European theatre of World War II

1085: 1066: 3166: 2733: 956: 458: 432: 3344: 1145: 560: 2435: 3892: 1486: 4087: 2333: 3752: 1157: 1001: 573: 345: 1399: 1387: 1133: 1121: 3081:. It had originally been planned for May, but Hitler used his troops to invade Yugoslavia and Greece, which was a more pressing matter. The campaigns in southern Europe were quick, but June would end up being a less ideal date for Barbarossa, as it was closer to the brutal Russian winter. Hitler and the Nazi high command were convinced that by October, Germany would have taken the entirety of European Russia and the Soviet regime would collapse after losing support domestically. 3 million German soldiers were involved in Barbarossa, the largest invasion force in history. The northern end of the invasion was led by 1444: 844: 3225: 1462: 1030: 1014: 547: 972: 533: 1109: 1511: 1330: 1310: 358: 912: 1241: 677: 1205: 1520: 1343: 1097: 799: 927: 518: 471: 627: 814: 1350: 1078: 503: 445: 1474: 897: 484: 384: 1217: 3807: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4188: 4179: 4170: 942: 3371:. It was the largest tank battle in history, involving 6,000 tanks among both sides. The Soviets had predicted the attack, and moved their main forces out of the area. They had also placed minefields and antitank defenses, which costed the Germans. On the 9th, the Allies began invading Sicily, and Hitler had to move troops there from the Eastern Front. Meanwhile, the Soviets began a buildup of forces, and on 12 July, they counterattacked. The Soviets' better numbers allowed them to make a larger offensive; they took back 3838:, which was held by Americans. On 3 January, 1945, the western Allies began a counterattack, and by 16 January, the battle was over. The Allies suffered 75,000 casualties, and the Germans 120,000. Afterwards, German forces were not resupplied to the front in great numbers. This depletion of manpower stopped any chances of German large-scale resistance to the Allied invasion. In early February, the Battle of Hurtgen Forest continued, and the Allies captured the desired dams. The battle cost 33,000 American casualties. 9977: 2896: 1054: 1042: 642: 3641: 1181: 371: 600: 418: 1454: 1417: 1409: 1379: 1361: 1265: 3971: 2692: 1229: 403: 1369: 1253: 656: 1432: 1277: 1292: 1169: 859: 719: 3293: 873: 740: 1193: 829: 763: 697: 587: 34: 613: 3394:. Throughout 1944, the Germans faced having less troops while needing to defend the same wide frontlines. In January, the Germans' surrounding of Leningrad was weakened. On 4 January, 1944, the Soviets crossed the pre-war Polish borders. Erich von Manstein's German forces slowed Vatutin's progress, but Germany lost many soldiers, and their defensive line across the Eastern Front was weakened. The Soviets used this to capture 150: 3498: 2609:, where hundreds (if not thousands) of tiny civilian boats were used to ferry troops from the beaches to the waiting warships. There is much debate over whether German Panzer divisions could have defeated these soldiers alone if they had pressed forward, since the tank divisions were overextended and would have required extensive refitting; in any case, Hitler elected to follow the advice of the leader of German air forces 3423: 3466:, the Poles captured most of the city from a weakened German garrison. On 25 August, the Germans launched a successful and brutal counterattack. The Soviets gave aid to the Home Army on 13 September, but it was too late to significantly help them. The Home Army split into smaller units and continued the uprising, but they were forced to surrender on 2 October. The Germans deported the city's population and 3066: 3335:, which surrounded the 6th Army. On 31 January, Paulus disobeyed Hitler by surrendering, and soon, 22 generals surrendered with him. By 2 February, the remaining 91,000 German men had surrendered. There were more than 800,000 Axis casualties, 1.1 million Soviet casualties, and 40,000 civilian casualties. Many of the surrendering Germans were put in Soviet prison camps. 3316:. It attacked the weak and undefended flanks of the 4th Panzer Army and 6th Army, greatly surprising the Germans. The German high command asked Hitler to allow the 6th Army, which was fighting near the Volga, to join the rest of the German forces in the west of the city, but Hitler told ordered the leader of the 6th Army, 3272:" and defend Stalingrad. He disallowed the evacuation of civilians from the city, for the purpose of motivating soldiers who would be defending civilians. Hitler then moved the 4th Panzer Army to move north and attack Stalingrad from the south. On the way there, the 4th Panzer Army converged with the 3931:

in Crimea. They created a plan for the defeat and occupation of Nazi Germany and its occupied states. They agreed to abolish or confiscate Germany's military industry, try war criminals before an international court, and create interim governments in Eastern Europe before further questions of their

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began, as a German spearhead attacked the city from the north and the Luftwaffe began bombing. The fighting was some of the most intense of World War II, as the Soviets and Germans fought over blocks and buildings. The Germans pushed the Soviets through the city until they only occupied a strip of

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policy, burning many parts of western Russia. The western manufacturing industries were moved eastward. At the same time, series of storms had turned the roads to Russia into mud, and the German tanks moved slowly. However, by mid-July, the Germans had moved 640 kilometers east from their starting

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had built up a large strategic bomber force. By way of contrast, Nazi German air force doctrine was almost totally dedicated to supporting the army. Therefore, German bombers were smaller than their British equivalents, and Germany never developed a fully successful heavy bomber equivalent to the

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rivers, coming near Romania and Hungary. Hitler reinforced his troops in Hungary to stop further Soviet advance into central Europe, and to maintain his control of the Balkans. On 1 April, Zhukov attempted to break through these defenses into Hungary, but was unsuccessful. Later that month, the

4503:

Total German casualties between September 1939 to 31 December 1944, on the Western Front for both the army, Waffen SS, and foreign volunteers amounts to 128,030 killed, 399,860 wounded. 7,614,790 were held in POW camps by early June of 1945 (including 3,404,950 who were disarmed following the

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of 17 July to 2 August, the Allies formally agreed to many of the ideas considered at the Yalta Conference. Germany, Austria, and specifically Berlin and Vienna were all divided into four regions each occupied by the U.S., U.K., France, and the Soviet Union. The countries used the

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river 15 kilometers long and 3 to 5 kilometers wide. The Soviets on the other side of the river took supply crossings into the city. On 14 October, the Germans fired on a supply crossing, greatly hurting the Soviets. As winter came, the Germans faced heavy losses and fatigue.

