7942:on 19 February 2008. 7349:. 27 December 2019. 6801:Beekes, Robert S. P. 6224:WineCoolerDirect.com 6037:Johnson, H. (1989). 5497:Smithsonian Magazine 5003:Rojo Moro, Alberto. 4756:Alcohol use disorder 4682:drinking and driving 4642:flushing of the face 4277:A wine scientist or 4227:Related professions 4107:alternative closures 3879:Alcohol in the Bible 3859:The Marriage at Cana 3741:Religion and alcohol 2893:(% of value in US$ ) 1895:; Central Valley in 1504:Trockenbeerenauslese 459:intoxicating effects 269:was associated with 14070:Sugarcane/molasses 12513:Moscatel de Setúbal 12406:Yeast in winemaking 12394:Yeast in winemaking 12250:Alcoholic beverages 12123:Adaptive management 11049:Yeast in winemaking 11001:Carbonic maceration 9761:2013NYASA1290...37T 9589:on 19 January 2016. 9340:Clinical Cardiology 8845:on 1 December 2008. 8587:on 18 November 2007 7915:on 19 February 2008 7460:German wine society 7456:"About German Wine" 7253:2014PLoSO...9j8078F 7179:. 1 February 2018. 7128:on 27 February 2008 7078:The History of Food 6773:Starostin, Sergei. 6744:Adjarian, Hrachia. 6493:The Mycenaean feast 6226:. 19 October 2017. 5769:2018Senso..18..803C 5600:2004PNAS..10117593M 5450:2017PNAS..11410309M 5377:"wine-serving-size" 4742:atrial fibrillation 4738:high blood pressure 4670:inhalation of vomit 4662:anterograde amnesia 4660:, unconsciousness, 4445: 4328:, and pest control 4228: 4003:had previously had 3946:temperance movement 3827:Temple in Jerusalem 3768:religious mysteries 3698:Kuopion viinijuhlat 3363: 3163: 2880: 2646: 2635:Exporting countries 2629:59th parallel north 2621:45th parallel south 2364: 2299:and elsewhere; and 2210:), and rotten egg ( 2054:or glucose solids, 1974:France has various 1875:; Luján de Cuyo in 1510:are some examples. 1346:skin contact method 1266:red grape varieties 1191: 1068:- ('to bend'). See 1056:-, whence Armenian 1046:Proto-Indo-European 869:Proto-Indo-European 694:Chandragupta Maurya 672:after the harvest; 472:(which encompasses 443:Mediterranean Basin 30: 12304:History of Chianti 12272:History of alcohol 12041:Botrytis bunch rot 11861:Grapevine planting 11791:Climate categories 11039:Traditional method 10840:Wine personalities 10544:Cabernet Sauvignon 9769:10.1111/nyas.12150 9714:10.3390/nu14091954 8911:. 20 August 2007. 8863:on 11 January 2010 8575:"Almost Like Wine" 8485:"Pesach: Passover" 8471:alcoholic strength 7936:"Sulfides in Wine" 7876:Breton, Félicien. 7657:Breton, Félicien. 7604:laws.justice.gc.ca 7323:. GeekSpeak, LLC. 7177:The New York Times 7080:, 2nd ed. 2009:30. 6709:Martirosyan, Hrach 5327:. 6 October 2018. 5325:"B.A.C. Per Drink" 4716: 4646:motor coordination 4628:, the chemical in 4570:Other constituents 4443: 4226: 4201: 4091: 4009:Islamic Revolution 3987: 3903:22:19) describing 3871: 3650: 3361: 3170:Liters per capita 3161: 3139: 3131: 2878: 2644: 2360: 2358: 2265: 2143: 2103: 1972: 1936:Cabernet Sauvignon 1805: 1666:Cabernet Sauvignon 1635: 1617:is fortified with 1431:traditional method 1336:A rosé wine gains 1189: 818: 777:which started the 678: 674:Tacuinum Sanitatis 385: 369: 59:Alcoholic beverage 28: 14161: 14160: 14144: 14143: 13847:Chocolate liqueur 13808:Blackthorn shrub 13689: 13688: 13685: 13684: 13641:Various starches 13397:Tennessee whiskey 13091: 13090: 13087: 13086: 13058:Various starches 12420: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12314:History of Sherry 12216: 12215: 12061:Grapevine yellows 11662: 11661: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11169: 10940:Late harvest wine 10890: 10889: 10627: 10626: 10524:Alicante Bouschet 10272:Judgment of Paris 10083:978-1-4027-3928-6 10061:978-1-4008-3888-2 10040:978-0-19-860990-2 10016:978-1-84000-776-3 9997:978-0-7432-7198-1 9975:978-0-14-200492-0 9953:978-1-56305-434-1 9932:978-0-470-04579-4 9925:. HarperCollins. 9911:978-1-84000-704-6 9889:978-2-03-585013-3 9851:978-0-520-25521-0 9500:. November 2013. 9427:978-1-317-78314-5 9388:www.niaaa.nih.gov 9352:10.1002/clc.20263 9079:(Pt 1): 254–265. 9020:. 16 March 2018. 8968:on 2 January 2014 8839:thedailygreen.com 8669:"End of the vine" 8619:978-1-60949-643-2 8533:978-90-04-11617-7 8464:978-0-19-860990-2 8435:978-1-4391-3997-4 8341:Dr. Liz Thach, MW 8322:978-92-4-156415-1 8284:Our World in Data 8254:Our World in Data 8099:"Crops processed" 8079:on 4 October 2020 8019:978-0-86565-231-6 7992:978-1-84000-332-1 7801:978-1-84000-332-1 7526:on 31 August 2007 7377:French Wine Guide 7305:978-1-84000-332-1 7221:978-0-7892-0883-5 7158:978-0-671-72897-7 7103:978-0-85404-630-0 7063:978-0-87542-224-4 6914:978-0-19-870538-3 6850:J. Robinson (ed) 6661:Pereltsvaig, Asya 6646:978-87-635-3838-1 6587:978-3-11-015658-4 6308:Harper, Douglas. 6198:978-0-937206-39-3 6164:978-1-60949-643-2 6096:978-0-06-093737-9 5993:on 28 August 2008 5967:978-0-671-68702-1 5778:10.3390/s18030803 5128:. Hiaring Company 5046:978-0-674-99337-2 5031:"Isis and Osiris" 5029:Plutarch (1936). 5009:Visual Capitalist 4850:Maceration (wine) 4734:diabetes mellitus 4704:long-term effects 4678:alcohol poisoning 4634:distilled spirits 4611: 4610: 4560: 4559: 4439:Red wine headache 4417:hydrochloric acid 4396:diethylene glycol 4367: 4366: 3991:Islam and alcohol 3862:, a 14th-century 3750:Ancient religions 3627: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3390:Equatorial Guinea 3354: 3353: 3162:Wine consumption 3107: 3106: 3098: 3097: 2894: 2871: 2870: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2386: 2375: 2166:sweetness of wine 2064:Calcium carbonate 1913:Niagara Peninsula 1841:Willamette Valley 1780:micro-oxygenation 1687:, created by the 1270:color of the wine 1243: 1242: 831:rendering support 642:, six of 36 wine 617:Achaemenid Empire 470:Southern Caucasus 275:ancient Egyptians 128: 127: 66:Alcohol by volume 14269: 14242:Fermented drinks 14237:Alcoholic drinks 14214: 14213: 14202: 14201: 14190: 14189: 14178: 14177: 14176: 14169: 13768:Herbs de Majorca 13742:Anisado Mallorca 13695: 13694: 13497:American whiskey 13488:Multiple grains 13377:Buckwheat whisky 13111: 13110: 13097: 13096: 12870:Multiple grains 12440: 12439: 12431:Fermented drinks 12426: 12425: 12332:Alcohol industry 12269: 12268: 12258: 12257: 12243: 12236: 12229: 12220: 12219: 12208: 12207: 12092:Uncinula necator 12081:Pierce's disease 11689: 11682: 11675: 11666: 11665: 11203: 11196: 11189: 11180: 11179: 11161: 11160: 10917: 10910: 10903: 10894: 10893: 10869: 10868: 10784:Proteins in wine 10451:Grüner Veltliner 10399: 10398: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10131: 10130: 10112: 10111: 10087: 10065: 10044: 10025:Robinson, Jancis 10020: 10001: 9979: 9957: 9936: 9922:Wine for Dummies 9915: 9893: 9874: 9855: 9824: 9823: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9726: 9716: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9675: 9666:(5): 1675–1685. 9651: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9465: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9363: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9302: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9258:. Archived from 9252: 9246: 9245: 9235: 9211: 9196: 9195: 9185: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9135: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9018:The Local France 9010: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8984: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8889:. Archived from 8879: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8841:. Archived from 8830: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8799: 8790: 8789: 8772:(4): 1861–1871. 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8737:. Archived from 8730: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8544: 8538: 8537: 8521: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8483:Rich, Tracey R. 8480: 8474: 8468: 8456: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8343:. Archived from 8333: 8327: 8326: 8314: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8212:on 14 July 2007. 8208:. Archived from 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8124:. Archived from 8117: 8111: 8110: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8075:. Archived from 8061:"Château Lafake" 8057: 8051: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7938:. Archived from 7931: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7911:. Archived from 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7880:. French Scout. 7873: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7859: 7848:"Decanting wine" 7844: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7770: 7763: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7724:Federal Register 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7661:. French Scout. 7654: 7648: 7629: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7575:. 27 July 2007. 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7522:. Archived from 7520:Wines from Spain 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7432:. Archived from 7426: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7274: 7264: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7087: 7081: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7000: 6990: 6981:(5): 8341–8356. 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6888: 6882: 6868: 6862: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6825: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6718: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6571: 6560: 6559: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6471: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6421: 6410: 6409: 6400: 6394: 6387: 6381: 6360: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6279:Robinson, Jancis 6271: 6265: 6264: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6140:on 8 April 2008. 