2014:
2759:
3855:
48:
3725:
2587:
3915:
1698:
2207:
in
Finland, in close proximity to Leningrad. No promises to the contrary managed to persuade the other. Additionally, both sides had misunderstood the others position: the Finns had assumed that the Soviets had opened up on a maximalist demand, ready to be traded down smaller. The Soviets instead had stressed the minimalist nature of their demands, and were incredulous over Finnish reluctance to agree. Finally, there was also Stalin's unwillingness or inability to accept that any territorial concessions on the part of Finland would have only been possible by a 4/5th majority in the Finnish parliament. He had mocked such a requirement, proposing that they count his and Molotov's votes, too.
3016:
386:
374:
362:
350:
338:
324:
310:
296:
1883:
170:
2463:
2240:
3453:
3315:
2997:. The Soviet troops also lacked skill in skiing, so soldiers were restricted to movement by road and were forced to move in long columns. The Red Army lacked proper winter tents, and troops had to sleep in improvised shelters. Some Soviet units incurred frostbite casualties as high as ten per cent even before crossing the Finnish border. However, the cold weather did give an advantage to Soviet tanks, as they could move over frozen terrain and bodies of water, rather than being immobilised in swamps and mud. According to Krivosheev, at least 61,506 Soviet troops were sick or
3104:, a number of Soviet tanks broke through the thin line on 19 December, but the Soviets could not benefit from the situation because of insufficient co-operation between branches of service. The Finns remained in their trenches, allowing the Soviet tanks to move freely behind the Finnish line, as the Finns had no proper anti-tank weapons. The Finns succeeded in repelling the main Soviet assault. The tanks, stranded behind enemy lines, attacked the strongpoints at random until they were eventually destroyed, 20 in all. By 22 December, the battle ended in a Finnish victory.
4214:
3437:, occurred on the first day of the war. The capital was bombed only a few times thereafter. All in all, Soviet bombings cost Finland five per cent of its total man-hour production. Nevertheless, Soviet air attacks affected thousands of civilians, killing 957. The Soviets recorded 2,075 bombing attacks in 516 localities. The city of Viipuri, a major Soviet objective close to the Karelian Isthmus front, was almost levelled by nearly 12,000 bombs. No attacks on civilian targets were mentioned in Soviet radio or newspaper reports. In January 1940, the Soviet
4357:, the 7th Soviet Army lost 1,244 tanks during the breakthrough battles of the Mannerheim Line in mid-winter. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Finnish estimate of the number of lost Soviet tanks was 1,000 to 1,200. The Soviet Air Forces lost around 1,000 aircraft, but fewer than half of them were combat casualties. According to Carl Fredrik Geust, based on the studies of Soviet air force units, Finnish anti-aircraft units shot down 119 and Finnish fighter pilots 131 Soviet aircraft, though all Soviet aircraft losses had been more than 900.
3267:
3979:
4097:
13877:
3736:
bad terrain and harsh climate, and falsely claiming that the
Mannerheim Line was stronger than the Maginot Line, and that the Americans had sent 1,000 of their best pilots to Finland. However, the Soviets were confronted with the unavoidable reality of the poor performance of their troops against the Finns. Stalin in particular was concerned about the effects of the war on Soviet reputation. In late December, the Soviets decided to reduce their strategic objectives and focused on bringing the war to an end.
3846:
commanders wished to continue the war as their forces were starting to make progress against the Finns, whereas the
Communist Party pointed out that the war was becoming too costly and called for the signing of a peace treaty. The party believed that Finland could be taken over later by means of a revolution. The heated discussion that ensued failed to yield any clear result and the matter went to a vote, in which the party's opinion prevailed and the decision was taken to bring hostilities to an end.
4421:
3128:
2942:
2361:
territorial concessions from
Finland, and even offered land in return, which would not have made sense if full Sovietization was intended. And according to Kotkin, Stalin seemed to be genuinely interested in reaching an agreement during the negotiations: he had personally attended six of the seven meetings with the Finns, and had multiple times reduced his demands. However, mutual mistrust and misunderstandings would mar the negotiations, producing an impasse.
17729:
3891:
Army's humiliation by the Finns. The
Soviets had further demands, as their military position was strong and improving. On 9 March, the Finnish military situation on the Karelian Isthmus was dire, as troops were experiencing heavy casualties. Artillery ammunition was exhausted and weapons were wearing out. The Finnish government, realizing that the hoped-for Franco-British military expedition would not arrive in time, as Norway and Sweden had not given the
3810:(which was overestimated by Soviet intelligence in February and March 1940). With the spring thaw approaching, the Soviet forces risked becoming bogged down in the forests. Finnish Foreign Minister VÀinö Tanner arrived in Stockholm on 12 February and negotiated the peace terms with the Soviets through the Swedes. German representatives, not aware that the negotiations were underway, suggested on 17 February that Finland negotiate with the Soviet Union.
278:
266:
254:
242:
230:
216:
202:
4407:
3065:
If he refused to fight, he would be shot. If he tried to sneak through the forest, he would freeze to death. And surrender was no option for him; Soviet propaganda had told him how the Finns would torture prisoners to death." The problem however was that the Finns were mostly too weak to fully exploit their success. Some of the pockets of encircled Soviet soldiers held out for weeks and even months, binding a huge number of
Finnish forces.
146:
2045:, stating that the Soviets did not trust Germany and that war was considered possible between the two countries. The Red Army would not wait passively behind the border but would rather "advance to meet the enemy". Finnish representatives assured Yartsev that Finland was committed to a policy of neutrality and that the country would resist any armed incursion. Yartsev suggested that Finland cede or lease some islands in the
3361:, and a company of tanks, was outflanked by a Finnish battalion. The 122nd retreated, abandoning much of its heavy equipment and vehicles. Following this success, the Finns shuttled reinforcements to the defensive line in front of KemijÀrvi. The Soviets hammered the defensive line without success. The Finns counter-attacked, and the Soviets retreated to a new defensive line where they stayed for the rest of the war.
2511:, Stalin and Boris Shaposhnikov. On 28 December, when Stalin asked for volunteers to take over military command, Semyon Timoshenko offered himself on the condition that he be allowed to implement Shaposhnikov's initial plan of a focused attack on the Karelian Isthmus to break the Mannerhiem Line; it was accepted. In January 1940, the Leningrad Military District was reformed and renamed "North-Western Front".
4296:
2399:, reported, "The terrain of coming operations is split by lakes, rivers, swamps, and is almost entirely covered by forests.... The proper use of our forces will be difficult". These doubts were not reflected in Meretskov's troop deployments, and he publicly announced that the Finnish campaign would take two weeks at most. Soviet soldiers had even been warned not to cross the border mistakenly into Sweden.
2487:, with its dense well-mapped network of paved roads. Armies fighting there had recognised supply and communications centres, which could be easily targeted by armoured vehicle regiments. Finnish Army centres, in contrast, were deep inside the country. There were no paved roads, and even gravel or dirt roads were scarce. Most of the terrain consisted of trackless forests and swamps. The war correspondent
3987:
interest. Several foreign organisations sent material aid, and many countries granted credit and military materiel to
Finland. Nazi Germany allowed arms to pass through its territory to Finland, but after a Swedish newspaper made this public, Adolf Hitler initiated a policy of silence towards Finland, as part of improved GermanâSoviet relations following the signing of the MolotovâRibbentrop Pact.
2341:" and thus "achieve absolute victory". He quoted Molotov, who had commented in November 1939 on the regime change plan to a Soviet ambassador that the new government "will not be Soviet, but one of a democratic republic. Nobody is going to set up Soviets over there, but we hope it will be a government we can come to terms with as to ensure the security of Leningrad". According to Russian historian
4234:. After the end of the war, the situation of the Finnish Army on the Karelian Isthmus became a subject of debate in Finland. Orders had already been issued to prepare a retreat to the next line of defence in the Taipale sector. Estimates of how long the Red Army could have been delayed by retreat-and-stand operations varied from a few days to a few weeks, or to a couple of months at most.
2522:, comprising nine divisions, a tank corps and three tank brigades, was located on the Karelian Isthmus. Its objective was to quickly overrun the Finnish defenses on the Karelian Isthmus and conquer Viipuri. From there, the 7th Army was to continue towards Lappeenranta, then turn west towards Lahti, before the final push to the capital Helsinki. The force was later divided into the 7th and
2353:"could have done so with comparative ease". Bradley Lightbody wrote that the "entire Soviet aim had been to make the Soviet border more secure". In 2002, Russian historian A. Chubaryan stated that no documents had been found in Russian archives that support a Soviet plan to annex Finland. Rather, the objective was to gain Finnish territory and to reinforce Soviet influence in the region.
3753:. The Soviets shipped large numbers of new tanks and artillery pieces to the theatre. Troops were increased from ten divisions to 25â26 divisions with six or seven tank brigades and several independent tank platoons as support, totalling 600,000 soldiers. On 1 February, the Red Army began a large offensive, firing 300,000 shells into the Finnish line in the first 24 hours of the
4307:) met in April 1940, reviewed the lessons of the Finnish campaign and recommended reforms. The role of frontline political commissars was reduced, and old-fashioned ranks and forms of discipline were reintroduced. Clothing, equipment and tactics for winter operations were improved. Not all of the reforms had been completed when Germans initiated Operation Barbarossa 14 months later.
4144:. On 11 December, Churchill opined that the British should gain a foothold in Scandinavia with the objective to help the Finns, but without a war with the Soviet Union. Because of the heavy German reliance on Northern Sweden's iron ore, Hitler had made it clear to the Swedish government in December that any Allied troops on Swedish soil would immediately provoke a German invasion.
2187:
However, this sudden change, contrary to previous statements that Soviet demands were minimalist and thus unalterable, had surprised the
Finnish government, and lead them to believe more concession may be forthcoming. Thus, Paasikivi's idea of reaching some sort of compromise by offering the Soviets the island of Jussarö and the fort of Ino were refused by Helsinki.
3293:, which occurred during the month-long Battle of Suomussalmi, resulted in one of the largest Soviet losses in the Winter War. The Soviet 44th and parts of the 163rd Rifle Division, comprising about 14,000 troops, were almost completely destroyed by a Finnish ambush as they marched along the forest road. A small unit blocked the Soviet advance while Finnish Colonel
2107:, the Finnish envoy to Sweden, was sent to Moscow to represent the Finnish government Furthermore, the negotiations were attended by Stalin in person, signalling the seriousness of the effort. Paasikivi would later recount his surprise over the friendly atmosphere in which the delegation was received, and mentioned the pleasant manners of Stalin towards them.
3778:
soldiers. One by one, the defenders' strongholds crumbled under the Soviet attacks and the Finns were forced to retreat. On 15 February, Mannerheim authorised a general retreat of the II Corps to a fallback line of defence. On the eastern side of the isthmus, the Finns continued to resist Soviet assaults, achieving a stalemate in the battle of
Taipale.
4345:. After the Winter War, the Soviet prisoners were returned to the USSR in accordance with the Moscow Peace Treaty. Of these, 450 were released, 4,354 were sentenced to imprisonment in labour camps ranging from 3 to 10 years and 414 were exposed to be "active in traitorous activities while in captivity", with 334 criminal cases being transferred to the
2194:. This surprised the Finns, and lent credibility to Soviet claims that their demands were minimalist and thus unalterable, as it would have been impossible to reduce them without a loss of prestige after having made them public. However, the Soviet offer was eventually rejected with respect to the opinion of the public and Parliament.
2606:, had estimated seven Soviet divisions on the Karelian Isthmus and no more than five along the whole border north of Lake Ladoga. In the estimation, the manpower ratio would have favoured the attacker by three to one. The true ratio was much higher, however, since for example, 12 Soviet divisions were deployed north of Lake Ladoga.
4160:
of passage by citing a League of
Nations resolution as justification. The expedition troops would disembark at the Norwegian port of Narvik and proceed by rail toward Finland, passing through the Swedish ore fields on the way. This demand was sent to Norway and Sweden on 6 January, but it was likewise rejected six days later.
2345:, the Soviet terms encompassed the strongest fortified approaches of the Finnish defences for a reason. He claimed that Stalin had little hope for such a deal but would play for time for the ongoing mobilisation. He stated the objective as being to secure Finland from being used as a staging ground by means of regime change.
2706:, killing about 100 citizens and destroying more than 50 buildings. In response to international criticism, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov stated that the Soviet Air Force was not bombing Finnish cities but rather dropping humanitarian aid to the starving Finnish population; the bombs were sarcastically dubbed
3770:. The Soviets also made occasional small infantry assaults with one or two companies. Because of the shortage of ammunition, Finnish artillery emplacements were under orders to fire only against directly threatening ground attacks. On 1 February, the Soviets further escalated their artillery and air bombardments.
2746:, the first settlement captured by the advancing Red Army. After the war, the puppet government was reabsorbed into the Soviet Union. From the very outset of the war, working-class Finns stood behind the legitimate government in Helsinki. Finnish national unity against the Soviet invasion was later called the
4382:
The Winter War laid bare the disorganisation and ineffectiveness of the Red Army and that of the Allies. The Anglo-French Supreme War Council was unable to formulate a workable plan, revealing its unsuitability to make effective war in either Britain or France. This failure led to the collapse of the
4270:
to Finland. Finland wished to re-enter the war mainly because of the Soviet invasion of Finland during the Winter War, which had taken place after Finland had failed by relying on the League of Nations and on Nordic neutrality. Finland aimed primarily to reverse its territorial losses from the Moscow
4163:
Stymied but not yet dissuaded from the possibility of action, the Allies formulated a final plan on 29 January. First, the Finns would make a formal request for assistance. Then, the Allies would ask Norway and Sweden for permission to move the "volunteers" across their territory. Finally, to protect
4159:
elected to send notes to Norway and Sweden on 27 December, urging the Norwegians and Swedes to help Finland and offer the Allies their support. Norway and Sweden rejected the offer on 5 January 1940. The Allies came up with a new plan, in which they would demand that Norway and Sweden give them right
3748:
The Soviet forces on the Karelian Isthmus were divided into two armies: the 7th and the 13th Army. The 7th Army, now under Kirill Meretskov, would concentrate 75 per cent of its strength against the 16 km (9.9 mi) stretch of the Mannerheim Line between Taipale and the Munasuo swamp. Tactics
2853:
forward to the Taipale front. On 14 December, the bolstered Soviet forces launched a new attack but were pushed back again. A third Soviet division entered the fight but performed poorly and panicked under shell fire. The assaults continued without success, and the Red Army suffered heavy losses. One
2614:
was massively strained because of a lack of workers. An even greater problem than lack of soldiers was the lack of materiel since foreign shipments of anti-tank weapons and aircraft were arriving only in small quantities. The ammunition situation was alarming, as stockpiles had cartridges, shells and
2609:
Finland had a large force of reservists, which was trained in regular maneuvers, some of which had experience from the recent Finnish Civil War. The soldiers were also almost universally trained in basic survival techniques, such as skiing. The Finnish Army was not able to equip all its soldiers with
2360:
also shares the position that the Soviet Union did not aim for annexation. He points out the different treatment Finland was given, compared to the Baltics: unlike the pacts of mutual assistance that the Baltics were pressured into, resulting in their total Sovietization, the Soviets demanded limited
2206:
The negotiations had failed, as neither side was willing to substantially reduce their demands, nor was either side able to fully trust the other. The Finns were fearful of an encroachment on their sovereignty, while the Soviets were (claiming to be) fearful of a springboard for international enemies
2186:
On the next meeting on 23 October, Stalin conceded to lessen his demands: a reduction in the amount of land demanded in Karelia; a reduction of the Hanko garrison from 5000 to 4000 men; and reducing the length of lease from 30 years to whatever date the ongoing (second world) war in Europe would end.
4116:
France had been one of the earliest supporters of Finland during the Winter War. The French saw an opportunity to weaken Germany's resource imports via a Finnish counteroffensive, as both Sweden and the Soviet Union were strategic trading partners to Germany. France had another motive, preferring to
4073:
in early March 1940, where they spread flyers and broadcast propaganda to encircled Soviet troops, but did not carry weapons. The men were subsequently detained by Finnish forces, who mistook them for Soviet infiltrators. After the war's end, Bazhanov was immediately asked to leave Finland, which he
3986:
World opinion largely supported the Finnish cause, and the Soviet aggression was generally deemed unjustified. World War II had not yet directly affected France, the United Kingdom or the United States; the Winter War was practically the only conflict in Europe at that time and thus held major world
3833:
opined after the war that Hitler would view a Soviet occupation of Finland as a threat to this plan. Any potential German plans for bases in Finland would also be thwarted if the Soviets occupied Finland, though Trotsky himself believed that Hitler was not interested in occupying Finland, but rather
3443:
newspaper continued to lie that no civilian targets in Finland had been struck, even accidentally. It is estimated that the Soviet air force lost about 400 aircraft because of inclement weather, lack of fuel and tools, and during transport to the front. The Soviet Air Force flew approximately 44,000
3364:
To the north was Finland's only ice-free port in the Arctic, Petsamo. The Finns lacked the manpower to defend it fully, as the main front was distant at the Karelian Isthmus. In the battle of Petsamo, the Soviet 104th Division attacked the Finnish 104th Independent Cover Company. The Finns abandoned
3213:
In the south, two Soviet divisions were united on the northern side of the Lake Ladoga coastal road. As before, these divisions were trapped as the more mobile Finnish units counterattacked from the north to flank the Soviet columns. On 19 December, the Finns temporarily ceased their assaults due to
3099:
On the eastern side of the Isthmus, the Red Army attempted to break through the Mannerheim Line at the battle of Taipale. On the western side, Soviet units faced the Finnish line at Summa, near the city of Viipuri, on 16 December. The Finns had built 41 reinforced-concrete bunkers in the Summa area,
3064:
in Finnish, originally meaning 1 m (35 cu ft) of firewood), staying alive was an ordeal comparable to combat. The men were freezing and starving and endured poor sanitary conditions. Historian William R. Trotter described these conditions as follows: "The Soviet soldier had no choice.
1619:
Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty in which Finland ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union. Soviet losses were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered. Their gains exceeded their pre-war demands, and the Soviets received substantial
4258:
gave the order to plan an assault on the Soviet Union and so Germany had to reassess its position regarding Finland. Until then, Germany had rejected Finnish appeals to purchase arms. However, the prospect of an invasion of the Soviet Union reversed the policy. In August, the secret sale of weapons
4237:
Immediately after the war, Helsinki officially announced 19,576 dead. According to revised estimates in 2005 by Finnish historians, 25,904 people died or went missing and 43,557 were wounded on the Finnish side during the war. Finnish and Russian researchers have estimated that there were 800â1,100
4151:
introduced his plan to the General Staff and the War Cabinet. In his plan, Daladier created linkage between the war in Finland and the iron ore in Sweden. There was a danger of Finland's possible fall under Soviet hegemony. In turn, Nazi Germany could occupy both Norway and Sweden. These two powers
4053:
The ranks of RNA were to be filled by prisoners-of-war, but it would be commanded by White émigrés instead of captured Soviet Army officers, who were deemed unreliable. Bazhanov's Finnish assistant Feodor Schulgin chose Captain Vladimir Kiseleff, Lieutenant Vladimir Lugovskoy, Anatoly Budyansky and
3890:
on 6 March, but the Soviets, wanting to keep the pressure on the Finnish government, declined the offer. The Finnish peace delegation travelled to Moscow via Stockholm and arrived on 7 March. They were disappointed to find that Stalin was not present during peace negotiations, likely due to the Red
3735:
Joseph Stalin was not pleased with the results of December 1939 in the Finnish campaign. The Red Army had been humiliated in defeats by smaller Finnish forces. By the third week of the war, Soviet propaganda was already working to explain the failures of the Soviet military to the populace: blaming
3177:
Finnish forces panicked and retreated in front of the overwhelming Red Army. The commander of the Finnish IV Army Corps Juho Heiskanen was replaced by Woldemar HĂ€gglund on 4 December. On 7 December, in the middle of the Ladoga Karelian front, Finnish units retreated near the small stream of Kollaa.
2786:
The array of Finnish defence structures that during the war started to be called the Mannerheim Line was located on the Karelian Isthmus approximately 30 to 75 km (19 to 47 mi) from the Soviet border. The Red Army soldiers on the Isthmus numbered 250,000, facing 130,000 Finns. The Finnish
2402:
Stalin's purges in the 1930s had devastated the officer corps of the Red Army; those purged included three of its five marshals, 220 of its 264 division or higher-level commanders and 36,761 officers of all ranks. Fewer than half of all the officers remained. They were commonly replaced by soldiers
2302:
The People's Government in its present composition regards itself as a provisional government. Immediately upon arrival in Helsinki, capital of the country, it will be reorganised and its composition enlarged by the inclusion of representatives of the various parties and groups participating in the
1572:'s secret protocols as evidence of this, while other sources argue against the idea of a full Soviet conquest. Finland repelled Soviet attacks for more than two months and inflicted substantial losses on the invaders in temperatures as low as â43 °C (â45 °F). The battles focused mainly on
3744:
as the commander of the Soviet forces in the war on 7 January 1940. The main focus of the Soviet attack was switched to the Karelian Isthmus. Timoshenko and Zhdanov reorganised and tightened control between different branches of service in the Red Army. They also changed tactical doctrines to meet
3495:
Finnish fighter pilots often flew their motley collection of planes into Soviet formations that outnumbered them 10 or even 20 times. Finnish fighters shot down 200 Soviet aircraft, while losing 62 of their own on all causes. Finnish anti-aircraft guns downed more than 300 enemy aircraft. Often, a
2202:
later wrote that "the eyes of our opposite numbers opened wide". Stalin had asked "You don't even offer Ino?" This would become the final meeting: the Soviets stopped responding to further Finnish letters and on 13 November, when the Finnish delegation was recalled from Moscow, no Soviet officials
4316:
in the late 1980s, Soviet historiography relied solely on Molotov's speeches on the Winter War. In his radio speech of 29 November 1939, Molotov argued that the Soviet Union had tried to negotiate guarantees of security for Leningrad for two months. The Finns had taken a hostile stance to "please
3777:
By 11 February, the Soviets had approximately 460,000 soldiers, 3,350 artillery pieces, 3,000 tanks and 1,300 aircraft deployed on the Karelian Isthmus. The Red Army was constantly receiving new recruits after the breakthrough. Opposing them, the Finns had eight divisions, totalling about 150,000
3774:
Unlike their tactics in December, Soviet tanks advanced in smaller numbers. The Finns could not easily eliminate tanks if infantry troops protected them. After 10 days of constant artillery barrage, the Soviets achieved a breakthrough on the Western Karelian Isthmus in the Second Battle of Summa.
2311:
In 1939, Soviet military leadership had formulated a realistic and comprehensive plan for the occupation of Finland. However, Joseph Stalin was not pleased with the conservative pace that the operation required and demanded new plans be drawn up. With the new plans, the key deadline for Finland's
4365:
The Winter War was a political success for the Germans. Both the Red Army and the League of Nations were humiliated, and the Anglo-French Supreme War Council had been revealed to be chaotic and powerless. The German policy of neutrality was unpopular in the homeland, and relations with Italy had
3690:
and two destroyers. When the ships were at a range of 24 km (13 nmi; 15 mi), the Finns opened fire with four 234 mm (9.2 in) coastal guns. After five minutes of firing by the coastal guns, the cruiser had been damaged by near misses and retreated. The destroyers remained
2352:
asserted that Stalin's objective was to secure Leningrad's flank from a possible German invasion through Finland. He stated that "the strongest argument" against a Soviet intention of full conquest is that it did not happen in either 1939 or during the Continuation War in 1944 even though Stalin
4176:. The operation would have required 100,000 British and 35,000 French soldiers with naval and air support. The supply convoys would sail on 12 March and the landings would begin on 20 March. The end of the war on 13 March cancelled Franco-British plans to send troops to Finland through Northern
3926:
took effect the next day at noon Leningrad time, 11 a.m. Helsinki time. With it, Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and most of Ladoga Karelia. The area included Viipuri (Finland's second-largest city or fourth-largest city , depending on the census data), much of Finland's industrialised
3845:
on 19 February in which he confirmed having declined Finnish pleas for support from Swedish troops. On 25 February, the Soviet peace terms were spelt out in detail. On 29 February, the Finnish Government accepted the Soviet terms in principle and was willing to enter into negotiations. Red Army
3773:
Although the Soviets refined their tactics and morale improved, the generals were still willing to accept massive losses to reach their objectives. Soviet attacks were now being screened by smoke, heavy artillery, and armour support, but the infantry charged in the open and in dense formations.
3765:
Although the Karelian Isthmus front was less active in January than in December, the Soviets increased bombardments, wearing down the defenders and softening their fortifications. During daylight hours, the Finns took shelter inside their fortifications from the bombardments and repaired damage
2374:
Before the war, Soviet leadership had expected total victory within a few weeks. The Red Army had just completed the invasion of eastern Poland at a cost of fewer than 4,000 casualties after Germany attacked Poland from the west. Stalin's expectations of a quick Soviet triumph were backed up by
3668:
Finnish coastal artillery batteries defended important harbours and naval bases. Most batteries were left over from the Imperial Russian period, with 152 mm (6.0 in) guns being the most numerous. Finland attempted to modernise its old guns and installed a number of new batteries, the
3305:
as they retreated. The Soviets suffered 7,000â9,000 casualties; the Finnish units, 400. The Finnish troops captured dozens of tanks, artillery pieces, anti-tank guns, hundreds of trucks, almost 2,000 horses, thousands of rifles, and much-needed ammunition and medical supplies. So sure of their
2225:, near the border with Finland. A Soviet border guard post had been shelled by an unknown party resulting, according to Soviet reports, in the deaths of four and injuries of nine border guards. Research conducted by several Finnish and Russian historians later concluded that the shelling was a
2052:
Negotiations continued throughout 1938 without results. The Finnish reception of Soviet entreaties was decidedly cool, as the violent collectivisation and purges in Stalin's Soviet Union resulted in a poor opinion of the country. Most of the Finnish communist elite in the Soviet Union had been
1611:
Following the initial setbacks, the Soviets reduced their strategic objectives and put an end to the puppet Finnish communist government in late January 1940, informing the Finnish government that they were willing to negotiate peace. After the Soviet military reorganized and adopted different
3281:
as a classic example of what well-led troops and innovative tactics can do against a much larger adversary. Suomussalmi was a municipality of 4,000 with long lakes, wild forests and few roads. The Finnish command believed that the Soviets would not attack there, but the Red Army committed two
2255:
Molotov claimed that the incident was a Finnish artillery attack. He demanded that Finland apologise for the incident and to move its forces beyond a line 20â25 km (12â16 mi) from the border. Finland denied responsibility for the attack, rejected the demands and called for a joint
2182:
area to the Soviet Union. That would double the distance between Leningrad and the Finnish border but was far less than the Soviets had demanded. The Finns would also cede the islands in the Gulf of Finland, but they would not agree to lease any territory to the USSR for military purposes.
2166:
had argued for an agreement, being pessimistic of the Finnish prospects in a war against the Soviet Union. But the Finnish government was reticent in reaching an agreement out of mistrust for Stalin: there was a fear of repeated follow-up demands, which would have put the future of Finnish
2282:
stated at a meeting with military historians that the Soviets had launched the Winter War to "correct mistakes" made in determining the border with Finland after 1917. Opinion on the scale of the initial Soviet invasion decision is divided. The puppet Finnish communist government and the
1994:
and the Russian Civil War almost two decades earlier. Soviet leaders believed that the old empire's extended borders provided territorial security and wanted Leningrad, only 32 km (20 mi) from the Finnish border, to enjoy a similar level of security against the rising power of
3334:, is sparsely developed, with little daylight and persistent snow-cover during winter; the Finns expected nothing more than raiding parties and reconnaissance patrols. Instead, the Soviets sent full divisions. On 11 December, the Finns rearranged the defence of Lapland and detached the
4514:
On 1 December 1939 the Finns had 114 combat aeroplanes fit for duty and seven aeroplanes for communication and observation purposes. Almost 100 aeroplanes were used for flight training purposes, unsuitable for combat or under repair. In total, the Finns had 173 aircraft and 43 reserve
4253:
During the Interim Peace, Finland aimed to improve its defensive capabilities and conducted negotiations with Sweden on a military alliance, but negotiations ended once it became clear that both Germany and the Soviet Union opposed such an alliance. On 31 July 1940, German Chancellor
4352:
Between 1,200 and 3,543 Soviet tanks were destroyed. The official figure was 611 tank casualties, but Yuri Kilin found a note received by the head of the Soviet General Staff, Boris Shaposhnikov, reporting 3,543 tank casualties and 316 tanks destroyed. According to Finnish historian
9742:
Leskinen, Jari (1999). "Suomen ja Viron salainen sotilaallinen yhteistyö Neuvostoliiton hyökkÀyksen varalta 1930-luvulla" [The Clandestine Finnish-Estonian Military Collaboration against a Possible Soviet Invasion in the 1930s]. In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).
2110:
The meetings began on 12 October, with Molotov's offer of a mutual assistance pact, which the Finns immediately refused. To the Finns' surprise, Molotov dropped the offer and instead proposed an exchange of territory. The offer stipulated that the Finnish-Soviet border on the
2100:". The Soviets had already started intensive mobilisation near the Finnish border in 1938â39. Assault troops thought to be necessary for the invasion did not begin deployment until October 1939. Operational plans made in September called for the invasion to start in November.