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Total German soldiers who surrendered in the West, including 3,404,950 who surrendered after the end of the war, is given as 7,614,790. To this must be added the 263,000–655,000 who died, giving a rough total of 8 million German soldiers having served on the Western Front in

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By April 1945, German forces were retreating on all fronts in northern Italy and occupied Yugoslavia, following continuous Allied attacks. The campaign and the fighting in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre came to an end on 29 April. On 2 May in Italy, Field Marshal

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On 20 August, 1944, the Romanians formed a new government which sided with the Soviets and thus allowed them to pass through. They moved into Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. Germany began to move its forces out of Yugoslavia and Greece. The Finns defeated the Soviets at the

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in Germany on 30 January. The Germans at this point benefited from a smaller front, meaning there was less to defend, but they were being attacked on both the western and eastern fronts. On 13 February, the Siege of Budapest ended, and the Soviets captured the city.

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was "humiliated" in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations. Many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse on the treaty's conditions and these resentments contributed to the political instability, which made it possible for

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troops died facing the Germans and their allies on the Eastern Front. The Axis forces themselves had lost over 6 million troops, whether by combat or by wounds, disease, starvation or exposure; many others were seized as POW, about 10% of them died in the rear

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Despite the quick campaign in the east, along the Franco-German frontier the war settled into a quiet period. This relatively non-confrontational and mostly non-fighting period between the major powers lasted until Germany launched an invasion on 10 May 1940.

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began on 16 April as the Soviets encircled the city and began shelling the last pockets of resistance with large amounts of artillery. Hitler became exhausted and began to accept Germany's inveitable failure and the idea of him committing suicide. In his

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became the first major Nazi concentration camp was liberated by the Allies. The Soviets then liberated Lublin on the 24th. Operation Bagration ended on 19 August, 1944. There were 750,000 Soviet casualties and 360,000 to 670,000 German casualties.

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According to a post-war US Army study using war records, the army and army air forces of the United States suffered 586,628 casualties in western Europe, including 116,991 killed in action and 381,350 wounded, of whom 16,264 later died of their

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British bombing by day resulted in too many losses and too few results; as a result the British operated by night while building up their strategic force with larger bombers. By 1942, Bomber Command could put 1,000 bombers over one German city.

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and during a prolonged campaign fought their way north through Italy. The invasion of Italy resulted in the nation switching sides to the Allies and the ousting of Mussolini. Despite this coup, Fascists and occupying German forces retained

6575: 2651:, in an attempt to draw RAF fighters out and defeat them completely. Neither approach was successful in reducing the RAF to the point where air superiority could be obtained, and plans for an invasion were suspended by September 1940. 3438:, against Germany along a 450-mile front across eastern Europe. The Germans expected an offensive from the south and were surprised at the operation's scale. The Soviets were quickly successful, killing thousands within days. After 2617:

alone to attack the Allied forces until German infantry was able to advance, giving the British a window for the evacuation. Later, many of the evacuated troops would form an important part and the centre of the army that landed at

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at first was going to bypass Paris during the invasion; however, on 19 August, the French in the city started a resistance against the remaining Germans, and the Allies headed towards the city. On 25 August, the Germans in Paris

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As winter approached, the Germans were beaten down by cold weather; many got frostbite and German military equipment froze. Meanwhile, new waves of Soviets came to defend the front. On 22 November, 1941, the Germans reached

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committed ethnically targeted mass murder. Civilians were rounded up and burned alive or shot in squads in many cities conquered by the Nazis. At least 27 million civilians and military personnel perished during the war.

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government, the Italian Social Republic or RSI to show that the Axis forces were still in power there and a force to be dealt with. However, Mussolini and his Fascists were now puppet rulers under their German patrons.

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43,110 Germans killed or missing, 111,640 wounded, no information is provided on any who were captured. Italian losses amounted to 1,250 killed or missing, 4,780 wounded, and no information is provided on any who were

4764:, p. 478: "Allied casualties from D-day to V–E totaled 766,294. American losses were 586,628, including 135,576 dead. The British, Canadians, French, and other allies in the west lost slightly over 60,000 dead". 4160: 3622:. Allied activities before D-Day may have tied up only a few divisions in actual fighting, but many more were forced to guard lonely coasts against raids that never came or to man anti-aircraft guns throughout 2306:. As the Polish September Campaign ended, Hitler offered Britain and France peace on the basis of recognition of German European continental dominance. On 12 October the United Kingdom formally refused. 4391:

and conducted military actions against armed incursions from both Axis and Allied belligerents. The cease fire and pledging of allegiance to the Allies of the Vichy troops in French North Africa during

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During the Blitz, all of Britain's major industrial, cathedral, and political sites were heavily bombed. London suffered particularly, being bombed each night for several months. Other targets included

4123:. European cities such as Berlin, Prague, and Dresden, had been destroyed, and many died during the abnormally strong winter later that year. The U.S. paid billions of dollars to rebuild Europe in the 2629:

The British rejected several covert German attempts to negotiate peace. Germany massed their air force in northern German-occupied France to prepare the way for a possible invasion, code-named

2850:, U.S. Army Air Forces units being deployed to England to join the assault on mainland Europe on 4 July 1942. Bomber Command raided by night and the US forces by day. The "Operation Gomorrah" 2347:

threatening military invasion, thus compelling the three small nations to conclude mutual assistance pacts which gave the Soviets the right to establish military bases there. The Soviet Union

3779:, the German defensive line across western Europe. The Allies made minor gains in September and October 1944, as Germans reinforced the front with new troops. From 17 to 24 September, in 3462:, and encouraged them to start an uprising against the occupying Germans. The Home Army attempted to gain control over the city before the Soviets got there. Starting on 1 August, in the 2865:

produced one of the most devastating fires in history. A firestorm was created in the city, and between 18,000 and 25,000 people were killed. Only the Hamburg attack, the 9–10 March 1945

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raids hit targets in occupied Europe. Churchill famously said of the RAF personnel who fought in the battle: "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few".