6139: 6132: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6070:. Archived from 6059: 6053: 6052: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5989:. Archived from 5978: 5972: 5971: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5890: 5883: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5833:on 17 March 2021 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5790: 5780: 5754: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5729: 5722: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5692: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5621: 5611: 5579: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5471: 5461: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5383:. 3 March 2014. 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5353:. Archived from 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5302: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5219: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4951: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4891: 4809: 4804: 4803: 4587: 4586: 4543: 4542: 4446: 4442: 4356:A restaurant or 4229: 4225: 4162:carbon footprint 4097:and sealed with 4078:Screw cap (wine) 4058:Closure (bottle) 3959:sacramental wine 3795: 3760:Ancient Egyptian 3604: 3602: 3601: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3376:Wine/beer ratio 3364: 3360: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3088: 3087: 3068: 3067: 3048: 3047: 3028: 3027: 3008: 3007: 2988: 2987: 2968: 2967: 2948: 2947: 2928: 2927: 2908: 2907: 2892: 2881: 2877: 2853: 2852: 2833: 2832: 2813: 2812: 2793: 2792: 2773: 2772: 2753: 2752: 2733: 2732: 2713: 2712: 2693: 2692: 2673: 2672: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2602: 2580: 2579: 2560: 2559: 2540: 2539: 2520: 2519: 2500: 2499: 2480: 2479: 2460: 2459: 2440: 2439: 2420: 2419: 2400: 2399: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2359: 2273:Investment wines 2212:hydrogen sulfide 2060:Calcium sulphate 2000:(AOVDQS), up to 1909:British Columbia 1837:Mendocino County 1691:of two species. 1689:genetic crossing 1647:of the European 1482:remaining after 1376:White Zinfandels 1365:sweetness levels 1192: 1188: 1038:Proto-Kartvelian 1035: 1017: 1015:[ˈɣvino] 1001: 999:[vʲɪˈno] 974: 973: 957: 956: 951: 950: 942: 941: 914: 913: 898: 897: 882: 684:-based wines in 580:); however, the 509:fermented drinks 440: 437: 429: 426: 418: 415: 403: 400: 334:sacramental wine 282:cult of Dionysus 69: 38: 31: 27: 14277: 14276: 14272: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14267: 14266: 14222: 14221: 14220: 14208: 14196: 14184: 14174: 14172: 14164: 14162: 14157: 14140: 14109:Crème de cassis 14104:Crème de banane 14090:Various fruits 13959:Crème de menthe 13720:Crème de Noyaux 13703: 13681: 13523: 13507:Canadian whisky 13481:Kaoliang liquor 13387:Bourbon whiskey 13352:Japanese whisky 13332: 13301:Marillenschnaps 13277:Various fruits 13105: 13083: 12912:Agave americana 12900: 12674: 12629:Various fruits 12434: 12412: 12320: 12289:History of wine 12284:History of beer 12263: 12252: 12247: 12217: 12212: 12198: 12184:Outline of wine 12152: 12143:Organic farming 12128:Biodynamic wine 12115: 12109: 12100:Red spider mite 12021: 12015: 11972: 11934:Green harvest ( 11919:Erosion control 11896: 11890: 11871:Row orientation 11853: 11847: 11783: 11777: 11722:Grape varieties 11704: 11698: 11693: 11663: 11658: 11612: 11591: 11565: 11491:North Macedonia 11374: 11263: 11212: 11210:Wine by country 11207: 11177: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11163:Wine portal 11155: 11148: 11139:History of wine 11097: 11081: 11053: 11005: 10987: 10968:Deacidification 10954: 10926: 10921: 10891: 10886: 10871:Wine portal 10863: 10854: 10793: 10755: 10660: 10650: 10623: 10510: 10491:Sauvignon blanc 10426:Cayetana blanca 10394: 10392:grape varieties 10385: 10278: 10206: 10163: 10158: 10123: 10095: 10090: 10084: 10062: 10041: 10017: 9998: 9976: 9954: 9933: 9912: 9890: 9871: 9852: 9833: 9831:Further reading 9828: 9827: 9796: 9792: 9744: 9740: 9693: 9689: 9652: 9648: 9638: 9636: 9625: 9621: 9611: 9609: 9598: 9594: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9566: 9564: 9535:(22): 2109–13. 9521: 9517: 9507: 9505: 9496: 9495: 9491: 9481: 9479: 9442: 9438: 9428: 9411: 9407: 9397: 9395: 9382: 9381: 9377: 9332: 9328: 9318: 9316: 9279: 9275: 9265: 9263: 9254: 9253: 9249: 9212: 9199: 9153: 9149: 9104: 9100: 9068: 9064: 9054: 9052: 9041: 9037: 9027: 9025: 9012: 9011: 9007: 8997: 8995: 8986: 8985: 8981: 8971: 8969: 8958: 8954: 8944: 8942: 8933: 8932: 8928: 8918: 8916: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8893:on 8 July 2009. 8881: 8880: 8876: 8866: 8864: 8855: 8854: 8850: 8831: 8827: 8817: 8815: 8800: 8793: 8758: 8754: 8744: 8742: 8731: 8727: 8717: 8715: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8696: 8692: 8682: 8680: 8665: 8661: 8651: 8649: 8638: 8634: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8604: 8600: 8590: 8588: 8573: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8512: 8508: 8498: 8496: 8481: 8477: 8465: 8447: 8443: 8436: 8420: 8416: 8406: 8404: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8376: 8374: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8350: 8348: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8323: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8293: 8291: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8248: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8180: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8157: 8155: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8131: 8129: 8118: 8114: 8109:on 20 May 2011. 8097: 8096: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8059: 8058: 8054: 8048:Wayback Machine 8031: 8027: 8020: 8004: 8000: 7993: 7979: 7975: 7951: 7947: 7932: 7928: 7918: 7916: 7901: 7897: 7887: 7885: 7878:"Types of wine" 7874: 7870: 7857: 7855: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7831: 7829: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7757:(25 May 2001). 7752: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7691:Birmingham Post 7682: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7655: 7651: 7646:Wayback Machine 7630: 7623: 7613: 7611: 7596: 7592: 7582: 7580: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7543: 7539: 7529: 7527: 7516:"Land of wines" 7514: 7513: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7439: 7437: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7413: 7411: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7356: 7354: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7330: 7328: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7292: 7288: 7233: 7229: 7222: 7208: 7204: 7194: 7192: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7145: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7088: 7084: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7019: 7018: 7014: 6967: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6924: 6922: 6915: 6889: 6885: 6869: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6816: 6812: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6706: 6702: 6691: 6687: 6676: 6672: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6606: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6572: 6563: 6556: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6488: 6484: 6479:on 16 May 2011. 6476: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6446:on 27 June 2015 6438: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6401: 6397: 6393:Fr 1202 tablet. 6388: 6384: 6378:Perseus Project 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6327: 6323: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6083: 6079: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5825:Metcalfe, Tom. 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5580: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5489: 5485: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5125:Wines and Vines 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5097:Wine Enthusiast 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5001: 4997: 4952: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4855:Pressing (wine) 4845:Storage of wine 4815:Outline of wine 4805: 4798: 4795: 4764:liver cirrhosis 4696: 4690: 4622: 4616: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4584: 4582: 4548: 4537: 4532: 4513: 4508: 4479: 4474: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4281:; a student of 4220: 4188: 4186:Storage of wine 4182: 4170:stainless steel 4080: 4054:Cork (material) 4050: 3993: 3971: 3963:New Mexico wine 3895:account of the 3881: 3873:Main articles: 3847: 3796: 3793: 3786: 3780: 3752: 3747: 3737: 3729:Fortified wines 3639: 3633: 3628: 3599: 3597: 3575: 3573: 3551: 3549: 3527: 3525: 3503: 3501: 3479: 3477: 3455: 3453: 3431: 3429: 3407: 3405: 3383: 3381: 3356: 3339: 3337: 3321: 3319: 3303: 3301: 3285: 3283: 3267: 3265: 3249: 3247: 3231: 3229: 3213: 3211: 3195: 3193: 3177: 3175: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3082: 3062: 3042: 3022: 3002: 2982: 2962: 2942: 2922: 2902: 2891: 2847: 2827: 2807: 2787: 2767: 2747: 2727: 2707: 2687: 2667: 2637: 2574: 2554: 2534: 2514: 2494: 2474: 2454: 2434: 2414: 2394: 2379: 2372: 2350: 2340: 2334: 2326:economic cycles 2322:wine fraudsters 2281:Château d'Yquem 2257:Château Margaux 2250: 2248:Storage of wine 2244:Investment wine 2236: 2208:4-ethylguaiacol 2200:isoamyl acetate 2155: 2149: 2131: 2095: 2089: 2072:sulphurous acid 2032:New World wines 2029: 1956: 1905:Okanagan Valley 1873:New South Wales 1865:South Australia 1853:Columbia Valley 1839:in California; 1797: 1791: 1720:V. rotundifolia 1641: 