3073:
The terrain on the Karelian Isthmus did not allow guerrilla tactics, so the Finns were forced to resort to the more conventional Mannerheim Line, with its flanks protected by large bodies of water. Soviet propaganda claimed that it was as strong as or even stronger than the
4534:
At the beginning of the war, the Soviets had 2,514 tanks and 718 armoured cars. The main battlefield was the Karelian Isthmus where the Soviets deployed 1,450 tanks. At the end of the war the Soviets had 6,541 tanks and 1,691 armoured cars. The most common tank type was
4333:
claimed 126,875 dead and missing and total casualties of 391,783, with 188,671 wounded. In 1991, Yuri Kilin claimed 63,990 dead and total casualties of 271,528. In 2007, he revised the estimate of dead to 134,000 and in 2012, he updated the estimate to 138,533. In 2013,
2735:, with VÀinö Tanner as foreign minister because of opposition to Cajander's prewar politics. Finland brought the matter of the Soviet invasion before the League of Nations. The League expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939 and exhorted its members to aid Finland.
1612:
tactics, they renewed their offensive in February 1940 and overcame the Finnish defences on the Karelian Isthmus. This left the Finnish army in the main theatre of war near the breaking point, with a retreat seeming inevitable. Consequently, Finnish commander-in-chief
3927:
territory, and significant land still held by Finland's military – all in all, nine per cent of Finnish territory. The ceded territory included 13 per cent of Finland's economic assets. 12 per cent of Finland's population, 422,000 to 450,000 Karelians,
3749:
would be basic: an armoured wedge for the initial breakthrough, followed by the main infantry and vehicle assault force. The Red Army would prepare by pinpointing the Finnish frontline fortifications. The 123rd Rifle Division then rehearsed the assault on life-size
4317:
foreign imperialists". Finland had undertaken military provocation, and the Soviet Union could no longer abide by the non-aggression pacts. According to Molotov, the Soviet Union did not want to occupy or annex Finland, but the goal was purely to secure Leningrad.
3899:
resisted the idea of giving up any territory to the Soviet Union, but eventually agreed to sign the Moscow Peace Treaty. When he signed the document, the tormented president uttered the well-known words: "Let the hand wither that signs this monstrous treaty!"
2800:. According to Trotter, the favoured Soviet armoured tactic was a simple frontal charge, the weaknesses of which could be exploited. The Finns learned that at close range, tanks could be dealt with in many ways; for example, logs and crowbars jammed into the
3698:
Coastal artillery had a greater effect on land by reinforcing defence in conjunction with army artillery. Two sets of fortress artillery made significant contributions to the early battles on the Karelian Isthmus and in Ladoga Karelia. These were located at
4320:
The official Soviet figure, with reference to the command of the Leningrad Military District, was published at a session of the Supreme Soviet on 26 March 1940, with 48,475 dead and 158,863 sick and wounded. More recent Russian estimates vary: in 1990,
3230:
tactic was not applied as a strategy, but as a Finnish adaptation to the behaviour of Soviet troops under fire. In spite of the cold and hunger, the Soviet troops did not surrender easily but fought bravely, often entrenching their tanks to be used as
2849:, Soviet infantry attacked across open ground but was repulsed with heavy casualties. From 6 to 12 December, the Red Army continued to try to engage using only a single division. Next, the Red Army strengthened its artillery and deployed tanks and the
9122:
While the exact number who died during the siege by the German and Finnish armies from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944 will never be known, available data point to 900,000 civilian deaths, over half a million of whom died in the winter of 1941â2
9280:
2256:
FinnishâSoviet commission to examine the incident. In turn, the Soviet Union claimed that the Finnish response was hostile, renounced the non-aggression pact and severed diplomatic relations with Finland on 28 November. In the following years,
2407:, whose approval was needed to approve and ratify military decisions, which they evaluated based on their political merits. The dual system further complicated the Soviet chain of command and annulled the independence of commanding officers.
3935:, and four islands in the Gulf of Finland. The Hanko peninsula was leased to the Soviet Union as a military base for 30 years. The region of Petsamo, captured by the Red Army during the war, was returned to Finland according to the treaty.
3082:. The Finns had built 221 strong-points along the Karelian Isthmus, mostly in the early 1920s. Many were extended in the late 1930s. Despite these defensive preparations, even the most fortified section of the Mannerheim Line had only one
4242:, of whom between 10 and 20 per cent died. The Soviet Union repatriated 847 Finns after the War. Air raids killed 957 civilians. Between 20 and 30 tanks were destroyed and 62 aircraft were lost. Also, Finland had to cede all ships of the
4225:
The 105-day war had a profound and depressing effect in Finland. Meaningful international support was minimal and arrived late, and the German blockade had prevented most armament shipments. The 15-month period between the Winter War and
3958:
in the Gulf of Finland and Rybachy Peninsula to be ceded. In exchange, the Soviet Union proposed to cede Repola and PorajÀrvi from Eastern Karelia, an area twice as large as the territories that were originally demanded from the Finns.
3805:
By mid-February, it became clear that the Finnish forces were rapidly approaching exhaustion. For the Soviets, casualties were high, the situation was a source of political embarrassment to the Soviet regime, and there was a risk of
2791:
of about 21,000 men in the area in front of the Mannerheim Line to delay and damage the Red Army before it reached the line. In combat, the most severe cause of confusion among Finnish soldiers was Soviet tanks. The Finns had few
3369:
and extreme temperatures of the Lapland winter benefited the Finns, who executed guerrilla attacks against Soviet supply lines and patrols. As a result, the Soviet movements were halted by the efforts of one-fifth as many Finns.
3306:
victory had the Soviets been that a military band, complete with instruments, banners and notes, was traveling with the 44th Division to perform in a victory parade. The Finns found their instruments among the captured materiel.
1955:
was signed between both countries, and it was reaffirmed for ten years in 1934. Foreign trade in Finland was booming, but less than 1% of it was with the Soviet Union. In 1934, the Soviet Union also joined the League of Nations.
2949:
The winter of 1939â40 was exceptionally cold with the Karelian Isthmus experiencing a record low temperature of â43 °C (â45 °F) on 16 January 1940. At the beginning of the war, only those Finnish soldiers who were in
2307:
Soviet leaflets dropped over Helsinki on the first day of the war stated: "Finnish Comrades! We come to you not as conquerors, but as liberators of the Finnish people from the oppression of the capitalists and the landlords".
4524:
550,757 soldiers on 1 January 1940 and 760,578 soldiers by the beginning of March. In the Leningrad Military District, 1,000,000 soldiers and 20 divisions one month before the war and 58 divisions two weeks before its end.
3660:. Still, only five merchant ships were lost to Soviet action. World War II, which had started before the Winter War, proved more costly for the Finnish merchant vessels, with 26 lost due to hostile action in 1939 and 1940.
2447:
were less successful during the Winter War, and it took the Soviet Union three months and over a million men to accomplish what Zhukov had managed at Khalkhin Gol in ten days (albeit in completely different circumstances).
2442:
of the Soviet Air Forces. Under this divided command structure, the lessons of the Soviet Union's "first real war on a massive scale using tanks, artillery, and aircraft" at Khalkin Gol went unheeded. As a result, Russian
16392:
3429:
were cut thousands of times but the Finns hastily repaired them and service resumed within a matter of hours. The Soviet Air Force learned from its early mistakes, and by late February instituted more effective tactics.
3100:
making the defensive line in this area stronger than anywhere else on the Karelian Isthmus. Because of a mistake in planning, the nearby Munasuo swamp had a 1-kilometre (0.62 mi)-wide gap in the line. During the
2495:
in Finland was a highly-difficult proposition, and according to Trotter, the Red Army failed to meet the level of tactical co-ordination and local initiative that would be required to execute such tactics in Finland.
2235:
and a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. Soviet war games held in March 1938 and 1939 had been based on a scenario in which border incidents taking place at the village of Mainila would spark the war.
1564:, 32 km (20 mi) from the Finnish border. When Finland refused, the Soviets invaded. Most sources conclude that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland, and cite the establishment of the
2714:
violated three separate non-aggression pacts: the Treaty of Tartu, which was signed in 1920, the non-aggression pact between Finland and the Soviet Union, which was signed in 1932 and again in 1934; and also the
3634:
where they were used to bolster the air defence. Their anti-aircraft guns shot down one or two planes over the city, and the ships remained there for the rest of the war. At 18 January, Finnish armed icebreaker
2881:
In Central and Northern Finland, roads were few and the terrain hostile. The Finns did not expect large-scale Soviet attacks, but the Soviets sent eight divisions, heavily supported by armour and artillery. The
1902:
After Soviet involvement in the Finnish Civil War in 1918, no formal peace treaty was signed. In 1918 and 1919, Finnish volunteers conducted two unsuccessful military incursions across the Soviet border, the
2610:
proper uniforms at the outbreak of war, but its reservists were equipped with warm civilian clothing. However, the sparsely-populated highly-agrarian Finland had to draft so many of its working men that the
2053:
executed during the Great Purge, further tarnishing the Soviets' image in Finland. Meanwhile, Finland was attempting to negotiate a military co-operation plan with Sweden and hoping to jointly defend Ă
land.
15709:
3942:. Before the war, the Soviet Union demanded for the frontier with Finland on the Karelian Isthmus to be moved westward to a point 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Viipuri to the line between Koivisto and
2197:
At the meeting on 9 November, Paasikivi announced to the attending Stalin and Molotov the Finnish refusal to accept even their reduced demands. The Soviets were visibly surprised. Finnish Foreign Minister
4131:
The British, for their part, wanted to block the flow of iron ore from Swedish mines to Germany as the Swedes supplied up to 40 per cent of Germany's iron demand. The matter was raised by British Admiral
3739:
Chief of Staff Boris Shaposhnikov was given full authority over operations in the Finnish theatre, and he ordered the suspension of frontal assaults in late December. Kliment Voroshilov was replaced with
7108:
9268:
4078:
presumes that most members of the RNA were executed after they were returned to the Soviet Union after the war. Additionally, Vladimir Bastamov was later extradited into the Soviet Union as one of the
9024:
1560:
The Soviets made several demands, including that Finland cede substantial border territories in exchange for land elsewhere, claiming security reasons – primarily the protection of
2076:
began. After the fall of Poland, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged occupied Polish lands to establish a new border in accordance with the provisions of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Estonia,
1768:. Those attempts were aborted because of Russia's internal strife, but they ruined Russia's relationship with Finland. In addition, support increased in Finland for self-determination movements.
2742:, the Finnish Democratic Republic puppet government operated in the parts of Finnish Karelia occupied by the Soviets, and was also referred to as the "Terijoki Government", after the village of
1974:
and that the area and defences of Finland could be used to invade the Soviet Union or restrict fleet movements. Soviet propaganda then painted Finland's leadership as a "vicious and reactionary
4484:
brought their own rifles (over 114,000 rifles, total 116,800 firearms) to the war. The Finnish Army reached its maximum strength at the beginning of March 1940 with 346,000 soldiers in uniform.
3051:, the Finns isolated smaller portions of numerically superior Soviet forces. With Soviet forces divided into smaller groups, the Finns dealt with them individually and attacked from all sides.
1091:
2533:, comprising six divisions and a tank brigade, was north of Lake Ladoga. Its mission was to execute a flanking manoeuvre around the northern shore of Lake Ladoga to strike at the rear of the
8970:
The ensnaring of Leningrad between the German and Finnish armies did not end the combat in the region as the Soviets launched repeated and desperate attempts to regain contact with the city.
2631:
cartridge that was used by Soviet forces. The situation was so severe that Finnish soldiers sometimes had to maintain their ammunition supply by looting the bodies of dead Soviet soldiers.
1944:
2175:, and the Finnish intelligence in general, who mistook the demands and the Soviet military build-up as a mere bluff on the part of Stalin, and were thus disinclined to reach an agreement.
1943:
on the Arctic Ocean. Despite the signing of the treaty, relations between the two countries remained strained. The Finnish government allowed volunteers to cross the border to support the
3086:
bunker per kilometre. Overall, the line was weaker than similar lines in mainland Europe. According to the Finns, the real strength of the line was the "stubborn defenders with a lot of
17184:
1855:
The period after the Finnish Civil War to the early 1930s was a politically unstable time in Finland because of the continued rivalry between the conservatives and the socialists. The
4050:, a high-ranking ROVS member, in person in January 1940. The project was deemed top secret, and was under the auspices of the intelligence division of the Finnish army headquarters.
8842:
3218:
Contrary to Finnish expectations, the encircled Soviet divisions did not try to break through to the east but instead entrenched. They were expecting reinforcements and supplies to
1081:
16671:
1990:
of 1938, the Soviets changed their foreign policy toward Finland and began to pursue the reconquest of the provinces of Tsarist Russia that had been lost during the chaos of the
4505:
tanks during 1936â39, but without weapons. Weapons were intended to be manufactured and installed in Finland. Only 10 tanks were fit for combat at the beginning of the conflict.
2962:. The rest had to make do with their own clothing, which for many soldiers was their normal winter clothing with a semblance of insignia added. Finnish soldiers were skilled in
2229:
operation since there were no artillery units there, and it was carried out from the Soviet side of the border by an NKVD unit with the purpose of providing the Soviets with a
9137:
3994:
was formed of predominantly Swedes, as well as 1,010 Danes and 727 Norwegians. They fought on the northern front at Salla during the last days of the war. A Swedish unit of
3138:
The strength of the Red Army north of Lake Ladoga in Ladoga Karelia surprised the Finnish Headquarters. Two Finnish divisions were deployed there, the 12th Division led by
16355:
2330:
2127:) and that Finland destroy all existing fortifications on the Karelian Isthmus. Likewise, the delegation demanded the cession of islands in the Gulf of Finland as well as
1964:
17803:
16523:
16488:
16484:
12448:
3425:. Often, targets were village depots with little value. The country had few modern highways in the interior, therefore making the railways the main targets for bombers.
1365:
12193:
4152:
could divide Scandinavia between them, as they had already done with Poland. The main motivation of the French and the British was to reduce German war-making ability.
3107:
The Soviet advance was stopped at the Mannerheim Line. Red Army troops suffered from poor morale and a shortage of supplies, eventually refusing to participate in more
15704:
11794:
4335:
3119:
near Viipuri on 23 December. Ăhquist's plan was bold; however it failed. The Finns lost 1,300 men, and the Soviets were later estimated to have lost a similar number.
1970:
regarded it a disappointment that the Soviet Union could not halt the Finnish Revolution. He thought that the pro-Finland movement in Karelia posed a direct threat to
1553:
on 13 March 1940. Despite superior military strength, especially in tanks and aircraft, the Soviet Union suffered severe losses and initially made little headway. The
2503:
Kiril Meretskov initially ran the overall operation against the Finns. The command was passed on 9 December 1939 to the General Staff Supreme Command (later known as
17697:
17044:
13799:
11810:
4069:
RNA never participated in battle, despite Boris Bazhanov's later claims to the contrary in his memoirs. About 35 to 40 members of it were present during a battle in
8497:
2203:
came to see them off. The Finns had left under the expectation that the negotiations would continue. Instead, the Soviet Union ramped up its military preparations.
17285:
17243:
16686:
16422:
16361:
10152:
Turtola, Martti (1999b). "Katkera rauha ja Suomen ulkopoliittinen asema sodan jÀlkeen" [Bitter Peace and the Post-War Position of Finnish Foreign Policy].
12137:
15066:
11733:
11705:
10849:
10555:
4440:
4091:
3807:
3786:
Although the Finns attempted to re-open negotiations with Moscow by every means during the war, the Soviets did not respond. In early January, Finnish communist
3645:, received 2 bombs from a Soviet bomber with 39 Finnish troops killed in action. As well as coastal defence, the Finnish Navy protected the Ă
landish and Finnish
1494:
7105:
6719:
17424:
13778:
12457:
12144:
11271:
10143:
Turtola, Martti (1999a). "KansainvÀlinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla" [International Developments in Europe and Finland in the 1930s].
3286:
and effectively cut Finland in two. There were two roads leading to Suomussalmi from the frontier: the northern Juntusranta road and the southern Raate road.
17687:
16218:
15758:
14663:
12760:
12123:
11425:
11050:
9008:
4338:
stated that the Russian State Military Archive has a database confirming 167,976 killed or missing along with the soldiers' names, dates of birth and ranks.
2858:
front, the defending Finnish units relied on the terrain. Ladoga Karelia, a large forest wilderness, did not have road networks for the modern Red Army. The
2594:
The Finnish strategy was dictated by geography. The 1,340 km (830 mi) border with the Soviet Union was mostly impassable except along a handful of
1935:, confirming the old border between the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and Imperial Russia proper as the new FinnishâSoviet border. Finland also received
1074:
871:
16871:
16167:
11766:
11712:
10898:
16063:
15807:
14787:
12230:
11719:
11335:
4326:
4322:
17702:
17682:
17156:
16249:
10745:
4435:
4284:
1787:
673:
3401:), was not as effective as the Soviets might have hoped. The material damage by the bomb raids was slight as Finland offered few valuable targets for
2825:
By 6 December, all of the Finnish covering forces had withdrawn to the Mannerheim Line. The Red Army began its first major attack against the Line in
17793:
17692:
16776:
16182:
16119:
16072:
12116:
11556:
11432:
4384:
2564:
1636:
to believe that an attack on the Soviet Union would be successful and confirmed negative Western opinions of the Soviet military. After 15 months of
9271:[The Repressive Policy of the Soviet State and the Fate of the Red Army Prisoners of War Participants in the Soviet-Finnish War 1939â1940].
2966:. The cold, snow, forest, and long hours of darkness were factors that the Finns could use to their advantage. The Finns dressed in layers, and the
16136:
15773:
15103:
14818:
14621:
11409:
10789:
5330:
2826:
1067:
506:
3625:
3258:
and executing surprise ambushes and raids. By the end of December, the Soviets decided to retreat and transfer resources to more critical fronts.
17707:
17264:
15892:
11846:
11158:
9796:
Manninen, Ohto (1999a). "Neuvostoliiton tavoitteet ennen talvisotaa ja sen aikana" [Soviet objectives before and during the Winter War].
4455:
2822:
alcoholic-beverage corporation and bundled with matches with which to light them. 80 Soviet tanks were destroyed in the border zone engagements.
2092:
by signing the agreement on 28 September. Latvia and Lithuania followed in October. Unlike the three Baltic countries, Finland started a gradual
1375:
1358:
1947:
in Russia in 1921, and Finnish communists in the Soviet Union continued to prepare for revenge and staged a cross-border raid into Finland, the
15970:
15637:
15329:
11665:
10967:
4374:
would be successful. In June 1941, Hitler declared, "we have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down".
13671:
9609:
Kovalyov, E. (2006). "7: ĐĐžĐŒĐœŃŃ ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ° балŃĐžĐčŃĐșĐžŃ
ĐżĐŸĐŽĐČĐŸĐŽĐœŃŃ
Đ»ĐŸĐŽĐŸĐș (1939â1940 гг.)" [Winter War and the Baltic Submarines (1939â1940)].
7550:
3488:. Old-fashioned and few in number, aircraft offered little support for Finnish ground troops. In spite of losses, the number of planes in the
1043:
17677:
16741:
16602:
16177:
15746:
12464:
12427:
12404:
11918:
10840:
10810:
3695:
suffered 17 dead and 30 wounded. The Soviets already knew the locations of the Finnish coastal batteries, but were surprised by their range.
3078:. Finnish historians, for their part, have belittled the line's strength, insisting that it was mostly conventional trenches and log-covered
2085:
12179:
10124:
3214:
exhaustion. It was not until the period of 6â16 January 1940 that the Finns resumed their offensive, dividing Soviet divisions into smaller
2862:
had extended a new railroad line to the border, which could double the supply capability on the front. On 12 December, the advancing Soviet
2854:
typical Soviet attack during the battle lasted just an hour but left 1,000 dead and 27 tanks strewn on the ice. North of Lake Ladoga on the
17167:
16447:
16443:
16103:
15987:
14122:
12557:
12413:
12397:
12369:
11610:
10817:
4239:
3968:
2623:. Finnish tank forces were operationally nonexistent. The ammunition situation was alleviated somewhat since Finns were largely armed with
1448:
435:
158:
9484:
7894:"VenĂ€lĂ€isemigranttien talvisota â Mannerheim hyvĂ€ksyi huippusalaisen suunnitelman bolĆĄevikkien vastaisen sotavankiarmeijan perustamisesta"
4121:
and transport them to the Finnish Arctic port of Petsamo. Another proposal was a massive air strike with Turkish co-operation against the
2260:
described the incident as Finnish provocation. Doubt on the official Soviet version was cast only in the late 1980s, during the policy of
16799:
16402:
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14954:
14920:
13314:
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12200:
11475:
4450:
3814:
3802:
and recognized the RytiâTanner government as the legal government of Finland, informing it that the USSR was willing to negotiate peace.
3492:
rose by over 50 per cent by the end of the war. The Finns received shipments of British, French, Italian, Swedish and American aircraft.
8292:
3673:
in front of Helsinki, originally intended to block the Gulf of Finland to Soviet ships with the help of batteries on the Estonian side.
3365:
Petsamo and concentrated on delaying actions. The area was treeless, windy, and relatively low, offering little defensible terrain. The
17225:
17049:
15615:
15015:
14304:
12286:
11011:
4271:
Peace Treaty and, depending on the success of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, possibly to expand its borders, especially into
3939:
3162:
on 13 December. The Soviets' mission was to destroy the Finnish troops in the area of Ladoga Karelia and advance into the area between
2970:
wore a lightweight white snow cape. This snow-camouflage made the ski troopers almost invisible so that they could more easily execute
2333:
had set out in 1939 that the former borders of the Tsarist Empire were to be restored, including Finland. American political scientist
1351:
825:
753:
4991:"Đ ĐĐĄĐĄĐĐŻ Đ ĐĄĐĄĐĄĐ Đ ĐĐĐĐĐĐ„ XX ĐĐĐĐ. ĐлаĐČĐ° III. ĐĐźĐĐĄĐĐĐ ĐĐĐąĐĐ Đ ĐĐ ĐĐĄĐĐĐ ĐĐ ĐĐĐ ĐĐ ĐĐ ĐĐĐŻ ĐĐ ĐĐĐĐĐĐĄĐĐĐ ĐĐĐĐĐ« Đ ĐĐĐХйРĐĐĐĐĐ ĐĐĐĐĐĐĐ ĐĐĐąĐĐ ĐĐĐĐŠĐĐ"
1805:, recognised the new Finnish government just three weeks after the declaration. Finland achieved full sovereignty in May 1918 after a
16809:
16781:
16172:
13792:
12420:
10803:
10761:
1844:. Nevertheless, Sweden carefully avoided committing itself to Finnish foreign policy. Finland's military policy included clandestine
5849:
Turtola, Martti (1999). "KansainvÀlinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).
4480:
At the beginning of the war, the Finns had 300,000 soldiers. The Finnish Army had only 250,028 rifles (total 281,594 firearms), but
2703:
17828:
17454:
17111:
16751:
16417:
16129:
15241:
13930:
13641:
11453:
11227:
10990:
10856:
10667:
9593:
9231:
2387:
advocated a narrow-front assault right on the Karelian isthmus. Additionally, Shaposhnikov argued for a fuller build-up, extensive
1872:
1845:
864:
837:
14932:
10022:
9913:
9133:
1879:. By the late 1930s, the export-oriented Finnish economy was growing and the nation's extreme political movements had diminished.
1828:
Finland joined the League of Nations in 1920 and sought security guarantees, but Finland's primary goal was co-operation with the
17024:
16973:
16335:
16056:
15096:
15081:
14541:
12536:
12333:
11985:
11363:
10863:
10775:
10711:
4445:
3480:
At the beginning of the war, Finland had a small air force, with only 114 combat planes fit for duty. Missions were limited, and
1129:
967:
9850:
3254:
and Lieksa. The Finns used effective guerrilla tactics, taking special advantage of their superior skiing skills and snow-white
2414:
against Japan, on the USSR's eastern border, Soviet High Command had divided into two factions. One side was represented by the
1319:
17202:
17069:
17028:
16681:
16607:
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16412:
16141:
15847:
15778:
15071:
15005:
14850:
14293:
12739:
12251:
11094:
10632:
9209:[Casus Belli: about the Mainila incident, which served as a pretext for the beginning of the "Winter War" of 1939â40].
9161:
4054:
brothers Nikolay and Vladimir Bastamov as officers for the unit. Of the five, the Bastamovs were not Finnish citizens, but had
4003:
3619:
2548:
region. It was composed of three divisions with one more on its way. Its mission was to thrust westward to cut Finland in half.
1952:
1887:
1814:
1790:, including the right to secede and form a separate state, which gave Finland a window of opportunity. On 6 December 1917, the
1686:
666:
5954:
Leskinen, Jari (1997). "Suomenlahden sulku ja Neuvostoliitto" [Blockade of the Gulf of Finland and the Soviet Union].
3202:, dubbed "the Terror of Morocco", also became a living legend in the Battle of Kollaa. To the north, the Finns retreated from
15375:
14797:
14710:
14700:
14038:
13979:
13335:
13240:
12767:
12513:
12388:
11467:
11441:
11298:
11004:
10921:
10507:
10350:
10285:
9951:
9882:
Palokangas, Markku (1999). "Suomalaisjoukkojen aseistus ja varustus" [Armament and Equipment of the Finnish Forces].
9786:
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8622:
8583:
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in 1945, and was sentenced to 20 years of hard labour. He was released after Stalin's death and returned to Finland in 1956.
1932:
977:
820:
10005:
8894:
8718:
8594:
3222:. As the Finns lacked the necessary heavy artillery equipment and were short of men, they often did not directly attack the
16513:
16508:
16452:
15726:
15716:
15010:
14690:
14614:
14242:
13568:
12975:
12861:
12026:
11486:
11482:
11460:
11064:
9214:
9117:
8965:
4155:
The Military Co-ordination Committee met on 20 December in London, and two days later the French plan was put forward. The
3991:
3472:
had adopted as their symbol in 1918. Despite the similarity, it was not a Nazi design but was based on the personal owner;
3345:
In southern Lapland, near the village of Salla, the Soviet 88th and 122nd Divisions, totaling 35,000 men, advanced. In the
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1520:
886:
857:
499:
9630:
7622:
4998:
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waterway. Along the Suvanto sector, the Finns had a slight advantage of elevation and dry ground to dig into. The Finnish
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17219:
16963:
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15751:
14792:
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13483:
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12279:
12265:
11471:
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observed the landscape: "Every acre of its surface was created to be the despair of an attacking military force". Waging
2283:
MolotovâRibbentrop Pact's secret protocol is used as proof that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland.
1794:
1023:
16654:
10547:
9425:
Juutilainen, Antti; Koskimaa, Matti (2005). "Maavoimien joukkojen perustaminen" [Establishing the Army Forces].
8595:"The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory"
4279:, supported a Greater Finland ideology. The Continuation War began in June 1941 and led to Finnish participation in the
3990:
The largest foreign contingent came from neighboring Sweden, which provided nearly 8,760 volunteers during the war. The
1210:
17366:
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11996:
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10782:
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10408:
10368:
Reese, Roger R. (2008). "Lessons of the Winter War: a study in the military effectiveness of the Red Army, 1939â1940".
10323:
10304:
10216:
10161:
Vihavainen, Timo (1999). "Talvisota neuvostohistoriakirjoituksessa" [The Winter War in Soviet historiography].
9379:
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8994:
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984:
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13808:
12690:
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10481:
10269:
10234:
10179:
9999:
9974:
9826:
9732:
9691:
9624:
9465:
9443:
Juutilainen, Antti (1999b). "Talvisodan ulkomaalaiset vapaaehtoiset" [Foreign Volunteers in the Winter War].
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9245:
9090:
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9049:
8919:
8788:
8712:
8486:
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898:
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1923:
into a single state. In 1920, Finnish communists based in Soviet Russia attempted to assassinate the former Finnish
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17778:
17409:
16926:
16407:
15509:
15445:
15270:
15183:
13845:
13003:
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4156:
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1453:
695:
39:
11581:
8632:
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1033:
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16555:
16208:
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were at the top of the agenda. More importantly, the very poor performance of the Red Army convinced Hitler that
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On 5 March, the Red Army advanced 10 to 15 km (6.2 to 9.3 mi) past the Mannerheim Line and entered the
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contacted the Finnish Government. She offered to contact Moscow through the Soviet Union's ambassador to Sweden,
3525:
2719:, which the Soviet Union signed in 1934. Field Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the
1983:
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1008:
945:
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492:
449:
16223:
15802:
11751:
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2159:(2120 square miles), an area twice the size as that of the territory demanded from Finland (1000 square miles).
1028:
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16241:
15370:
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during the night. The situation led quickly to war exhaustion among the Finns, who lost over 3,000 soldiers in
3270:
Dead Soviet soldiers and their equipment at Raate Road, Suomussalmi, after being ambushed and encircled at the
3010:
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2508:
2316:, chairman of the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union, commissioned a celebratory piece of music from
2312:
capitulation was to be Stalin's 60th birthday on 21 December. Convinced of the invasion's forthcoming success,
1327:
1260:
957:
10091:
Silvast, Pekka (1999). "Merivoimien ensimmÀinen voitto: Russarö" [The Navy's First Victory: Russarö].
9805:
Manninen, Ohto (1999b). "VenÀlÀiset sotavangit ja tappiot" [Russian Prisoners of War and Casualties].
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47:
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9561:(1999). "Puna-armeijan Stalinin tahdon toteuttajana" [The Red Army as an Executor of Stalin's Will].