3740:, starting an invasion of southern France. The next day, Hitler allowed the Germans in Normandy to retreat. As they left, they were encircled by American and British spearheads at 3772:. By September 1944, three Allied Army Groups were in line against German formations in the west. There was optimism that the war in Europe might be over by the end of the year. 3877:

Armies continued on towards central and southern Germany. German officer Walter Model dissolved the army inside the Ruhr pocket, and the 300,000 were taken as prisoners of war.

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Several other countries were drawn into the conflict at this time. After 28 September 1939, the Soviet government presented the governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania with

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supplies from the United Kingdom and the United States had a very important impact on Soviet military forces. Supply convoys sailed to Soviet ports that were patrolled by Nazi

3818:

The Battle of the Bulge was the last major German offensive of the war. It was an attempt to push the western Allies away from Germany. It started on 16 December. Germany's

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on 13 May – the French had left this area less well defended, believing its terrain to be impassable for tanks and other vehicles. Most Allied forces were in

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broke out and lasted until the end of 1949 when Greek government troops, aided by the US and Britain, defeated the communist guerrillas supported by Marshal Tito and USSR.

3149:, an important location to continue the Caucasus campaign, but the Soviets launched a counteroffensive and took back the city on the 28th. On 2 December, some Germans had 3205:

began the operation. On 9 July, Hitler amended Operation Blue to involve the taking of Stalingrad and the Caucasus at the same time. Army Group South would be split into

8548: 3927:, canceling a plan to lead a resistance in southern Germany as the Soviets closed in on Berlin. From 4 to 11 February, 1945, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Roosevelt met at the 3865:

on the other side. All four U.S. armies in Western Europe went over the Rhine in the next few weeks; the First and Ninth Armies encircled 300,000 German soldiers in the

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All German forces were to cease operations on 23:01 hours Central European time on 8 May 1945, which was already 9 May in Moscow and other parts of the USSR; therefore

2647:. Initially, the Luftwaffe concentrated on destroying the RAF on the ground and in the air. They later switched to bombing major and large industrial British cities in 7894: 9899: 7910: 3240:

Army Group A captured Rostov-na-Donu and went into the Caucasus in Operation Edelweiss. Army Group B's advance was Operation Fischreiher. Hitler then reassigned the

3201:, which planned to destroy the Soviet forces in the south, and then afterwards, go north to take Moscow or finish taking the Caucasus. On 28 June, Fedor von Bock's 8237: 7833: 7805: 6949: 3748:. However, many Germans broke out between 16 and 19 August. By the time the Germans left Normandy, 50,000 of theirs were dead and 200,000 were taken prisoner. 9878: 8557: 8244: 7371: 4140: 4046:

The Battle of Berlin ended on May 2. It caused 100,000 Soviet casualties and an unknown number of German deaths. On May 4, Karl Dönitz went to British officer

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on 22 June. In order to further the humiliation of the French people and the country itself, Hitler arranged for the surrender document to be signed in the

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along the border with Germany. After overrunning the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, Germany turned against France, entering the country through the

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region and its oil fields. It would also be a symbolic victory to capture the city that included Joseph Stalin's name. On 5 April, 1942, Hitler confirmed

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river dams to stop the Germans from destroying them and flooding the area, which would delay the Allied advance. The fastest way to the dams was through

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had pledged protection and independence guarantees. On 3 September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany, and other allies soon followed. The

5147: 6845: 1589: 20: 4525:

410,000 in Allied strategic bombing, 300,000 in the Holocaust not including Austrian civilian deaths or deaths from the Nazi T4 program. Counting the

8216: 7656: 7532: 3861:

was attacked by the Germans, and its foundation collapsed, but the bridge ultimately sat intact over the river. This allowed the U.S. to establish a

51: 7509: 6889: 4836:

George C Marshall, Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War : 1 July 1939 – 30 June 1945

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Pole: 1,160 killed or missing, 3,840 wounded, 370 captured. Thus according to Ellis' information, the Western Allies incurred 783,860 casualties.

2980: 4484:

Total US casualties come to 133,255 killed, 365,086 wounded, 73,759 captured, and 14,528 missing, two thousand of whom were later declared dead.