1627: 1625:Grape varieties 1587: 1571: 1565: 1538:elderberry wine 1527: 1521: 1516: 1476: 1470: 1455:transfer method 1412: 1406: 1390: 1384: 1334: 1328: 1322:are also made. 1294: 1288: 1254: 1248: 1176: 1168: 1083: 1033:[jajin] 982:(e.g. Armenian 969:for wine, i.e. 936:Mycenaean Greek 840: 839: 838: 829:Without proper 810: 779:California wine 771:New Mexico wine 761:. For example, 714:medieval Europe 582:Nuragic culture 488:, and northern 484:region between 438: 428: 4100 BCE 427: 416: 401: 391: 389:History of wine 358: 135:alcoholic drink 124: 64: 51: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14275: 14265: 14264: 14259: 14257:Food and drink 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14219: 14218: 14206: 14194: 14182: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14155: 14149: 14146: 14145: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14128: 14127: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14088: 14087: 14086: 14078: 14077: 14076: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14061: 14053: 14052: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14028: 14027: 14026: 14018: 14017: 14016: 14011: 14003: 14002: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13973: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13938: 13937: 13936: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13921: 13913: 13912: 13911: 13906: 13898: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13883: 13882: 13881: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13851: 13850: 13849: 13841: 13840: 13839: 13833:Chili peppers 13831: 13830: 13829: 13824: 13822:Cherry Heering 13816: 13815: 13814: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13796: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13773: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13744: 13732: 13724: 13723: 13722: 13717: 13708: 13705: 13704: 13691: 13690: 13687: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13639: 13638: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13620:Seco Herrerano 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13574: 13573: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13549: 13548: 13547: 13542: 13531: 13529: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13486: 13485: 13484: 13471: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13451: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13432:Mixiang Baijiu 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13371: 13370: 13369: 13361: 13360: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13340: 13338: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13233: 13232: 13231: 13226: 13218: 13217: 13216: 13208: 13207: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13143: 13142: 13141: 13133: 13132: 13131: 13126: 13117: 13115: 13107: 13106: 13104:by ingredients 13093: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13081: 13080: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13056: 13055: 13054: 13049: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13021: 13020: 13019: 13011: 13010: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12986: 12985: 12984: 12976: 12975: 12974: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12956: 12955: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12921: 12920: 12919: 12908: 12906: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12858: 12857: 12856: 12848: 12847: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12733: 12732: 12731: 12726: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12693: 12692: 12691: 12682: 12680: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12627: 12626: 12625: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12597: 12596: 12595: 12587: 12586: 12585: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12567: 12566: 12565: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12547: 12546: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12492: 12491: 12490: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12457: 12456: 12455: 12446: 12444: 12436: 12435: 12433:by ingredients 12422: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12408: 12398: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12370: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12339: 12334: 12328: 12326: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12286: 12281: 12275: 12273: 12265: 12264: 12254: 12253: 12246: 12245: 12238: 12231: 12223: 12214: 12213: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12160: 12158: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12119: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12096: 12095: 12086:Powdery mildew 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12027: 12025: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11982: 11980: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11936:Vendange verte 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11900: 11898: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11876:Trellis design 11873: 11868: 11863: 11857: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11787: 11785: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11775: 11772:Vitis vinifera 11768: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11708: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11692: 11691: 11684: 11677: 11669: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11620: 11618: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11599: 11597: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11573: 11571: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11561:United Kingdom 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11421:Czech Republic 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11213: 11206: 11205: 11198: 11191: 11183: 11174: 11173: 11168: 11167: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11105: 11103: 11099: 11098: 11096: 11095: 11089: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11063: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11029:Sugars in wine 11026: 11021: 11015: 11013: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 10997: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10978:Chaptalization 10975: 10970: 10964: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10936: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10920: 10919: 10912: 10905: 10897: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10805:Classification 10801: 10799: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10789:Sugars in wine 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10765: 10763: 10761:Wine chemistry 10757: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10736:Wine dispenser 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10667: 10665: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10637: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10539:Cabernet Franc 10536: 10531: 10526: 10520: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10508: 10506:Welschriesling 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10461:Müller-Thurgau 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10407: 10405: 10396: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10313: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10286: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10264: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10228:Ancient Greece 10225: 10216: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10157: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10134: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10109: 10108: 10094: 10093:External links 10091: 10089: 10088: 10082: 10069: 10060: 10045: 10039: 10021: 10015: 10002: 9996: 9984:Parker, Robert 9980: 9974: 9958: 9952: 9943:The Wine Bible 9937: 9931: 9916: 9910: 9894: 9888: 9875: 9869: 9856: 9850: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9806:(8): 663–673. 9790: 9738: 9687: 9646: 9619: 9592: 9574: 9515: 9489: 9436: 9426: 9405: 9375: 9326: 9293:(7): 534–540. 9273: 9262:on 18 May 2015 9247: 9197: 9147: 9098: 9062: 9035: 9005: 8979: 8952: 8941:. 4 April 2008 8939:Times of Malta 8926: 8896: 8874: 8848: 8825: 8808:Wine Spectator 8791: 8766:Food Chemistry 8752: 8725: 8699: 8690: 8659: 8632: 8618: 8598: 8566: 8539: 8532: 8506: 8475: 8463: 8441: 8434: 8414: 8384: 8358: 8347:on 13 May 2020 8328: 8321: 8301: 8271: 8241: 8215: 8190: 8165: 8148:"Wine History" 8139: 8112: 8090: 8052: 8025: 8018: 7998: 7991: 7973: 7962:(3): 758–764. 7945: 7926: 7895: 7868: 7839: 7807: 7800: 7782: 7755:Weil, Roman L. 7746: 7709: 7676: 7649: 7621: 7590: 7564: 7537: 7507: 7490:The Winedoctor 7477: 7447: 7436:on 23 May 2008 7421: 7402:Goode, Jamie. 7394: 7364: 7338: 7311: 7304: 7286: 7247:(9): e108078. 7227: 7220: 7202: 7164: 7157: 7139: 7112: 7102: 7082: 7069: 7062: 7042: 7012: 6961: 6931: 6913: 6883: 6863: 6843: 6836: 6810: 6792: 6765: 6736: 6729: 6700: 6685: 6670: 6652: 6645: 6625: 6618: 6600: 6586: 6561: 6554: 6534: 6509: 6502: 6482: 6465:Palaima, T.G. 6457: 6431: 6422: 6395: 6382: 6348: 6321: 6300: 6294:978-1784724030 6293: 6266: 6259: 6241: 6211: 6197: 6177: 6163: 6143: 6119: 6102: 6095: 6077: 6054: 6047: 6029: 6022: 6004: 5973: 5966: 5942: 5933: 5918:(in Italian). 5902: 5869: 5863:978-0691070803 5862: 5844: 5817: 5763:(3). MDPI: 2. 5740: 5706: 5683:(2): 178–182. 5663: 5633: 5571: 5541: 5514: 5483: 5424: 5398: 5368: 5357:on 7 June 2017 5342: 5316: 5293:(2): 788–812. 5271: 5240: 5229:on 3 June 2017 5211: 5170: 5139: 5114: 5083: 5059: 5045: 5021: 4995: 4968:(3): 751–782. 