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3928:
2914:. The Arctic port of Petsamo was attacked by the 104th Mountain Rifle Division by sea and land, supported by
2850:
2743:
2658:
2647:
2022:
1832:, mainly Sweden, and it focused on the exchange of information and on defence planning (the joint defence of
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921:
903:
10461:
17654:
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15657:
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15620:
15561:
15482:
15440:
15323:
14823:
14195:
13923:
13889:
13785:
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13121:
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11759:
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11018:
10729:
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1438:
989:
789:
738:
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tanks and a few lighter tanks. These were unsuitable for the war and they were subsequently used as fixed
1018:
17808:
17101:
16756:
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16503:
16479:
16387:
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11248:
10738:
4189:
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within 10 days. The Soviets had a 3:1 advantage in manpower and a 5:1 advantage in artillery, as well as
2500:
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2057:
2008:
1928:
1818:
1613:
1569:
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182:
20:
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14658:
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11826:
11698:
11691:
11651:
11624:
11356:
11289:
10884:
10695:
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4366:
suffered. After the Moscow Peace Treaty, Germany improved its ties with Finland, and within two weeks,
4039:
3708:
3251:
1856:
1667:
1443:
916:
782:
760:
597:
7204:
Talvisota: Ilta-Sanomien erikoislehti 2019, pp. 62â66. Helsinki: Sanoma Media Finland Oy. (in Finland)
2064:, but it included a secret protocol in which Central and Eastern European countries were divided into
1868:
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have a major war in a remote part of Europe rather than on French soil. France planned to reâarm the
3461:
2599:
2073:
1545:. It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of
799:
765:
11312:
9752:
Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Suomen kunnian pÀivÀt" [Glory Days of Finland].
9710:
LentilÀ, Riitta; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Talvisodan uhrit" [Victims of the Winter War].
9404:Đ€ĐžĐœĐ»ŃĐœĐŽĐžŃ ĐœĐ° ĐżŃŃĐž Đș ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ”: ĐŃŃĐ»Đ”ĐŽĐŸĐČĐ°ĐœĐžĐ” ĐŸ ĐČĐŸĐ”ĐœĐœĐŸĐŒ ŃĐŸŃŃŃĐŽĐœĐžŃĐ”ŃŃĐČĐ” ĐĐ”ŃĐŒĐ°ĐœĐžĐž Đž Đ€ĐžĐœĐ»ŃĐœĐŽĐžĐž ĐČ 1940â1941 гг
4042:(ROVS) for aid. Nevertheless, Mannerheim eventually agreed to establish a small Russian detachment (
4002:
were responsible for air defence in northern Finland and the city of Turku. Volunteers arrived from
3684:. That day, the weather was fair and visibility was excellent. The Finns spotted the Soviet cruiser
3409:
was one of the most important targets because it was an important railway junction, and also housed
3194:) became a legendary motto among Finns. Further contributing to the legend of Kollaa was the sniper
1882:
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17758:
17439:
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14514:
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11596:
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were mainly used to repel Soviet bombers. Strategic bombings doubled as opportunities for military
3032:
2747:
2552:
2523:
1761:
1601:
1513:
815:
633:
578:
11328:
11305:
4026:. In total, Finland received 12,000 volunteers, 50 of whom died during the war. The British actor
2989:
Most Soviet soldiers had proper winter clothes, but this was not the case with every unit. In the
2072:, and two days later, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. On 17 September, the
1760:
enjoyed wide autonomy within Russia until the end of the 19th century, when Russia began attempts
19:
This article is about the 1939â1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland. For other uses, see
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10110:
9207:"Casus Belli: ĐŸ ĐĐ°ĐčĐœĐžĐ»ŃŃĐșĐŸĐŒ ĐžĐœŃĐžĐŽĐ”ĐœŃĐ”, ĐżĐŸŃĐ»ŃжОĐČŃĐžĐŒ ĐżĐŸĐČĐŸĐŽĐŸĐŒ, ĐŽĐ»Ń ĐœĐ°Ńала "ĐĐžĐŒĐœĐ”Đč ĐČĐŸĐčĐœŃ" 1939â40 гг"
4576:
3813:
Both Germany and Sweden were keen to see an end to the Winter War. The Germans feared losing the
3636:
3504:, a telephone set and some tents. Air-raid warnings were given by Finnish women organised by the
3410:
2859:
2702:
On 30 November 1939, Soviet forces invaded Finland with 21 divisions, totalling 450,000 men, and
2541:
2530:
2519:
2427:
2411:
2322:
2267:
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1203:
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852:
711:
444:
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volunteered, and 210 volunteers of other nationalities arrived in Finland before the war ended.
3826:
2875:
2643:
1234:
1110:
733:
573:
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9434:
Juutilainen, Antti (1999a). "Laatokan Karjalan taistelut" [Battles in Ladoga Karelia].
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3226:
they had created; instead, they worked to eliminate only the most dangerous threats. Often the
3210:
on 5 December and then repelled a Soviet offensive in the battle of TolvajÀrvi on 11 December.
2720:
1875:, had a minor presence in national politics and never had more than 14 seats of the 200 in the
1829:
1757:
1682:
1597:
1332:
962:
881:
638:
15380:
9929:
Peltonen, Martti (1999). "Ilmasota talvisodassa" [Aerial Warfare in the Winter Wari].
3946:; for existing fortifications on the Karelian Isthmus to be demolished and for the islands of
1891:
17628:
17173:
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led northwest. On 17 December, the Soviet northern group, comprising an infantry regiment, a
3339:
3314:
3039:. The Red Army was superior in numbers and material, but Finns used the advantages of speed,
2990:
2915:
2615:
fuel to last only 19 to 60 days. The ammunition shortage meant the Finns could seldom afford
2257:
2061:
1924:
1920:
1038:
609:
11507:
3998:
fighters, named "the Flight Regiment 19" also participated. Swedish anti-air batteries with
2982:
uniforms. Not until late January 1940 did the Soviets paint their equipment white and issue
2403:
who were less competent but more loyal to their superiors. Unit commanders were overseen by
17580:
17508:
17449:
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15128:
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11264:
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9866:
9296:
Elfvegren, Eero (1999). "Merisota talvisodassa" [Naval Warfare in the Winter War].
8698:
4371:
4330:
4227:
3685:
3599:
3397:, supporting the Red Army's invasion with about 2,500 aircraft (the most common type being
3290:
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and building timber dugouts. Some specialist Finnish soldiers were called in to attack the
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against Soviet columns. At the beginning of the war, Soviet tanks were painted in standard
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2863:
2724:
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by Finns. The Finnish statesman J. K. Paasikivi commented that the Soviet attack without a
2707:
2616:
2404:
2326:, intended to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army paraded through Helsinki.
2104:
1645:
1589:
1312:
1298:
1175:
994:
614:
556:
14904:
9669:
Kurenmaa, Pekka; LentilÀ, Riitta (2005). "Sodan tappiot" [Casualties of the War].
9477:"Sotasankari Simo HĂ€yhĂ€n ennennĂ€kemĂ€tön pĂ€ivĂ€kirja löytyi â "TĂ€ssĂ€ on minun syntilistani""
9408:
Birth of the Continuation War: Research of GermanâFinnish Military Collaboration 1940â1941
4213:
2666:
2590:
Offensives of the four Soviet armies from 30 November to 22 December 1939 displayed in red
270:
8:
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The first naval battle occurred in the Gulf of Finland on 1 December, near the island of
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that allowed the Soviets to establish military bases on their soil. Estonia accepted the
2065:
1764:
as part of a general policy to strengthen the central government and unify the Empire by
1550:
1506:
1272:
1194:
1151:
1048:
928:
91:
10548:"These 17 photos show Finland's brutally cold World War II battle with the Soviet Union"
9572:
9476:
9251:
7603:"Bad blood and humiliation: Finns' experiences of the Moscow peace negotiations in 1940"
4148:
4100:
Franco-British support was offered on the condition their forces could pass freely from
2841:
had scouted the area and made fire plans in advance, anticipating a Soviet assault. The
2586:
2103:
On 5 October 1939, the Soviets invited a Finnish delegation to Moscow for negotiations.
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9273:ĐĐ·ĐČĐ”ŃŃĐžŃ ĐĄĐ°ŃĐ°ŃĐŸĐČŃĐșĐŸĐłĐŸ ĐŁĐœĐžĐČĐ”ŃŃĐžŃĐ”ŃĐ°. ĐĐŸĐČĐ°Ń ĐĄĐ”ŃĐžŃ. ĐĄĐ”ŃĐžŃ ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃ. ĐДжЎŃĐœĐ°ŃĐŸĐŽĐœŃĐ” ĐŃĐœĐŸŃĐ”ĐœĐžŃ
9059:
8338:
Chubaryan, A. (2002). "Foreword". In Kulkov, E.; Rzheshevskii, O.; Shukman, H. (eds.).
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As the Finnish Cabinet hesitated in the face of harsh Soviet conditions, Sweden's King
3798:
and met Kollontai secretly at a hotel. On 29 January, Molotov put an end to the puppet
3611:
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2932:
2834:
2711:
2439:
2384:
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1991:
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1724: Neutral countries with military bases established by Soviet Union in October 1939
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1144:
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701:
315:
10029:
Finland's struggle for independence from 1917 to 1945, Hungarian volunteers in Finland
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3895:
right of passage, had little choice but to accept the Soviet terms. Finnish President
3559:
was a coastal defence force which did not have the training, logistical structure, or
3282:
divisions to the Kainuu area with orders to cross the wilderness, capture the city of
1616:
urged a peace deal with the Soviets, while the Finns still retained bargaining power.
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11144:
11123:
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10522:
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9620:
9585:
9544:
9461:
9411:
9375:
9356:
9333:
9314:
9241:
9182:
9107:
9086:
9067:
9045:
9014:
9004:
8990:
8955:
8934:
8915:
8884:
8863:
8834:
8824:
8803:
8784:
8767:
8755:
8708:
8666:
8618:
8579:
8560:
8540:
8530:
8513:
8503:
8482:
8454:
8438:
8419:
8397:
8362:
8343:
8324:
7614:
7546:
7534:
7184:
5963:
4654:
4267:
4137:
4133:
3995:
3741:
3489:
3469:
3402:
3327:
3294:
3277:
The SuomussalmiâRaate engagement was a double operation which would later be used by
3199:
3108:
3079:
3055:
3040:
3036:
2971:
2842:
2813:
2797:
2434:, the chief of artillery. The other faction was led by Khalkhin Gol veterans General
2423:
2415:
2287:
2163:
2128:
1979:
1806:
1791:
1779:
1750:
1730:
1605:
1573:
1554:
1291:
1284:
933:
772:
748:
539:
329:
221:
120:
16906:
10537:
10434:
9157:
3669:
largest of which featured a 305 mm (12.0 in) gun battery on the island of
3203:
3112:
1986:, were targeted for particular scorn. When Stalin gained absolute power through the
1822:
246:
17604:
17596:
17414:
17372:
17346:
17235:
17106:
17086:
17059:
16819:
16580:
15912:
15857:
15763:
15504:
15275:
15245:
15211:
15056:
14868:
14845:
14583:
14536:
14504:
14410:
14375:
14021:
13741:
13734:
13678:
13342:
13107:
13093:
12996:
12933:
12884:
12697:
12550:
12497:
12307:
12258:
12172:
11395:
11372:
10905:
10577:
10495:
10377:
10100:
Soikkanen, Timo (1999). "Talvisodan henki" [The Spirit of the Winter War].
7526:
4561:
4553:
4193:
4079:
4015:
4007:
3818:
3724:
3513:
3481:
3457:
3422:
3394:
3302:
3297:
and his 9th Division cut off the retreat route, split the enemy force into smaller
3278:
3255:
3187:
3183:
3143:
3044:
2805:
2793:
2788:
2767:
2624:
2480:
2396:
2132:
2120:
2112:
1940:
1936:
1908:
1904:
1810:
1742:
1649:
1581:
1577:
1404:
1399:
1305:
1226:
1182:
1170:
1137:
743:
721:
585:
378:
354:
342:
108:
10914:
9891:
Paulaharju, Jyri (1999). "Pakkastalven kourissa" [In the Grip of Winter].
4063:
3978:
3896:
3579:, 52 submarines, and other miscellaneous vessels. The Soviets used naval bases in
3154:
for almost every road leading west to the Finnish border. The 8th Army was led by
2013:
234:
207:
17548:
17340:
17258:
17054:
16983:
16814:
16659:
16649:
16438:
15932:
15679:
15531:
15499:
15173:
15153:
14574:
14475:
14470:
14415:
14324:
14283:
13764:
13476:
13391:
13349:
13247:
13190:
13058:
12840:
12831:
12360:
11935:
11911:
11165:
10489:
10398:
10170:
Sokolov, Boris (2000). "ĐŃŃŃ Đș ĐŒĐžŃŃ" [Secrets of the Russo-Finnish War].
10055:
Rentola, Kimmo (2003). Holtsmark, Sven G.; Pharo, Helge Ă.; Tamnes, Rolf (eds.).
9985:
9761:
Malmi, Timo (1999). "Suomalaiset sotavangit" [Finnish Prisoners of War].
9701:
Laaksonen, Lasse (1999). "Kannaksen taistelut" [Battles in the Isthmus].
9101:
8949:
8878:
8702:
8389:
7530:
7112:
6948:
6704:
4712:
Died during the additional refresher training (diseases, accidents, suicides) 34.
4263:
4203:
4105:
4055:
4027:
3931:. Finland also ceded a part of the region of Salla, the Rybachy Peninsula in the
3883:
3854:
3787:
3646:
3390:
3349:, the Soviets proceeded easily to Salla, where the road split. Further ahead was
3198:, dubbed "the White Death" by Soviets, and credited with over 500 kills. Captain
3195:
3131:
3101:
2903:
2763:
2620:
2611:
2534:
2392:
2156:
2140:
2046:
1916:
1489:
911:
832:
621:
551:
544:
534:
390:
104:
13876:
9206:
3115:, decided to launch a counter-attack and encircle three Soviet divisions into a
2348:
Others argue against the idea of a complete Soviet conquest. American historian
1697:
17672:
17664:
17469:
17394:
17310:
17270:
16829:
16824:
16766:
16275:
16015:
15842:
15605:
15595:
14972:
14588:
14215:
14147:
14033:
13771:
13307:
13233:
11278:
11137:
9610:
9503:(2007a). "Leningradin sotilaspiirin rajakahakka". In JokisipilÀ, Markku (ed.).
7602:
4990:
4603:
4412:
4047:
3767:
3681:
3509:
3485:
3473:
3159:
3023:, Suomussalmi during a Finnish pursuit in December 1939. Nordic combined skier
2855:
2804:
would often immobilise a tank. Soon, Finns fielded a better ad hoc weapon, the
2732:
2662:
2484:
2419:
2376:
2357:
2313:
2279:
2191:
1895:
1860:
1734:
1585:
1557:
deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from its organization.
847:
842:
366:
258:
124:
112:
10499:
9578:
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. Social Sciences & Humanities
9181:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Vol. 11. Wiley-Blackwell.
8951:
Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front: The German Infantry's War, 1941â1944
8838:
8544:
3914:
3505:
3020:
2801:
2068:. Finland fell into the Soviet sphere. On 1 September 1939, Germany began its
17747:
17564:
17524:
17320:
17213:
17208:
17064:
16987:
16953:
16716:
16711:
16597:
16344:
15975:
15812:
15450:
14531:
13582:
11500:
11349:
11188:
10586:(search service for information from Finnish archives, libraries and museums)
10452:
10345:. Translated by Mayow, Nicholas. Helsinki: Finnish War Veterans Association.
10333:
9814:
9770:
9589:
8800:
Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II
8517:
7618:
7538:
4658:
4502:
4354:
4231:
4165:
3568:
3560:
3452:
3354:
3335:
3331:
3247:
3171:
3155:
3139:
3015:
2871:
2830:
2435:
2431:
2338:
2172:
2144:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2018:
1967:
1864:
1825:, and some Swedish troops, in addition to the expulsion of Bolshevik troops.
1798:
1765:
1637:
1394:
301:
53:
10360:
10343:
Artillery barrage at Taipaleenjoki: Paavo Rahikainen. The battle of Sikniemi
7515:"Intelligence and Stalin's Two Crucial Decisions in the Winter War, 1939â40"
3951:
3551:
could still move. The other reason for low naval activity was the nature of
3207:
3127:
2628:
2470:. A Soviet tank on the road in the background according to the photographer.
651:
17620:
17516:
17335:
17076:
16861:
16771:
16632:
15731:
15255:
15221:
14976:
14706:
14696:
14309:
13881:
13685:
11978:
11883:
11514:
10877:
10641:
10420:
The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army
10189:
Vuorenmaa, Anssi; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Myytti Mannerheim-linjasta".
8978:
The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army
8818:
8759:
8552:
8433:
8316:
4388:
4272:
4255:
4164:
the supply line from German actions, the Allies would send units ashore at
4108:
Norway and Sweden instead of the difficult passage through Soviet-occupied
3858:
Situation on the Karelian Isthmus on 13 March 1940, the last day of the war
3830:
3595:
3556:
3240:
3178:
The waterway itself did not offer protection, but alongside it, there were
3075:
2809:
2685:
2677:
2581:
2467:
2395:
and the deployment of the army's best units. Zhdanov's military commander,
2388:
2199:
2093:
1996:
1802:
1788:
declared that national minorities possessed the right of self-determination
1753:
1641:
1633:
1546:
1538:
1059:
684:
385:
373:
361:
349:
337:
323:
309:
295:
282:
175:
15492:
10253:
3728:
Finnish officers inspecting Soviet skiing manuals gained as loot from the
3350:
3319:
2266:. The issue has continued to divide Russian historiography even after the
2152:
1741:
against the Kingdom of Sweden, ostensibly to protect the Russian capital,
17353:
17179:
16866:
15837:
15566:
15487:
15420:
15250:
14872:
14599:
14455:
14026:
13986:
13520:
13506:
13168:
11837:
11658:
11643:
10997:
10024:
FinnorszĂĄg fĂŒggetlensĂ©gi harca 1917â1945, Magyar önkĂ©ntesek FinnorszĂĄgban
9153:
4312:
4197:
4177:
4070:
3932:
3817:
and threatened to attack at once if the Swedes granted the Allied forces
3754:
3615:
3552:
3544:
3366:
3024:
2998:
2967:
2951:
2945:
Swedish volunteer with a Carl Gustaf M/96 rifle wearing a face wool mask.
2941:
2899:
2661:
was located north of Lake Ladoga. It was composed of two divisions under
2462:
2244:
2231:
2221:
On 26 November 1939, an incident was reported near the Soviet village of
2168:
1987:
1948:
1771:
1738:
1625:
1621:
1409:
1189:
808:
726:
462:
10447:(1st ed.). Gospolitizdat & Foreign Languages Publishing House.
10061:
Counter Currents: Olav Riste and Norwegian international historiography.
10035:(in Hungarian). Wysocki LĂ©giĂł HagyomĂĄnyĆrzĆ EgyesĂŒletnek. Archived from
9519:(2007b). "Rajakahakan hidas jÀiden lÀhtö". In JokisipilÀ, Markku (ed.).
3338:
from the North Finland Group. The group was placed under the command of
17330:
16978:
16664:
16287:
16236:
15872:
15822:
15610:
13969:
12875:
12607:
11493:
10826:
10754:
10381:
9963:
VenĂ€jĂ€n vallankumous ja Suomi 1917â1920 II: toukokuu 1918âjoulukuu 1920
9775:
Miten Suomi valloitetaan: Puna-armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939â1944
9558:
9532:
9516:
9500:
8858:
Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni; Birks, Chris, eds. (2015).
8636:
8411:
4498:
4494:
3923:
3700:
3670:
3653:
3564:
3536:
3465:
3426:
3398:
3150:, bringing their total strength to over 30,000. The Soviets deployed a
2975:
2728:
2595:
2476:
2342:
2334:
2294:, to govern Finland after Soviet conquest. A declaration delivered via
2226:
2167:
sovereignty in danger. There were also those, such as Foreign Minister
1746:
1628:
and enhanced its international reputation. The poor performance of the
706:
10605:
9236:[Finland's Entrance into World War II]. In Chernov, M. (ed.).
8359:
Northern European Overture to War, 1939â1941: From Memel to Barbarossa
3918:
Finland's territorial concessions to the Soviet Union displayed in red
3677:
3588:
3539:
began to freeze over by the end of December, impeding the movement of
3134:, the legendary Finnish sniper, known as "the White Death" by Soviets.
2902:
and ordered to cut Finland in half by advancing on the Raate road. In
2753:
1343:
16958:
16849:
16706:
16644:
15460:
13138:
12543:
12340:
12151:
11942:
11897:
10593:
9967:
Russian Revolution and Finland 1917â1920 II: May 1918 â December 1920
4173:
4125:
4059:
4011:
3947:
3887:
3795:
3711:
provided similar support from the southwestern coast of the Isthmus.
3607:
3572:
3548:
3358:
3163:
2994:
2838:
2681:
2568:
2089:
2081:
1971:
1783:
1561:
484:
11418:
7893:
5842:
3882:. The same day, the Red Army established a beachhead on the Western
3563:
to undertake large-scale operations. The Baltic Fleet possessed two
3186:
lasted until the end of the war. A memorable quote, "Kollaa holds" (
2190:
On 31 October, Molotov publicly announced the Soviet demands to the
16901:
16612:
16025:
15887:
14490:
14127:
13908:
11402:
11130:
9779:
How to Conquer Finland: Operational Plans of the Red Army 1939â1944
7709:
6941:
4299:
Monument devoted to the victims of the Winter War in St. Petersburg
4122:
3943:
3657:
3580:
3501:
3497:
3434:
3418:
3414:
2983:
2955:
2556:
2457:
2262:
2239:
2179:
1841:
1629:
461:
188,671â207,538 wounded or sick (including at least 61,506 sick or
14110:
2115:
be moved westward to a point only 30 km (19 mi) east of
1833:
1729:
Until the early 19th century, Finland was the eastern part of the
16637:
16462:
16457:
14132:
13939:
4540:
4218:
3922:
The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed in Moscow on 12 March 1940. A
3603:
3584:
3540:
3406:
3219:
3167:
3147:
3093:
2959:
2829: – the area between the shore of Lake Ladoga, the
2816:. Molotov cocktails were eventually mass-produced by the Finnish
2603:
2444:
2383:, but other generals were more reserved. Red Army Chief of Staff
2222:
2116:
1975:
1912:
1849:
1542:
277:
265:
253:
241:
229:
215:
201:
151:
80:
16313:
9819:
Talvisodan salatut taustat (Hidden background of the Winter War)
7704:
4661:
had personally supervised the bombardment of the Soviet village.
3652:
Soviet aircraft bombed Finnish vessels and harbours and dropped
2845:
began with a forty-hour Soviet artillery preparation. After the
2049:
along the seaward approaches to Leningrad, but Finland refused.
14964:
14445:
12019:
10610:
4295:
4266:, to defend Karelian rights and interests and to find a way to
4230:, part of which was the Continuation War, was later called the
4169:
4101:
4030:
volunteered in the war for two weeks, but did not face combat.
4019:
3750:
3512:, with 12.83 victories. He would increase his tally during the
3439:
2887:
2560:
2545:
2504:
2148:
2077:
1593:
10583:
10057:
MotstrĂžms: Olav Riste og norsk internasjonal historieskrivning
9652:
The Raate Road: Tale of Northern Heroism during the Winter War
8734:
Laemlein, Tom (October 2013). "Where Will We Bury Them All?".
8576:
Nomonhan 1939, The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II
5962:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Hakapaino Oy. pp. 406â407.
4641:
4628:
4096:
3719:
3122:
2627:
rifles dating from the Finnish Civil War, which used the same
16856:
14395:
14137:
12207:
9106:. Foreword by John Barber. John Wiley & Sons. p. 7.
8820:
The Finnish-Soviet Winter War 1939â40 Stalin's Hollow Victory
6712:"Swedish volunteer in position during the Soviet-Finnish War"
4688:
A detailed classification of dead and missing is as follows:
4033:
3642:
3631:
3266:
3179:
2979:
2911:
2895:
2697:
116:
16356:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
16071:
9906:[Red Army â the most peaceful, the most heroic...].
8704:
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
2210:
14142:
10491:
Finnish Military Effectiveness in the Winter War, 1939â1940
4536:
4022:
and later achieved fame as a resistance fighter during the
3760:
3535:
There was little naval activity during the Winter War. The
3283:
3088:
2818:
2295:
2030:
1931:. On 14 October 1920, Finland and Soviet Russia signed the
10227:
The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War
9984:
Shirokorad, A. (2001). "IX: ĐĐžĐŒĐœŃŃ ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ° 1939â1940 гг. ".
9454:
Punaiset panssarit: Puna-armeijan panssarijoukot 1918â1945
8396:(40th Anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press, US.
4038:
Finland officially refused overtures from the anti-Soviet
3707:
on the northeastern shore of Lake Ladoga. The fortress of
3047:. Particularly on the Ladoga Karelia front and during the
2544:
was positioned to strike into Central Finland through the
9842:ĐŁĐżŃŃĐ”ĐœĐœŃĐč ŃĐ°ĐœŃ ĐĄŃĐ°Đ»ĐžĐœĐ°. ĐĄĐŸĐČĐ”ŃŃĐșĐžĐč ĐĄĐŸŃĐ· Đž Đ±ĐŸŃŃба Đ·Đ° ĐĐČŃĐŸĐżŃ
9134:"Putin: Winter War aimed at correcting border "mistakes""
9129:
7897:
5327:"The Winter War â When the Finns Humiliated the Russians"
4985:
4983:
4062:, although it is possible that some were also trained in
3433:
The largest bombing raid against the capital of Finland,
16393:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, PolishâSoviet War
16362:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
10474:
A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939â1940
9940:
VenĂ€lĂ€inen talvisotakirjallisuus: Bibliografia 1939â1945
8557:
Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War
8227:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4852:
2474:
Soviet generals were impressed by the success of German
1701:
Geopolitical status in Northern Europe in November 1939
1676:
9903:ĐŃĐ°ŃĐœĐ°Ń ĐŃĐŒĐžŃ â ŃĐ°ĐŒĐ°Ń ĐŒĐžŃĐŸĐ»ŃбОĐČĐ°Ń, ŃĐ°ĐŒĐ°Ń ĐłĐ”ŃĐŸĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐ°Ń...
9197:
8527:
The Solution of the Karelian Refugee Problem in Finland
8191:
7868:
7673:
5293:
5291:
4441:
List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II
4092:
Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War
17425:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
11272:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
10602:(Winter War history from a documentary film's website)
10262:
The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939â1940
8357:
Clemmesen, Michael H.; Faulkner, Marcus, eds. (2013).
6923:
4980:
4839:
4837:
2921:
2781: Soviet division (XX), corps (XXX) or army (XXXX)
2762:
The situation on 7 December: Soviets have reached the
2143:
for 30 years and to permit the Soviets to establish a
16219:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
15759:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
10589:
10209:
Finnish Soldier vs Soviet Soldier: Winter War 1939â40
9944:
Russian Winter War Literature: Bibliography 1939â1945
8823:. Johnny Shumate. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
7781:
7779:
7752:
7395:
7393:
6778:
6776:
5937:
5935:
5746:
5744:
5663:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5058:
4849:
4581:
4262:
Karelian evacuees established an interest group, the
3031:
In battles from Ladoga Karelia to the Arctic port of
2870:, was defeated by a much smaller Finnish force under
1774:
led to the collapse of the Russian Empire during the
16872:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
8883:(Illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press.
8376:
Coates, William Peyton; Coates, Zelda Kahan (1940).
5288:
5018:
5016:
4402:
4085:
3938:
Finnish concessions and territorial losses exceeded
2602:, which had established its wartime headquarters at
2249:
border incident between Finland and the Soviet Union
10314:Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni (2015).
10313:
10299:. Translated by Dinan, Tim. Leandoer & Ekholm.
9751:
9573:"SovietâFinish War 1939â1940 and Red Army's Losses"
9177:Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (2012).
8479:
The Winter War: The Russo-Finnish Conflict, 1939â40
8444:. Translated by Leon Dennen. Yale University Press.
7921:
7919:
7887:
7885:
7883:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7127:
7125:
7106:
JÀÀtynyt helvetti: TÀllainen on Raatteen tie tÀnÀÀn
7002:
6966:
6887:
6763:
6761:
5550:
5548:
5264:
4834:
3834:its role as a buffer between Germany and the USSR.
2754:
First battles and Soviet advance to Mannerheim Line
2723:after the Soviet attack. In a further reshuffling,
2642:was composed of six divisions under the command of
1549:, and ended three and a half months later with the
17157:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
10600:Fire and Ice: The Winter War of Finland and Russia
9571:
9521:Sodan totuudet. Yksi suomalainen vastaa 5,7 ryssÀÀ
9505:Sodan totuudet. Yksi suomalainen vastaa 5,7 ryssÀÀ
8437:
7776:
7422:
7390:
7342:
7161:
7086:
7014:
6851:
6827:
6773:
6746:
6301:
6299:
5988:
5932:
5741:
5632:
5608:
5596:
5480:
5420:
5408:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4706:Other reasons (diseases, accidents, suicides) 677;
4436:List of Finnish military equipment of World War II
3982:Norwegian volunteers somewhere in Northern Finland
3714:
1871:in 1932. The successor of the Lapua Movement, the
1859:was declared illegal in 1931, and the nationalist
1733:. From 21 February 1808 to 17 September 1809, the
16:1939â1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland
10580:(photographs of the SovietâFinnish War 1939â1940)
10063:] (in Norwegian). Cappelen Akademisk Forlag.
9458:Red Armour: The Red Army's Tank Forces, 1918â1945
9103:Leningrad 1941â42: Morality in a City under Siege
8770:(14 December 1939). "Expulsion of the U.S.S.R.".