2839:. The Soviets would only regain their air wing later in the war with the help of the Allies, aircraft being delivered mainly by arctic convoys. 2512:. The surrender divided France into two major parts; the northern part under German control, and a southern part under French control, based at 7765: 7067: 2805:. Nevertheless, German raids continued on British cities albeit on a smaller and less destructive scale for the rest of the war, and later the 98: 9771: 4050:'s headquarters in Hamburg and surrendered the German forces in northern Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands. On 7 May, Eisenhower accepted 3959:

and was travelling with a German anti-air battalion. On 28 April, Mussolini and several of the other fascists captured with him were taken to

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which would help the 6th Army. The operation failed, and Hitler told the troops to fight to the death. On 10 January, 1943, the Soviets began

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ballistic missiles were both used against Britain. However, the balance of bomb tonnage being dropped shifted greatly in favour of the RAF as

1959: 8564: 8527: 8504: 8018: 6940: 6910: 2401: 2370:. The Finns were embittered over having lost more land in the peace than on the battlefields, and over the perceived lack of world sympathy. 1084: 463: 70: 8279: 8657: 8513: 8497: 8469: 7710: 6917: 5187:"Erklärung der Dresdner Historikerkommission zur Ermittlung der Opferzahlen der Luftangriffe auf die Stadt Dresden am 13./14. Februar 1945" 9414: 8481: 8393: 8337: 8300: 7575: 5550: 4839: 3578: 2732: 3787:

to cross. The Allies faced serious resistance on the ground, and the operation was abandoned. The Allies then began heading towards the

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river. This caught the allies by surprise. The battle happened amidst extremely cold weather. The Germans failed to reach the Meuse or

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it. The Soviets had allowed the Germans to suppress the uprising, thus causing the end of the military organization that supported the

2264: 1741: 1669: 10018: 9892: 8520: 6903: 6861: 6210:"Avalon Project – Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers; June 5, 1945" 3165: 982: 2723: 2520:, a rump state friendly to Germany. Many French soldiers, as well as those of other occupied countries, escaped to Britain. General 9741: 7553: 7327: 7090: 6956: 6767: 1780: 1753: 493: 393: 4043:, then surrendered. Individual German troops continued fighting while the surrendered troops were captured and committed suicide. 3108:

The Soviets were taken by surprise, and had trouble creating an opposing force in time. By 27 June, 1941, the Germans had reached

2754:" assumed that waves of bombers hitting enemy cities would cause mass panic and the rapid collapse of the enemy. As a result, the 2671:. With no land forces in direct conflict in Europe, the war in the air attracted worldwide attention even as sea units fought the 84: 8636: 8433: 8085: 7463: 6963: 6875: 6811: 4020: 3367:. The bulge went 100 miles west towards the German lines. 900,000 German troops attacked from the north and south, beginning the 2994:

Fighting in Southern Europe did not resume until Axis forces were defeated in North Africa. Following the Axis defeat in Africa,

2488:, and were cut off from the French mainland. As a result of this, as well as the superior German communications and tactics, the 2382: 2091: 1883: 3560:

those were left behind at Auschwitz, and the Siege of Leningrad ended. Zhukov went through the corridor between the Vistula and

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joined the offensive, greatly expanding its size. Warsaw was isolated and liberated on the 17th. Also on the 17th, those in the

3026:. In late 1944 it was joined by the advancing Soviet Army and proceeded to push the remaining German forces out of the Balkans. 2586:

On 24 April 1941 the USSR gave full diplomatic recognition to the Vichy government situated in the non-occupied zone in France.

2558:

We hand over the most cordial congratulations by the Soviet government on the occasion of splendid success of German Wehrmacht.

8839: 8351: 7194: 6732: 5113: 4448:

British: 11,010 killed or missing, 14,070 wounded (only those who were evacuated have been counted), and 41,340 taken prisoner.

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started on 19 September, as American troops forced their way through the forest. The advance was delayed by the events of the

3419:. In May, Germany stabilized the Eastern Front, but they were "unstable, both politically and militarily, under the surface." 2951:

on 28 October. However, Italian forces were unable to match the Nazi successes in northwest Europe; in fact, it was not until

9435: 9340: 8867: 8613: 8488: 7567: 7541: 7398: 7104: 7021: 6682: 6660: 6461: 6431: 6412: 6157: 3482:

in late June and early July 1944. The battle likely convinced Stalin that conquering Finland was not worth the cost, and the

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in the largest land operation in history. The Balkans campaign delayed this invasion, and subsequent resistance movements in

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that Greece was overrun by the Axis powers. While the Greek campaign was underway, German forces, supported by the Italians,

1893: 1736: 66: 9668: 9075: 8961: 8126: 7586: 7582: 7560: 7164: 5390: 5131: 2351:

to Finland in October 1939 but these were rejected, leading to the Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November, starting the

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Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. . Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986

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At the beginning of 1945, Germany unsuccessfully attempted to take back Budapest. On 12 January, the Soviets launched the

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As the Soviets advanced towards Warsaw in July 1944, they had promised aid to the underground resistance in the city, the

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Following the abandonment of any idea of invasion of the UK, most of the strength of the Luftwaffe was diverted to the

2751: 2703: 2450: 2115:, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. 2112: 1900: 1398: 1386: 849: 217: 6317: 6078: 5810: 4874: 10023: 9908: 8790: 8762: 8579: 8161: 7873: 7840: 6701: 6634: 6615: 6558: 6518: 6499: 6480: 5544: 4971: 4943: 4901: 4869: 4824: 4812: 3991: 3486:

was signed on 19 September 1944. The Finns agreed to remove all German troops from Finnish territory. On 20 October,

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an attempt to take back the lands that the Finns had lost during the Winter War. It would also be fought until 1944.

3112:. The local Soviets were encircled; 300,000 became prisoners, while others escaped to the east. Guderian crossed the 1814: 1575: 774: 117: 7056: 4003: 3995: 9945: 9103: 9040: 8175: 8004: 4131:

started as the capitalist and communist former Allied states began fighting for control over the new global order.