4941: 4912: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4794: 4791: 4750:binge drinking 4689: 4686: 4624:Wine contains 4618:Main article: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4444:Red table wine 4428: 4427:Health effects 4425: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4409: 4399: 4374:Main article: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4240:Cellar master 4237: 4236: 4233: 4219: 4216: 4184:Main article: 4181: 4178: 4158:New York Times 4156:violations. A 4113:and synthetic 4049: 4046: 4013:Greater Persia 3989:Main article: 3970: 3967: 3935:prohibitionist 3901:Gospel of Luke 3846: 3843: 3791: 3782:Main article: 3779: 3776: 3751: 3748: 3736: 3733: 3662:haute cuisines 3632: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3155: 3115: 3112: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2376: 2369: 2336:Main article: 2333: 2330: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2235: 2232: 2145:Main article: 2130: 2127: 2091:Main article: 2088: 2085: 2028: 2025: 1964:Moscato d'Asti 1955: 1952: 1940:Cabernet Franc 1861:Barossa Valley 1793:Main article: 1790: 1789:Classification 1787: 1754:Canary Islands 1742:Vitis vinifera 1731:North American 1697:(of which the 1653:Vitis vinifera 1637:Main article: 1633:Grape vineyard 1626: 1623: 1586: 1583: 1567:Main article: 1564: 1561: 1523:Main article: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1472:Main article: 1469: 1466: 1443:Charmat method 1424:carbon dioxide 1410:Sparkling wine 1408:Main article: 1405: 1402: 1386:Main article: 1383: 1380: 1374:rosé to sweet 1330:Main article: 1327: 1324: 1320:Moscato d'Asti 1290:Main article: 1287: 1284: 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1144:Fortified wine 1141: 1118:Sparkling wine 1115: 1109: 1099: 1093: 1082: 1079: 1050:Proto-Armenian 959:wo-no-wa-ti-si 944:me-tu-wo ne-wo 844:Proto-Germanic 833:, you may see 821: 820: 819: 809: 806: 797:respectively. 763:Mission grapes 759:New World wine 705:ancient Romans 676:, 14th century 609:Apadana Palace 594:Robert Ballard 538:Vitis vinifera 494:Areni-1 winery 486:Eastern Turkey 476:, Georgia and 387:Main article: 357: 354: 252:Old World wine 240:New World wine 158:carbon dioxide 126: 125: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 91: 89: 85: 84: 78: 74: 73: 70: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14274: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14229: 14227: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14181: 14171: 14170: 14167: 14154: 14151: 14150: 14147: 14135: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14091: 14089: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14075: 14072: 14071: 14069: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14044:Grand Marnier 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14025: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13935: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13904:Cream liqueur 13902: 13901: 13899: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13870: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13862: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13848: 13845: 13844: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13709: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13692: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13640: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13537: 13536: 13533: 13532: 13530: 13526: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13378: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13358: 13357:Scotch whisky 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13347:Irish whiskey 13345: 13344: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13335: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13237: 13234: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13215: 13212: 13211: 13209: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13176: 13174: 13170: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13154: 13150: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13135:Cashew apple 13134: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13094: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13047:Fermented tea 13045: 13044: 13042: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13018: 13015: 13014: 13012: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12913: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12903: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12829:Shaoxing wine 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12690: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12677: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12619:Prickly pear 12618: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12495: 12493: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12423: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12323: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12276: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12259: 12255: 12251: 12244: 12239: 12237: 12232: 12230: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12211: 12201: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12155: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12112: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12018: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11893: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11881:Vine training 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11850: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11828: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11782:Environmental 11780: 11774: 11773: 11769: 11767: 11766: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11701: 11697: 11690: 11685: 11683: 11678: 11676: 11671: 11670: 11667: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11617:South America 11615: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11588: 11587:United States 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11570:North America 11568: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11466:Liechtenstein 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11377: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11199: 11197: 11192: 11190: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11151: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11100: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10990: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10957: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10918: 10913: 10911: 10906: 10904: 10899: 10898: 10895: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10872: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10857: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10774:Acids in wine 10772: 10770: 10769:Aroma of wine 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10658: 10653: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10633:Major regions 10630: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10589:Montepulciano 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10400: 10397: 10393: 10388: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10281: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10248: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10155: 10150: 10148: 10143: 10141: 10136: 10135: 10132: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10113: 10107: 10106:Guide to Wine 10105: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10070: 10068: 10067:online review 10063: 10057: 10053: 10052: 10046: 10042: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10012: 10008: 10003: 9999: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9938: 9934: 9928: 9924: 9923: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9898:Johnson, Hugh 9895: 9891: 9885: 9881: 9876: 9872: 9870:3-8290-4856-4 9866: 9862: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9843: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9800:Life Sciences 9794: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9742: 9734: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9691: 9683: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9650: 9634: 9630: 9623: 9607: 9603: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9519: 9503: 9499: 9493: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9450:Niaaa.nih.gov 9447: 9440: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9419: 9418: 9409: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9346:(8): 347–51. 9345: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9243: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9226:(3): 382–93. 9225: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9193: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9151: 9143: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9118:(2): 185–98. 9117: 9113: 9109: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9066: 9050: 9046: 9039: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9009: 8993: 8989: 8983: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8829: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8798: 8796: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8740: 8736: 8729: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8694: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8663: 8647: 8643: 8636: 8621: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8602: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8580:Time Magazine 8576: 8570: 8555:on 9 May 2013 8554: 8550: 8543: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8520: 8519: 8510: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8455: 8454: 8445: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8418: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8324: 8318: 8311: 8305: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8205: 8200: 8194: 8179: 8175: 8169: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8128:on 9 May 2008 8127: 8123: 8116: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8065:The Economist 8062: 8056: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8038:Au Bon Climat 8035: 8032:For example, 8029: 8021: 8015: 8011: 8010: 8002: 7994: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7914: 7910: 7908: 7907:Brettanomyces 7899: 7883: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7786: 7767: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7734: 7731:(84): 25748. 