8179:
8084:
7891:
7246:
6817:
6815:
6559:
6557:
6485:
6483:
6415:
6413:
5874:
5872:
5357:
5013:
4956:
4954:
4873:
4871:
4493:From 1919 onwards, the Finns possessed 32 French
3068:
2507:), directly under Kliment Voroshilov (chairman),
2329:Hungarian historian IstvĂĄn Ravasz wrote that the
2162:The Soviet offer divided the Finnish government:
17745:
15774:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
15104:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
10439:
9648:Raatteen tie: Talvisodan pohjoinen sankaritarina
9211:Raboche-Krest'yanskaya Krasnaya Armiya (website)
9064:The Winter War: The RussoâFinnish War of 1939â40
9010:The Winter War: Finland against Russia 1939â1940
8239:
8024:
7916:
7880:
7846:
7844:
7829:
7405:
7378:
7149:
7122:
6800:
6788:
6758:
5545:
5082:
5080:
5048:
5046:
4970:
4968:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4888:
4886:
4657:'s memoirs, which states that Artillery Marshal
3476:had donated the first aircraft to the Air Force.
2147:there. In exchange, the Soviet Union would cede
17265:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
15893:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
15808:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944â1953)
10080:Đ ĐŸŃŃĐžĐčŃĐșĐžĐč ĐłĐŸŃŃĐŽĐ°ŃŃŃĐČĐ”ĐœĐœŃĐč ĐČĐŸĐ”ĐœĐœŃĐč Đ°ŃŃ
ĐžĐČ (Đ ĐĐĐ)
8752:Invasion in the Snow: A Study of Mechanized War
8278:
7978:
7976:
7963:
7961:
7948:
7946:
7856:
7764:
7705:"70th Anniversary of the End of the Winter War"
7212:
7210:
6978:
6911:
6899:
6400:
6398:
6296:
6188:
6176:
6164:
5254:
5252:
5250:
4917:
4727:
4697:Dead, not buried, later declared as dead 3,503;
4456:Military history of Finland during World War II
4349:; 232 of those cases ended in a death penalty.
4018:, fought in the Winter War before returning to
3464:refuelling at its air base on a frozen lake in
3182:up to 10 m (33 ft) high. The ensuing
2634:The Finnish forces were positioned as follows:
16250:GermanâSoviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk
8931:Christopher Lee: The Authorised Screen History
8914:(1st ed.). Brassey's Defence Publishers.
8263:
7482:
7434:
7234:
7183:. Vammala: HÀijÀÀ Invest (Vammaspaino), 1990.
7074:
7062:
7050:
7026:
6863:
6839:
6812:
6734:
6692:
6668:
6656:
6644:
6608:
6574:
6572:
6554:
6480:
6410:
6335:
5896:
5869:
5794:
5651:
5386:
5384:
5314:. E.P. Dutton & Company. pp. 364â365.
4951:
4868:
2483:, but they had been tailored to conditions in
2286:On 1 December 1939, the Soviet Union formed a
2025:" at the Karelian Isthmus, on 10 October 1939.
16840:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
16742:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
16603:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
16329:
16057:
15747:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
14948:
14615:
13924:
10626:
9353:The Mannerheim Line: Legend of the Winter War
7841:
7795:
7793:
7318:
7306:
7294:
7282:
6942:YLE: Marokon Kauhu nousi legendaksi Kollaalla
6436:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6428:
5772:
5770:
5731:
5729:
5702:
5680:
5678:
5584:
5533:
5432:
5237:
5235:
5077:
5043:
4965:
4934:
4898:
4883:
4822:
4798:
4774:
4569:
3468:. On the fuselage is the swastika, which the
3309:
3301:, and then proceeded to destroy the remnants
3054:For many of the encircled Soviet troops in a
2514:The Soviet forces were organised as follows:
2178:The Finns made two counteroffers to cede the
2056:The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the
1514:
1359:
1075:
681:
667:
500:
9233:ĐĐŸĐČлДŃĐ”ĐœĐžĐ” Đ€ĐžĐœĐ»ŃĐœĐŽĐžĐž ĐČĐŸ ĐŃĐŸŃŃŃ ĐĐžŃĐŸĐČŃŃ ĐČĐŸĐčĐœŃ
8654:The Nordic Way: A Path to Baltic Equilibrium
8451:White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939â40
8340:Stalin and the Soviet-Finnish War, 1939â1940
8012:
7973:
7958:
7943:
7931:
7577:
7458:
7207:
7038:
6954:
6680:
6620:
6395:
6359:
6260:
6248:
5560:
5247:
5033:
5031:
4046:, RNA) of 200 men after being introduced to
3969:Foreign support of Finland in the Winter War
3004:
2337:stated that the Soviets "sought to impose a
1840:or on the stockpiling and the deployment of
1089:
70:(3 months, 1 week and 6 days)
16800:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
15700:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
15695:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
14921:Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn
10396:
9719:Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (2005).
9525:Truths of War. One Finn equals 5.7 Russians
9509:Truths of War. One Finn equals 5.7 Russians
9410:] (in Russian). Petrozavodsk: Karelia.
9347:Geust, Carl-Fredrik; Uitto, Antero (2006).
9266:
8954:. Cambridge University Press. p. 190.
8233:
7805:
7649:
7600:
6875:
6716:Second World War the Military Photo Archive
6632:
6596:
6569:
6507:
6383:
6347:
6200:
6129:
5920:
5381:
4786:
4751:
4451:List of Finnish divisions in the Winter War
4183:
3720:Red Army reforms and offensive preparations
3123:Battles in Ladoga Karelia and North Karelia
3092:" â a Finnish idiom roughly translated as "
2898:. The 163rd Rifle Division was deployed at
2555:, comprising three divisions, was based in
17804:GermanyâSoviet Union relations (1918â1941)
17226:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
16336:
16322:
16064:
16050:
15016:Military history of the Russian Federation
14955:
14941:
14629:
14622:
14608:
13931:
13917:
10633:
10619:
9875:My Actions in Moscow and Finland 1939â1941
9617:Submarine Kings of the Knave of Hearts Sea
9267:Bichekhvost, Alexander Fedorovich (2012).
8987:Hitler's Central European Empire 1938â1945
8781:The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis
7790:
7740:
6990:
6425:
6212:
5884:
5857:
5830:
5818:
5806:
5782:
5767:
5726:
5714:
5690:
5675:
5497:
5444:
5309:
5232:
4303:The Soviet General Staff Supreme Command (
4034:White émigrés and Russian prisoners-of-war
2775: Finnish division (XX) or corps (XXX)
2698:Start of invasion and political operations
2650:was positioned on its right flank and the
2575:
2139:). The Finns would also have to lease the
1521:
1507:
1366:
1352:
1082:
1068:
674:
660:
507:
493:
16810:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
16782:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
15266:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652â1689)
10487:
10445:Falsifiers of History (Historical Survey)
10294:
9871:Toimintani Moskovassa ja Suomessa 1939â41
9727:] (in Finnish) (1st ed.). WSOY.
9474:
8635:. Finnish Karelian League. Archived from
8613:Jowett, Philip; Snodgrass, Brent (2006).
8593:Hough, William J.H. (10 September 2019).
8440:Soviet Russia's Foreign Policy, 1939â1942
7817:
6929:
6519:
5345:
5028:
3146:. They also had a support group of three
2451:
2211:Shelling of Mainila and Soviet intentions
2017:Finnish soldiers gather breakfast from a
17794:Eastern European theatre of World War II
16752:Great Construction Projects of Communism
16073:Nazi GermanâSoviet relations before 1941
10316:Finland at War: The Winter War 1939â1945
10206:
10112:Suomenmaan Tilastollinen Vuosikirja 1940
9612:ĐĐŸŃĐŸĐ»Đž ĐżĐŸĐŽĐżĐ»Đ°ĐČĐ° ĐČ ĐŒĐŸŃĐ” ŃĐ”ŃĐČĐŸĐœĐœŃŃ
ĐČалДŃĐŸĐČ
9424:
8860:Finland at War: The Winter War 1939â1945
8679:
8477:Engle, Eloise; Paananen, Lauri (1985) .
7330:
6058:
5953:
5620:
5396:
5369:
4745:
4739:
4294:
4212:
4095:
4008:American nationals of Finnish background
3977:
3913:
3853:
3761:Soviet offensive on the Karelian Isthmus
3723:
3451:
3313:
3265:
3126:
3014:
2940:
2878:, the first Finnish victory of the war.
2757:
2585:
2461:
2430:and Stalin's favourite general, Marshal
2391:and logistical preparations, a rational
2238:
2012:
1881:
1718: Soviet Union and annexed countries
1696:
1624:and further north. Finland retained its
17168:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
15227:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580â1747)
15097:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
10606:National Archives of the United Kingdom
10341:Rahikainen, Paavo; Vainio, Ein (1996).
10077:
9718:
9709:
9311:Border â The Karelian Isthmus 1918â1920
9120:from the original on 27 February 2018.
9083:The Soviet Invasion of Finland, 1939â40
8968:from the original on 27 February 2018.
8651:
8524:
8495:
8476:
7770:
7758:
7679:
7512:
7143:
6548:
6475:
5848:
5626:
5324:
4877:
4763:
4446:List of Finnish corps in the Winter War
4136:on 18 September 1939, and the next day
4058:. The prisoners-of-war were trained in
3873: Soviet corps (XXX) or army (XXXX)
3243:, or "Motti-Matti" as he became known.
2993:, thousands of Soviet soldiers died of
2369:
1652:between Finland and the Soviets began.
1373:
17746:
17203:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
16183:Border and Commercial Agreement (1941)
15848:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
15779:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
15638:GeorgianâOssetian conflict (1918â1920)
15616:Soviet westward offensive of 1918â1919
15330:Austro-RussianâTurkish War (1735â1739)
15006:Military history of the Russian Empire
14851:Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland
12487:
12465:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
10546:Woody, Christopher (1 December 2017).
10459:
10417:
8766:
8746:
8633:"Karjalan Liitto â Briefly in English"
7596:
7594:
7592:
6590:
6329:
4600:ĐĄĐŸĐČĐ”ÌŃŃĐșĐŸ-ŃĐžĐœĐ»ŃĐœĐŽŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ°Ì 1939â1940
4275:. Some right-wing groups, such as the
4147:On 19 December, French Prime Minister
3903:
3849:
2910:and 122nd Rifle Divisions attacked at
2598:. In prewar calculations, the Finnish
1978:clique". Field Marshal Mannerheim and
514:
56:machine gun crew during the Winter War
16317:
16045:
15998:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
15376:Russian colonization of North America
14936:
14819:National Defence Training Association
14603:
13912:
13336:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
12768:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
12414:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
12370:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
11468:Rape during the occupation of Germany
10614:
10558:from the original on 19 February 2023
10545:
10516:
10367:
10278:The Red Army and the Second World War
10108:
9668:
9569:
9230:Baryshnikov, N.; Salomaa, E. (2005).
9164:from the original on 30 November 2021
9140:from the original on 14 December 2017
8928:
8691:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929â1941
8612:
8592:
8197:
7904:from the original on 17 February 2022
7874:
7850:
7799:
7735:
7601:LÀhteenmÀki, Maria (1 January 2014).
6996:
6722:from the original on 10 February 2023
6525:
5402:
5363:
5333:from the original on 19 December 2021
5310:Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil (1953).
5222:
5220:
5207:
5205:
5192:
5190:
5177:
5175:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5145:
5143:
5130:
5128:
4862:
4246:to the Soviet Union by virtue of the
3973:
3781:
3598:was a coastal defence force with two
2926:
2559:. Its objectives were to capture the
1677:Finnish-Soviet relations and politics
1495:Plans for Franco-British intervention
1347:
1063:
655:
488:
17286:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
17244:20th Congress of the Communist Party
16687:19th Congress of the Communist Party
16524:18th Congress of the Communist Party
16489:17th Congress of the Communist Party
15011:Military history of the Soviet Union
13938:
12458:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
11483:Rape during the liberation of France
10275:
10008:from the original on 7 December 2019
9853:from the original on 9 December 2020
9633:from the original on 1 November 2022
9619:] (in Russian). Tsentrpoligraf.
9531:
9349:Mannerheim-linja: Talvisodan legenda
9229:
9217:from the original on 2 December 2022
9198:Finnish, Russian and other languages
9152:
9042:Finland at Peace & War 1918â1993
8845:from the original on 7 February 2022
8721:from the original on 18 January 2023
8416:Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939
7655:
6881:
6440:
6159:
5351:
5098:
4618:' catalogue (see authority control).
4552:This name is translated as follows:
4467:
4000:Bofors 40 mm (1.6 in) guns
3663:
3447:
3261:
3239:; the most famous of them was Major
2796:and insufficient training in modern
2273:
17220:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
16444:Anti-religious campaign (1921â1928)
16104:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
15752:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
14793:Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency
10260:Engle, Eloise and Paananen, Pauri.
9983:
9835:
9596:from the original on 6 October 2022
9346:
8631:
8529:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
8499:The Little, Brown book of anecdotes
8293:"The Never-Ending Karelia Question"
8114:
7892:Jormanainen, Heli (15 March 2020).
7589:
7464:
6626:
5120:
4780:
3929:were evacuated and lost their homes
3680:, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of
3384:
3250:, Soviet forces were outmanoeuvred
2922:Operations from December to January
2812:liquids and with a simple hand-lit
2466:Dense forests of Ladoga Karelia at
2037:contacted Finnish Foreign Minister
1712: Germany and annexed countries
1566:puppet Finnish Communist government
13:
17367:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
17186:The History of the Communist Party
17005:Soviet offensive plans controversy
16970:Ideological repression in science
16514:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
16232:Soviet offensive plans controversy
15798:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
15164:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
12684:German invasion of the Netherlands
10957:Weather events during World War II
10590:Finnish Wartime Photograph Archive
10200:
9899:
9865:
9804:
9795:
9700:
9677:
9543:] (in Finnish). Karttakeskus.
9389:Halsti, Wolfgang Hallstén (1955).
9039:
9027:from the original on 19 April 2023
8897:from the original on 19 April 2023
8778:
8772:League of Nations Official Journal
8290:
8054:
8042:
7785:
7717:from the original on 13 March 2022
7625:from the original on 6 August 2022
7553:from the original on 6 August 2022
7488:
7440:
7428:
7399:
7348:
7240:
6857:
6845:
6537:
5669:
5566:
5258:
5217:
5202:
5187:
5172:
5155:
5140:
5125:
5071:
5022:
4911:
4592:ĐĄĐŸĐČĐ”ÌŃŃĐșĐŸ-ŃĐžĐœŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ°Ì 1939â1940
4343:Soviet prisoners of war in Finland
4285:Finnish occupation of East Karelia
3962:
3821:. The German invasion plan, named
3815:iron ore fields in Northern Sweden
3508:. The top scoring fighter ace was
2692:
2676:was a collection of White Guards,
2364:
2060:in August 1939. It was publicly a
1953:SovietâFinnish Non-Aggression Pact
1888:SovietâFinnish Non-Aggression Pact
1795:declared the nation's independence
1749:Finland, and converted it into an
1745:. Eventually Russia conquered and
1687:SovietâFinnish Non-Aggression Pact
14:
17850:
17405:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
17136:Marxism and the National Question
16343:
15663:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
13315:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
10571:
10297:Tanks in the Winter War 1939â1940
10151:
10142:
10130:from the original on 7 March 2022
10078:Russian State Military Archive.
9960:
9916:from the original on 27 June 2022
9813:
9769:
9608:
9487:from the original on 12 June 2018
9374:(in Swedish). Föreningen Norden.
9369:
8912:Cold Will: The Defense of Finland
8733:
8707:(1st ed.). Greenhill Books.
8682:Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917-91
8467:
8388:
8321:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
8291:Ahtiainen, Ilkka (16 July 2000).
8090:
7513:Rentola, Kimmo (1 October 2013).
6501:
6377:
6218:
6087:
6052:
5941:
5750:
5645:
5614:
5602:
5491:
5462:
5426:
5414:
5325:Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015).
5134:
5109:
4816:
4746:Juutilainen & Koskimaa (2005)
4347:Supreme Court of the Soviet Union
4086:Franco-British intervention plans
3618:. The two coastal defence ships,
3606:, seven motor torpedo boats, one
3530:
3373:
2725:Aimo Cajander's caretaker cabinet
2717:Covenant of the League of Nations
1596:, but there were also battles in
17728:
17727:
17045:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
16509:SovietâJapanese border conflicts
15717:SovietâJapanese border conflicts
15510:Russian conquest of Central Asia
15446:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
15242:PolishâMuscovite War (1605â1618)
15184:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
13875:
10640:
10542:Ch. 4. Cornell University Press.
10117:Finnish Statistics Yearbook 1940
9475:Kauppinen, Kari (18 July 2017).
9283:from the original on 8 July 2022
9080:
9058:
8802:. Newbury: Casemate Publishers.
8573:
8448:
8394:The Great Terror: A Reassessment
8315:
8269:
8251:
8245:
8221:
8215:
8209:
8203:
8173:
8167:
8155:
8143:
8131:
8119:
8108:
8096:
8072:
8060:
8048:
8036:
8030:
8018:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7988:
7982:
7967:
7952:
7937:
7925:
7835:
7823:
7811:
7729:
7697:
7691:
7685:
7667:
7661:
7643:
7637:
7607:Nordia Geographical Publications
7583:
7571:
7565:
7519:The International History Review
7506:
7494:
7476:
7470:
7452:
7446:
7416:
7384:
7366:
7354:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7194:
7173:
7155:
7137:
7131:
7098:
7044:
6960:
6935:
6869:
6821:
6806:
6794:
6767:
6698:
6686:
6674:
6662:
6650:
6638:
6602:
6584:
6578:
6563:
6542:
6531:
6513:
6495:
6489:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6446:
6419:
6404:
6371:
6365:
6353:
6341:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6284:
6272:
6266:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6206:
6153:
6141:
6135:
6117:
6105:
6093:
6081:
6070:
6064:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6022:
6011:
6000:
5926:
5708:
5590:
5578:
5539:
5527:
5515:
5503:
5465:, pp. 156â161, 237â238, 323, 454
5450:
5438:
5390:
5375:
5297:
5241:
5001:from the original on 12 May 2021
4843:
4700:Missing, declared as dead 1,712;
4682:
4673:
4664:
4653:The Soviet role is confirmed in
4419:
4405:
4387:in France and the nomination of
4157:Anglo-French Supreme War Council
4074:did. Finnish military historian
3745:the realities of the situation.
3519:
3380:Aerial warfare in the Winter War
3318:A Finnish soldier on guard near
2567:and then advance to the town of
2410:After the Soviet success at the
1959:
1867:violence, which culminated in a
1672:Treaty of Tartu (FinlandâRussia)
478:321,000â381,000 total casualties
384:
372:
360:
348:
336:
322:
308:
294:
276:
264:
252:
240:
228:
214:
200:
168:
144:
68:30 November 1939 â 13 March 1940
46:
40:European theatre of World War II
17829:Wars involving the Soviet Union
17430:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
16566:SovietâJapanese Neutrality Pact
16556:Occupation of the Baltic states
16209:Occupation of the Baltic states
16003:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
15648:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
15589:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
10160:
9937:
9515:
9499:
9442:
9433:
9388:
9372:Karelen: ett grÀnsland i Norden
9370:Hallberg, Torsten, ed. (2006).
9307:Raja â Karjalankannas 1918â1920
9003:
8984:
8975:
8947:
8816:
8688:
8375:
8257:
8185:
8149:
8066:
7862:
7144:Leskinen and Juutilainen (1999)
7008:
6984:
6972:
6917:
6905:
6893:
6476:Leskinen and Juutilainen (1999)
6389:
6194:
6182:
6170:
6099:
6076:
6028:
5994:
5982:
5976:
5947:
5914:
5908:
5890:
5878:
5863:
5836:
5824:
5812:
5800:
5788:
5776:
5762:
5756:
5735:
5720:
5696:
5684:
5572:
5554:
5521:
5509:
5468:
5456:
5318:
5303:
5276:
5270:
5114:
5103:
5092:
4960:
4945:
4810:
4647:
4634:
4621:
4546:
4528:
4518:
4372:an invasion of the Soviet Union
4290:
4268:return ceded regions of Karelia
4244:Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment
3715:Soviet breakthrough in February
3526:Naval warfare in the Winter War
3415:Tampere Linen and Iron Industry
2096:under the guise of "additional
2002:
1984:Finnish Social Democratic Party
1836:, for example), rather than on
459:126,875â167,976 dead or missing
450:Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment
16137:Boundary and Friendship Treaty
15685:Urtatagai conflict (1925â1926)
15335:War of the Austrian Succession
14910:List of wars involving Finland
14039:History of independent Finland
13562:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
11265:Territorial changes of Germany
11173:Indonesian National Revolution
10422:. University Press of Kansas.
10280:. Cambridge University Press.
10188:
10169:
10123:(in Finnish). pp. 14â15.
10099:
10084:Russian State Military Archive
9890:
9760:
9645:
9557:
9451:
9327:
8857:
8697:
8665:. Cambridge University Press.
8660:
8559:. University Press of Kansas.
8551:
8378:Russia, Finland and the Baltic
8356:
8337:
7746:
7500:
7167:
7092:
7080:
7068:
7056:
7032:
7020:
6833:
6782:
6752:
6740:
6614:
6549:Russian State Military Archive
6452:
6242:
6147:
6123:
6111:
5226:
5181:
5086:
5052:
5037:
4974:
4928:
4892:
4878:LentilÀ and Juutilainen (1999)
4828:
4804:
4792:
4694:Wounded, died of wounds 3,089;
4508:
4501:. The Finns bought 32 British
4487:
4474:
4140:brought up the subject in the
3703:on the Eastern Isthmus and at
3500:consisted of a frozen lake, a
3069:Battles of the Mannerheim Line
3011:Sissi (Finnish light infantry)
2251:escalated into the Winter War.
1:
17271:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
17082:1946–1947 Soviet famine
16655:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat
15908:South Ossetia war (1991â1992)
15786:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
15537:Russian invasion of Manchuria
15527:Russo-Turkish War (1877â1878)
15473:Russo-Turkish War (1828â1829)
15468:Russo-Persian War (1826â1828)
15411:Russo-Turkish War (1806â1812)
15401:Russo-Persian War (1804â1813)
15366:Russo-Swedish War (1788â1790)
15361:Russo-Turkish War (1787â1792)
15351:Russo-Turkish War (1768â1774)
15341:Russo-Swedish War (1741â1743)
15319:Russo-Persian War (1722â1723)
15314:Russo-Turkish War (1710â1711)
15291:Russo-Turkish War (1686â1700)
15286:Russo-Turkish War (1676â1681)
15261:Russo-Persian War (1651â1653)
15237:Russo-Swedish War (1590â1595)
15232:Russo-Turkish War (1568â1570)
15217:Russo-Swedish War (1554â1557)
15092:List of wars involving Russia
15087:Sino-Russian border conflicts
12962:Japanese invasion of Thailand
12913:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
12677:German invasion of Luxembourg
11051:Mediterranean and Middle East
10195:(Myth of the Mannerheim Line)
9946:] (in Finnish). Docendo.
9928:
9900:Paskhover, A. (3 June 2015).
9881:
9741:
9460:] (in Finnish). PS-Elso.
9304:
9295:
9066:(5th ed.). Aurum Press.
9013:. Stanford University Press.
8980:. University Press of Kansas.
8909:
8453:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
8432:
8418:. Stanford University Press.
8410:
8078:
7851:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006)
7800:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006)
7324:
7312:
7300:
7288:
7252:
6997:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006)
6526:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006)
6305:
6290:
6278:
6254:
5902:
5657:
5474:
5403:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006)
5182:Clemmesen and Faulkner (2013)
4769:
4757:
4733:
4703:Died as a prisoner of war 20;
4461:Winter War in popular culture
3863: Finnish corps (XXX) or
3417:premises, which manufactured
3142:and the 13th Division led by
2808:, a glass bottle filled with
1655:
1632:encouraged German Chancellor
872:Mediterranean and Middle East
17420:1956 Georgian demonstrations
15863:Eritrean War of Independence
15833:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
15828:East German uprising of 1953
15769:Eastern Front (World War II)
15658:Red Army invasion of Georgia
15653:Red Army invasion of Armenia
15621:Estonian War of Independence
15562:Russian occupation of Tabriz
15483:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
15441:War of the Seventh Coalition
15324:War of the Polish Succession
15271:Russo-Polish War (1654â1667)
12869:Invasion of the Soviet Union
12558:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
11869:Independent State of Croatia
10460:Taylor, Alan (23 May 2013).
10400:The White Sniper: Simo HÀyhÀ
10240:
10090:
10054:
9686:] (in Finnish). Ajatus.
9654:] (in Finnish). Ajatus.
9401:
9355:] (in Finnish). Ajatus.
9204:
9128:
8754:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
8663:A Concise History of Finland
8279:General and cited references
8137:
7531:10.1080/07075332.2013.828637
7336:
6017:
6006:
5149:
4721:
4602:) are often used in Russian
4596:SovietâFinland War 1939â1940
4588:SovietâFinnish War 1939â1940
3111:. The Finns, led by General
2438:of the Red Army and General
1927:Commander-in-Chief, Marshal
1662:Background of the Winter War
853:Manchuria and Northern Korea
7:
17435:Stalin Monument in Budapest
17102:Night of the Murdered Poets
17020:Allegations of antisemitism
16757:Engineers of the human soul
16504:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
16480:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
16178:Commercial Agreement (1940)
16173:Commercial Agreement (1939)
15903:War in Abkhazia (1992â1993)
15853:Sino-Soviet border conflict
15722:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
15690:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
15626:Latvian War of Independence
15515:Russian conquest of Bukhara
15406:War of the Fourth Coalition
15391:War of the Second Coalition
14798:National Defence University
13853:End of World War II in Asia
13693:Western invasion of Germany
13200:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
13177:Second Battle of El Alamein
12747:Hundred Regiments Offensive
12719:Battle of the Mediterranean
12572:Italian invasion of Albania
10739:Air warfare of World War II
10397:Saarelainen, Tapio (2016).
10370:Journal of Military History
10191:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10163:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10154:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10145:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10109:Statistics Finland (1941).
10102:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10093:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10020:
9931:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9893:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9884:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9849:] (in Russian). Veche.
9821:(in Finnish). Kirjaneuvos.
9807:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9798:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9781:] (in Finnish). Edita.
9763:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9754:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9745:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9721:Jatkosodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9712:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9703:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9671:Jatkosodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9563:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9511:] (in Finnish). Ajatus.
9445:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9436:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9427:Jatkosodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9298:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9179:A Companion to World War II
9176:
8876:
8779:Lightbody, Bradley (2004).
8574:Goldman, Stuart D. (2012).
8102:
7372:
7360:
5851:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
5282:
5211:
5196:
5166:
4863:Kurenmaa and LentilÀ (2005)
4612:Finno-Russian War 1939â1940
4608:RussoâFinnish War 1939â1940
4582:
4398:
4310:Between the Winter War and
4190:Aftermath of the Winter War
4024:German occupation of Norway
3825:, was later implemented as
3808:Franco-British intervention
3630:, were moved to harbour in
3405:. For example, the city of
2978:and men dressed in regular
2665:, who was soon replaced by
2501:Leningrad Military District
2356:Another American historian
2292:Finnish Democratic Republic
2278:In 2013, Russian President
2041:and Finnish Prime Minister
1929:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
1919:ideology would combine all
1873:Patriotic People's Movement
1782:. On 15 November 1917, the
1614:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
183:Finnish Democratic Republic
21:Winter War (disambiguation)
10:
17855:
17839:Winter in the Soviet Union
17475:Stalin Bloc â For the USSR
17445:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
16593:Soviet atomic bomb project
15898:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
15436:War of the Sixth Coalition
15426:War of the Fifth Coalition
15396:War of the Third Coalition
15001:Military history of Russia
14963:Armed conflicts involving
14846:Allotment system of Sweden
14294:Government-owned companies
13965:Finland under Swedish rule
13779:Naval bombardment of Japan
13147:First Battle of El Alamein
13066:Battle of Christmas Island
13011:Japanese invasion of Burma
12775:Italian invasion of Greece
12691:German invasion of Belgium
12663:German invasion of Denmark
12636:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
12505:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
10762:Comparative military ranks
10538:Dictators at War and Peace
10418:Sander, Gordon F. (2013).
10295:Kolomyjec, Maksim (2011).
9725:Continuation War Guidebook
9678:Laaksonen, Lasse (2005) .
9452:Kantakoski, Pekka (1998).
9397:] (in Finnish). Otava.
9238:ĐŃĐ”ŃŃĐŸĐČŃĐč ĐżĐŸŃ
ĐŸĐŽ ĐœĐ° Đ ĐŸŃŃĐžŃ
9099:
8976:Sander, Gordon F. (2013).
8797:
8283:
8161:
8125:
4679:See the following sources:
4670:See the following sources:
4644:and the following sources:
4631:and the following sources:
4360:
4259:to Finland was permitted.
4208:
4201:
4187:
4089:
4040:Russian All-Military Union
3966:
3907:
3523:
3377:
3310:Battles in Finnish Lapland
3008:
2930:
2579:
2455:
2426:; the tank expert General
2303:people's front of toilers.