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lasted only six weeks; far shorter than what virtually all pre-war Allied thought could have conceived. On 10 June

1216: 647: 564: 7681: 1949: 9469: 9310: 9299: 9135: 8894: 8853: 8746: 8684: 8064: 7334: 7203: 7171: 5286: 4516:

All totals listed only include direct deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity, including the

3582: 2922: 2918: 2434: 2063: 1924: 1861: 1710: 1693: 1443: 917: 185: 7851: 7419: 5186: 3125:

positions, and were 320 kilometers to Moscow. At the end of July, the Germans broke through the Soviet front in

1944: 9855: 9827: 9705: 9498: 8735: 8186: 8112: 7901: 7272: 6991: 6896: 6781: 4051: 3936: 2027: 1873: 1473: 947: 239: 55: 5564: 4086: 3490:. Meanwhile, the Soviets reached Hungary. On 4 November, they reached Budapest, which was greatly defended. A 2332: 91: 9915: 9848: 9799: 9730: 9555: 9061: 9012: 8776: 8769: 8372: 8133: 7917: 6970: 6607:

World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources: A Handbook of Literature and Research

6023: 5482: 4405: 3999: 3983: 3896: 3886: 3783:, the Allies sent three airborne divisions to seize road bridges in the Netherlands, to be held open for the 2847: 2672: 2509: 2003: 1837: 1819: 1132: 552: 309: 9989: 9885: 9260: 9221: 8140: 7968: 7953: 7880: 7859: 7677: 7355: 7141: 7134: 7118: 6829: 6788: 6760: 3635: 3530: 3102: 3055: 2790: 2417: 2348: 2302:. Poland fell within five weeks, with its last large operational units surrendering on 6 October after the 2059: 2055: 1905: 1705: 1654: 1461: 932: 165: 3891: 3751: 1934: 9952: 9276: 9228: 8846: 8818: 8671: 8286: 8265: 7779: 7442: 7348: 6838: 4421:

Although Germany surrendered to the Allies on 8 May, the fighting continued insignificantly until 25 May.

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concentration camp who were still healthy were told to march west into more fortified German territory.

3447: 2941: 2764: 2551: 2537: 2221: 1888: 1866: 1809: 1281: 5889: 5864: 5090: 3796: 9750: 9246: 9165: 9110: 8998: 8954: 8604: 8230: 8154: 8049: 7926: 7798: 7791: 7751: 7724: 7456: 7389: 6984: 6795: 6725: 6538: 5838: 5166: 4306: 3874: 3870: 3510: 3502: 3471: 3023: 2903: 2890: 2793:

leaving German cities vulnerable to British and later American air bombings. Great Britain was used by

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but did not gain any significant success in this campaign. The French government fled Paris, and soon,

2394: 2359: 2295: 2035: 1832: 1698: 1676: 1113: 5592: 3137:, 600,000 of them were encircled and captured. The Finns used the Soviets' weak position to start the 2991:

tied up valuable Axis forces. This provided much needed and possibly decisive relief for the Soviets.

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and officially annexed it. Mussolini's regime declared war on Britain and France on 10 June 1940, and

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This article is about a World War II geographical area. For the respective U.S. military command, see

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More Soviet citizens died during World War II than those of all other European countries combined.

3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3221:. The Soviets had faced encirclement until Army Group B split, allowing them to retreat eastwards. 3031: 2995: 2984: 1731: 1185: 7428: 7405: 3736:

to reestablish the front, but it failed. On 15 August, the Allies landed in the French Riviera in

3728:, starting on 25 July, the Allies broke out of the front with Germany, and started heading toward 3442:

on 3 July, 100,000 Germans were killed. The way to Poland and Lithuania opened up to the Soviets.

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to cut the Soviet's transportation hub with southern Russia, which would let the Germans take the

3003:. In the northern part of Italy, the occupying Germans installed Mussolini as the head of the new 9813: 9757: 9627: 9487: 9172: 8825: 8721: 8627: 8195: 8056: 8026: 7990: 7975: 7847: 7739: 7717: 7663: 7649: 7631: 7295: 7076: 6804: 6753: 6158:"Russia celebrates victory in World War II as Putin accuses the West of fueling global conflicts" 5919: 4120: 3780: 3479: 3082: 3000: 2590: 2528:

and vowed to continue to fight. Following the unexpectedly swift victory, Hitler promoted twelve

1768: 1627: 1424: 1349: 1021: 902: 408: 304: 171: 44: 6405:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

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Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus, bundesarchiv.de; accessed 5 March 2016.(German)

2702: with: aerial warfare on the Eastern Front and Soviet-based air operations. You can help by 2378: 2327: 1649: 9505: 9398: 9200: 9151: 9054: 8947: 8917: 8700: 8588: 8314: 8105: 7689: 7670: 7640: 7187: 7157: 4331: 4318: 4054:

of all their forces, which went into effect the next day. Norway was thus liberated. 8 May was

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Bibliography of World War II battles and campaigns in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East

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Dutch: 2,890 killed or missing, 6,900 wounded, with no information provided on those captured;

3153:, but this is the closest they got to the center of the city. On 6 December, Soviet commander 2505: 9996: 9719: 9562: 9458: 9428: 9384: 9124: 9089: 9082: 9005: 8903: 8344: 8321: 8168: 7772: 7309: 7049: 7035: 6718: 5298: 4652: 4637: 4505: 4436:

Norwegian: 2,000 killed or missing with no information provided on those wounded or captured;

4055: 4036: 3908: 3467: 3218: 3129:. 520,000 Soviets were encircled and captured. On 8 September, Germany and Finland began the 2930: 2778:

Initial German bomber attacks against the UK were targeted at the RAF's airfields during the

2466: 2390: 2303: 2260: 2031: 1954: 1318: 1120: 1065: 1018: 977: 538: 508: 437: 7607: 5648:"Normandy Invasion | Definition, Beaches, Map, Photos, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica" 4066:. In northern Italy, anti-fascist parties formed a new national government which was led by 3038:, the supreme commander of all Allied forces in the Mediterranean area. In a preview of the 9820: 9675: 9326: 9283: 9253: 9179: 8989: 8968: 7887: 7364: 7042: 6132: 5232:"Operation Barbarossa | History, Summary, Combatants, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica" 4409: 4346: 3764: 3623: 3309: 3280: 3273: 3078: 3070: 2976: 2825: 2802: 2737: 2108: 1910: 1257: 681: 192: 6234:

Kesternich, Iris; Siflinger, Bettina; Smith, James P.; Winter, Joachim K. (1 March 2014).