7730: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7680: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7626: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7594: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7553:on 4 May 2008 7552: 7548: 7541: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7307: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7223: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7127: 7123: 7122:"Barley Wine" 7116: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7086: 7079: 7073: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7053:Rites of Odin 7046: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6893:"orange wine" 6887: 6881: 6880:0-316-72654-0 6877: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6860:0-19-860990-6 6857: 6853: 6847: 6839: 6837:9789004161092 6833: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6740: 6732: 6730:9789004173378 6726: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6696: 6689: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6648: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6629: 6621: 6619:3-11-009646-3 6615: 6611: 6604: 6589: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6557: 6555:9781405188968 6551: 6547: 6546: 6538: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6505: 6503:9780876619513 6499: 6495: 6494: 6486: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6426: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6392: 6389:Found on the 6386: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6368:Scott, Robert 6365: 6361: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6275:Johnson, Hugh 6270: 6262: 6260:0-7566-1324-8 6256: 6252: 6245: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6181: 6166: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6147: 6136: 6129: 6123: 6115: 6114: 6106: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6048:0-671-68702-6 6044: 6040: 6033: 6025: 6023:0-19-860990-6 6019: 6015: 6008: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5977: 5969: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5946: 5937: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5726: 5719: 5718: 5710: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5576: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5311: 5310:10400.5/24195 5306: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5127: 5126: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5071: 5070: 5063: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4726:heart disease 4722: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4626:ethyl alcohol 4621: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4471:Carbohydrates 4466: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4413:sulfuric acid 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4321: 4320:Viticulturist 4318: 4317: 4313: 4311:or winemaker 4310: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4154:Clean Air Act 4149: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095:glass bottles 4089: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3909:denominations 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3813:. On Pesach ( 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3790: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690:North Savonia 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666:dessert wines 3663: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3631:Culinary uses 3623: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3349: 3347: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3127: 3121: 3111: 3103: 3100: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3010:United States 3006: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2855:United States 2851: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613:Central Otago 2610: 2605: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2462:United States 2458: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240:Aging of wine 2231: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2204:4-ethylphenol 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2140: 2135: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2111:Sonoma Valley 2108: 2099: 2094: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:tartaric acid 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2027:Beyond Europe 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869:Hunter Valley 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:Sonoma Valley 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1801: 1796: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1708:V. aestivalis 1704: 1700: 1699:Concord grape 1696: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1268:. The actual 1267: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130:pinot meunier 1127: 1124:is made from 1123: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1081:Types of wine 1078: 1075: 1073: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 986: 981: 976: 968: 964: 960: 945: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 911: 905: 901: 892: 891:Ancient Greek 888: 887: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 859: 855: 852: 848: 845: 836: 832: 828: 826: 814: 805: 803: 802:Japanese wine 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 736: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 675: 671: 670:Pressing wine 667: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:ancient Egypt 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 562:Mediterranean 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 539: 534: 530: 526: 525:tartaric acid 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 445:in the early 444: 433: 422: 411: 407: 396: 390: 382: 378: 373: 366: 362: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 276: 272: 268: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148:consumes the 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 90: 86: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 37: 32: 26: 22: 14247:Grape drinks 13392:Corn whiskey 13296:Himbeergeist 13149:Kirschwasser 12911: 12609:Pomegranate 12503:Marsala wine 12498:Madeira wine 12389:Simple syrup 12384:Fermentation 12374:Distillation 12188: 12090: 12056:Downy mildew 11968:Weed control 11958:Millerandage 11935: 11806:Microclimate 11770: 11763: 11745: 11732:Hybrid grape 11712:Ampelography 11705:horticulture 11249:South Africa 11154: 11011:Fermentation 10862: 10845:Wine tasting 10466:Muscat blanc 10436:Chenin blanc 10233:Ancient Rome 10160: 10116: 10103: 10100:The Guardian 10099: 10076:. Sterling. 10073: 10050: 10029: 10006: 9987: 9965: 9962:Oldman, Mark 9942: 9921: 9901: 9882:. Larousse. 9879: 9860: 9840: 9803: 9799: 9793: 9755:(1): 37–51. 9752: 9748: 9741: 9704: 9700: 9690: 9663: 9659: 9649: 9637:. Retrieved 9622: 9610:. Retrieved 9595: 9587:the original 9577: 9565:. Retrieved 9532: 9528: 9518: 9506:. Retrieved 9492: 9480:. Retrieved 9453: 9449: 9439: 9431: 9415: 9408: 9398:10 September 9396:. Retrieved 9387: 9378: 9343: 9339: 9329: 9317:. Retrieved 9290: 9286: 9276: 9264:. Retrieved 9260:the original 9250: 9223: 9219: 9165: 9161: 9150: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9076: 9072: 9065: 9053:. Retrieved 9038: 9026:. Retrieved 9017: 9008: 8996:. Retrieved 8982: 8970:. Retrieved 8966:the original 8955: 8945:23 September 8943:. Retrieved 8938: 8929: 8917:. Retrieved 8908: 8899: 8891:the original 8886: 8877: 8867:23 September 8865:. Retrieved 8861:the original 8851: 8843:the original 8838: 8828: 8816:. Retrieved 8807: 8769: 8765: 8755: 8745:23 September 8743:. Retrieved 8739:the original 8728: 8716:. Retrieved 8702: 8693: 8681:. Retrieved 8673:The Guardian 8672: 8662: 8650:. Retrieved 8644:. BBC News. 8635: 8623:. Retrieved 8608: 8601: 8589:. Retrieved 8585:the original 8578: 8569: 8557:. Retrieved 8553:the original 8542: 8517: 8509: 8497:. Retrieved 8488: 8478: 8470: 8452: 8444: 8424: 8417: 8405:. Retrieved 8396: 8387: 8375:. Retrieved 8361: 8349:. Retrieved 8345:the original 8340: 8331: 8304: 8292:. Retrieved 8283: 8274: 8262:. Retrieved 8253: 8244: 8232:. Retrieved 8218: 8210:the original 8202: 8193: 8181:. Retrieved 8177: 8168: 8156:. Retrieved 8142: 8130:. Retrieved 8126:the original 8115: 8107:the original 8093: 8083:23 September 8081:. Retrieved 8077:the original 8064: 8055: 8028: 8008: 8001: 7982: 7976: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7940:the original 7929: 7917:. Retrieved 7913:the original 7906: 7898: 7886:. Retrieved 7871: 7863: 7856:. Retrieved 7842: 7830:. Retrieved 7819: 7810: 7791: 7785: 7773:. Retrieved 7749: 7737:. Retrieved 7728: 7722: 7712: 7700:. Retrieved 7689: 7679: 7667:. Retrieved 7652: 7612:. Retrieved 7603: 7593: 7581:. Retrieved 7567: 7555:. Retrieved 7551:the original 7540: 7528:. Retrieved 7524:the original 7519: 7510: 7498:. Retrieved 7489: 7480: 7468:. Retrieved 7459: 7450: 7438:. Retrieved 7434:the original 7424: 7412:. Retrieved 7397: 7385:. Retrieved 7376: 7367: 7355:. Retrieved 7341: 7329:. Retrieved 7314: 7295: 7289: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7211: 7205: 7193:. Retrieved 7176: 7167: 7151:. Fireside. 