2243:29 November 1939, foreign
2214:
2006:
1992:October Revolution of 1917
1857:Communist Party of Finland
1809:in which the conservative
1690:
1680:
1668:Timeline of the Winter War
1665:
1659:
452:ceded to the Soviet Union
18:
17723:
17640:
17501:
17483:
17455:Places named after Stalin
17440:Stalin Monument in Prague
17387:
17299:
17234:
17120:
16964:Repressions in Azerbaijan
16790:
16699:
16682:1950 legislative election
16608:1946 legislative election
16519:1937 legislative election
16431:
16380:
16371:
16351:
16296:
16258:
16204:Soviet invasion of Poland
16191:
16160:
16112:
16079:
16011:
15946:
15737:Soviet invasion of Poland
15547:
15431:French invasion of Russia
15299:
15197:
15116:
15042:MuscoviteâLithuanian Wars
15034:
14991:
14984:
14905:Demilitarization of Ă
land
14887:
14836:
14806:
14780:
14724:
14679:
14672:
14637:
14554:
14436:
14366:
14357:
14305:National income agreement
14274:
14265:
14176:
14167:
14061:
14052:
13997:Golden Age of Finnish Art
13950:
13868:
13700:BratislavaâBrno offensive
13640:
13631:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
13368:
13255:Allied invasion of Sicily
13209:
13115:Aleutian Islands campaign
13087:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
13034:
13025:Greek famine of 1941â1944
12920:Second Battle of Changsha
12825:German invasion of Greece
12793:
12670:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
12645:
12583:
12478:
12359:
12085:
11995:
11836:
11539:
11530:
11288:
11113:
11005:North and Central Pacific
10966:
10728:
10721:
10648:
10500:10.1057/978-1-137-44606-0
10462:"Finland in World War II"
10441:Soviet Information Bureau
9994:] (in Russian). ACT.
9961:Polvinen, Tuomo (1987) .
9877:] (in Finnish). WSOY.
9332:(in Finnish). Readme.fi.
9328:Enkenberg, Ilkka (2020).
8948:Rutherford, Jeff (2014).
8798:Lunde, Henrik O. (2011).
8680:Kokoshin, Andrei (1998).
8652:Killham, EdwardL (1993).
8578:. Naval Institute Press.
8502:. Boston: Little, Brown.
8496:Fadiman, Clifton (1985).
7771:Engle and Paananen (1985)
7736:Statistics Finland (1940)
5627:Engle and Paananen (1985)
4599:
4591:
4570:
4385:Third Daladier Government
4377:
4325:claimed 53,522 dead, and
4044:Russkaya narodnaya armiya
4006:, Italy and Estonia. 350
3794:. Wuolijoki departed for
3005:Finnish guerrilla tactics
2124:
2086:forced to accept treaties
2074:Soviet invasion of Poland
1385:
1101:
692:
525:
424:
399:
190:
135:
60:
45:
37:
32:
17774:1940 in the Soviet Union
17764:1939 in the Soviet Union
17276:Soviet Nonconformist Art
17192:1936 Soviet Constitution
16845:Soviet famine of 1932â33
16805:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
16777:Transformation of nature
16762:1936 Soviet Constitution
16722:Socialism in One Country
16561:GermanâSoviet Axis talks
16152:GestapoâNKVD conferences
15878:South African Border War
15803:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
15705:Chechen uprising of 1932
15386:Russo-Persian War (1796)
14181:Administrative divisions
13292:Allied invasion of Italy
13269:Solomon Islands campaign
13018:Third Battle of Changsha
12615:First Battle of Changsha
12521:Second Sino-Japanese War
11454:German military brothels
11320:United States war crimes
10535:Weeks, Jessica L. 2014.
10488:Tuunainen, Pasi (2016).
10276:Hill, Alexander (2017).
10207:Campbell, David (2016).
10079:
9986:
9902:
9841:
9611:
9483:(in Finnish). Helsinki.
9403:
9402:Jokipii, Mauno (1999).
9395:The Winter War 1939â1940
9232:
9040:Tillotson, H.M. (1993).
8985:Sedlar, Jean W. (2007).
8933:. Reynolds & Hearn.
8929:Rigby, Jonathan (2003).
8689:Kotkin, Stephen (2017).
8449:Edwards, Robert (2006).
7111:3 September 2019 at the
6591:League of Nations (1939)
5960:Hushed bridge of Finland
5197:Zeiler and DuBois (2012)
5137:, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49
4393:Prime Minister of France
4368:Finnish-German relations
4277:Academic Karelia Society
4240:Finnish prisoners of war
4217:Heroes' Memorial Day in
4184:Aftermath and casualties
3886:. The Finns proposed an
3641:was severely damaged at
3602:, five submarines, four
3555:forces in the area. The
3444:sorties during the war.
3393:throughout the war. The
3367:almost constant darkness
3109:suicidal frontal attacks
2890:, and further north the
2748:spirit of the Winter War
2379:and military strategist
2331:Soviet Central Committee
1965:Soviet General Secretary
1951:, in 1922. In 1932, the
1093:Nordic states, 1939â1945
858:pre-war border conflicts
415:425,000â760,000 soldiers
406:300,000â340,000 soldiers
17799:Finland in World War II
17779:20th century in Finland
17400:Iosif Stalin locomotive
17143:Foundations of Leninism
17129:Anarchism or Socialism?
17010:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
16877:NKVD prisoner massacres
16529:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
16418:Death and state funeral
16245:Northern Sea Route Raid
16125:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
15520:Khivan campaign of 1873
15371:Russo-Polish War (1792)
14664:List of senior officers
14012:Finland in World War II
14002:Independence of Finland
13714:Second Guangxi campaign
13569:Philippines (1944â1945)
13073:Battle of the Coral Sea
12976:Fall of the Philippines
12622:Battle of South Guangxi
12528:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
11927:Italian Social Republic
10021:Ravasz, IstvĂĄn (2003).
9081:Van Dyke, Carl (1997).
8468:Elliston, H.B. (1940).
8115:Finnish Karelian League
7656:Kilin and Raunio (2007)
6947:3 November 2020 at the
6882:Kilin and Raunio (2007)
6441:Kilin and Raunio (2007)
5352:Kilin and Raunio (2007)
4264:Finnish Karelian League
4142:Chamberlain War Cabinet
3421:and weapons, including
2576:Finnish order of battle
2412:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2323:Suite on Finnish Themes
2268:end of the Soviet Union
2058:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
2009:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
1813:defeated the socialist
1706: Neutral countries
1693:Independence of Finland
1570:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
455:70,000 total casualties
17824:Wars involving Finland
17608:(second father-in-law)
16862:Murder of Sergey Kirov
16737:Stalinist architecture
16623:Turkish Straits crisis
15993:Western Libya campaign
15668:East Karelian uprising
15189:Wagner Group rebellion
15124:Uprising of Bolotnikov
14631:Finnish Defence Forces
13299:Armistice of Cassibile
13101:Battle of Dutch Harbor
13052:Battle of the Java Sea
12955:Attack on Pearl Harbor
12855:SyriaâLebanon campaign
12848:Battle of South Shanxi
12818:Invasion of Yugoslavia
12601:Battle of the Atlantic
12215:Korean Liberation Army
11921:(until September 1943)
11878:(until September 1944)
11856:(until September 1944)
10521:. Aspasia Books, Inc.
10517:Tuuri, Antti (2003) .
10494:. Palgrave Macmillan.
9992:Russia's Northern Wars
9938:Petrov, Pavel (2013).
9847:Stalin's Missed Chance
9570:Kilin, Yu. M. (2012).
9535:; Raunio, Ari (2007).
9158:"Yuri Kilin interview"
9100:Yarov, Sergey (2017).
8817:Murphy, David (2021).
8615:Finland at War 1939â45
8525:Gadolin, Axel (1952).
8382:Lawrence & Wishart
5329:. War History Online.
4565:
4557:
4300:
4222:
4113:
3983:
3940:Soviet pre-war demands
3919:
3875:
3732:
3591:for their operations.
3543:; by mid-winter, only
3477:
3456:March 1940, a Finnish
3411:State Aircraft Factory
3323:
3274:
3191:
3158:, who was replaced by
3135:
3028:
2946:
2783:
2721:Finnish Defence Forces
2591:
2471:
2452:Soviet order of battle
2305:
2252:
2136:
2026:
1945:East Karelian uprising
1915:that according to the
1899:
1830:Scandinavian countries
1758:Grand Duchy of Finland
1726:
1683:East Karelian uprising
1537:was a war between the
430:25,904 dead or missing
191:Commanders and leaders
17629:William Wesley Peters
17174:Falsifiers of History
17097:Rootless cosmopolitan
16403:Rule as Soviet leader
16282:Falsifiers of History
16120:Relations before 1941
15988:Intervention in Syria
15923:Tajikistani Civil War
15631:LithuanianâSoviet War
15572:Battle of Robat Karim
15021:Post-Soviet conflicts
13463:Second Battle of Guam
13359:Bengal famine of 1943
13329:Second Battle of Kiev
13285:Battle of the Dnieper
12990:Battle of Wake Island
12862:East African campaign
12804:Battle of South Henan
12449:atrocities by Germans
12222:Korean Volunteer Army
11196:Occupation of Germany
10950:Music in World War II
10472:Trotter, William R.:
10318:. Osprey Publishing.
10211:. Osprey Publishing.
9987:ĐĄĐ”ĐČĐ”ŃĐœŃĐ” ĐČĐŸĐčĐœŃ Đ ĐŸŃŃОО
9867:Paasikivi, Juho Kusti
9684:Reality and Illusions
9680:Todellisuus ja harhat
9537:Talvisodan taisteluja
9240:(in Russian). Yauza.
8699:Krivosheyev, Grigoriy
8661:Kirby, David (2006).
6330:Langdon-Davies (1941)
4614:are used by the U.S.
4543:type was very common.
4298:
4216:
4099:
3981:
3917:
3857:
3730:Battle of Suomussalmi
3727:
3600:coastal defence ships
3460:Mk. IV bomber of the
3455:
3317:
3269:
3130:
3102:First Battle of Summa
3094:guts, fighting spirit
3018:
2991:Battle of Suomussalmi
2944:
2761:
2708:Molotov bread baskets
2589:
2465:
2300:
2258:Soviet historiography
2242:
2062:non-aggression treaty
2016:
1921:Baltic Finnic peoples
1885:
1817:with the help of the
1762:to assimilate Finland
1700:
783:Yugoslavian Partisans
425:Casualties and losses
17650:Stalin's house, Gori
17581:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
17509:Besarion Jughashvili
17450:Batumi Stalin Museum
17361:Nineteen Eighty-Four
17112:Censorship of images
16791:Crimes, repressions,
16494:1931 Menshevik Trial
16475:First five-year plan
16266:Operation Barbarossa
16142:Population transfers
15971:Annexation of Crimea
15675:Central Asian Revolt
15584:UkrainianâSoviet War
15456:Russo-Circassian War
15139:Pugachev's Rebellion
15082:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
15026:Russian Armed Forces
14996:Early modern warfare
14814:Finnish Border Guard
14649:President of Finland
14542:World Heritage Sites
13749:Surrender of Germany
13227:Battle of West Hubei
13184:Guadalcanal campaign
13154:Battle of Stalingrad
13080:Battle of Madagascar
11847:Albania protectorate
11634:(formerly Swaziland)
11343:Wehrmacht war crimes
11159:Expulsion of Germans
10943:Art and World War II
10841:British contribution
10790:Governments in exile
10174:(in Russian). ĐĐ”ŃĐ”.
9646:Kulju, Mika (2007).
9305:Engman, Max (2007).
9156:(22 December 2019).
8910:Ries, Tomas (1988).
8877:Reiter, Dan (2009).
8748:Langdon-Davies, John
8472:. London: G. Harrap.
5956:Vaiettu Suomen silta
5273:, pp. 966, 974, 1008
4691:Dead, buried 16,766;
4331:Grigoriy Krivosheyev
4228:Operation Barbarossa
3827:Operation WeserĂŒbung
3353:, while the fork to
3326:The Finnish area of
3291:Battle of Raate Road
3272:Battle of Raate Road
3049:Battle of Raate Road
2964:cross-country skiing
2937:Cold-weather warfare
2884:155th Rifle Division
2864:139th Rifle Division
2851:150th Rifle Division
2654:, on its left flank.
2405:political commissars
2370:Soviet military plan
2247:at Mainila, where a
2105:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
2066:spheres of influence
1982:, the leader of the
1911:, to annex areas in
1846:defence co-operation
1819:Imperial German Army
1807:four-month civil war
1646:Operation Barbarossa
1273:Kirkenes and Petsamo
1261:Heavy water sabotage
17642:Stalin's residences
17589:Galina Dzhugashvili
17573:Svetlana Alliluyeva
17557:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
17484:Cultural depictions
17326:Anti-Stalinist left
17281:Shvernik Commission
17249:Pospelov Commission
17025:Population transfer
17000:1941 Red Army purge
16974:Suppressed research
16628:First Indochina War
16571:Great Patriotic War
16549:Moscow Peace Treaty
16413:Cult of personality
16087:Anti-Comintern Pact
16031:Sphere of influence
15961:Russo-Ukrainian War
15818:First Indochina War
15791:SovietâJapanese War
15727:Xinjiang War (1937)
15596:Kazakhstan Campaign
15381:KoĆciuszko Uprising
15281:Second Northern War
15159:Coup attempt (1991)
15052:Soviet-Finnish wars
14732:Ministry of Defence
14654:Minister of Defence
13839:Potsdam Declaration
13728:Italy (Spring 1945)
13491:Liberation of Paris
12948:Siege of Sevastopol
11959:(until August 1944)
11862:Wang Jingwei regime
11684:from September 1943
11644:from September 1944
11582:from September 1944
11442:Romanian war crimes
11433:Persecution of Jews
11419:Croatian war crimes
11389:Japanese war crimes
11203:Occupation of Japan
11152:First Indochina War
10864:Military production
10776:Declarations of war
10552:Business Insider UK
10248:. Victor Gollancz.
10172:йаĐčĐœŃ ŃĐžĐœŃĐșĐŸĐč ĐČĐŸĐčĐœŃ
10086:] (in Russian).
9837:Meltiukhov, Mikhail
9527:] (in Finnish).
9391:Talvisota 1939â1940
9269:"ĐŃ ŃĐŸŃĐœĐŸ ŃĐ”Đ»ĐŸĐČĐ”Đș?"
9060:Trotter, William R.
9044:. Michael Russell.
8599:DigitalCommons@NYLS
7863:Juutilainen (1999b)
7465:Geust; Uitto (2006)
7009:Juutilainen (1999a)
6985:Juutilainen (1999a)
6973:Juutilainen (1999a)
6918:Juutilainen (1999a)
6906:Juutilainen (1999a)
6894:Juutilainen (1999a)
6627:Geust; Uitto (2006)
6551:F.34980 Op.14 D.108
4616:Library of Congress
4427:Soviet Union portal
4329:, 53,500. In 1997,
4248:Moscow Peace Treaty
3910:Moscow Peace Treaty
3904:Moscow Peace Treaty
3850:End of war in March
3800:Terijoki Government
3792:Alexandra Kollontai
3691:undamaged, but the
3649:in the Baltic Sea.
3577:motor torpedo boats
3084:reinforced-concrete
2986:to their infantry.
2868:56th Rifle Division
2866:, supported by the
2787:command deployed a
2740:Otto Wille Kuusinen
2674:North Finland Group
2652:III Army Corps
2640:Army of the Isthmus
2489:John Langdon-Davies
2318:Dmitri Shostakovich
2217:Shelling of Mainila
2171:and Prime Minister
2021:during "additional
1892:Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen
1869:failed coup attempt
1786:Russian government
1551:Moscow Peace Treaty
1377:Finland (1939â1945)
127:to the Soviet Union
92:Moscow Peace Treaty
17809:History of Karelia
17613:Alexander Svanidze
17541:Konstantin Kuzakov
17533:Yakov Dzhugashvili
17492:Apocalypse: Stalin
17465:Stalin Peace Prize
17460:State Stalin Prize
17163:"Ten Blows" speech
17150:Dizzy with Success
17060:Operation "Priboi"
17040:Operation "Lentil"
16993:1937 Soviet Census
16672:Sino-Soviet Treaty
16586:Potsdam Conference
16539:Invasion of Poland
16199:Invasion of Poland
16168:Economic relations
16021:Russian Revolution
15956:Russo-Georgian War
15938:Second Chechen War
15918:Georgian Civil War
15557:Russo-Japanese War
15309:Great Northern War
15207:Russo-Crimean Wars
15179:Second Chechen War
15077:Russo-Turkish wars
15072:Russo-Swedish wars
15062:Russo-Persian Wars
15047:Russo-Crimean Wars
14879:War in Afghanistan
14824:Territorial Forces
14645:Commander-in-chief
14335:Telecommunications
13975:Great Northern War
13832:Surrender of Japan
13665:Battle of Iwo Jima
13514:Belgrade offensive
12927:Siege of Leningrad
12811:Battle of Shanggao
12740:British Somaliland
12705:Dunkirk evacuation
12656:Norwegian campaign
12594:Invasion of Poland
12421:Japanese prisoners
11382:Italian war crimes
11313:British war crimes
11228:Soviet occupations
11012:South-West Pacific
10899:Allied cooperation
10857:Military equipment
10382:10.1353/jmh.0.0004
10246:The Red Army Moves
10042:on 20 October 2017
9541:Winter War Battles
9330:Talvisota VÀreissÀ
9254:on 6 November 2008
8481:. Westview Press.
8234:Bichekhvost (2012)
7181:Talvisodan Tampere
6160:Iltasanomat (2019)
5099:Baryshnikov (2005)
4929:Krivosheyev (1997)
4793:Krivosheyev (1997)
4301:
4281:Siege of Leningrad
4223:
4119:Polish exile units
4114:
3984:
3974:Foreign volunteers
3920:
3880:suburbs of Viipuri
3876:
3782:Peace negotiations
3733:
3478:
3324:
3279:military academics
3275:
3136:
3029:
2947:
2933:Climate of Finland
2927:Weather conditions
2784:
2712:declaration of war
2659:IV Army Corps
2648:II Army Corps
2592:
2472:
2440:Grigory Kravchenko
2385:Boris Shaposhnikov
2381:Kliment Voroshilov
2350:William R. Trotter
2253:
2098:refresher training
2070:invasion of Poland
2027:
2023:refresher training
1900:
1877:Finnish Parliament
1838:military exercises
1776:Russian Revolution
1727:
1620:territories along
1485:Finnish evacuation
985:French West Africa
826:South West Pacific
734:Denmark and Norway
316:Kliment Voroshilov
159:Foreign volunteers
17819:League of Nations
17789:Conflicts in 1940
17784:Conflicts in 1939
17741:
17740:
17698:Kholodnaya Rechka
17395:Iosif Stalin tank
17316:Lenin's Testament
17291:Era of Stagnation
17092:Mingrelian Affair
17070:Forced settlement
17055:Operation "North"
17015:Soviet war crimes
16793:and controversies
16732:Socialist realism
16695:
16694:
16677:TitoâStalin split
16576:Tehran Conference
16499:Spanish Civil War
16470:Chinese Civil War
16311:
16310:
16099:Spanish Civil War
16093:Jewish Bolshevism
16039:
16038:
15928:First Chechen War
15883:SovietâAfghan War
15868:Angolan Civil War
15643:PolishâSoviet War
15601:Finnish Civil War
15579:Russian Civil War
15478:November Uprising
15416:Anglo-Russian War
15356:Bar Confederation
15169:First Chechen War
15149:Russian Civil War
15144:Decembrist revolt
15134:Bulavin Rebellion
15129:Razin's Rebellion
15112:
15111:
15067:Russo-Polish Wars
15035:Lists by opponent
14930:
14929:
14856:Finnish Civil War
14832:
14831:
14711:list of equipment
14701:list of equipment
14687:Finnish Air Force
14597:
14596:
14550:
14549:
14353:
14352:
14261:
14260:
14243:Political parties
14196:Foreign relations
14163:
14162:
13906:
13905:
13864:
13863:
13707:Battle of Okinawa
13606:Burma (1944â1945)
13440:Mariana and Palau
13220:Tunisian campaign
13045:Fall of Singapore
12969:Fall of Hong Kong
12712:Battle of Britain
12565:Operation Himmler
12474:
12473:
12138:Dutch East Indies
11774:Southern Rhodesia
11526:
11525:
11426:Genocide of Serbs
11329:German war crimes
11306:Soviet war crimes
11299:Allied war crimes
11145:Division of Korea
11124:Chinese Civil War
10922:Strategic bombing
10834:Manhattan Project
10509:978-1-137-44606-0
10352:978-951-97557-0-0
10287:978-1-1070-2079-5
9953:978-952-5912-97-5
9909:Ukrayinska Pravda
9788:978-951-37-5278-1
9661:978-951-20-7218-7
9550:978-951-593-068-2
9339:978-952-373-053-3
9320:978-951-0-32765-4
9188:978-1-4051-9681-9
9132:(15 March 2013).
9020:978-0-8047-0482-3
8869:978-1-4728-2718-0
8830:978-1-4728-4394-4
8768:League of Nations
8736:American Rifleman
8672:978-0-521-53989-0
8639:on 20 August 2009
8624:978-1-84176-969-1
8585:978-1-59114-329-1
8566:978-0-7006-0879-9
8509:978-0-316-08472-7
8460:978-0-297-84630-7
8403:978-0-19-531700-8
8368:978-90-04-24908-0
8349:978-0-7146-5203-0
8330:978-0-679-72994-5
8323:. Vintage Books.
8200:, pp. 21â24.
8186:Vihavainen (1999)
8150:Rutherford (2014)
7877:, pp. 59â60.
7713:. 13 March 2010.
7081:Kantakoski (1998)
6783:Paulaharju (1999)
6753:Paulaharju (1999)
6741:Paulaharju (1999)
6718:. 29 April 2019.
5853:. pp. 41â43.
5121:Shirokorad (2001)
5053:Kantakoski (1998)
4829:Kantakoski (1998)
4783:: ch. 4, Table 10
4781:Meltiukhov (2000)
4758:Palokangas (1999)
4734:Palokangas (1999)
4655:Nikita Khrushchev
4580:
4468:Explanatory notes
4341:There were 5,572
4327:N. I. Baryshnikov
4323:Mikhail Semiryaga
4138:Winston Churchill
4134:Reginald Plunkett
3996:Gloster Gladiator
3742:Semyon Timoshenko
3664:Coastal artillery
3490:Finnish Air Force
3470:Finnish Air Force
3448:Finnish Air Force
3423:grenade launchers
3403:strategic bombing
3389:The USSR enjoyed
3330:, bestriding the
3322:in February 1940.
3295:Hjalmar Siilasvuo
3262:Battles in Kainuu
3200:Aarne Juutilainen
3041:manoeuvre warfare
3037:guerrilla tactics
3035:, the Finns used
3019:Soviet tracks at
2972:guerrilla attacks
2843:Battle of Taipale
2798:anti-tank tactics
2794:anti-tank weapons
2667:Woldemar HĂ€gglund
2509:Nikolai Kuznetsov
2499:Commander of the
2424:Soviet Air Forces
2418:veterans General
2416:Spanish Civil War
2288:puppet government
2274:Soviet intentions
2164:Gustaf Mannerheim
2137:Kalastajasaarento
2129:Rybachy Peninsula
1909:Aunus expeditions
1792:Senate of Finland
1780:Russian Civil War
1731:Kingdom of Sweden
1555:League of Nations
1531:
1530:
1418:
1417:
1341:
1340:
1057:
1056:
978:Strategic bombing
894:Mediterranean Sea
647:
646:
483:
482:
472:1,200â3,543 tanks
418:2,514â6,541 tanks
330:Semyon Timoshenko
271:Woldemar HĂ€gglund
222:C.G.E. Mannerheim
131:
130:
121:Rybachy Peninsula
17846:
17814:Karelian Isthmus
17731:
17730:
17633:
17625:
17617:
17616:(brother-in-law)
17609:
17605:Sergei Alliluyev
17601:
17597:Joseph Alliluyev
17593:
17585:
17577:
17569:
17561:
17553:
17545:
17537:
17529:
17521:
17513:
17415:Pantheon, Moscow
17373:The Soviet Story
17347:Darkness at Noon
17236:De-Stalinization
17087:Leningrad Affair
16820:Decossackization
16618:1946 Iran crisis
16581:Yalta Conference
16453:Collectivization
16378:
16377:
16338:
16331:
16324:
16315:
16314:
16080:Prior antagonism
16066:
16059:
16052:
16043:
16042:
15913:Transnistria War
15858:War of Attrition
15764:Continuation War
15713:
15505:January Uprising
15346:Seven Years' War
15246:Time of Troubles
15212:Russo-Kazan Wars
15057:Russo-Kazan Wars
14989:
14988:
14957:
14950:
14943:
14934:
14933:
14869:Continuation War
14759:Plans and Policy
14691:list of aircraft
14677:
14676:
14659:Chief of Defence
14624:
14617:
14610:
14601:
14600:
14577:
14570:
14563:
14525:Independence Day
14515:National symbols
14364:
14363:
14272:
14271:
14174:
14173:
14066:Cities and towns
14059:
14058:
14044:Military history
14022:Continuation War
13933:
13926:
13919:
13910:
13909:
13899:
13892:
13885:
13882:World portal
13880:
13879:
13855:
13848:
13841:
13834:
13825:
13818:
13811:
13802:
13795:
13788:
13781:
13774:
13767:
13758:
13751:
13744:
13742:Prague offensive
13737:
13735:Battle of Berlin
13730:
13723:
13716:
13709:
13702:
13695:
13688:
13681:
13679:Vienna offensive
13674:
13667:
13660:
13658:Battle of Manila
13653:
13633:
13624:
13615:
13608:
13599:
13592:
13585:
13578:
13571:
13564:
13557:
13548:
13539:
13532:
13523:
13516:
13509:
13502:
13493:
13486:
13479:
13472:
13465:
13458:
13451:
13442:
13435:
13426:
13417:
13408:
13401:
13399:KorsunâCherkassy
13394:
13383:
13361:
13352:
13345:
13338:
13331:
13324:
13317:
13310:
13301:
13294:
13287:
13280:
13271:
13264:
13257:
13250:
13243:
13241:Bombing of Gorky
13236:
13229:
13222:
13202:
13195:
13186:
13179:
13172:
13163:
13156:
13149:
13142:
13131:
13124:
13117:
13110:
13108:Battle of Midway
13103:
13096:
13094:Battle of Gazala
13089:
13082:
13075:
13068:
13061:
13054:
13047:
13027:
13020:
13013:
13006:
13004:Battle of Borneo
12999:
12997:Malayan campaign
12992:
12985:
12978:
12971:
12964:
12957:
12950:
12943:
12941:Bombing of Gorky
12936:
12934:Battle of Moscow
12929:
12922:
12915:
12908:
12901:
12894:
12878:
12871:
12864:
12857:
12850:
12843:
12834:
12827:
12820:
12813:
12806:
12786:
12777:
12770:
12763:
12756:
12749:
12742:
12735:
12728:
12721:
12714:
12707:
12700:
12698:Battle of France
12693:
12686:
12679:
12672:
12665:
12658:
12638:
12631:
12624:
12617:
12610:
12603:
12596:
12574:
12567:
12560:
12553:
12551:Munich Agreement
12546:
12539:
12530:
12523:
12516:
12507:
12500:
12485:
12484:
12467:
12460:
12451:
12444:
12437:
12436:Soviet prisoners
12430:
12423:
12416:
12407:
12400:
12391:
12384:
12377:
12376:German prisoners
12372:
12352:
12343:
12336:
12329:
12324:
12317:
12310:
12303:
12296:
12289:
12282:
12275:
12268:
12261:
12254:
12247:
12240:
12233:
12224:
12217:
12210:
12203:
12196:
12189:
12182:
12175:
12168:
12161:
12154:
12147:
12140:
12133:
12126:
12119:
12112:
12105:
12098:
12078:
12071:
12064:
12057:
12050:
12043:
12036:
12029:
12022:
12015:
12008:
11988:
11981:
11974:
11967:
11960:
11952:
11945:
11938:
11929:
11922:
11914:
11907:
11905:French Indochina
11900:
11893:
11886:
11879:
11871:
11864:
11857:
11849:
11829:
11820:
11813:
11804:
11797:
11790:
11783:
11776:
11769:
11762:
11755:
11752:from August 1944
11743:
11736:
11729:
11722:
11715:
11708:
11701:
11694:
11687:
11675:
11668:
11661:
11654:
11647:
11635:
11627:
11620:
11613:
11606:
11599:
11592:
11585:
11573:
11566:
11559:
11552:
11537:
11536:
11517:
11510:
11503:
11496:
11489:
11478:
11463:
11456:
11449:
11444:
11435:
11428:
11421:
11412:
11405:
11398:
11396:Nanjing Massacre
11391:
11384:
11375:
11373:Nuremberg trials
11366:
11359:
11352:
11345:
11338:
11331:
11322:
11315:
11308:
11301:
11281:
11274:
11267:
11258:
11251:
11244:
11237:
11230:
11223:
11214:
11205:
11198:
11191:
11184:
11175:
11168:
11161:
11154:
11147:
11140:
11133:
11126:
11106:
11097:
11090:
11083:
11074:
11067:
11060:
11053:
11044:
11037:
11030:
11021:
11014:
11007:
11000:
10993:
10986:
10979:
10977:Asia and Pacific
10959:
10952:
10945:
10938:
10931:
10924:
10917:
10908:
10906:Mulberry harbour
10901:
10894:
10887:
10880:
10873:
10866:
10859:
10852:
10843:
10836:
10829:
10820:
10813:
10806:
10799:
10792:
10785:
10778:
10771:
10764:
10757:
10748:
10741:
10726:
10725:
10714:
10707:
10698:
10691:
10684:
10677:
10670:
10663:
10656:
10635:
10628:
10621:
10612:
10611:
10567:
10565:
10563:
10532:
10513:
10469:
10456:
10433:
10414:
10393:
10364:
10337:
10310:
10291:
10257:
10222:
10194:
10185:
10166:
10157:
10148:
10139:
10137:
10135:
10129:
10122:
10105:
10096:
10087:
10074:
10051:
10049:
10047:
10041:
10034:
10017:
10015:
10013:
9980:
9957:
9934:
9925:
9923:
9921:
9896:
9887:
9878:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9832:
9810:
9801:
9792:
9766:
9757:
9748:
9738:
9715:
9706:
9697:
9674:
9665:
9642:
9640:
9638:
9605:
9603:
9601:
9575:
9566:
9554:
9528:
9512:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9471:
9448:
9439:
9430:
9421:
9398:
9385:
9366:
9343:
9324:
9301:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9250:. Archived from
9226:
9224:
9222:
9205:Aptekar, Pavel.