6183: 4396:

convinced the Axis that Vichy could no longer be trusted to continue this policy, so they

3845:. This allowed them to continue the invasion of Germany and encircle German forces in the 3733: 3718: 3034:, the commander-in-chief of all German forces in the country surrendered to Field Marshal 175: 8: 9938: 9712: 9590: 9546: 9068: 8202: 7961: 7488: 7318: 7302: 7251: 6592: 5152: 4590: 4116: 4063: 3960: 3811: 3800: 3784: 3769: 3756: 3698: 3435: 3427: 3320:, to stay at the Volga. The Luftwaffe made minor deliveries of supplies to the 6th Army. 2960: 2594: 2386: 2217: 2209: 2160: 2075: 1964: 1844: 1161: 1101: 1046: 6511:

Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie

6235: 5328: 5231: 4966:

Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000;

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in Army Group B to help out Army Group A. Stalin and the Soviet high command formed the

2782:; from 7 September 1940 until 10 May 1941 the targets were British towns and cities in " 2247:

Full-scale war in Europe began at dawn on 1 September 1939, when Germany used so-called

1070: 9931: 9764: 9689: 9643: 9613: 9521: 9361: 9026: 8910: 8804: 8755: 8693: 8449: 8400: 8209: 7826: 7481: 7279: 6649: 6268: 5784: 5726: 5457: 4095: 4074:, which formally took over the supreme authority of Germany, bringing about the end of 4047: 3702: 3652: 3487: 3360: 3328: 3130: 3098: 2899: 2874: 2814: 2668: 2630: 2575: 2543: 2323: 2299: 2252: 2184: 2071: 1999: 1617: 1368: 1252: 1197: 1125: 834: 702: 202: 181: 6291: 5971: 5360:"Battle of Kursk | Eastern Front, German Offensive, Soviet Counterattack | Britannica" 5260: 1490: 9922: 9806: 9696: 9636: 9597: 9530: 9512: 9478: 9421: 9375: 9319: 9144: 8882: 8874: 8811: 8664: 8258: 7783: 7244: 7223: 6933: 6697: 6678: 6670: 6656: 6644: 6630: 6611: 6554: 6514: 6495: 6476: 6457: 6427: 6408: 6273: 6255: 5681: 5647: 5540: 5329:"Battle of Stalingrad | History, Summary, Location, Deaths, & Facts | Britannica" 4967: 4939: 4897: 4865: 4820: 4808: 3952: 3920: 3904: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3835: 3737: 3656: 3645: 3491: 3356: 2948: 2917:. The vast size of this theatre included the fighting between the Allies and Axis in 2798: 2779: 2741: 2644: 2598: 2521: 2425: 2132: 1983: 1849: 1688: 1664: 1156: 1089: 1058: 686: 578: 6053: 5945: 5111: 5055:"Hvor mange dræbte danskere?". Danish Ministry of Education. Retrieved 4 March 2016. 3792: 2610: 1403: 1360: 1209: 9841: 9834: 9778: 9442: 9207: 9193: 9096: 9033: 8984: 8797: 8650: 8597: 8407: 8358: 8272: 7495: 7472: 7005: 6263: 6247: 5507: 5359: 5294: 4388: 4367: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4108: 4040: 4015: 3975: 3928: 3900: 3659:, they invaded five different beaches in the French region of Normandy - nicknamed 3483: 3332: 3317: 3305: 3297: 3245: 3202: 3170: 3150: 3138: 3035: 2988: 2952: 2843: 2602: 2493: 2489: 2421: 2201: 2136: 1659: 1637: 1354: 1240: 676: 287: 206: 7014: 5429:"Eastern Front | World War II, Definition, Battles, & Casualties | Britannica" 3947:

succeeded him as U.S. President. On 27 April, 1945, as Allied forces closed in on

3379:

on 23 August. There were 800,000 Soviet casualties and 200,000 German casualties.

1391: 9864: 9576: 9491: 9449: 9347: 9290: 9158: 8940: 8931: 8460: 8035: 8011: 7265: 6605: 6424:

The World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the combatants

5593:"The Shocking Liberation of Auschwitz: Soviets 'Knew Nothing' as They Approached" 5135: 5117: 4843: 4445:

French: 120,000 killed or missing, 250,000 wounded, and 1,450,000 taken prisoner;

4393: 4067: 4028: 3944: 3823: 3819: 3725: 3694: 3463: 3439: 3383: 3368: 3348: 3313: 3241: 3174: 3157:

started a large counteroffensive at Moscow which confirmed Barbarossa's failure.

3043: 2972: 2926: 2755: 2640: 2636: 2485: 2148: 2116: 1827: 1748: 1245: 1137: 1034: 9976: 6369:"Cold War | Summary, Causes, History, Years, Timeline, & Facts | Britannica" 5128: 4938:

Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940–1945: 8 Bde.