7148: 7142: 7130:. Retrieved 7126:the original 7120:Allen, Fal. 7115: 7107: 7092: 7085: 7077: 7072: 7052: 7045: 7033:. Retrieved 7024: 7015: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6952:. Retrieved 6943: 6934: 6923:, retrieved 6896: 6886: 6871: 6866: 6851: 6846: 6821: 6813: 6804: 6795: 6783:. Retrieved 6768: 6756:. Retrieved 6746: 6739: 6714: 6703: 6694: 6688: 6679: 6673: 6664: 6655: 6635: 6628: 6609: 6603: 6591:. Retrieved 6576: 6544: 6537: 6527:23 September 6525:. Retrieved 6521: 6512: 6492: 6485: 6474:the original 6460: 6448:. Retrieved 6444:the original 6434: 6425: 6398: 6385: 6371: 6351: 6339:. Retrieved 6334: 6324: 6313: 6303: 6282: 6269: 6250: 6244: 6232:. Retrieved 6223: 6214: 6202:. Retrieved 6187: 6180: 6168:. Retrieved 6153: 6146: 6135:the original 6122: 6112: 6105: 6086: 6080: 6072:the original 6067: 6057: 6038: 6032: 6013: 6007: 5995:. Retrieved 5991:the original 5986: 5976: 5952: 5945: 5936: 5924:. Retrieved 5915: 5905: 5893:. Retrieved 5872: 5853: 5847: 5835:. Retrieved 5831:the original 5820: 5808:. Retrieved 5760: 5756: 5743: 5732:, retrieved 5716: 5709: 5700:10419/194558 5680: 5676: 5666: 5654:. Retrieved 5646:ScienceDaily 5645: 5636: 5591: 5587: 5562:. Retrieved 5554:ioa.ucla.edu 5553: 5544: 5532:. Retrieved 5524:"Grape Wine" 5517: 5505:. Retrieved 5496: 5486: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5415:. Retrieved 5401: 5389:. Retrieved 5380: 5371: 5359:. Retrieved 5355:the original 5345: 5333:. Retrieved 5319: 5290: 5284: 5274: 5264:12 September 5262:. Retrieved 5254:The Guardian 5253: 5243: 5231:. Retrieved 5227:the original 5202:. Retrieved 5189: 5183: 5173: 5161:. Retrieved 5142: 5130:. Retrieved 5124: 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5096: 5086: 5074:. Retrieved 5068: 5062: 5050:. Retrieved 5035: 5024: 5012:. Retrieved 5008: 4998: 4965: 4959: 4932:. Retrieved 4903:. Retrieved 4889: 4865:Hybrid grape 4787:fermentation 4776: 4761: 4754: 4717: 4623: 4574: 4569: 4527: 4503: 4469: 4385: 4353:Wine waiter 4279:wine chemist 4235:Description 4221: 4208: 4204:Wine cellars 4202: 4198:wine barrels 4167: 4157: 4150: 4127: 4092: 4041: 4035: 4016: 4011:in 1979. In 3994: 3956: 3917: 3885:Christianity 3882: 3857: 3845:Christianity 3839:halachically 3804: 3798: 3788: 3756:Near Eastern 3753: 3702: 3697: 3651: 3621: 3355: 3140: 3120:I Drink Wine 3109: 3101: 2890:Market share 2872: 2775:South Africa 2617:South Island 2606: 2601: 2594: 2562:South Africa 2361: 2319: 2301:vintage port 2277:Veblen goods 2266: 2261:First Growth 2227: 2224: 2190: 2178: 2158:Wine tasting 2156: 2147:Wine tasting 2123: 2115: 2109:(AVA; e.g., 2104: 2056:invert sugar 2040: 2035: 2030: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1985:Vin de Table 1983: 1979: 1973: 1944:Petit Verdot 1925: 1917:Essex County 1845:Rogue Valley 1806: 1784: 1771: 1760: 1758: 1741: 1735: 1724: 1718: 1714:V. rupestris 1712: 1706: 1692: 1682: 1651: 1642: 1588: 1572: 1549: 1528: 1484:fermentation 1477: 1474:Dessert wine 1459: 1454: 1428: 1416:effervescent 1413: 1391: 1350: 1335: 1314: 1295: 1277: 1274:anthocyanins 1255: 1231:White grapes 1180:skin contact 1177: 1169: 1161: 1156:Dessert wine 1106:fermentation 1085:Wine types: 1084: 1071: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1041: 1023: 989: 983: 977: 958: 949:μέθυϝος νέϝῳ 943: 940:𐀕𐀶𐀺𐄀𐀚𐀺 931: 923: 915: 904:Aeolic Greek 899: 884: 872: 864: 860: 853: 846: 841: 822: 799: 755:Spanish wine 751:Italian wine 740: 733: 702: 697: 679: 673: 629: 606: 597: 576:and coastal 543: 536: 502: 463: 392: 377:Areni-1 cave 302:Christianity 264: 250:. Later, as 238:(4000 BCE). 230:(5000 BCE), 226:(6000 BCE), 221: 217:appellations 209:fermentation 198: 172:, including 160:, releasing 130: 129: 80:Varies; see 25: 14055:Star anise 13949:Bénédictine 13909:Irish cream 13645:Aguardiente 13590:Aguardiente 13462:Rye whiskey 12972:Ginger wine 12689:Barley wine 12653:Mulled wine 12603:Plum jerkum 12573:Lychee wine 12563:Longan wine 12488:Bokbunja-ju 12478:Bignay wine 12468:Banana wine 12463:Banana beer 12337:Bathtub gin 11866:Propagation 11703:Biology and 11696:Viticulture 11608:New Zealand 11551:Switzerland 11496:Netherlands 11345:Philippines 11114:Wine bottle 11086:Other steps 11077:Wine cellar 11034:Süssreserve 10726:Wine cellar 10716:Wine bottle 10657:accessories 10655:Packaging, 10614:Tempranillo 10243:Noah's wine 10223:Phoenicians 10169:Viticulture 9968:. Penguin. 9946:. Workman. 9707:(9): 1954. 9482:28 February 9456:(1): 5–17. 9319:1 September 8625:15 November 8489:Judaism 101 7639:§ 4.27 7357:30 December 6204:15 November 6170:15 November 5656:28 February 5534:19 February 5507:19 February 5391:13 December 5204:17 November 5185:Archaeology 4860:Vidal blanc 4807:Wine portal 4782:resveratrol 4394:, in which 4344:Wine taster 4334:Wine critic 4287:viticulture 4218:Professions 4174:wine on tap 4146:Canned wine 4074:Canned wine 4066:Wine bottle 4031:Sunni Islam 3997:Islamic law 3979:Islamic law 3942:grape juice 3924:pasteurized 3897:Last Supper 3831:blood libel 3825:and in the 3784:Kosher wine 3274:Switzerland 3114:Consumption 3050:New Zealand 2835:New Zealand 2198:" flavors ( 1991:Vin de Pays 1976:appellation 1919:regions of 1893:New Zealand 1889:Marlborough 1885:Hawke's Bay 1829:Napa Valley 1729:are native 1694:V. labrusca 1615:ginger wine 1591:barley wine 1551:vin de pays 1500:Tokaji Aszú 1445:, used for 1433:, used for 1388:Orange wine 1236:Orange wine 1174:From grapes 1112:Orange wine 747:French wine 743:viticulture 648:Tutankhamun 590:Old Kingdom 558:city-states 511:in ancient 507:to produce 439: 4000 417: 5000 402: 6000 290:Bacchanalia 205:biochemical 182:pomegranate 77:Ingredients 14226:Categories 14114:Limoncello 14049:Triple sec 14024:Eau créole 13994:Irish Mist 13979:Bärenjäger 13934:Frangelico 13864:Cloudberry 13843:Chocolate 13827:Maraschino 13373:Buckwheat 13286:Eau de vie 12589:Pineapple 12553:Duhat wine 12549:Java plum 12543:White wine 12401:Winemaking 12325:Production 12194:Winemaking 12116:and issues 12114:Approaches 12076:Phylloxera 12046:Bot canker 11948:Irrigation 11924:Fertilizer 11897:management 11826:Topography 11816:Soil types 11521:San Marino 11486:Montenegro 11471:Luxembourg 11325:Kazakhstan 11285:Azerbaijan 10993:Maceration 10983:Wine press 10973:Destemming 10924:Winemaking 10830:Wine fraud 10825:Wine fault 10810:Oenophilia 10746:Wine label 10741:Wine glass 10706:Port tongs 10604:Sangiovese 10599:Pinot noir 10559:Douce noir 10486:Rkatsiteli 10431:Chardonnay 10421:Catarratto 10395:by acreage 10369:Biodynamic 10332:Aromatized 10121:winemaking 8675:. London. 8183:8 November 7832:24 October 6870:O. Clarke 4881:References 4830:Winemaking 4768:alcoholism 4692:See also: 4614:Short-term 4431:See also: 4380:See also: 4376:Wine fraud 4326:irrigation 4273:Oenologist 4138:bag in box 4119:cork taint 4088:wine corks 4052:See also: 3951:Protestant 3823:Tabernacle 3739:See also: 3721:Wine sauce 3147:per capita 2595:30,806,000 2566:1,146,006 2546:1,186,343 2526:1,214,000 2506:1,498,380 2486:1,700,000 2466:3,300,000 2446:4,293,466 2426:4,607,850 2406:4,796,600 2378:Production 2342:See also: 2338:Winemaking 2332:Production 2293:cult wines 2238:See also: 2234:Collecting 2220:Beaujolais 2151:See also: 1911:, and the 1857:Washington 1821:Pinot noir 1776:table wine 1746:phylloxera 1726:V. riparia 1662:Chardonnay 1658:Pinot noir 1656:, such as 1542:fruit wine 1534:apple wine 1525:Fruit wine 1422:to create 1414:These are 1306:pinot noir 1292:White wine 1279:teinturier 1224:White wine 1209:Red grapes 1134:chardonnay 1126:pinot noir 1096:White wine 1004:Kartvelian 955:𐀺𐀜𐀷𐀴𐀯 775:California 767:New Mexico 712:smell. In 613:Persepolis 560:along the 546:Phoenician 482:West Asian 480:), or the 478:Azerbaijan 447:Bronze Age 350:California 346:New Mexico 194:elderberry 137:made from 82:Winemaking 49:white wine 14099:Cedratine 14064:Sassolino 14034:Cointreau 13954:Brennivín 13930:Hazelnut 13894:Tia Maria 13853:Cinnamon 13837:Pertsivka 13802:Bierlikör 13605:Desi daru 13367:Bierbrand 13261:Tsikoudia 13224:Slivovitz 13124:Applejack 13002:Kabarawan 12978:Galangal 12932:Palm wine 12809:Rice wine 12789:Makgeolli 12724:Oshikundu 12643:Hippocras 12528:Rosé wine 12518:Port wine 12484:Bokbunja 12357:Lautering 12105:Vine moth 12071:Nematodes 12036:Black rot 12020:Pests and 11996:Noble rot 11991:Festivals 11836:elevation 11784:variation 11754:Rootstock 11624:Argentina 11603:Australia 11340:Palestine 10945:Noble rot 10835:Winemaker 10815:Sommelier 10751:Wine rack 10731:Wine cork 10721:Wine cave 10711:Screw cap 10681:Corkscrew 10646:New World 10641:Old World 10619:Zinfandel 10594:Mourvèdre 10501:Trebbiano 10441:Colombard 10342:Noble rot 10322:Fortified 10300:Sparkling 10267:New World 9785:206223647 9701:Nutrients 9557:205116954 8786:0308-8146 8473:at p. 10. 