9192:
9173:
9171:
9169:
9149:
9147:
9145:
9125:
9096:
9077:
9055:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9000:
8981:
8972:
8944:
8925:
8906:
8904:
8902:
8873:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8813:
8794:
8775:
8763:
8743:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8694:
8693:. Penguin Press.
8685:
8676:
8657:
8656:. Howells House.
8648:
8646:
8644:
8628:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8589:
8570:
8548:
8521:
8492:
8473:
8464:
8445:
8443:
8429:
8407:
8390:Conquest, Robert
8385:
8372:
8353:
8334:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8299:. Archived from
8273:
8267:
8261:
8255:
8249:
8243:
8237:
8231:
8225:
8219:
8213:
8207:
8201:
8195:
8189:
8183:
8177:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8153:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8117:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8064:
8058:
8055:Paasikivi (1958)
8052:
8046:
8043:Laaksonen (2005)
8040:
8034:
8028:
8022:
8016:
8010:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7971:
7965:
7956:
7950:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7889:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7788:
7786:Ahtiainen (2000)
7783:
7774:
7768:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7744:
7738:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7598:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7525:(5): 1089â1112.
7510:
7504:
7501:Enkenberg (2020)
7498:
7492:
7489:Laaksonen (1999)
7486:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7441:Laaksonen (1999)
7438:
7432:
7429:Laaksonen (1999)
7426:
7420:
7414:
7403:
7400:Laaksonen (1999)
7397:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7349:Tillotson (1993)
7346:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7313:Elfvegren (1999)
7310:
7304:
7301:Elfvegren (1999)
7298:
7292:
7289:Elfvegren (1999)
7286:
7280:
7274:
7268:
7262:
7256:
7250:
7244:
7241:Tillotson (1993)
7238:
7232:
7226:
7220:
7214:
7205:
7198:
7192:
7177:
7171:
7168:Vuorenmaa (1999)
7165:
7159:
7153:
7147:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7120:
7117:Suomen Kuvalehti
7102:
7096:
7090:
7084:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7033:Vuorenmaa (1999)
7030:
7024:
7021:Vuorenmaa (1999)
7018:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6939:
6933:
6930:Kauppinen (2017)
6927:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6858:Laaksonen (1999)
6855:
6849:
6846:Laaksonen (1999)
6843:
6837:
6834:Vuorenmaa (1999)
6831:
6825:
6819:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6771:
6765:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6615:Soikkanen (1999)
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6567:
6561:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6538:Paskhover (2015)
6535:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6438:
6423:
6417:
6408:
6402:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5876:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5739:
5733:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5673:
5670:Manninen (1999a)
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5567:Lightbody (2004)
5564:
5558:
5552:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5259:Lightbody (2004)
5256:
5245:
5239:
5230:
5227:Chubaryan (2002)
5224:
5215:
5209:
5200:
5194:
5185:
5179:
5170:
5164:
5153:
5147:
5138:
5132:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5075:
5072:Manninen (1999b)
5069:
5056:
5050:
5041:
5035:
5026:
5023:Manninen (1999b)
5020:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4987:
4978:
4972:
4963:
4958:
4949:
4943:
4932:
4926:
4915:
4912:Tillotson (1993)
4909:
4896:
4890:
4881:
4875:
4866:
4860:
4847:
4841:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4715:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4662:
4651:
4645:
4642:relevant section
4638:
4632:
4629:relevant section
4625:
4619:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4550:
4544:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4194:Continuation War
4149:Ădouard Daladier
4056:Nansen passports
3872:
3862:
3843:public statement
3819:right of passage
3647:merchant vessels
3514:Continuation War
3496:Finnish forward
3482:fighter aircraft
3458:Bristol Blenheim
3395:Soviet Air Force
3385:Soviet Air Force
3256:layered clothing
3184:battle of Kollaa
3144:Hannu Hannuksela
3045:economy of force
3001:during the war.
2806:Molotov cocktail
2789:defence in depth
2780:
2774:
2768:Karelian Isthmus
2727:was replaced by
2397:Kirill Meretskov
2126:
2113:Karelian Isthmus
1941:ice-free harbour
1937:Petsamo Province
1778:of 1917 and the
1756:. The resulting
1743:Saint Petersburg
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1650:Continuation War
1640:, in June 1941,
1578:Karelian Isthmus
1523:
1516:
1509:
1421:
1420:
1405:Moscow Armistice
1400:Continuation War
1380:
1378:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1328:PetsamoâKirkenes
1171:Continuation War
1096:
1094:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1044:French Indochina
687:
676:
669:
662:
653:
652:
529:Karelian Isthmus
520:
509:
502:
495:
486:
485:
474:261â515 aircraft
445:armed icebreaker
416:
407:
389:
388:
379:Mikhail Dukhanov
377:
376:
365:
364:
355:Vladimir Grendal
353:
352:
343:Kirill Meretskov
341:
340:
327:
326:
313:
312:
299:
298:
281:
280:
269:
268:
257:
256:
245:
244:
233:
232:
219:
218:
205:
204:
174:
172:
171:
150:
148:
147:
109:Karelian Isthmus
62:
61:
50:
30:
29:
17854:
17853:
17849:
17848:
17847:
17845:
17844:
17843:
17769:1940 in Finland
17759:1939 in Finland
17744:
17743:
17742:
17737:
17719:
17715:Stalin's bunker
17665:Room at Kremlin
17655:Tiflis Seminary
17636:
17631:
17623:
17615:
17607:
17599:
17592:(granddaughter)
17591:
17583:
17575:
17567:
17559:
17551:
17549:Artyom Sergeyev
17543:
17535:
17527:
17519:
17511:
17497:
17479:
17383:
17341:True Communists
17304:
17302:
17295:
17259:Khrushchev Thaw
17230:
17197:Stalin's poetry
17116:
16984:Japhetic theory
16922:Medvedev Forest
16815:Georgian Affair
16792:
16786:
16747:Five-year plans
16691:
16660:Berlin Blockade
16650:Greek Civil War
16439:August Uprising
16427:
16408:Political views
16373:
16367:
16347:
16342:
16312:
16307:
16292:
16254:
16187:
16156:
16108:
16075:
16070:
16040:
16035:
16007:
15948:
15942:
15933:War of Dagestan
15707:
15680:August Uprising
15549:
15543:
15532:Boxer Rebellion
15500:Amur Annexation
15301:
15295:
15199:
15193:
15174:War of Dagestan
15154:August Uprising
15108:
15030:
14980:
14961:
14931:
14926:
14883:
14828:
14802:
14776:
14737:Defence Command
14720:
14668:
14633:
14628:
14598:
14593:
14580:
14573:
14566:
14559:
14546:
14520:Public holidays
14432:
14349:
14257:
14221:Law enforcement
14159:
14048:
13980:The Great Wrath
13946:
13937:
13907:
13902:
13895:
13888:
13874:
13872:
13860:
13851:
13844:
13837:
13830:
13821:
13814:
13807:
13798:
13793:Atomic bombings
13791:
13784:
13777:
13770:
13763:
13754:
13747:
13740:
13733:
13726:
13719:
13712:
13705:
13698:
13691:
13684:
13677:
13670:
13663:
13656:
13649:
13636:
13629:
13618:
13611:
13604:
13595:
13588:
13581:
13574:
13567:
13560:
13551:
13542:
13535:
13526:
13519:
13512:
13505:
13496:
13489:
13484:Eastern Romania
13482:
13477:Warsaw Uprising
13475:
13470:Tannenberg Line
13468:
13461:
13456:Western Ukraine
13454:
13445:
13438:
13429:
13420:
13411:
13404:
13397:
13386:
13377:
13364:
13357:
13348:
13341:
13334:
13327:
13320:
13313:
13306:
13297:
13290:
13283:
13274:
13267:
13260:
13253:
13248:Battle of Kursk
13246:
13239:
13232:
13225:
13218:
13205:
13198:
13189:
13182:
13175:
13166:
13159:
13152:
13145:
13136:
13127:
13120:
13113:
13106:
13099:
13092:
13085:
13078:
13071:
13064:
13059:St Nazaire Raid
13057:
13050:
13043:
13030:
13023:
13016:
13009:
13002:
12995:
12988:
12981:
12974:
12967:
12960:
12953:
12946:
12939:
12932:
12925:
12918:
12911:
12904:
12897:
12883:
12874:
12867:
12860:
12853:
12846:
12841:Anglo-Iraqi War
12839:
12832:Battle of Crete
12830:
12823:
12816:
12809:
12802:
12789:
12780:
12773:
12766:
12761:Eastern Romania
12759:
12752:
12745:
12738:
12731:
12724:
12717:
12710:
12703:
12696:
12689:
12682:
12675:
12668:
12661:
12654:
12641:
12634:
12627:
12620:
12613:
12606:
12599:
12592:
12579:
12570:
12563:
12556:
12549:
12542:
12535:
12526:
12519:
12512:
12503:
12496:
12470:
12463:
12456:
12447:
12440:
12435:
12426:
12419:
12412:
12403:
12396:
12387:
12380:
12375:
12368:
12355:
12348:
12339:
12332:
12327:
12322:Western Ukraine
12320:
12313:
12306:
12299:
12292:
12285:
12278:
12271:
12266:Northeast China
12264:
12257:
12250:
12243:
12236:
12229:
12220:
12213:
12206:
12199:
12192:
12185:
12178:
12171:
12164:
12157:
12150:
12143:
12136:
12129:
12122:
12115:
12108:
12101:
12094:
12081:
12074:
12067:
12060:
12053:
12046:
12039:
12032:
12025:
12018:
12011:
12004:
11991:
11984:
11977:
11970:
11965:Slovak Republic
11963:
11955:
11948:
11941:
11936:Empire of Japan
11934:
11925:
11917:
11910:
11903:
11896:
11889:
11882:
11874:
11867:
11860:
11852:
11845:
11832:
11825:
11816:
11809:
11800:
11793:
11786:
11779:
11772:
11765:
11758:
11746:
11739:
11732:
11725:
11718:
11711:
11704:
11697:
11690:
11678:
11671:
11664:
11657:
11650:
11638:
11630:
11623:
11616:
11609:
11602:
11595:
11588:
11576:
11569:
11562:
11555:
11548:
11522:
11513:
11506:
11499:
11492:
11481:
11466:
11459:
11452:
11448:Sexual violence
11447:
11440:
11431:
11424:
11417:
11408:
11401:
11394:
11387:
11380:
11371:
11362:
11355:
11348:
11341:
11334:
11327:
11318:
11311:
11304:
11297:
11284:
11277:
11270:
11263:
11254:
11247:
11240:
11233:
11226:
11217:
11208:
11201:
11194:
11187:
11178:
11171:
11166:Greek Civil War
11164:
11157:
11150:
11143:
11136:
11129:
11122:
11109:
11102:
11093:
11086:
11079:
11070:
11063:
11056:
11049:
11040:
11033:
11026:
11017:
11010:
11003:
10996:
10991:South-East Asia
10989:
10982:
10975:
10962:
10955:
10948:
10941:
10934:
10927:
10920:
10913:
10904:
10897:
10890:
10883:
10876:
10869:
10862:
10855:
10850:Military awards
10848:
10839:
10832:
10825:
10816:
10809:
10802:
10795:
10788:
10781:
10774:
10767:
10760:
10753:
10744:
10737:
10717:
10710:
10703:
10694:
10687:
10680:
10675:
10666:
10659:
10652:
10644:
10639:
10574:
10561:
10559:
10529:
10510:
10435:(online review)
10430:
10411:
10353:
10340:
10326:
10307:
10288:
10225:Chew, Allen F.
10219:
10203:
10201:Further reading
10198:
10182:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10120:
10081:
10071:
10045:
10043:
10039:
10032:
10011:
10009:
10002:
9988:
9977:
9954:
9919:
9917:
9904:
9856:
9854:
9843:
9829:
9789:
9735:
9694:
9662:
9636:
9634:
9627:
9613:
9599:
9597:
9551:
9490:
9488:
9468:
9418:
9405:
9382:
9363:
9340:
9321:
9286:
9284:
9257:
9255:
9248:
9234:
9220:
9218:
9200:
9195:
9189:
9167:
9165:
9143:
9141:
9114:
9093:
9074:
9052:
9030:
9028:
9021:
8997:
8962:
8941:
8922:
8900:
8898:
8891:
8870:
8848:
8846:
8831:
8810:
8791:
8724:
8722:
8715:
8673:
8642:
8640:
8625:
8603:
8601:
8586:
8567:
8537:
8510:
8489:
8461:
8426:
8404:
8369:
8350:
8331:
8306:
8304:
8303:on 29 June 2011
8286:
8281:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8256:
8252:
8244:
8240:
8232:
8228:
8220:
8216:
8210:Van Dyke (1997)
8208:
8204:
8196:
8192:
8184:
8180:
8172:
8168:
8160:
8156:
8148:
8144:
8136:
8132:
8124:
8120:
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7812:Van Dyke (1997)
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7325:Leskinen (1999)
7323:
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7287:
7283:
7275:
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7263:
7259:
7253:Peltonen (1999)
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7239:
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7215:
7208:
7200:Jouko Juonala:
7199:
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7191:|. (in Finnish)
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6018:Yle News (2013)
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5490:
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5135:Manninen (2008)
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5110:Kovalyov (2006)
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4770:Peltonen (1999)
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4363:
4293:
4283:as well as the
4211:
4206:
4204:Cross of Sorrow
4200:
4188:Main articles:
4186:
4094:
4088:
4080:Leino prisoners
4036:
4028:Christopher Lee
3992:Volunteer Corps
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:Foreign support
3912:
3906:
3884:Gulf of Viipuri
3874:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3788:Hella Wuolijoki
3784:
3763:
3722:
3717:
3666:
3614:and at least 5
3533:
3528:
3522:
3462:No. 44 Squadron
3450:
3391:air superiority
3387:
3382:
3376:
3347:Battle of Salla
3312:
3264:
3125:
3071:
3013:
3007:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2904:Finnish Lapland
2860:Soviet 8th Army
2782:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2764:Mannerheim Line
2756:
2704:bombed Helsinki
2700:
2695:
2693:Soviet invasion
2621:saturation fire
2617:counter-battery
2612:Finnish economy
2600:Defence Command
2584:
2578:
2535:Mannerheim Line
2460:
2454:
2393:order of battle
2372:
2367:
2365:Opposing forces
2276:
2219:
2213:
2157:Eastern Karelia
2141:Hanko Peninsula
2047:Gulf of Finland
2029:In April 1938,
2011:
2005:
1962:
1933:Treaty of Tartu
1917:Greater Finland
1898:in Moscow 1932.
1725:
1721:
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1681:Main articles:
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1490:Mannerheim Line
1480:Popular culture
1449:Foreign support
1419:
1414:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1342:
1337:
1133:(Faroe Islands)
1097:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1058:
1053:
940:Other campaigns
934:Southern France
843:Burma and India
838:South-East Asia
833:Franco-Thai War
688:
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105:Gulf of Finland
103:Cession of the
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17470:Stalin Society
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17311:Stalin Epigram
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17254:Rehabilitation
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16830:Wittorf affair
16827:
16825:Dekulakization
16822:
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16807:
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16767:New Soviet man
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16276:KatyĆ massacre
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16268:
16262:
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16252:
16247:
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16224:Naval cruiser
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16016:Russian Winter
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15843:Vlora incident
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15608:
15606:Sochi conflict
15603:
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14917:
14915:Military ranks
14912:
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14440:
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14430:
14428:Welfare system
14425:
14420:
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14418:
14413:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14381:Climate change
14378:
14373:
14367:
14361:
14355:
14354:
14351:
14350:
14348:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14325:Stock exchange
14322:
14317:
14312:
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10587:
10581:
10578:ĐĐŸĐ”ĐœĐœŃĐč Đ°Đ»ŃĐ±ĐŸĐŒ
10573:
10572:External links
10570:
10569:
10568:
10543:
10533:
10527:
10519:The Winter War
10514:
10508:
10485:
10470:
10457:
10437:
10429:978-0700619108
10428:
10415:
10410:978-1612004297
10409:
10394:
10376:(3): 825â852.
10365:
10351:
10338:
10325:978-1472806314
10324:
10311:
10306:978-9197589529
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10218:978-1472813244
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9912:(in Russian).
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9815:Manninen, Ohto
9811:
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9771:Manninen, Ohto
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9584:(126): 21â24.
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9381:978-9185276806
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9275:(in Russian).
9264:
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9213:(in Russian).
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9001:
8996:978-1591139102
8995:
8989:. BookLocker.
8982:
8973:
8961:978-1107055711
8960:
8945:
8940:978-1903111642
8939:
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8907:
8890:978-0691140605
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8571:
8565:
8549:
8536:978-9401179645
8535:
8522:
8508:
8493:
8487:
8474:
8470:Finland Fights
8465:
8459:
8446:
8430:
8424:
8412:Coox, Alvin D.
8408:
8402:
8386:
8373:
8367:
8354:
8348:
8342:. Frank Cass.
8335:
8329:
8313:
8297:Helsinki Times
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8270:Edwards (2006)
8262:
8250:
8246:Edwards (2006)
8238:
8226:
8222:Trotter (2002)
8214:
8202:
8190:
8178:
8174:Trotter (2002)
8166:
8154:
8142:
8138:Jokipii (1999)
8130:
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8107:
8095:
8083:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8035:
8031:Edwards (2006)
8023:
8019:Trotter (2002)
8011:
8007:Trotter (2002)
7999:
7995:Trotter (2002)
7987:
7983:Edwards (2006)
7972:
7968:Trotter (2002)
7957:
7953:Edwards (2006)
7942:
7938:Edwards (2006)
7930:
7926:Trotter (2002)
7915:
7879:
7867:
7855:
7840:
7836:Trotter (2002)
7828:
7816:
7804:
7789:
7775:
7763:
7759:Gadolin (1952)
7751:
7739:
7728:
7696:
7692:Trotter (2002)
7684:
7682:, p. 320.
7680:Fadiman (1985)
7672:
7668:Trotter (2002)
7660:
7648:
7644:Trotter (2002)
7636:
7613:(1): 101â113.
7588:
7584:Edwards (2006)
7576:
7572:Trotter (2002)
7564:
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7477:Trotter (2002)
7469:
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7453:Trotter (2002)
7445:
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7421:
7417:Trotter (2002)
7404:
7389:
7385:Trotter (2002)
7377:
7375:, pp. 126, 127
7365:
7353:
7341:
7337:Silvast (1999)
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7281:
7277:Trotter (2002)
7269:
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7132:Trotter (2002)
7121:
7104:Pöntinen, P.:
7097:
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7061:
7049:
7045:Trotter (2002)
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6961:Trotter (2002)
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6870:Trotter (2002)
6862:
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6679:
6675:Trotter (2002)
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6663:Trotter (2002)
6655:
6651:Trotter (2002)
6643:
6639:Trotter (2002)
6631:
6619:
6607:
6603:Trotter (2002)
6595:
6593:, pp. 506, 540
6583:
6579:Trotter (2002)
6568:
6564:Trotter (2002)
6553:
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6514:Trotter (2002)
6506:
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6490:Trotter (2002)
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6465:Trotter (2002)
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6420:Trotter (2002)
6409:
6405:Trotter (2002)
6394:
6382:
6370:
6366:Edwards (2006)
6358:
6354:Edwards (2006)
6346:
6342:Trotter (2002)
6334:
6322:
6318:Goldman (2012)
6310:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6267:Edwards (2006)
6259:
6247:
6235:
6231:Bullock (1993)
6223:
6211:
6207:Trotter (2002)
6199:
6197:, pp. 981, 994
6187:
6175:
6173:, pp. 966, 974
6163:
6152:
6140:
6136:Edwards (2006)
6128:
6116:
6104:
6092:
6080:
6069:
6065:Killham (1993)
6057:
6045:
6041:Trotter (2002)
6033:
6021:
6010:
6007:Aptekar (2009)
5999:
5987:
5975:
5968:
5946:
5931:
5927:Edwards (2006)
5919:
5907:
5895:
5883:
5881:, pp. 961, 974
5868:
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5829:
5817:
5805:
5803:, pp. 963, 971
5793:
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5709:Trotter (2002)
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5591:Trotter (2002)
5583:
5579:Trotter (2002)
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5540:Edwards (2006)
5532:
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5516:Edwards (2006)
5508:
5504:Edwards (2006)
5496:
5479:
5467:
5455:
5451:Edwards (2006)
5443:
5439:Edwards (2006)
5431:
5419:
5407:
5395:
5391:Trotter (2002)
5380:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5317:
5302:
5298:Trotter (2002)
5287:
5285:, pp. 126, 127
5275:
5263:
5246:
5242:Trotter (2002)
5231:
5216:
5201:
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5171:
5154:
5150:Rentola (2003)
5139:
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5113:
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5012:
4979:
4975:Sokolov (2000)
4964:
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4882:
4867:
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4844:Trotter (2002)
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4633:
4620:
4604:historiography
4583:Zimnyaya voyna
4571:ĐĐžÌĐŒĐœŃŃ ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ°Ì
4545:
4527:
4517:
4507:
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4458:
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4416:
4413:Finland portal
4400:
4397:
4379:
4376:
4362:
4359:
4292:
4289:
4210:
4207:
4185:
4182:
4090:Main article:
4087:
4084:
4048:Boris Bazhanov
4035:
4032:
3975:
3972:
3967:Main article:
3964:
3961:
3908:Main article:
3905:
3902:
3869:
3867:'s coast group
3859:
3851:
3848:
3783:
3780:
3768:trench warfare
3762:
3759:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3665:
3662:
3532:
3531:Naval activity
3529:
3524:Main article:
3521:
3518:
3510:Jorma Sarvanto
3486:reconnaissance
3474:Eric von Rosen
3449:
3446:
3386:
3383:
3378:Main article:
3375:
3374:Aerial warfare
3372:
3340:Kurt Wallenius
3311:
3308:
3263:
3260:
3160:Grigory Shtern
3124:
3121:
3113:Harald Ăhquist
3070:
3067:
3006:
3003:
2952:active service
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2856:Ladoga Karelia
2777:
2771:
2755:
2752:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2670:
2663:Juho Heiskanen
2655:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2549:
2538:
2527:
2485:Central Europe
2453:
2450:
2420:Pavel Rychagov
2377:Andrei Zhdanov
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2358:Stephen Kotkin
2314:Andrei Zhdanov
2280:Vladimir Putin
2275:
2272:
2215:Main article:
2212:
2209:
2192:Supreme Soviet
2007:Main article:
2004:
2001:
1961:
1958:
1896:Maxim Litvinov
1890:was signed by
1861:Lapua Movement
1735:Russian Empire
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1678:
1675:
1660:Main article:
1657:
1654:
1586:Ladoga Karelia
1529:
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1518:
1511:
1503:
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1474:
1473:
1472:Related topics
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:Aerial warfare
1451:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1428:
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1416:
1415:
1413:
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1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1232:
1216:
1215:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:Baltic Nations
1000:
999:
998:
997:
987:
982:
981:
980:
970:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
937:
936:
931:
926:
925:
924:
919:
914:
906:
901:
896:
891:
890:
889:
884:
868:
867:
862:
861:
860:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
829:
828:
818:
805:
804:
803:
802:
792:
787:
786:
785:
775:
770:
769:
768:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
736:
731:
730:
729:
724:
719:
709:
704:
693:
690:
689:
679:
678:
671:
664:
656:
645:
644:
642:
641:
636:
630:
629:
625:
624:
619:
618:
617:
606:
605:
601:
600:
594:
593:
589:
588:
583:
582:
581:
570:
569:
568:Ladoga Karelia
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
548:
547:
537:
531:
530:
526:
523:
522:
512:
511:
504:
497:
489:
481:
480:
457:
432:43,557 wounded
427:
426:
422:
421:
420:3,880 aircraft
412:
402:
401:
397:
396:
394:
393:
381:
369:
367:Grigori Shtern
357:
345:
333:
319:
305:
290:
288:
286:
285:
273:
261:
259:Erik Heinrichs
249:
247:Harald Ăhquist
237:
225:
211:
196:
193:
192:
188:
187:
186:
185:
163:
162:
161:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
128:
113:Ladoga Karelia
101:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
78:
76:
72:
71:
66:
58:
57:
43:
42:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17851:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17834:Winter events
17832:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17820:
17817:
17815:
17812:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17775:
17772:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17751:
17749:
17734:
17726:
17725:
17722:
17716:
17713:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17694:
17691:
17689:
17688:Semyonovskoye
17686:
17684:
17681:
17679:
17676:
17674:
17671:
17670:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17661:
17658:
17656:
17653:
17651:
17648:
17647:
17645:
17643:
17639:
17630:
17627:
17622:
17619:
17614:
17611:
17606:
17603:
17598:
17595:
17590:
17587:
17582:
17579:
17574:
17571:
17566:
17565:Vasily Stalin
17563:
17560:(second wife)
17558:
17555:
17552:(adopted son)
17550:
17547:
17542:
17539:
17534:
17531:
17526:
17525:Kato Svanidze
17523:
17518:
17515:
17510:
17507:
17506:
17504:
17500:
17494:
17493:
17489:
17488:
17486:
17482:
17476:
17473:
17471:
17468:
17466:
17463:
17461:
17458:
17456:
17453:
17451:
17448:
17446:
17443:
17441:
17438:
17436:
17433:
17431:
17428:
17426:
17423:
17421:
17418:
17416:
17413:
17411:
17408:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17398:
17396:
17393:
17392:
17390:
17386:
17380:
17377:
17375:
17374:
17370:
17368:
17365:
17363:
17362:
17358:
17356:
17355:
17351:
17349:
17348:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17321:Ryutin Affair
17319:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17308:
17306:
17301:Criticism and
17298:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17279:
17277:
17274:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17266:
17262:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17250:
17247:
17245:
17242:
17241:
17239:
17237:
17233:
17227:
17224:
17221:
17217:
17215:
17214:Order No. 270
17212:
17210:
17209:Order No. 227
17207:
17205:
17204:
17200:
17198:
17195:
17193:
17190:
17188:
17187:
17183:
17181:
17178:
17176:
17175:
17171:
17169:
17166:
17164:
17161:
17158:
17154:
17151:
17147:
17144:
17140:
17137:
17133:
17130:
17126:
17125:
17123:
17119:
17113:
17110:
17108:
17107:Doctors' plot
17105:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17075:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17065:Nazino affair
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17037:
17036:
17033:
17030:
17029:GermanâSoviet
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16988:Slavists case
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16971:
16969:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16954:Moscow Trials
16952:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16898:
16895:
16893:
16890:
16888:
16885:
16883:
16880:
16879:
16878:
16875:
16873:
16870:
16869:
16868:
16865:
16863:
16860:
16858:
16855:
16851:
16848:
16847:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16797:
16795:
16789:
16783:
16780:
16778:
16775:
16773:
16770:
16768:
16765:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16753:
16750:
16748:
16745:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16735:
16733:
16730:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16720:
16718:
16717:Korenizatsiya
16715:
16713:
16712:Neo-Stalinism
16710:
16708:
16705:
16704:
16702:
16698:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16639:
16636:
16635:
16634:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16616:
16615:
16614:
16611:
16609:
16606:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16598:Ili Rebellion
16596:
16594:
16591:
16587:
16584:
16582:
16579:
16577:
16574:
16572:
16569:
16567:
16564:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16550:
16547:
16546:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16536:
16535:
16532:
16530:
16527:
16525:
16522:
16520:
16517:
16515:
16512:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16497:
16495:
16492:
16490:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16464:
16461:
16459:
16456:
16455:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16445:
16442:
16440:
16437:
16436:
16434:
16430:
16424:
16421:
16419:
16416:
16414:
16411:
16409:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16385:
16383:
16379:
16376:
16370:
16363:
16360:
16357:
16354:
16353:
16350:
16346:
16345:Joseph Stalin
16339:
16334:
16332:
16327:
16325:
16320:
16319:
16316:
16304:
16303:
16299:
16298:
16295:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16283:
16279:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16271:Eastern Front
16269:
16267:
16264:
16263:
16261:
16257:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16244:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16227:
16222:
16220:
16217:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16196:
16194:
16190:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16165:
16163:
16159:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16135:
16131:
16128:
16127:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16117:
16115:
16111:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16094:
16090:
16088:
16085:
16084:
16082:
16078:
16074:
16067:
16062:
16060:
16055:
16053:
16048:
16047:
16044:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16013:
16010:
16004:
16001:
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15989:
15986:
15982:
15981:2022 invasion
15979:
15977:
15976:War in Donbas
15974:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15963:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15953:
15951:
15945:
15939:
15936:
15934:
15931:
15929:
15926:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15874:
15871:
15869:
15866:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15836:
15834:
15831:
15829:
15826:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15813:Ili Rebellion
15811:
15809:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15792:
15789:
15787:
15784:
15780:
15777:
15776:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15753:
15750:
15749:
15748:
15745:
15743:
15740:
15738:
15735:
15734:
15733:
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15718:
15715:
15711:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15618:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15590:
15587:
15586:
15585:
15582:
15581:
15580:
15577:
15573:
15570:
15569:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15554:
15552:
15546:
15538:
15535:
15534:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15521:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15512:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15494:
15491:
15490:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15453:
15452:
15451:Caucasian War
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15367:
15364:
15362:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15325:
15322:
15320:
15317:
15315:
15312:
15310:
15307:
15306:
15304:
15298:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15204:
15202:
15196:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15121:
15119:
15115:
15105:
15102:
15098:
15095:
15094:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15039:
15037:
15033:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14993:
14990:
14987:
14983:
14978:
14974:
14970:
14966:
14958:
14953:
14951:
14946:
14944:
14939:
14938:
14935:
14923:
14922:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14908:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14895:Civil defence
14893:
14892:
14890:
14886:
14880:
14877:
14874:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14843:
14841:
14839:
14835:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14811:
14809:
14805:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14785:
14783:
14779:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14756:
14752:
14748:
14747:
14742:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14729:
14727:
14723:
14716:
14715:list of ships
14712:
14708:
14705:
14702:
14698:
14695:
14692:
14688:
14685:
14684:
14682:
14678:
14675:
14671:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14646:
14643:
14642:
14640:
14636:
14632:
14625:
14620:
14618:
14613:
14611:
14606:
14605:
14602:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14582:
14581:
14576:
14572:
14569:
14565:
14562:
14558:
14557:
14553:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14526:
14523:
14522:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14494:
14493:
14489:
14488:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14443:
14441:
14439:
14435:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14408:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14368:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14356:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14315:Ship-building
14313:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14276:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14264:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14232:
14229:
14228:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14178:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14166:
14156:
14153:
14149:
14146:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14125:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14112:
14109:
14108:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14063:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14051:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14014:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13981:
13978:
13977:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13957:
13955:
13953:
13949:
13945:
13941:
13934:
13929:
13927:
13922:
13920:
13915:
13914:
13911:
13898:
13894:
13891:
13887:
13884:
13883:
13878:
13871:
13870:
13867:
13854:
13850:
13847:
13843:
13840:
13836:
13835:
13833:
13829:
13824:
13820:
13819:
13817:
13816:Kuril Islands
13813:
13810:
13806:
13801:
13797:
13796:
13794:
13790:
13787:
13783:
13780:
13776:
13773:
13769:
13766:
13762:
13757:
13753:
13752:
13750:
13746:
13743:
13739:
13736:
13732:
13729:
13725:
13722:
13718:
13715:
13711:
13708:
13704:
13701:
13697:
13694:
13690:
13687:
13683:
13680:
13676:
13673:
13669:
13666:
13662:
13659:
13655:
13652:
13648:
13647:
13645:
13643:
13639:
13632:
13628:
13623:
13622:
13617:
13616:
13614:
13610:
13607:
13603:
13598:
13594:
13593:
13591:
13587:
13584:
13583:Syrmian Front
13580:
13577:
13573:
13570:
13566:
13563:
13559:
13556:
13555:
13550:
13547:
13546:
13541:
13538:
13534:
13531:
13530:
13529:Market Garden
13525:
13522:
13518:
13515:
13511:
13508:
13504:
13501:
13500:
13495:
13492:
13488:
13485:
13481:
13478:
13474:
13471:
13467:
13464:
13460:
13457:
13453:
13450:
13449:
13444:
13441:
13437:
13434:
13433:
13428:
13425:
13424:
13419:
13416:
13415:
13410:
13407:
13403:
13400:
13396:
13393:
13389:
13388:Monte Cassino
13385:
13382:
13381:
13376:
13375:
13373:
13371:
13367:
13360:
13356:
13351:
13347:
13344:
13340:
13339:
13337:
13333:
13330:
13326:
13323:
13319:
13316:
13312:
13309:
13305:
13300:
13296:
13295:
13293:
13289:
13286:
13282:
13279:
13278:
13273:
13270:
13266:
13263:
13259:
13256:
13252:
13249:
13245:
13242:
13238:
13235:
13231:
13228:
13224:
13221:
13217:
13216:
13214:
13212:
13208:
13201:
13197:
13194:
13193:
13188:
13185:
13181:
13178:
13174:
13171:
13170:
13165:
13162:
13158:
13155:
13151:
13148:
13144:
13141:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13126:
13123:
13119:
13118:
13116:
13112:
13109:
13105:
13102:
13098:
13095:
13091:
13088:
13084:
13081:
13077:
13074:
13070:
13067:
13063:
13060:
13056:
13053:
13049:
13046:
13042:
13041:
13039:
13037:
13033:
13026:
13022:
13019:
13015:
13012:
13008:
13005:
13001:
12998:
12994:
12991:
12987:
12984:
12980:
12977:
12973:
12970:
12966:
12963:
12959:
12956:
12952:
12949:
12945:
12942:
12938:
12935:
12931:
12928:
12924:
12921:
12917:
12914:
12910:
12907:
12903:
12900:
12896:
12892:
12891:
12886:
12882:
12877:
12873:
12872:
12870:
12866:
12863:
12859:
12856:
12852:
12849:
12845:
12842:
12838:
12833:
12829:
12828:
12826:
12822:
12819:
12815:
12812:
12808:
12805:
12801:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12792:
12785:
12784:
12779:
12776:
12772:
12769:
12765:
12762:
12758:
12755:
12754:Baltic states
12751:
12748:
12744:
12741:
12737:
12734:
12730:
12727:
12723:
12720:
12716:
12713:
12709:
12706:
12702:
12699:
12695:
12692:
12688:
12685:
12681:
12678:
12674:
12671:
12667:
12664:
12660:
12657:
12653:
12652:
12650:
12648:
12644:
12637:
12633:
12630:
12626:
12623:
12619:
12616:
12612:
12609:
12605:
12602:
12598:
12595:
12591:
12590:
12588:
12586:
12582:
12573:
12569:
12566:
12562:
12559:
12555:
12552:
12548:
12545:
12541:
12540:
12538:
12534:
12529:
12525:
12522:
12518:
12517:
12515:
12511:
12506:
12502:
12501:
12499:
12495:
12494:
12492:
12490:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12477:
12466:
12462:
12459:
12455:
12450:
12446:
12443:
12439:
12438:
12434:
12429:
12425:
12424:
12422:
12418:
12415:
12411:
12406:
12402:
12399:
12398:United States
12395:
12390:
12386:
12385:
12383:
12379:
12378:
12374:
12371:
12367:
12366:
12364:
12362:
12358:
12351:
12347:
12342:
12338:
12335:
12334:Quá»c dĂąn ÄáșŁng
12331:
12330:
12326:
12323:
12319:
12316:
12312:
12309:
12305:
12302:
12298:
12295:
12291:
12288:
12284:
12281:
12277:
12274:
12270:
12267:
12263:
12260:
12256:
12253:
12249:
12246:
12242:
12239:
12235:
12232:
12228:
12223:
12219:
12216:
12212:
12211:
12209:
12205:
12202:
12198:
12195:
12191:
12188:
12184:
12181:
12177:
12174:
12170:
12167:
12163:
12160:
12156:
12153:
12149:
12146:
12142:
12139:
12135:
12132:
12128:
12125:
12121:
12118:
12114:
12111:
12107:
12104:
12100:
12097:
12093:
12092:
12090:
12088:
12084:
12077:
12073:
12070:
12066:
12063:
12059:
12056:
12052:
12049:
12045:
12042:
12038:
12035:
12034:Liechtenstein
12031:
12028:
12024:
12021:
12017:
12014:
12010:
12007:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11998:
11994:
11987:
11986:Collaboration
11983:
11980:
11976:
11973:
11969:
11966:
11962:
11958:
11954:
11951:
11947:
11944:
11940:
11937:
11933:
11928:
11924:
11923:
11920:
11916:
11913:
11909:
11906:
11902:
11899:
11895:
11892:
11888:
11885:
11881:
11877:
11873:
11870:
11866:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11851:
11848:
11844:
11843:
11841:
11839:
11835:
11828:
11824:
11819:
11815:
11814:
11812:
11811:United States
11808:
11803:
11799:
11798:
11796:
11792:
11789:
11785:
11782:
11778:
11775:
11771:
11768:
11764:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11749:
11745:
11742:
11738:
11735:
11731:
11728:
11724:
11721:
11717:
11714:
11710:
11707:
11703:
11700:
11696:
11693:
11689:
11685:
11681:
11677:
11674:
11670:
11667:
11663:
11660:
11656:
11653:
11649:
11645:
11641:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11626:
11622:
11619:
11615:
11612:
11608:
11605:
11601:
11598:
11594:
11591:
11587:
11583:
11579:
11575:
11572:
11568:
11565:
11561:
11558:
11554:
11551:
11547:
11546:
11544:
11542:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11529:
11516:
11512:
11509:
11505:
11502:
11501:Comfort women
11498:
11495:
11491:
11488:
11485: /
11484:
11480:
11477:
11474: /
11473:
11470: /
11469:
11465:
11462:
11461:Camp brothels
11458:
11455:
11451:
11450:
11446:
11443:
11439:
11434:
11430:
11427:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11416:
11411:
11407:
11404:
11400:
11397:
11393:
11392:
11390:
11386:
11383:
11379:
11374:
11370:
11365:
11361:
11358:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11350:The Holocaust
11347:
11344:
11340:
11337:
11336:forced labour
11333:
11332:
11330:
11326:
11321:
11317:
11314:
11310:
11307:
11303:
11302:
11300:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11287:
11280:
11276:
11273:
11269:
11266:
11262:
11257:
11253:
11250:
11246:
11243:
11239:
11236:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11216:
11213:
11212:
11207:
11204:
11200:
11197:
11193:
11190:
11189:Marshall Plan
11186:
11183:
11182:
11177:
11174:
11170:
11167:
11163:
11160:
11156:
11153:
11149:
11146:
11142:
11139:
11135:
11132:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11116:
11112:
11105:
11101:
11096:
11092:
11091:
11089:
11085:
11082:
11078:
11073:
11069:
11066:
11062:
11059:
11055:
11054:
11052:
11048:
11043:
11042:Eastern Front
11039:
11036:
11035:Western Front
11032:
11031:
11029:
11025:
11020:
11016:
11013:
11009:
11006:
11002:
10999:
10995:
10992:
10988:
10985:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10974:
10973:
10971:
10969:
10965:
10958:
10954:
10951:
10947:
10944:
10940:
10937:
10933:
10930:
10929:Puppet states
10926:
10923:
10919:
10916:
10912:
10907:
10903:
10900:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10889:
10886:
10882:
10879:
10875:
10872:
10871:Naval history
10868:
10865:
10861:
10858:
10854:
10851:
10847:
10842:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10831:
10828:
10824:
10819:
10818:United States
10815:
10812:
10808:
10805:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10794:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10780:
10777:
10773:
10770:
10766:
10763:
10759:
10756:
10752:
10747:
10743:
10742:
10740:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10731:
10727:
10724:
10720:
10713:
10709:
10706:
10702:
10697:
10693:
10690:
10686:
10683:
10679:
10678:
10674:
10669:
10665:
10664:
10662:
10658:
10655:
10651:
10650:
10647:
10643:
10636:
10631:
10629:
10624:
10622:
10617:
10616:
10613:
10607:
10604:
10601:
10598:
10595:
10591:
10588:
10585:
10582:
10579:
10576:
10575:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10534:
10530:
10524:
10520:
10515:
10511:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10492:
10486:
10483:
10482:1-56512-249-6
10479:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10436:
10431:
10425:
10421:
10416:
10412:
10406:
10402:
10401:
10395:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10344:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10321:
10317:
10312:
10308:
10302:
10298:
10293:
10289:
10283:
10279:
10274:
10271:
10270:0-8117-2433-6
10267:
10263:
10259:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10243:
10242:Cox, Geoffrey
10239:
10236:
10235:0-87013-167-2
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10214:
10210:
10205:
10204:
10193:(in Finnish).
10192:
10187:
10183:
10181:5-7838-0583-1
10177:
10173:
10168:
10165:(in Finnish).
10164:
10159:
10156:(in Finnish).
10155:
10150:
10147:(in Finnish).
10146:
10141:
10126:
10118:
10114:
10113:
10107:
10104:(in Finnish).
10103:
10098:
10095:(in Finnish).
10094:
10089:
10085:
10076:
10072:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10053:
10038:
10030:
10026:
10025:
10019:
10007:
10003:
10001:5-17-009849-9
9997:
9993:
9989:
9982:
9978:
9976:951-0-14299-9
9972:
9969:]. WSOY.
9968:
9964:
9959:
9955:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9936:
9933:(in Finnish).
9932:
9927:
9915:
9911:
9910:
9905:
9898:
9895:(in Finnish).
9894:
9889:
9886:(in Finnish).
9885:
9880:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9828:952-90-5251-0
9824:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9809:(in Finnish).
9808:
9803:
9800:(in Finnish).
9799:
9794:
9790:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9765:(in Finnish).
9764:
9759:
9756:(in Finnish).
9755:
9750:
9747:(in Finnish).
9746:
9740:
9736:
9734:951-0-28690-7
9730:
9726:
9722:
9717:
9713:
9708:
9705:(in Finnish).
9704:
9699:
9695:
9693:951-20-6911-3
9689:
9685:
9681:
9676:
9673:(in Finnish).
9672:
9667:
9663:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9644:
9632:
9628:
9626:5-9524-2324-8
9622:
9618:
9614:
9607:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9574:
9568:
9565:(in Finnish).
9564:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9473:
9469:
9467:951-98057-0-2
9463:
9459:
9455:
9450:
9447:(in Finnish).
9446:
9441:
9438:(in Finnish).
9437:
9432:
9429:(in Finnish).
9428:
9423:
9419:
9413:
9409:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9387:
9383:
9377:
9373:
9368:
9364:
9362:951-20-7042-1
9358:
9354:
9350:
9345:
9341:
9335:
9331:
9326:
9322:
9316:
9313:]. WSOY.
9312:
9308:
9303:
9300:(in Finnish).
9299:
9294:
9282:
9279:(4): 99â108.
9278:
9274:
9270:
9265:
9253:
9249:
9247:5-87849-171-0
9243:
9239:
9235:
9228:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9203:
9202:
9190:
9184:
9180:
9175:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9124:
9119:
9115:
9109:
9105:
9104:
9098:
9094:
9092:0-7146-4314-9
9088:
9085:. Routledge.
9084:
9079:
9075:
9073:1-85410-881-6
9069:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9051:0-85955-196-2
9047:
9043:
9038:
9026:
9022:
9016:
9012:
9011:
9006:
9005:Tanner, VÀinö
9002:
8998:
8992:
8988:
8983:
8979:
8974:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8957:
8953:
8952:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8932:
8927:
8923:
8921:0-08-033592-6
8917:
8913:
8908:
8896:
8892:
8886:
8882:
8881:
8875:
8871:
8865:
8861:
8856:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8815:
8811:
8805:
8801:
8796:
8792:
8790:0-415-22404-7
8786:
8783:. Routledge.
8782:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8732:
8720:
8716:
8714:1-85367-280-7
8710:
8706:
8705:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8687:
8683:
8678:
8674:
8668:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8650:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8620:
8616:
8611:
8600:
8596:
8591:
8587:
8581:
8577:
8572:
8568:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8532:
8528:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8505:
8501:
8500:
8494:
8490:
8488:0-8133-0149-1
8484:
8480:
8475:
8471:
8466:
8462:
8456:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8441:
8435:
8434:Dallin, David
8431:
8427:
8425:0-8047-1160-7
8421:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8360:
8355:
8351:
8345:
8341:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8317:Bullock, Alan
8314:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8288:
8271:
8266:
8259:
8258:Sedlar (2007)
8254:
8248:, pp. 277â279
8247:
8242:
8235:
8230:
8223:
8218:
8211:
8206:
8199:
8194:
8188:, pp. 893â896
8187:
8182:
8175:
8170:
8163:
8158:
8151:
8146:
8140:, pp. 145â146
8139:
8134:
8127:
8122:
8116:
8111:
8104:
8103:Reiter (2009)
8099:
8092:
8087:
8080:
8079:Dallin (1942)
8075:
8068:
8067:Halsti (1955)
8063:
8056:
8051:
8044:
8039:
8033:, pp. 272â273
8032:
8027:
8020:
8015:
8009:, pp. 238â239
8008:
8003:
7997:, pp. 237â238
7996:
7991:
7984:
7979:
7977:
7969:
7964:
7962:
7954:
7949:
7947:
7939:
7934:
7928:, pp. 235â236
7927:
7922:
7920:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7876:
7871:
7864:
7859:
7852:
7847:
7845:
7838:, pp. 194â202
7837:
7832:
7825:
7820:
7814:, pp. 189â190
7813:
7808:
7801:
7796:
7794:
7787:
7782:
7780:
7773:, pp. 142â143
7772:
7767:
7760:
7755:
7748:
7743:
7737:
7732:
7716:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7700:
7693:
7688:
7681:
7676:
7670:, pp. 249â251
7669:
7664:
7658:, pp. 260â295
7657:
7652:
7646:, pp. 247â248
7645:
7640:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7585:
7580:
7574:, pp. 246â247
7573:
7568:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7497:
7490:
7485:
7478:
7473:
7466:
7461:
7454:
7449:
7442:
7437:
7431:, pp. 426â427
7430:
7425:
7419:, pp. 214â215
7418:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7402:, pp. 424â425
7401:
7396:
7394:
7387:, pp. 203â204
7386:
7381:
7374:
7373:Reiter (2009)
7369:
7362:
7361:Reiter (2009)
7357:
7351:, pp. 152â153
7350:
7345:
7339:, pp. 694â696
7338:
7333:
7326:
7321:
7314:
7309:
7302:
7297:
7290:
7285:
7279:, pp. 191â192
7278:
7273:
7266:
7261:
7255:, pp. 607â608
7254:
7249:
7242:
7237:
7231:, pp. 187â188
7230:
7225:
7218:
7213:
7211:
7203:
7197:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7176:
7170:, pp. 545â549
7169:
7164:
7158:, pp. 178â180
7157:
7152:
7145:
7140:
7134:, pp. 171â174
7133:
7128:
7126:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7101:
7095:, pp. 217â218
7094:
7089:
7082:
7077:
7070:
7065:
7058:
7053:
7046:
7041:
7034:
7029:
7023:, pp. 559â561
7022:
7017:
7011:, pp. 516â517
7010:
7005:
6998:
6993:
6986:
6981:
6975:, pp. 510â511
6974:
6969:
6962:
6957:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6938:
6931:
6926:
6919:
6914:
6907:
6902:
6896:, pp. 504â505
6895:
6890:
6883:
6878:
6871:
6866:
6860:, pp. 411â412
6859:
6854:
6847:
6842:
6836:, pp. 494â495
6835:
6830:
6823:
6818:
6816:
6809:, pp. 148â149
6808:
6803:
6797:, pp. 131â132
6796:
6791:
6785:, pp. 297â298
6784:
6779:
6777:
6770:, pp. 145â146
6769:
6764:
6762:
6755:, pp. 289â290
6754:
6749:
6742:
6737:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6700:
6695:
6688:
6683:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6659:
6652:
6647:
6640:
6635:
6628:
6623:
6616:
6611:
6604:
6599:
6592:
6587:
6580:
6575:
6573:
6565:
6560:
6558:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6534:
6527:
6522:
6515:
6510:
6503:
6498:
6491:
6486:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6466:
6461:
6454:
6449:
6442:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6421:
6416:
6414:
6406:
6401:
6399:
6391:
6390:Kotkin (2017)
6386:
6379:
6374:
6367:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6343:
6338:
6331:
6326:
6319:
6314:
6307:
6302:
6300:
6293:, pp. 994â995
6292:
6287:
6280:
6275:
6268:
6263:
6256:
6251:
6244:
6239:
6232:
6227:
6220:
6215:
6208:
6203:
6196:
6195:Kotkin (2017)
6191:
6185:, pp. 974-975
6184:
6183:Kotkin (2017)
6179:
6172:
6171:Kotkin (2017)
6167:
6161:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6137:
6132:
6125:
6120:
6113:
6108:
6101:
6100:Sander (2013)
6096:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6077:Coates (1940)
6073:
6066:
6061:
6054:
6049:
6042:
6037:
6030:
6029:Tanner (1950)
6025:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6003:
5996:
5995:Kilin (2007a)
5991:
5984:
5983:Tanner (1950)
5979:
5971:
5969:951-710-050-7
5965:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5938:
5936:
5928:
5923:
5916:
5915:Murphy (2021)
5911:
5904:
5899:
5892:
5891:Kotkin (2017)
5887:
5880:
5879:Kotkin (2017)
5875:
5873:
5865:
5864:Kotkin (2017)
5860:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5837:Kotkin (2017)
5833:
5826:
5825:Kotkin (2017)
5821:
5814:
5813:Kotkin (2017)
5809:
5802:
5801:Kotkin (2017)
5797:
5790:
5789:Kotkin (2017)
5785:
5778:
5777:Kotkin (2017)
5773:
5771:
5764:
5763:Tanner (1950)
5759:
5752:
5747:
5745:
5737:
5736:Kotkin (2017)
5732:
5730:
5722:
5721:Kotkin (2017)
5717:
5710:
5705:
5698:
5697:Kotkin (2017)
5693:
5686:
5685:Kotkin (2017)
5681:
5679:
5672:, pp. 141â148
5671:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5647:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5628:
5623:
5616:
5611:
5604:
5599:
5592:
5587:
5580:
5575:
5568:
5563:
5556:
5555:Murphy (2021)
5551:
5549:
5541:
5536:
5529:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5505:
5500:
5493:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5477:, pp. 452â454
5476:
5475:Engman (2007)
5471:
5464:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5348:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5306:
5300:, pp. 234â235
5299:
5294:
5292:
5284:
5283:Reiter (2009)
5279:
5272:
5271:Kotkin (2017)
5267:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5212:Reiter (2009)
5208:
5206:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5178:
5176:
5168:
5167:Ravasz (2003)
5163:
5161:
5159:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5074:, pp. 810â811
5073:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5054:
5049:
5047:
5039:
5034:
5032:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4962:
4961:Petrov (2013)
4957:
4955:
4947:
4946:Kilin (2007b)
4942:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4830:
4825:
4818:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4736:, pp. 299â300
4735:
4730:
4726:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4676:
4667:
4660:
4659:Grigory Kulik
4656:
4650:
4643:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4521:
4511:
4504:
4503:Vickers 6-Ton
4500:
4496:
4490:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4417:
4414:
4403:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4358:
4356:
4355:Ohto Manninen
4350:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4232:Interim Peace
4229:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4145:
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4139:
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4129:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3980:
3970:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3898:
3897:Kyösti Kallio
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3866:
3856:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3839:Gustav V
3835:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3726:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3661:
3659:
3656:into Finnish
3655:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3569:heavy cruiser
3566:
3562:
3561:landing craft
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3527:
3520:Naval warfare
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3381:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:Pelkosenniemi
3352:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:Lapland Group
3333:
3332:Arctic Circle
3329:
3321:
3316:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:North Karelia
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:arrive by air
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3192:Kollaa kestÀÀ
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3172:air supremacy
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3156:Ivan Khabarov
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:Lauri Tiainen
3133:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
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3034:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2919:
2917:
2916:naval gunfire
2913:
2909:
2906:, the Soviet
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:Paavo Talvela
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:Taipale river
2828:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:border guards
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:Hugo Ăsterman
2641:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:unpaved roads
2588:
2583:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2436:Georgy Zhukov
2433:
2432:Grigory Kulik
2429:
2428:Dmitry Pavlov
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:regime change
2336:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2173:Aimo Cajander
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:military base
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:Aimo Cajander
2040:
2039:Rudolf Holsti
2036:
2035:Boris Yartsev
2032:
2024:
2020:
2019:field kitchen
2015:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:Joseph Stalin
1966:
1960:Justification
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:anticommunist
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1821:, pro-German
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Soviet Russia
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:Russification
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:Interim Peace
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Naval warfare
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:Interim Peace
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
986:
983:
979:
976:
975:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
943:
942:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
923:
920:
918:
917:SyriaâLebanon
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
877:
876:
875:
874:
873:
866:
863:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
827:
824:
823:
822:
821:Pacific Ocean
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
811:
810:
801:
798:
797:
796:
793:
791:
790:Eastern Front
788:
784:
781:
780:
779:
776:
774:
771:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
739:Western Front
737:
735:
732:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
697:
691:
686:
683:Campaigns of
677:
672:
670:
665:
663:
658:
657:
654:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
623:
620:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
607:
603:
602:
599:
596:
595:
592:North Karelia
591:
590:
587:
584:
580:
577:
576:
575:
572:
571:
567:
566:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
527:
524:
518:
510:
505:
503:
498:
496:
491:
490:
487:
479:
470:
464:
458:
456:
451:
446:
437:
429:
428:
423:
413:
404:
403:
398:
392:
387:
382:
380:
375:
370:
368:
363:
358:
356:
351:
346:
344:
339:
334:
332:
331:
325:
320:
318:
317:
311:
306:
304:
303:
302:Joseph Stalin
297:
292:
291:
289:
284:
279:
274:
272:
267:
262:
260:
255:
250:
248:
243:
238:
236:
235:Hugo Ăsterman
231:
226:
224:
223:
217:
212:
210:
209:
208:Kyösti Kallio
203:
198:
197:
195:
194:
189:
184:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
164:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
140:
139:
134:
126:
123:and lease of
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
82:
77:
74:
73:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:Maxim M/09-21
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
17632:(son-in-law)
17624:(son-in-law)
17621:Yuri Zhdanov
17528:(first wife)
17517:Keke Geladze
17490:
17379:Antisemitism
17371:
17359:
17352:
17345:
17336:Kremlin Plot
17263:
17201:
17185:
17172:
17077:Tax on trees
17035:Deportations
16772:Stakhanovite
16633:Eastern Bloc
16543:
16534:World War II
16487: /
16374:and politics
16300:
16280:
16242:
16225:
16213:
16130:negotiations
15741:
15732:World War II
15256:Smolensk War
15222:Livonian War
14919:
14900:Conscription
14864:
14861:World War II
14770:
14766:
14762:
14758:
14754:
14750:
14746:Intelligence
14744:
14740:
14739:(Divisions:
14707:Finnish Navy
14697:Finnish Army
14673:Organization
14575:Bibliography
14492:The Kalevala
14491:
14466:Coat of arms
14451:Architecture
14386:Demographics
14310:Nordic model
14284:Central bank
14206:Human rights
14186:Constitution
14016:
13890:Bibliography
13873:
13686:Project Hula
13651:VistulaâOder
13620:
13553:
13544:
13528:
13498:
13447:
13431:
13422:
13413:
13379:
13276:
13191:
13167:
13137:
12888:
12781:
12726:North Africa
12628:
12428:Soviet Union
12382:Soviet Union
12308:Soviet Union
12076:Vatican City
11979:Vichy France
11884:German Reich
11781:Soviet Union
11767:South Africa
11760:Sierra Leone
11713:Newfoundland
11532:Participants
11515:Marocchinate
11219:
11210:
11180:
11058:North Africa
11019:Indian Ocean
10878:Nazi plunder
10769:Cryptography
10642:World War II
10560:. Retrieved
10551:
10536:
10518:
10490:
10473:
10466:The Atlantic
10465:
10444:
10419:
10403:. Casemate.
10399:
10373:
10369:
10342:
10315:
10296:
10277:
10261:
10245:
10226:
10208:
10190:
10171:
10162:
10153:
10144:
10132:. Retrieved
10116:
10111:
10101:
10092:
10083:
10060:
10056:
10044:. Retrieved
10037:the original
10028:
10023:
10010:. Retrieved
9991:
9966:
9962:
9943:
9939:
9930:
9918:. Retrieved
9907:
9892:
9883:
9874:
9870:
9855:. Retrieved
9846:
9818:
9806:
9797:
9778:
9774:
9762:
9753:
9744:
9724:
9720:
9711:
9702:
9683:
9679:
9670:
9651:
9647:
9635:. Retrieved
9616:
9598:. Retrieved
9581:
9577:
9562:
9540:
9536:
9524:
9520:
9508:
9504:
9491:15 September
9489:. Retrieved
9480:
9457:
9453:
9444:
9435:
9426:
9407:
9394:
9390:
9371:
9352:
9348:
9329:
9310:
9306:
9297:
9285:. Retrieved
9276:
9272:
9256:. Retrieved
9252:the original
9237:
9219:. Retrieved
9210:
9178:
9166:. Retrieved
9142:. Retrieved
9121:
9102:
9082:
9063:
9041:
9029:. Retrieved
9009:
8986:
8977:
8969:
8950:
8930:
8911:
8899:. Retrieved
8880:How Wars End
8879:
8859:
8847:. Retrieved
8819:
8799:
8780:
8771:
8751:
8739:
8735:
8723:. Retrieved
8703:
8690:
8684:. MIT Press.
8681:
8662:
8653:
8641:. Retrieved
8637:the original
8614:
8604:29 September
8602:. Retrieved
8598:
8575:
8556:
8553:Glanz, David
8526:
8498:
8478:
8469:
8450:
8439:
8415:
8393:
8377:
8358:
8339:
8320:
8305:. Retrieved
8301:the original
8296:
8265:
8253:
8241:
8229:
8217:
8205:
8198:Kilin (2012)
8193:
8181:
8169:
8162:Yarov (2009)
8157:
8145:
8133:
8126:Lunde (2011)
8121:
8110:
8098:
8086:
8074:
8062:
8050:
8038:
8026:
8014:
8002:
7990:
7933:
7906:. Retrieved
7875:Rigby (2003)
7870:
7858:
7831:
7824:Trotter 2002
7819:
7807:
7766:
7761:, p. 7.