8073:0013-0613 7185:0362-4331 6975:Molecules 6412: in 5837:9 October 4990:143750976 4982:1072-5369 4875:Blue wine 4688:Long-term 4585:(ethanol) 4301:wine list 4295:Sommelier 4263:Négociant 4255:cooperage 4134:box wines 4123:reduction 4111:screwcaps 4086:Assorted 4048:Packaging 3928:Methodist 3920:sacrament 3889:Eucharist 3866:from the 3772:entheogen 3764:Libations 3682:festivals 3678:wine bars 3674:sommelier 3646:Reduction 3582:Argentina 3462:Guatemala 3373:Beer (l) 3370:Wine (l) 3346:Argentina 3090:Argentina 2990:Australia 2755:Australia 2619:near the 2542:Australia 2502:Argentina 2174:Decanting 2080:pectinase 1928:trademark 1899:; and in 1877:Argentina 1750:Argentina 1645:varieties 1595:rice wine 1556:varieties 1508:Vin Santo 1496:Sauternes 1439:Champagne 1404:Sparkling 1372:Provençal 1332:Rosé wine 1310:champagne 1219:Rosé wine 1184:sweetness 1122:Champagne 1102:Rosé wine 808:Etymology 621:Armenians 574:Palestine 533:rice wine 306:Eucharist 288:in their 248:New Spain 186:blueberry 139:fermented 115:Sparkling 14124:Sloe gin 14119:Schnapps 14084:Licor 43 14080:Vanilla 14074:Charanda 14005:Juniper 13984:Drambuie 13919:Advocaat 13875:Coconut 13812:Patxaran 13751:Anisette 13730:Absinthe 13715:Amaretto 13700:Liqueurs 13565:Lambanog 13473:Sorghum 13412:Cheongju 13266:Tsipouro 13210:Juniper 13184:Armagnac 13129:Calvados 13072:Parakari 13052:Kombucha 12952:Tunggang 12927:Bahalina 12894:Huangjiu 12860:Sorghum 12814:Rượu cần 12779:Gwaha-ju 12714:Tesgüino 12638:Dubonnet 12633:Conditum 12623:Colonche 12538:Vermouth 12523:Red wine 12508:Mistelle 12210:Category 12179:Oenology 12157:See also 12051:Dead arm 12023:diseases 12001:Ripeness 11953:Klopotec 11895:Vineyard 11854:planting 11852:Vineyard 11801:Drainage 11759:Vineyard 11747:Veraison 11742:Ripening 11644:Paraguay 11536:Slovenia 11531:Slovakia 11506:Portugal 11406:Bulgaria 11360:Thailand 11275:Abkhazia 11254:Tanzania 11234:Ethiopia 10960:Pressing 10882:Glossary 10798:Industry 10691:Jug wine 10686:Decanter 10676:Box wine 10574:Isabella 10569:Grenache 10549:Carignan 10496:Sémillon 10481:Riesling 10476:Palomino 10219:Ancient 10202:Vineyard 10197:Veraison 10182:Oenology 10104:Observer 10027:(2006). 9986:(2008). 9964:(2004). 9900:(2003). 9820:10680575 9777:23855464 9733:35565924 9682:34320173 9633:Archived 9606:Archived 9561:Archived 9549:25427113 9502:Archived 9476:Archived 9472:15301396 9392:Archived 9370:18727003 9313:Archived 9309:19406740 9242:24582196 9192:30146330 9142:26997174 9093:28460912 9055:26 April 9049:Archived 9028:26 April 9022:Archived 8992:Archived 8913:Archived 8909:IntoWine 8812:Archived 8712:Archived 8677:Archived 8646:Archived 8559:14 April 8499:24 April 8493:Archived 8401:Archived 8371:Archived 8288:Archived 8258:Archived 8234:28 March 8228:Archived 8178:Statista 8152:Archived 8044:Archived 7882:Archived 7858:10 April 7852:Archived 7826:Archived 7766:Archived 7733:Archived 7696:Archived 7663:Archived 7642:Archived 7608:Archived 7577:Archived 7494:Archived 7464:Archived 7408:Archived 7381:Archived 7351:Archived 7325:Archived 7281:25251495 7241:PLOS ONE 7189:Archived 7029:Archived 7007:26007169 6948:Archived 6919:archived 6803:(2010). 6779:Archived 6752:Archived 6711:(2010). 6593:26 April 6450:28 March 6281:(2013). 6228:Archived 5926:3 August 5920:Archived 5895:3 August 5886:Archived 5801:Archived 5797:29518928 5725:archived 5650:Archived 5628:15590771 5558:Archived 5528:Archived 5501:Archived 5478:29133421 5411:Archived 5385:Archived 5329:Archived 5286:Heritage 5258:Archived 5233:28 March 5198:Archived 5163:15 April 5157:Archived 5101:Archived 4928:Archived 4905:12 April 4899:Archived 4793:See also 4779:stilbene 4654:sedation 4650:lethargy 4583:Alcohol 4575:Quantity 4406:methanol 4358:wine bar 4283:oenology 4142:oxidizes 4109:such as 4103:Portugal 4070:Box wine 3819:Rabbinic 3815:Passover 3792:— 3719:dishes. 3709:braising 3606:Portugal 3367:Country 3292:Slovenia 3202:Portugal 3167:Country 3070:Portugal 2887:Country 2815:Portugal 2653:Country 2586:920,200 2289:Burgundy 2285:Bordeaux 2186:terpenes 2170:Dry wine 2137:Judging 2119:Brunello 2087:Vintages 2048:fructose 2044:dextrose 2008:Portugal 1962:Italian 1932:Meritage 1809:Bordeaux 1752:and the 1738:grafting 1703:cultivar 1678:varietal 1607:cheongju 1603:huangjiu 1447:Prosecco 1361:blending 1342:red wine 1252:Red wine 1214:Red wine 1150:Ice wine 1090:Red wine 1008:Georgian 988:, Latin 967:ideogram 963:Linear B 877:Armenian 865:ghvee-no 858:Georgian 795:Virginia 735:bastardo 690:Chanakya 660:Xinjiang 644:amphoras 529:hawthorn 342:Catholic 310:Egyptian 284:and the 267:Red wine 88:Variants 14262:Cooking 14166:Portals 14130:Walnut 14094:Campari 14039:Curaçao 14030:Orange 14014:Jenever 13999:Krupnik 13944:Aquavit 13885:Coffee 13857:Tentura 13818:Cherry 13792:Sambuca 13777:Mastika 13761:Hierbas 13735:Anisado 13711:Almond 13660:Horilka 13650:Akvavit 13600:Clairin 13595:Cachaça 13545:Tequila 13422:Lao-Lao 13407:Awamori 13343:Barley 13337:Cereals 13326:Schnaps 13316:Pálinka 13306:Nalewka 13271:Zivania 13204:Zivania 13145:Cherry 13102:Liquors 12968:Ginger 12804:Pangasi 12764:Choujiu 12744:Amazake 12720:Millet 12709:Tejuino 12685:Barley 12679:Cereals 12668:Sangria 12593:Tepache 12569:Lychee 12559:Longan 12474:Bignay 12459:Banana 12352:Malting 12347:Brewery 12342:Brewing 12011:Weather 12006:Vintage 11978:Harvest 11963:Pruning 11914:Coulure 11821:Terroir 11654:Uruguay 11629:Bolivia 11596:Oceania 11556:Ukraine 11511:Romania 11481:Moldova 11456:Ireland 11451:Hungary 11441:Germany 11436:Georgia 11426:Denmark 11411:Croatia 11396:Belgium 11391:Austria 11386:Albania 11370:Vietnam 11330:Lebanon 11280:Armenia 11259:Tunisia 11244:Namibia 11239:Morocco 11224:Algeria 11144:Terroir 11102:Related 10950:Vintage 10932:Harvest 10877:Outline 10701:Muselet 10663:storage 10554:Cinsaut 10529:Barbera 10456:Macabeo 10416:Aligoté 10374:Organic 10364:Natural 10317:Dessert 10262:Georgia 10212:History 10192:Terroir 10187:Species 9757:Bibcode 9724:9100270 9639:26 June 9612:26 June 9567:26 June 9463:6676702 9361:6653665 9183:6148333 9133:4803651 8683:26 June 8652:31 July 8591:26 June 8377:25 July 8351:4 April 8294:5 March 8264:5 March 8158:26 June 8132:26 June 7919:26 June 7888:26 June 7775:26 June 7739:26 June 7702:26 June 7669:26 June 7614:19 July 7583:26 June 7557:26 June 7530:17 July 7500:22 June 7470:22 June 7440:25 June 7414:22 June 7387:22 June 7331:25 June 7272:4176712 7249:Bibcode 7195:9 April 7132:25 June 6998:6272211 6785:6 April 6758:6 April 6414:Liddell 6376:at the 6341:25 June 5997:25 June 5788:5876521 5765:Bibcode 5596:Bibcode 5469:5715782 5446:Bibcode 5417:21 July 5361:1 April 5036:Moralia 5014:9 March 4934:21 July 4708:ethanol 4529:Protein 4402:In 1986 4309:Vintner 4180:Storage 4115:plastic 3931:dentist 3835:pogroms 3811:Shabbat 3806:Kiddush 3778:Judaism 3694:Finland 3670:dessert 3510:Uruguay 3328:Moldova 3310:Hungary 3256:Andorra 3238:Croatia 3030:Germany 2867:10,319 2795:Germany 2609:equator 2582:Germany 2371:Country 2269:dollars 2228:chambré 2129:Tasting 2093:Vintage 2076:amylase 2052:glucose 2036:terroir 1980:terroir 1921:Ontario 1817:Chianti 1772:terroir 1762:terroir 1685:hybrids 1649:species 1488:Icewine 1468:Dessert 1258:tannins 1136:around 1054:ɣʷeinyo 1020:Semitic 1018:), and 994:Russian 920:Hittite 791:Florida 787:Vinland 710:vinegar 652:vintner 602:retsina 566:Lebanon 554:Lebanon 498:Armenia 474:Armenia 466:Georgia 430:), and 421:Armenia 395:Georgia 381:Armenia 356:History 322:Israeli 304:in the 298:Kiddush 294:Judaism 273:by the 236:Armenia 224:Georgia 213:terroir 201:strains 190:currant 154:ethanol 120:Dessert 41:Glasses 14216:Coffee 14134:Nocino 14059:Pastis 13989:Glayva 13975:Honey 13969:Unicum 13964:Metaxa 13940:Herbs 13924:Eggnog 13900:Cream 13889:Kahlúa 13879:Malibu 13726:Anise 13670:Shōchū 13665:Poitín 13655:Bangla 13635:Tharra 13576:Dairy 13560:Laksoy 13555:Arrack 13540:Mezcal 13517:Whisky 13512:Shōchū 13502:Baijiu 13477:Baijiu 13467:Starka 13437:Shochu 13427:Lihing 13417:Cholai 13383:Maize 13281:Brandy 13246:Grappa 13241:Chacha 13236:Pomace 13194:Cognac 13189:Brandy 13175:Grape 13169:Boukha 13155:Dates 13120:Apple 13077:Ibwatu 13067:Chicha 13013:Sugar 12988:Honey 12958:Dairy 12917:Pulque 12864:Pendhā 12784:Hariya 12774:Dansul 12754:Beopju 12729:Tongba 12658:Nabidh 12533:Sherry 12494:Grape 12449:Apple 11904:Canopy 11831:aspect 11727:Grapes 11634:Brazil 11582:Mexico 11577:Canada 11546:Sweden 11526:Serbia 11516:Russia 11501:Poland 11446:Greece 11431:France 11416:Cyprus 11379:Europe 11365:Turkey 11355:Taiwan 11320:Jordan 11310:Israel 11290:Bhutan 11217:Africa 11109:Winery 11072:Solera 10696:Kvevri 10584:Merlot 10579:Malbec 10379:Kosher 10355:Other 10310:Orange 10283:Styles 10250:France 10102:& 10080: 10058: 10037: 10013: 9994: 9972: 9950: 9929: 9908: 9886: 9867: 9848: 9818: 9783: 9775: 9731: 9721: 9680: 9555: 9547: 9470: 9460: 9424: 9368: 9358: 9307: 9240: 9190: 9180: 9162:Lancet 9140: 9130: 9091: 8998:17 May 8972:17 May 8818:23 May 8784: 8718:17 May 8616: 8530: 8461: 8432: 8319: 8071: 8016: 7989: 7798: 7302: 7279: 7269: 7218: 7183: 7155: 7100: 7060: 7035:4 June 7005: 6995: 6954:24 May 6925:4 June 6911: 6878: 6858: 6834: 6727: 6643: 6616: 6584: 6552: 6500: 6331:"Wine" 6310:"wine" 6291: 6257: 6195: 6161: 6093: 6045: 6020: 5964: 5860: 5810:6 June 5795: 5785: 5734:6 June 5626: 5619:539767 5616: 5476: 5466: 5043: 4988: 4980: 4770:. The 4746:stroke 4744:, and 4730:stroke 4658:stupor 4591:10.6 g 4485:Sugars 4455:Energy 4361:server 4249:Cooper 4076:, and 4042:madhab 4039:Hanafi 4023:poetry 3893:Gospel 3864:fresco 3803:. The 3713:savory 3705:stocks 3686:Kuopio 3622: 3603: 3579: 3558:Greece 3555: 3531: 3507: 3483: 3459: 3438:France 3435: 3411: 3387: 3343: 3325: 3307: 3289: 3271: 3253: 3235: 3217: 3199: 3184:France 3181: 3102: 2910:France 2864:World* 2719:1,400 2715:France 2699:2,120 2679:2,190 2658:tonnes 2591:World* 2442:France 2383:tonnes 2297:Europe 2246:, and 2216:Chinon 2196:Banana 2182:esters 2164:. The 2162:spices 2017:Greece 1948:Malbec 1946:, and 1903:, the 1901:Canada 1881:Brazil 1849:Oregon 1825:Merlot 1674:Merlot 1619:brandy 1597:(e.g. 1585:Starch 1546:French 1506:, and 1398:tannic 1382:Orange 1166:Styles 1028:Hebrew 1006:(e.g. 928:Lycian 924:wiyana 916:woinos 873:win-o- 871:stem * 847:*winam 738:wine. 730:France 716:, the 636:Alkman 598:cherem 586:Byblos 570:Israel 451:Greece 432:Sicily 419:BCE), 410:Persia 404:BCE), 330:France 328:, and 320:, and 300:, and 286:Romans 234:, and 228:Persia 192:, and 178:cherry 166:grapes 133:is an 110:Orange 68: 14180:Drink 13869:Lakka 13798:Beer 13675:Vodka 13625:Sulai 13610:Guaro 13580:Arkhi 13570:Sotol 13535:Agave 13528:Other 13447:Sulai 13403:Rice 13363:Beer 13321:Rakia 13291:Geist 13256:Orujo 13229:Țuică 13220:Plum 13199:Pisco 13159:Araqi 13114:Fruit 13062:Cauim 13037:Palek 13032:Intus 13017:Kilju 12997:Byais 12982:Byais 12962:Kumis 12947:Tuhak 12905:Other 12854:Kvass 12844:Tapuy 12839:Tapai 12834:Sonti 12799:Mirin 12794:Mijiu 12769:Chuak 12739:Agkud 12735:Rice 12704:Pozol 12699:Mageu 12695:Corn 12663:Pruno 12648:Jabol 12613:Rimon 12599:Plum 12583:Perry 12579:Pear 12453:Cider 12443:Fruit 12367:Yeast 12031:Birds 11886:Yield 11841:slope 11765:Vitis 11639:Chile 11541:Spain 11476:Malta 11461:Italy 11350:Syria 11335:Nepal 11315:Japan 11300:India 11295:China 11229:Egypt 11059:Aging 10609:Syrah 10564:Gamay 10534:Bobal 10446:Glera 10411:Airén 10403:White 10359:Table 10347:Straw 10337:Fruit 10295:White 10238:China 10117:Wines 9781:S2CID 9553:S2CID 9508:9 May 9417:Abuse 9266:9 May 8919:4 May 8407:4 May 8397:WebMD 8313:(PDF) 7769:(PDF) 7762:(PDF) 6477:(PDF) 6470:(PDF) 6418:Scott 6358:οἶνος 6234:7 May 6138:(PDF) 6131:(PDF) 5889:(PDF) 5882:(PDF) 5804:(PDF) 5753:(PDF) 5728:(PDF) 5721:(PDF) 5564:4 May 5335:4 May 5192:(5). 5132:6 May 5107:6 May 5076:6 May 5052:7 May 4986:S2CID 4536:0.1 g 4512:0.0 g 4489:0.6 g 4478:2.6 g 4232:Name 4212:vodka 4099:corks 4027:Alevi 3969:Islam 3911:(see 3905:Jesus 3854:Jesus 3717:sweet 3658:stews 3654:drink 3616:1.77 3592:1.86 3568:2.05 3544:2.57 3534:Tonga 3520:2.97 3496:3.04 3472:3.50 3448:3.52 3424:3.69 3414:Italy 3400:9.29 3350:4.62 3332:4.67 3314:4.94 3296:5.10 3278:5.10 3260:5.69 3242:5.80 3224:6.38 3220:Italy 3206:6.65 3188:8.14 2970:Chile 2950:Spain 2930:Italy 2884:Rank 2735:Chile 2695:Spain 2675:Italy 2656:1000 2650:Rank 2522:Chile 2482:China 2422:Spain 2402:Italy 2295:from 2139:color 2021:Italy 2013:Spain 1897:Chile 1813:Rioja 1768:aroma 1701:is a 1670:Gamay 1575:honey 1563:Honey 1548:term 1519:Fruit 1480:sugar 1367:from 1338:color 1286:White 1138:Reims 1072:ɣwino 1062:ɣwino 1042:ɣwino 1024:*wayn 1011:ღვინო 996:вино 990:vinum 912:οῖνος 900:oinos 896:οἶνος 875:(cf. 861:ღვინო 854:vinum 851:Latin 726:Monks 698:madhu 686:India 682:grape 632:Homer 578:Syria 550:Sidon 521:Henan 517:Jiahu 513:China 326:Spain 318:Roman 314:Greek 279:Greek 271:blood 232:Italy 150:sugar 146:Yeast 142:fruit 100:White 72:5–16% 14232:Wine 14204:Wine 14192:Beer 14153:List 13915:Egg 13787:Rakı 13782:Ouzo 13756:Arak 13630:Sura 13457:Korn 13453:Rye 13442:Soju 13311:Oghi 13251:Marc 13179:Arak 13165:Fig 13139:Feni 13043:Tea 13027:Basi 13007:Mead 12992:Bais 12942:Tubâ 12937:Tuak 12889:Boza 12884:Beer 12850:Rye 12824:Sato 12819:Sake 12759:Brem 12362:Wort 12189:Wine 11986:Brix 11909:Clos 11649:Peru 11305:Iran 11268:Asia 10661:and 10390:Top 10305:Rosé 10161:Wine 10119:and 10078:ISBN 10056:ISBN 10035:ISBN 10011:ISBN 9992:ISBN 9970:ISBN 9948:ISBN 9927:ISBN 9906:ISBN 9884:ISBN 9865:ISBN 9861:Wine 9846:ISBN 9816:PMID 9773:PMID 9753:1290 9729:PMID 9678:PMID 9641:2008 9614:2008 9569:2019 9545:PMID 9510:2015 9484:2015 9468:PMID 9422:ISBN 9400:2022 9366:PMID 9321:2019 9305:PMID 9268:2015 9238:PMID 9188:PMID 9138:PMID 9089:PMID 9057:2021 9030:2021 9000:2014 8974:2014 8947:2023 8921:2020 8869:2023 8820:2019 8782:ISSN 8747:2023 8720:2014 8685:2008 8654:2010 8627:2019 8614:ISBN 8593:2008 8561:2013 8528:ISBN 8501:2006 8469:See 8459:ISBN 8430:ISBN 8409:2020 8379:2020 8353:2020 8317:ISBN 8296:2020 8266:2020 8236:2009 8185:2023 8160:2008 8134:2008 8085:2023 8069:ISSN 8014:ISBN 7987:ISBN 7921:2008 7890:2008 7860:2018 7834:2007 7796:ISBN 7777:2008 7741:2008 7704:2008 7671:2008 7616:2017 7585:2008 7559:2008 7532:2007 7502:2007 7472:2007 7442:2008 7416:2007 7389:2007 7359:2020 7333:2008 7300:ISBN 7277:PMID 7216:ISBN 7197:2018 7181:ISSN 7153:ISBN 7134:2008 7098:ISBN 7058:ISBN 7037:2021 7003:PMID 6956:2021 6927:2021 6909:ISBN 6876:ISBN 6856:ISBN 6832:ISBN 6787:2014 6760:2014 6725:ISBN 6641:ISBN 6614:ISBN 6595:2015 6582:ISBN 6550:ISBN 6529:2023 6498:ISBN 6452:2014 6416:and 6408:μέθυ 6343:2008 6289:ISBN 6255:ISBN 6236:2020 6206:2019 6193:ISBN 6172:2019 6159:ISBN 6091:ISBN 6043:ISBN 6018:ISBN 5999:2008 5962:ISBN 5928:2018 5897:2018 5858:ISBN 5839:2023 5812:2021 5793:PMID 5736:2021 5658:2018 5624:PMID 5566:2020 5536:2022 5509:2022 5474:PMID 5419:2018 5393:2016 5363:2014 5337:2020 5266:2017 5235:2011 5206:2005 5165:2015 5134:2020 5109:2020 5078:2020 5054:2024 5041:ISBN 5016:2024 4978:ISSN 4936:2018 4907:2023 4766:and 4674:coma 4668:and 4632:and 4630:beer 4415:and 4390:The 4001:Iran 3983:Iran 3933:and 3877:and 3758:and 3743:and 3707:and 3613:3.75 3610:6.65 3589:2.49 3586:4.62 3565:2.20 3562:4.51 3541:0.89 3538:2.29 3517:1.33 3514:3.95 3493:1.12 3490:3.40 3469:1.12 3466:3.92 3445:2.31 3442:8.14 3421:1.73 3418:6.38 3397:0.45 3394:4.18 2954:10% 2934:19% 2914:30% 2859:280 2839:300 2819:330 2799:350 2779:440 2759:640 2739:830 2625:Flen 2368:Rank 2346:and 2287:and 2259:, a 2218:and 2184:and 2078:and 2019:and 1994:and 1970:wine 1968:DOCG 1966:, a 1915:and 1887:and 1843:and 1823:and 1815:and 1723:and 1672:and 1611:beer 1605:and 1599:sake 1593:and 1579:hops 1569:Mead 1536:and 1492:Port 1462:cork 1451:Asti 1435:Cava 1394:soak 1357:must 1353:wort 1326:Rosé 1302:wort 1132:and 1058:gini 1030:יין 985:gini 932:oino 886:gini 881:գինի 793:and 722:Mass 703:The 656:Aten 625:wine 505:rice 490:Iran 455:Rome 453:and 406:Iran 375:The 348:and 174:plum 162:heat 156:and 131:Wine 105:Rosé 56:Type 47:and 29:Wine 14009:Gin 13615:Rum 13492:Ara 13214:Gin 12879:Ara 12874:Ale 12749:Apo 11067:Oak 10516:Red 10327:Ice 10290:Red 9808:doi 9765:doi 9719:PMC 9709:doi 9668:doi 9664:114 9537:doi 9533:371 9458:PMC 9356:PMC 9348:doi 9295:doi 9228:doi 9178:PMC 9170:doi 9166:392 9128:PMC 9120:doi 9081:doi 8774:doi 8770:132 7964:doi 7267:PMC 7257:doi 6993:PMC 6983:doi 6901:doi 6828:486 6721:214 6403:Cf. 5783:PMC 5773:doi 5695:hdl 5685:doi 5614:PMC 5604:doi 5592:101 5464:PMC 5454:doi 5442:114 5305:hdl 5295:doi 4970:doi 4706:of 4505:Fat 4195:Oak 4018:mey 3915:). 3883:In 3725:ABV 3715:or 3700:). 3688:in 3094:3% 3079:10 3074:3% 3054:3% 3034:4% 3014:4% 2994:5% 2974:6% 2844:10 2571:10 1907:of 1891:in 1871:in 1863:in 1855:in 1847:in 1705:), 1369:dry 1316:Dry 1246:Red 1066:ɣun 1002:), 745:in 728:in 611:in 552:in 496:in 412:) ( 379:in 196:. 95:Red 45:red 43:of 14228:: 9814:. 9804:66 9802:. 9779:. 9771:. 9763:. 9751:. 9727:. 9717:. 9705:14 9703:. 9699:. 9676:. 9662:. 9658:. 9631:. 9604:. 9559:. 9551:. 9543:. 9531:. 9527:. 9474:. 9466:. 9454:27 9452:. 9448:. 9430:. 9390:. 9386:. 9364:. 9354:. 9344:31 9342:. 9338:. 9311:. 9303:. 9291:63 9289:. 9285:. 9236:. 9224:89 9222:. 9218:. 9200:^ 9186:. 9176:. 9164:. 9160:. 9136:. 9126:. 9116:77 9114:. 9110:. 9087:. 9077:89 9075:. 9047:. 9016:. 8937:. 8907:. 8885:. 8837:. 8810:. 8806:. 8794:^ 8780:. 8764:. 8671:. 8577:. 8526:. 8524:82 8491:. 8487:. 8399:. 8395:. 8339:. 8286:. 8282:. 8256:. 8252:. 8201:. 8176:. 8150:. 8101:. 8067:. 8063:. 7960:79 7958:. 7862:. 7818:. 7764:. 7729:71 7727:. 7721:. 7694:. 7688:. 7634:, 7624:^ 7606:. 7602:. 7518:. 7492:. 7488:. 7462:. 7458:. 7406:. 7379:. 7375:. 7275:. 7265:. 7255:. 7243:. 7239:. 7187:. 7175:. 7106:. 7027:. 7023:. 7001:. 6991:. 6979:20 6977:. 6973:. 6946:. 6942:. 6917:, 6907:, 6895:, 6830:. 6777:. 6723:. 6564:^ 6520:. 6391:PY 6370:; 6366:; 6362:. 6333:. 6312:. 6277:; 6222:. 6066:. 5985:. 5960:. 5958:32 5914:. 5799:. 5791:. 5781:. 5771:. 5761:18 5759:. 5755:. 5693:. 5679:. 5675:. 5644:. 5622:. 5612:. 5602:. 5590:. 5586:. 5574:^ 5556:. 5552:. 5499:. 5495:. 5472:. 5462:. 5452:. 5440:. 5436:. 5379:. 5303:. 5289:. 5283:. 5256:. 5252:. 5214:^ 5196:. 5190:49 5188:. 5182:. 5155:. 5151:. 5099:. 5095:. 5033:. 5007:. 4984:. 4976:. 4966:22 4964:. 4958:. 4944:^ 4915:^ 4897:. 4740:, 4732:, 4728:, 4652:, 4404:, 4176:. 4125:. 4072:, 4068:, 4064:, 4060:, 4056:, 4015:, 3965:. 3692:, 3059:9 3039:8 3019:7 2999:6 2979:5 2959:4 2939:3 2919:2 2899:1 2824:9 2804:8 2784:7 2764:6 2744:5 2724:4 2704:3 2684:2 2664:1 2631:. 2551:9 2531:8 2511:7 2491:6 2471:5 2451:4 2431:3 2411:2 2391:1 2291:; 2242:, 2222:. 2050:, 2046:, 2015:, 1942:, 1883:; 1867:; 1859:; 1851:; 1811:, 1717:, 1711:, 1668:, 1664:, 1660:, 1601:, 1502:, 1498:, 1494:, 1490:, 1449:, 1437:, 1312:. 1128:, 1026:; 975:. 972:𐂖 946:(* 930:: 926:; 922:: 918:; 906:: 902:; 893:: 889:; 883:, 879:: 856:, 753:, 749:, 724:. 700:. 627:. 604:. 519:, 500:. 461:. 436:c. 425:c. 414:c. 399:c. 352:. 316:, 312:, 308:. 292:; 188:, 184:, 180:, 176:, 144:. 14168:: 13483:) 13479:( 12242:e 12235:t 12228:v 11938:) 11750:) 11744:( 11688:e 11681:t 11674:v 11202:e 11195:t 11188:v 10916:e 10909:t 10902:v 10659:, 10153:e 10146:t 10139:v 10086:. 10064:. 10043:. 10019:. 10000:. 9978:. 9956:. 9935:. 9914:. 9892:. 9873:. 9854:. 9822:. 9810:: 9787:. 9767:: 9759:: 9735:. 9711:: 9684:. 9670:: 9643:. 9616:. 9571:. 9539:: 9512:. 9486:. 9402:. 9372:. 9350:: 9323:. 9297:: 9270:. 9244:. 9230:: 9194:. 9172:: 9144:. 9122:: 9095:. 9083:: 9059:. 9032:. 9002:. 8976:. 8949:. 8923:. 8871:. 8822:. 8788:. 8776:: 8749:. 8722:. 8687:. 8656:. 8629:. 8595:. 8563:. 8536:. 8503:. 8467:. 8438:. 8411:. 8381:. 8355:. 8325:. 8298:. 8268:. 8238:. 8187:. 8162:. 8136:. 8087:. 8050:. 8022:. 7995:. 7970:. 7966:: 7923:. 7905:" 7892:. 7836:. 7804:. 7779:. 7743:. 7706:. 7673:. 7618:. 7587:. 7561:. 7534:. 7504:. 7474:. 7444:. 7418:. 7391:. 7361:. 7335:. 7308:. 7283:. 7259:: 7251:: 7245:9 7224:. 7199:. 7161:. 7136:. 7066:. 7039:. 7009:. 6985:: 6958:. 6903:: 6840:. 6789:. 6762:. 6733:. 6649:. 6622:. 6597:. 6531:. 6454:. 6420:. 6380:. 6345:. 6318:. 6297:. 6263:. 6238:. 6208:. 6174:. 6099:. 6051:. 6026:. 6001:. 5970:. 5899:. 5866:. 5841:. 5814:. 5775:: 5767:: 5703:. 5697:: 5687:: 5681:7 5660:. 5630:. 5606:: 5598:: 5568:. 5538:. 5511:. 5480:. 5456:: 5448:: 5421:. 5395:. 5365:. 5339:. 5313:. 5307:: 5297:: 5291:5 5268:. 5237:. 5208:. 5167:. 5136:. 5111:. 5080:. 5018:. 4992:. 4972:: 4938:. 4909:. 4714:. 4419:. 3985:. 3899:( 3122:. 2385:) 2381:( 1140:. 1074:- 1070:* 1052:* 1040:* 1022:( 910:ϝ 863:( 827:. 572:/ 434:( 423:( 408:( 397:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index