7754:
7747:Kirby (2006)
7742:
7731:
7719:. Retrieved
7708:
7699:
7687:
7675:
7663:
7651:
7639:
7627:. Retrieved
7610:
7606:
7579:
7567:
7555:. Retrieved
7522:
7518:
7508:
7496:
7484:
7472:
7460:
7448:
7436:
7424:
7380:
7368:
7356:
7344:
7332:
7320:
7308:
7296:
7284:
7272:
7260:
7248:
7236:
7224:
7202:IlmahÀlytys!
7201:
7196:
7180:
7179:Esko Lammi:
7175:
7163:
7151:
7139:
7116:
7100:
7093:Kulju (2007)
7088:
7076:
7069:Kulju (2007)
7064:
7057:Kulju (2007)
7052:
7040:
7028:
7016:
7004:
6992:
6980:
6968:
6956:
6951:(in Finnish)
6937:
6925:
6913:
6901:
6889:
6877:
6865:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6802:
6790:
6748:
6736:
6724:. Retrieved
6715:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6610:
6598:
6586:
6544:
6533:
6521:
6509:
6497:
6471:
6460:
6453:Nenye (2015)
6448:
6385:
6373:
6361:
6349:
6337:
6325:
6313:
6286:
6274:
6262:
6250:
6243:Glanz (1998)
6238:
6226:
6214:
6202:
6190:
6178:
6166:
6155:
6148:Nenye (2015)
6143:
6131:
6126:, pp. 50, 51
6124:Nenye (2015)
6119:
6112:Nenye (2015)
6107:
6102:, pp. 38, 39
6095:
6083:
6072:
6060:
6048:
6043:, pp. 58, 61
6036:
6024:
6013:
6002:
5997:, pp. 99â100
5990:
5978:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5922:
5910:
5898:
5886:
5859:
5850:
5844:
5832:
5820:
5808:
5796:
5784:
5758:
5716:
5704:
5692:
5665:
5653:
5622:
5610:
5598:
5586:
5574:
5562:
5535:
5523:
5511:
5499:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5434:
5422:
5410:
5398:
5376:Trotter 2002
5371:
5364:Hough (2019)
5359:
5347:
5335:. Retrieved
5320:
5311:
5305:
5278:
5266:
5116:
5105:
5094:
5087:Kilin (1999)
5038:Kilin (1999)
5005:11 September
5003:. Retrieved
4994:
4893:Malmi (1999)
4824:
4812:
4805:Kilin (1999)
4800:
4788:
4776:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4709:Unknown 137;
4684:
4675:
4666:
4649:
4636:
4623:
4611:
4607:
4595:
4587:
4586:. The names
4566:Vinterkriget
4548:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4489:
4482:White Guards
4476:
4389:Paul Reynaud
4381:
4364:
4351:
4340:
4336:Pavel Petrov
4319:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4291:Soviet Union
4273:East Karelia
4261:
4256:Adolf Hitler
4252:
4236:
4224:
4221:19 May 1940.
4162:
4154:
4146:
4130:
4115:
4068:
4052:
4043:
4037:
3989:
3985:
3937:
3921:
3877:
3836:
3831:Leon Trotsky
3822:
3812:
3804:
3785:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3747:
3738:
3734:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3675:
3667:
3651:
3637:
3626:
3620:
3612:minesweepers
3596:Finnish Navy
3593:
3571:, almost 20
3557:Baltic Fleet
3545:ice breakers
3534:
3494:
3479:
3438:
3432:
3388:
3363:
3344:
3325:
3298:
3288:
3276:
3252:at Ilomantsi
3245:
3241:Matti Aarnio
3236:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3176:
3137:
3116:
3106:
3098:
3087:
3076:Maginot Line
3072:
3059:
3053:
3030:
3027:is pictured.
2988:
2968:ski troopers
2948:
2894:attacked at
2886:attacked at
2880:
2824:
2817:
2802:bogie wheels
2785:
2737:
2701:
2686:Wiljo Tuompo
2684:units under
2680:and drafted
2633:
2625:MosinâNagant
2608:
2593:
2582:Finnish Army
2513:
2498:
2492:
2475:
2473:
2409:
2401:
2389:fire support
2373:
2355:
2347:
2328:
2321:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2290:, named the
2285:
2277:
2261:
2254:
2230:
2220:
2205:
2200:Vaino Tanner
2196:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2161:
2109:
2102:
2094:mobilisation
2055:
2051:
2028:
2003:Negotiations
1997:Nazi Germany
1980:VÀinö Tanner
1963:
1901:
1854:
1827:
1803:Soviet Union
1801:, later the
1770:
1754:buffer state
1728:
1634:Adolf Hitler
1618:
1610:
1559:
1547:World War II
1539:Soviet Union
1534:
1532:
1424:
1389:
1321:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1235:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1183:
1176:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1138:
1130:
1111:
1103:
1002:
1001:
990:Indian Ocean
951:EcuadorâPeru
939:
938:
908:Middle East
882:North Africa
870:
869:
809:Asia-Pacific
807:
806:
716:
694:
685:World War II
516:
477:
454:
439:20â30 tanks
411:114 aircraft
328:
314:
300:
283:Wiljo Tuompo
220:
206:
176:Soviet Union
166:
165:
142:
141:
136:Belligerents
38:Part of the
25:
17388:Remembrance
17354:Animal Farm
17180:Stalin Note
16867:Great Purge
16835:Great Break
16727:Great Break
16448:(1928â1941)
16364:(1946â1953)
16358:(1922â1952)
15838:Vietnam War
15708: [
15567:World War I
15488:Crimean War
15421:Finnish War
15337:(1740â1748)
15326:(1733â1738)
15251:Ingrian War
14967:(including
14873:Lapland War
14781:Specialized
14279:Agriculture
14123:Urban areas
14027:Lapland War
13992:Grand Duchy
13987:Finnish War
13621:Bodenplatte
13507:Gothic Line
12733:West Africa
12280:Philippines
12259:Netherlands
12124:Czech lands
12062:Switzerland
12006:Afghanistan
11950:Philippines
11818:Puerto Rico
11734:Philippines
11720:New Zealand
11706:Netherlands
11659:Free France
11410:Prosecution
11211:Osoaviakhim
11081:West Africa
11065:East Africa
10712:Conferences
9559:Kilin, Yuri
9533:Kilin, Juri
9517:Kilin, Juri
9501:Kilin, Juri
9221:2 September
9154:Iltasanomat
9144:14 December
8849:22 December
8272:, pp. 13â14
7853:, pp. 21â22
7826:, pp. 14â16
6872:, pp. 87â89
6824:, pp. 62â63
6726:10 February
6701:, pp. 53â54
6677:, pp. 51â55
6665:, pp. 76â78
6653:, pp. 72â73
6566:, pp. 48â51
6492:, pp. 42â44
6422:, pp. 38â39
6344:, pp. 35â36
6306:Coox (1985)
6291:Coox (1985)
6279:Coox (1985)
6255:Ries (1988)
5985:, pp. 85â86
5944:, pp. 44â45
5905:, pp. 77â78
5903:Ries (1988)
5753:, pp. 41â43
5711:, pp. 14â16
5660:, pp. 55â56
5658:Ries (1988)
5648:, pp. 38â41
5617:, pp. 34â35
5605:, pp. 32â33
5593:, pp. 12â13
5542:, pp. 32â33
5518:, pp. 43â46
5494:, pp. 30â33
5441:, pp. 26â27
5429:, pp. 33â34
5417:, pp. 21â24
5337:19 December
5152:pp. 188â217
4995:rus-sky.com
4931:, pp. 77â78
4539:, but also
4391:as the new
4313:perestroika
4198:Lapland War
4178:Scandinavia
3933:Barents Sea
3823:Studie Nord
3755:bombardment
3627:VÀinÀmöinen
3616:icebreakers
3565:battleships
3553:Soviet Navy
3506:Lotta SvÀrd
3427:Rail tracks
3025:Timo Murama
3021:Kianta Lake
2999:frostbitten
2900:Suomussalmi
2733:his cabinet
2524:13th Armies
2375:politician
2245:journalists
2232:casus belli
2169:Eljas Erkko
1988:Great Purge
1949:Pork Mutiny
1939:, with its
1925:White Guard
1772:World War I
1739:Finnish War
1626:sovereignty
1622:Lake Ladoga
1410:Lapland War
1320:Attacks on
1190:Lapland War
973:Air Warfare
887:East Africa
610:Suomussalmi
463:frostbitten
441:62 aircraft
98:Territorial
17754:Winter War
17748:Categories
17703:Lake Ritsa
17683:Uspenskoye
17600:(grandson)
17584:(grandson)
17576:(daughter)
17331:Trotskyism
17303:opposition
16979:Lysenkoism
16665:Korean War
16544:Winter War
16432:Chronology
16423:Death toll
16388:Early life
16288:Baltic Way
16237:Basis Nord
16214:Winter War
16147:Axis talks
15873:Ogaden War
15823:Korean War
15742:Winter War
15611:Heimosodat
15198:Tsardom of
14865:Winter War
14763:C5 Systems
14751:Operations
14638:Leadership
14486:Literature
14401:Healthcare
14238:Parliament
14201:Government
14017:Winter War
13970:Cudgel War
13960:Prehistory
13721:West Hunan
13554:Pointblank
12890:Silver Fox
12876:Summer War
12629:Winter War
12608:Phoney War
12389:Azerbaijan
12350:Yugoslavia
12245:Luxembourg
12087:Resistance
11827:Yugoslavia
11692:Luxembourg
11494:Sook Ching
11290:War crimes
10892:Technology
10885:Opposition
10827:Lend-Lease
10804:Australian
10797:Home front
10755:Blitzkrieg
10705:Casualties
10696:Commanders
10668:Operations
10562:11 January
10528:097310533X
10070:8202218284
10046:26 January
9857:29 October
9417:5754507356
9168:3 December
8901:29 October
8862:. Osprey.
8839:1261364794
8725:12 October
8643:18 October
8617:. Osprey.
8545:9401179646
8380:. London:
8307:5 November
7189:9529017073
4598:(Russian:
4590:(Russian:
4495:Renault FT
4202:See also:
4126:oil fields
4076:Carl Geust
3952:TytÀrsaari
3924:cease-fire
3701:Kaarnajoki
3671:Kuivasaari
3573:destroyers
3549:submarines
3537:Baltic Sea
3466:Tikkakoski
3399:Tupolev SB
3208:TolvajÀrvi
3196:Simo HÀyhÀ
3132:Simo HÀyhÀ
3058:(called a
3009:See also:
2976:olive drab
2931:See also:
2876:TolvajÀrvi
2738:Headed by
2729:Risto Ryti
2629:7.62Ă54mmR
2580:See also:
2493:Blitzkrieg
2477:Blitzkrieg
2456:See also:
2343:Yuri Kilin
2335:Dan Reiter
2227:false flag
2084:were soon
1863:organised
1751:autonomous
1737:waged the
1691:See also:
1666:See also:
1656:Background
1648:, and the
1644:commenced
1590:Raate Road
1576:along the
1535:Winter War
1439:Background
1425:Winter War
1390:Winter War
1314:Zitronella
1300:Gearbox II
1236:WeserĂŒbung
1177:Silver Fox
1166:Winter War
1112:WeserĂŒbung
1014:Yugoslavia
995:Madagascar
958:Antarctica
929:Dodecanese
749:Resistance
717:Winter War
707:Phoney War
615:Raate Road
574:TolvajÀrvi
562:Vyborg Bay
557:Honkaniemi
517:Winter War
434:800â1,100
52:A Finnish
33:Winter War
17693:New Athos
16959:Hotel Lux
16942:Vinnytsia
16897:Chortkiv
16887:Berezwecz
16882:Berezhany
16850:Holodomor
16707:Stalinism
16645:Cominform
16381:Overviews
16259:Aftermath
16113:Political
15493:Ă
land War
15461:Murid War
15300:18thâ19th
14807:Auxiliary
14755:Logistics
14741:Personnel
14510:Mythology
14406:Languages
14391:Education
14345:Transport
14248:President
14211:Judiciary
14191:Elections
14148:JyvÀskylÀ
14101:Provinces
14054:Geography
14007:Civil War
13786:Manchuria
13672:Indochina
13448:Bagration
12899:Lithuania
12544:Anschluss
12341:Viet Minh
12238:Lithuania
12180:Hong Kong
11943:Manchukuo
11898:Azad Hind
11557:Australia
11357:Aftermath
11220:Paperclip
11115:Aftermath
10915:Total war
10783:Diplomacy
10746:In Europe
10594:CC BY 4.0
10453:155723998
10390:110326295
10334:899228795
9590:1998-5053
9481:Iltalehti
9287:23 August
9062:(2002) .
9031:3 October
9007:(1957) .
8701:(1997b).
8518:759509883
8392:(2007) .
8361:. Brill.
7619:2736-9722
7547:155013785
7539:0707-5332
6504:pp. 95â99
5893:, pp. 974
5791:, pp. 965
5723:, pp. 962
5699:, pp. 963
5687:, pp. 960
5393:, pp. 4â6
5378:, pp. 3â5
4865:, p. 1152
4722:Citations
4577:romanized
4558:talvisota
4515:aircraft.
4499:pillboxes
4174:Trondheim
4060:Huittinen
4016:Norwegian
4012:Max Manus
3948:Suursaari
3888:armistice
3796:Stockholm
3621:Ilmarinen
3608:minelayer
3419:munitions
3359:battalion
3351:KemijÀrvi
3320:KemijÀrvi
3303:in detail
3233:pillboxes
3204:ĂglĂ€jĂ€rvi
3164:Sortavala
2995:frostbite
2984:snowsuits
2839:artillery
2810:flammable
2682:reservist
2569:Rovaniemi
2553:14th Army
2422:from the
2270:in 1991.
2153:PorajÀrvi
2090:ultimatum
2082:Lithuania
1972:Leningrad
1784:Bolshevik
1562:Leningrad
1464:Aftermath
1196:Tanne Ost
1131:Valentine
865:Australia
761:Alps 1940
754:1944â1945
598:Ilomantsi
579:Varolampi
552:2nd Summa
535:1st Summa
107:islands,
17733:Category
17673:Kuntsevo
17520:(mother)
17512:(father)
16947:Zolochiv
16932:Valozhyn
16902:Kurapaty
16700:Concepts
16613:Cold War
16302:Category
16192:Military
16161:Economic
16026:Cold War
15888:Gulf War
15244:and the
15117:Internal
14973:Imperial
14767:Training
14680:Branches
14584:Category
14481:Folklore
14423:Religion
14371:Abortion
14330:Taxation
14320:Startups
14300:Industry
14226:Military
14169:Politics
14155:Wildlife
14128:Helsinki
13944:articles
13897:Category
13846:document
13756:document
13613:Ardennes
13597:Budapest
13545:Crossbow
13423:Overlord
13262:Smolensk
12480:Timeline
12315:Slovakia
12301:Thailand
12152:Ethiopia
12117:Bulgaria
12041:Portugal
11972:Thailand
11854:Bulgaria
11632:Eswatini
11625:Ethiopia
11578:Bulgaria
11403:Unit 731
11364:Response
11181:Keelhaul
11131:Cold War
11104:Americas
11095:timeline
11088:Atlantic
10968:Theaters
10556:Archived
10443:(1948).
10361:41278218
10244:(1941).
10134:13 March
10125:Archived
10006:Archived
9914:Archived
9869:(1958).
9851:Archived
9839:(2000).
9817:(1994).
9773:(2008).
9631:Archived
9594:Archived
9485:Archived
9281:Archived
9215:Archived
9162:Archived
9138:Archived
9130:Yle News
9118:Archived
9025:Archived
8966:Archived
8895:Archived
8843:Archived
8750:(1941).
8719:Archived
8555:(1998).
8436:(1942).
8414:(1985).
8319:(1993).
8224:, p. 263
8212:, p. 191
8152:, p. 190
8105:, p. 132
8093:, p. 863
8081:, p. 191
8069:, p. 412
8057:. p. 177
8045:, p. 365
8021:, p. 239
7985:, p. 146
7970:, p. 237
7955:, p. 145
7940:, p. 141
7902:Archived
7865:, p. 776
7749:, p. 215
7721:13 March
7715:Archived
7710:Yle News
7694:, p. 254
7629:6 August
7623:Archived
7586:, p. 261
7557:6 August
7551:Archived
7491:, p. 452
7479:, p. 233
7455:, p. 218
7443:, p. 430
7363:, p. 126
7327:, p. 130
7315:, p. 692
7303:, p. 678
7291:, p. 681
7267:, p. 189
7243:, p. 157
7219:, p. 193
7146:, p. 164
7109:Archived
7083:, p. 283
7071:, p. 229
7059:, p. 230
7047:, p. 150
7035:, p. 550
6987:, p. 514
6963:, p. 110
6945:Archived
6920:, p. 520
6908:, p. 506
6884:, p. 113
6848:, p. 407
6743:, p. 292
6720:Archived
6689:, p. 121
6617:, p. 235
6407:, p. 204
6392:, p. 994
6368:, p. 125
6320:, p. 167
6308:, p. 997
6281:, p. 996
6269:, p. 189
6233:, p. 489
6221:, p. 450
6090:, p. 237
6031:, p. 114
5929:, p. 105
5866:, p. 975
5839:, p. 973
5827:, p. 971
5815:, p. 966
5779:, p. 964
5738:, p. 970
5331:Archived
5229:, p. xvi
5214:, p. 124
5089:, p. 381
5055:, p. 286
5025:, p. 815
4999:Archived
4977:, p. 340
4914:, p. 160
4895:, p. 792
4880:, p. 821
4846:, p. 187
4831:, p. 260
4807:, p. 383
4760:, p. 318
4640:See the
4627:See the
4399:See also
4123:Caucasus
4104:through
4071:Ruskeala
4064:LempÀÀlÀ
3956:Koivisto
3751:mock-ups
3709:Koivisto
3610:and six
3604:gunboats
3581:Paldiski
3541:warships
3502:windsock
3498:air base
3435:Helsinki
3413:and the
3152:division
3148:brigades
2956:uniforms
2833:and the
2744:Terijoki
2563:port of
2557:Murmansk
2542:9th Army
2531:8th Army
2520:7th Army
2458:Red Army
2445:BT tanks
2298:stated:
2263:glasnost
2180:Terijoki
1842:materiel
1630:Red Army
1568:and the
1444:Timeline
1431:Articles
1333:Finnmark
1279:Gauntlet
1267:Claymore
1255:Alphabet
1230:incident
1152:Bornholm
1145:Isefjord
1034:Bulgaria
963:Atlantic
946:Americas
899:Adriatic
469:captured
447:damaged
436:captured
409:32 tanks
400:Strength
79:Eastern
75:Location
17708:Sukhumi
17669:Dachas
17660:Kureika
17050:Koreans
16937:Vileyka
16638:Comecon
16463:Sovkhoz
16458:Kolkhoz
16372:History
15966:Outline
15949:century
15550:century
15302:century
14985:Related
14969:Tsarist
14838:History
14788:FINCENT
14725:Command
14561:Outline
14471:Cuisine
14438:Culture
14416:Swedish
14411:Finnish
14359:Society
14340:Tourism
14267:Economy
14133:Tampere
14106:Regions
14081:Islands
14076:Geology
13952:History
13940:Finland
13823:Shumshu
13590:Hungary
13537:Estonia
13521:Lapland
13499:Dragoon
13432:Neptune
13414:Ichi-Go
13380:Tempest
13322:Changde
13277:Cottage
13169:Jubilee
12885:Finland
12783:Compass
12489:Prelude
12442:Finland
12328:Vietnam
12294:Romania
12166:Germany
12145:Estonia
12131:Denmark
12110:Belgium
12103:Austria
12096:Albania
12027:Ireland
12013:Andorra
11997:Neutral
11957:Romania
11891:Hungary
11876:Finland
11748:Romania
11640:Finland
11618:Denmark
11564:Belgium
11550:Algeria
11256:Romania
11242:Hungary
10998:Pacific
10722:General
10676:Leaders
10661:Battles
10654:Outline
10592:(under
9920:21 June
9600:27 June
8760:1535780
8284:English
7802:, p. 10
7503:, p.215
7467:, p. 77
7119:, 2015.
6999:, p. 44
6641:, p. 69
6629:, p. 54
6605:, p. 58
6581:, p. 61
6516:, p. 47
6455:, p. 54
6443:, p. 13
6380:, p. 14
6356:, p. 93
6257:, p. 56
6245:, p. 58
6209:, p. 34
6150:, p. 51
6138:, p. 98
6114:, p. 50
6067:, p. 78
6055:, p. 93
5581:, p. 15
5569:, p. 52
5530:, p. 13
5506:, p. 31
5453:, p. 18
5354:, p. 10
5312:Memoirs
5261:, p. 55
5244:, p. 17
4948:, p. 91
4819:, p. 43
4795:, p. 63
4748:, p. 83
4562:Swedish
4554:Finnish
4361:Germany
4219:Joensuu
4209:Finland
4110:Petsamo
4106:neutral
4004:Hungary
3841:made a
3678:Russarö
3658:seaways
3589:LiepÄja
3585:Tallinn
3407:Tampere
3328:Lapland
3216:mottis.
3188:Finnish
3168:Joensuu
3080:dugouts
3033:Petsamo
2960:weapons
2847:barrage
2835:Suvanto
2827:Taipale
2766:on the
2604:Mikkeli
2565:Petsamo
2481:tactics
2223:Mainila
2133:Finnish
2121:Russian
2117:Viipuri
1976:fascist
1913:Karelia
1850:Estonia
1747:annexed
1642:Germany
1606:Lapland
1602:Petsamo
1588:and on
1574:Taipale
1543:Finland
1322:Tirpitz
1293:Gearbox
1286:Fritham
1242:Denmark
1228:Altmark
1204:Iceland
1159:Finland
1118:Denmark
1105:Denmark
1039:Hungary
1029:Romania
878:Africa
778:Balkans
773:Britain
727:Lapland
722:Karelia
712:Finland
634:Petsamo
628:Lapland
540:Taipale
519:battles
152:Finland
100:changes
81:Finland
17502:Family
16927:Sambir
16226:LĂŒtzow
15276:Deluge
15200:Russia
14979:times)
14977:Soviet
14965:Russia
14589:Portal
14461:Cinema
14446:Anthem
14298:
14289:Energy
14118:Rivers
13942:
13800:Debate
13772:Taipei
13765:Borneo
13343:Tarawa
12537:Europe
12498:Africa
12287:Poland
12273:Norway
12252:Malaya
12231:Latvia
12173:Greece
12159:France
12055:Sweden
12020:Bhutan
11741:Poland
11727:Norway
11699:Mexico
11666:Greece
11652:France
11590:Canada
11571:Brazil
11541:Allies
11487:Serbia
11476:Poland
11249:Poland
11235:Baltic
11028:Europe
10730:Topics
10682:Allied
10525:
10506:
10480:
10451:
10426:
10407:
10388:
10359:
10349:
10332:
10322:
10303:
10284:
10268:
10254:502873
10252:
10233:
10215:
10178:
10119:]
10067:
10031:]
10012:1 July
9998:
9973:
9950:
9825:
9785:
9731:
9690:
9658:
9637:1 July
9623:
9588:
9547:
9464:
9414:
9378:
9359:
9336:
9317:
9258:1 July
9244:
9185:
9123:alone.
9110:
9089:
9070:
9048:
9017:
8993:
8958:
8937:
8918:
8887:
8866:
8837:
8827:
8806:
8787:
8758:
8711:
8669:
8621:
8582:
8563:
8543:
8533:
8516:
8506:
8485:
8457:
8422:
8400:
8365:
8346:
8327:
8260:, p. 8
8176:p. 264
8164:, p. 7
8128:, p. 9
7908:8 June
7617:
7545:
7537:
7187:
6528:, p. 6
6332:, p. 7
5966:
5917:, p. 9
5629:, p. 6
5557:, p. 7
5405:, p. 3
5199:p. 210
5040:p. 381
4594:) and
4378:Allies
4305:Stavka
4196:, and
4172:, and
4170:Bergen
4166:Namsos
4102:Narvik
4020:Norway
3954:, and
3944:Lipola
3893:Allies
3871:
3861:
3705:Mantsi
3567:, one
3440:Pravda
3299:mottis
3237:mottis
3224:mottis
3180:ridges
3056:pocket
2888:Lieksa
2779:
2773:
2646:. The
2561:Arctic
2546:Kainuu
2505:Stavka
2468:Kollaa
2149:Repola
2125:Vyborg
2078:Latvia
2033:agent
1823:JĂ€gers
1811:Whites
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1594:Kainuu
1582:Kollaa
1307:Leader
1247:Norway
1220:Norway
1184:Orator
1139:Safari
1123:Norway
968:Arctic
800:Sicily
702:Poland
696:Europe
604:Kainuu
586:Kollaa
467:5,572
173:
149:
88:Result
17678:Sochi
17568:(son)
17544:(son)
17536:(son)
17121:Works
16912:Lutsk
16907:Katyn
16892:Dubno
16857:Gulag
16243:Komet
15712:]
14888:Other
14771:Legal
14568:Index
14537:Sport
14532:Sauna
14505:Music
14500:Media
14396:Finns
14376:Crime
14138:Turku
14111:Ă
land
14086:Lakes
13576:Leyte
13406:Narva
13392:Anzio
13350:Makin
13308:Burma
13192:Torch
13161:Rzhev
13122:Kiska
12208:Korea
12194:Japan
12187:Italy
12069:Tibet
12048:Spain
11919:Italy
11680:Italy
11673:India
11597:China
11472:Japan
11072:Italy
10984:China
10936:Women
10584:Finna
10386:S2CID
10128:(PDF)
10121:(PDF)
10115:[
10082:[
10059:[
10040:(PDF)
10033:(PDF)
10027:[
9990:[
9965:[
9942:[
9873:[
9845:[
9777:[
9723:[
9682:[
9650:[
9615:[
9539:[
9523:[
9507:[
9456:[
9406:[
9393:[
9351:[
9309:[
7543:S2CID
5958:[
5184:p. 76
3865:Oesch
3693:Kirov
3687:Kirov
3682:Hanko
3654:mines
3643:Kotka
3638:Tarmo
3632:Turku
3575:, 50
3228:motti
3117:motti
3061:motti
2980:khaki
2912:Salla
2896:Kuhmo
2155:from
1905:Viena
1848:with
1834:Ă
land
1598:Salla
1580:, on
1049:Japan
1024:Italy
1003:Coups
904:Malta
848:Japan
816:China
795:Italy
639:Salla
622:Kuhmo
545:Kelja
125:Hanko
117:Salla
16917:Lviv
16485:16th
16398:Rise
15947:21st
15548:20th
14975:and
14871:and
14476:Flag
14231:NATO
14143:Oulu
13642:1945
13370:1944
13211:1943
13139:Blue
13129:Attu
13036:1942
12795:1941
12647:1940
12585:1939
12514:Asia
12361:POWs
12201:Jews
11912:Iraq
11838:Axis
11788:Tuva
11604:Cuba
10689:Axis
10564:2018
10523:ISBN
10504:ISBN
10478:ISBN
10449:OCLC
10424:ISBN
10405:ISBN
10357:OCLC
10347:ISBN
10330:OCLC
10320:ISBN
10301:ISBN
10282:ISBN
10266:ISBN
10250:OCLC
10231:ISBN
10213:ISBN
10176:ISBN
10136:2022
10065:ISBN
10048:2015
10014:2008
9996:ISBN
9971:ISBN
9948:ISBN
9922:2015
9859:2010
9823:ISBN
9783:ISBN
9729:ISBN
9688:ISBN
9656:ISBN
9639:2008
9621:ISBN
9602:2018
9586:ISSN
9545:ISBN
9493:2020
9462:ISBN
9412:ISBN
9376:ISBN
9357:ISBN
9334:ISBN
9315:ISBN
9289:2020
9260:2008
9242:ISBN
9223:2009
9183:ISBN
9170:2021
9146:2017
9108:ISBN
9087:ISBN
9068:ISBN
9046:ISBN
9033:2020
9015:ISBN
8991:ISBN
8956:ISBN
8935:ISBN
8916:ISBN
8903:2010
8885:ISBN
8864:ISBN
8851:2021
8835:OCLC
8825:ISBN
8804:ISBN
8785:ISBN
8756:OCLC
8727:2015
8709:ISBN
8667:ISBN
8645:2009
8619:ISBN
8606:2020
8580:ISBN
8561:ISBN
8541:OCLC
8531:ISBN
8514:OCLC
8504:ISBN
8483:ISBN
8455:ISBN
8420:ISBN
8398:ISBN
8363:ISBN
8344:ISBN
8325:ISBN
8309:2009
7910:2022
7723:2022
7631:2022
7615:ISSN
7559:2022
7535:ISSN
7185:ISBN
6728:2023
5964:ISBN
5339:2021
5169:p. 3
5007:2018
4537:T-26
4014:, a
3624:and
3594:The
3587:and
3547:and
3289:The
3284:Oulu
3166:and
3089:sisu
3043:and
2958:and
2954:had
2935:and
2908:88th
2892:44th
2819:Alko
2814:fuse
2731:and
2672:The
2657:The
2638:The
2551:The
2540:The
2529:The
2518:The
2296:TASS
2151:and
2080:and
2031:NKVD
1907:and
1894:and
1886:The
1815:Reds
1685:and
1670:and
1600:and
1541:and
1533:The
1212:Fork
1019:Iraq
922:Iran
912:Iraq
766:1944
744:1940
65:Date
14456:Art
14216:Law
10496:doi
10378:doi
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