3924: 3077:

On 22 June, 1941, Germany launched the invasion of the Soviet Union, code-named

2895: 1466: 1221: 9871: 9407: 9333: 7378: 7237: 6539:

U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II: Final Report

5013:"Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Netherlands" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2016. 4104: 3776: 3745: 3741: 3600: 3178: 3121: 3090: 3086: 2806: 2768: 2760: 2559: 2497: 2439: 2276: 2256: 2213: 2205: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1763: 1758: 1478: 1269: 1173: 1053: 1041: 376: 4983:

Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 78

4024: 3806: 3536:

Rokossovsky then moved into East Prussia. By 26 January, 1945, he reached the

3446:

and all of Byelorussia were liberated by the end of July. From 22 to 23 July,

1334: 10012: 9682: 7600: 7449: 7288: 6546: 6259: 6209: 5214:. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 3, (Jul., 1978), pp. 555–583. 4893: 4124: 3912: 3709:, many figures of the German high command attempted to assassinate Hitler in 3553: 3269: 3154: 3146: 3007: 2836: 2794: 2533: 2144: 2140: 2100: 1519: 1453: 1408: 1378: 1373: 1342: 1233: 1029: 1013: 1005: 886: 819: 363: 300: 6368: 5785:"Battle of the Bulge | Summary, Commanders, & Significance | Britannica" 5727:"Battle of the Bulge | Summary, Commanders, & Significance | Britannica" 5622: 4400:

the French rump state in November 1942. Collaborationist units, such as the

3640: 2639:

was essential for the invasion. The operations of the Luftwaffe against the

1567: 9981: 9785: 8078: 7983: 7614: 6977: 6741: 6277: 6236:"The Effects of World War II on Economic and Health Outcomes across Europe" 5946:"Yalta Conference | Summary, Dates, Consequences, & Facts | Britannica" 5171: 4878: 4594: 4075: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3265: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3094: 3015: 2914: 2547: 2517: 2470: 2197: 2193: 2168: 2121: 2111:

placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial

2043: 2015: 1995: 1987: 1600: 1510: 1485: 1329: 1314: 1309: 1000: 961: 804: 350: 277: 141: 6318:"Holocaust - Jewish Resistance, Nazi Oppression, Persecution | Britannica" 4462:

American: 109,820 killed or missing, 356,660 wounded, and 56,630 captured;

3970: 2842:

From 1942 onwards, the efforts of Bomber Command were supplemented by the

9620: 9606: 9268: 7937: 7758: 7743: 7097: 6251: 6079:"Remembering the Battle of Berlin: The Soviet War Memorial at Tiergarten" 4577: 4150: 3956: 3866: 3676: 3664: 3596: 3565: 3403: 2579: 2525: 2482: 2458: 2374: 2358:

The Soviet Union did not accomplish its goal of annexing Finland. In the

2172: 2152: 2104: 2051: 1724: 1642: 1180: 1149: 1077: 782: 750: 605: 450: 423: 5261:"Siege of Leningrad | Nazi Germany, World War II, Blockade | Britannica" 4111:

of 1945 to 1946, many officials of the Nazi high command were tried for

4090:

Deaths in the European theatre compared to World War II's other theatres

2691: 2279:, remained mostly calm. This period of the war is commonly known as the 8975: 8728: 8707: 7593: 6926: 6854: 6597:

The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won

4442:

Belgian: 7,500 killed or missing, 15,850 wounded, and 200,000 captured;

4397: 3982:

In April and May 1945, the Allies liberated the concentration camps of

3862: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3615: 3545: 3537: 3522: 3416: 2810: 2771:

A placed into production and made operational for such duties with the

2656: 2462: 2446: 2408:

in June 1940, and formally annexed to the Soviet Union in August 1940.

2352: 2337: 2319: 2280: 2268: 2248: 2188: 2156: 2125: 1632: 1622: 1448: 1436: 1228: 1204: 661: 632: 6292:"Potsdam Conference | Facts, History, & Significance | Britannica" 4107:, democratization, decentralization, and deindustrialization." In the 9238: 8643: 8440: 8251: 8042: 7997: 4735:

Regio Esercito: The Italian Royal Army in Mussolini's Wars, 1935–1943

4625:

Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law

4535: 4526: 4517: 4112: 4032: 3680: 3459: 3233: 3229: 3198: 3190: 2870: 2855: 2829: 2783: 2648: 2614: 2606: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2429: 2393:(a sovereign nation with the King of Denmark as its monarch). Sweden 2362:

of April 1940, Finland ceded 9% of its territory, including parts of

2344: 2229: 2216:) to Germany, political realities allowed the Soviet Union to sign a 2164: 1421: 489: 389: 7518: 6536: 5034:

Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013–2014, page 44.

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as chancellor. On 30 April, Adolf Hitler, with his wife of one day,

3651:

On 6 June, 1944, American, British, and Canadian soldiers began the

3386:'s Soviet forces broke out of their salient in Kyiv and soon retook 2143:

and Hitler formed the Rome-Berlin axis, under a treaty known as the

33: 7502: 7230: 5972:"Harry S. Truman | Biography, Presidency, & Facts | Britannica" 4468:

Canadian: 10,740 killed or missing, 30,910 wounded, 2,250 captured;

4465:

British: 30,280 killed or missing, 96,670 wounded, 14,700 captured;

4128: 3827: 3729: 3608: 3398:

in modern Ukraine on 5 February. In March, the Soviets crossed the

3391: 3387: 3292: 3194: 3117: 3039: 2676: 2664: 2660: 2619: 2478: 2474: 2405: 315: 198: 3497: 3434:

On 23 June, 1944, the Soviets launched a large counter-offensive,

149: 6456:. Modern War Studies (2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas. 4691: 4689: 4471:

French: 12,590 killed or missing, 49,510 wounded, 4,730 captured;

4100: 3858: 3518: 3399: 3376: 3182: 3113: 3004: 2529: 2454: 2363: 2313: 2241: 2237: 1431: 1291: 1276: 1168: 878: 768: 745: 592: 213: 3795:, which was one of the most fortified areas of the Germans. The 3705:. Allied advancements disrupted the German high command. In the 3422: 2663:, and strategically important cities, such as the naval base at 2508:, in the same railway coach where the German surrender had been 8119: 6710: 5508:"Warsaw Uprising | Summary, Dates, & Monument | Britannica" 4838:

Washington, DC : Center of Military History, 1996. p. 202

4401: 4059: 3841:

In early March 1945, Allied troops began assaults to help them

3685: 3619: 3588: 3541: 3451: 3408: 3134: 3065: 2833: 2267:

was sent to France; however, neither French nor British troops

2233: 2067: 2023: 1991: 1192: 1096: 618: 476: 283: 252: 6233: 4686: 3217:, led to Stalingrad by Bock. Days later, Bock was replaced by 3022:, which got some supplies and assistance from Western Allies, 2740:, used extensively alongside the Hawker Hurricance during the 8307: 3948: 3831: 3689:, where they met intense German resistance in the Battles of 3629: 3592: 3561: 3412: 3395: 3372: 3364: 3285: 3109: 2968: 2623: 2513: 2367: 161: 5458:"Operation Bagration | Description & Facts | Britannica" 4896:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004),

2877:(9 August 1945) killed more people through a single attack. 4623:

Claus Kreß, Robert Lawless, Oxford University Press, 2020,

3919:

Starting in January 1945, Hitler remained in Berlin at the

3846: 3788: 3549: 3443: 3126: 6537:

Office of the Adjutant General, U.S. Army (25 June 1953).

3713:; Hitler took revenge on many people in the military, and 3120:, taking 200,000 prisoners. Meanwhile, the Soviets used a 2797:

and other Allied forces as a base from which to begin the

282:

Capitulation of remaining German forces still fighting in

6054:"Battle of Berlin | Description & Facts | Britannica" 5619:"Россия и СССР в войнах XX века – Потери вооруженных сил" 5391:"The Battle of Kursk: the largest tank battle in history" 5091:"The Winter War – When the Finns Humiliated the Russians" 3160: 2062:), but there were other fronts varying in scale from the 893: 6541:(Report). CSCAP (OT) 87 – via HyperWar Foundation. 5184: 5178: 5016: 4995: 4674: 4661: 5920:"Adolf Hitler - Nazi Leader, WW2, Germany | Britannica" 4772: 4770: 4745: 4743: 4094:

39 million people died in the European theatre. At the

3133:, which would continue until 1944. In October 1941, at 2747:

The air war in the European theatre commenced in 1939.

2566:, powered by Soviet fuel, the German bombs, that razed 7372:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

6530:

The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations

6184:"Italy - Post-WWII, Renaissance, Culture | Britannica" 5070: 5037: 4305:

The official designation of these countries under the

4039:

in his bunker. The German garrison commander, General

2034:

although fighting continued elsewhere in Europe until

5058: 4404:, continued to fight alongside German troops against 4146:

Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

3116:

river on 10 July, and on 16 July, his troops entered

2887:

Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

2880: 6453:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

4767: 4740: 3644:

The first day of the Allied invasion of Normandy in

2967:. After the mainland was conquered, Germany invaded 6407:(4th ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. 4862:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

4709:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

4103:" when governing these regions: "demilitarization, 3304:From 19 to 23 November, 1942, the Soviets launched 3060: 2858:, leading to massive destruction and loss of life. 2724:

Strategic bombing during World War II § Europe

2574:, and bullet cases, which hit the British soldiers 58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6648: 5839:"Death in the West: The Battle of the Ruhr Pocket" 5680:. Cheltenham, UK: The History Press. p. 304. 4058:, and celebrations were had around the world. The 2208:(a French and Soviet ally, and the only remaining 21:European Theater of Operations, United States Army 16:Theatre of military operations during World War II 6694:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 5565:"Finland declares war on Germany | March 3, 1945" 4336:second Axis power in Europe from 8 September 1943 3308:, a large counteroffensive formulated by Zhukov, 2597:, resigned during the battle and was replaced by 10010: 4829: 4653:Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, Routledge, 2007, 4638:David Stahel, Cambridge University Press, 2018, 2977:Germany and its allies attacked the Soviet Union 2163:in 1936, to counter the perceived threat of the 938: 638: 5212:'Barbarossa': Surprise Attack and Communication 4616: 4593:was considered to be the end of the war in the 3572: 6627:A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War 6625:Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2000). 5536:500 Days: The War in Eastern Europe, 1944–1945 4805:Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik 4797: 4548:Includes 27,000 Belgian Jews in the Holocaust. 4141:European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal 3426:A map of German and Soviet deployments during 2314:Germany and the USSR partition Northern Europe 2046:to the four victorious powers was signed. The 499: 6726: 6624: 6450:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (2015). 5148:Dresden bombing death toll lower than thought 4576:The other main theatre of operations was the 4558:Includes 800 Norwegian Jews in the Holocaust. 4543:Includes 100,000 Dutch Jews in the Holocaust. 2913:was a major theatre of operations during the 1597: 1583: 464:Provisional Government of the French Republic 399: 243:(5 years, 8 months and 1 week) 5675: 5167:Panel rethinks death toll from Dresden raids 3775:In mid-September, Allied forces reached the 2593:to stand alone. The British Prime Minister, 2524:proclaimed himself the legitimate leader of 2269:gave any significant assistance to the Poles 2178: 968: 529: 6675:Lightning War: Blitzkrieg in the West, 1940 6651:Lightning War: Blitzkrieg in the West, 1940 6449: 5185:Landeshauptstadt Dresden (1 October 2008). 4854: 4852: 4695: 3880: 3683:. The allies eventually reached the French 3579:World War II casualties of the Soviet Union 3338: 2469:bypassing the French fortifications of the 2288:Soviet forces joined the invasion of Poland 2159:. Japan and Germany had already signed the 2042:proclaiming the unconditional surrender of 6733: 6719: 6610:. Westport, CN / London: Greenwood Press. 6508: 6489: 6398: 5621:(in Russian). 22 July 2010. Archived from 5076: 4952: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4529:program adds 200,000+ deaths to the total. 3653:invasion of German-occupied western Europe 3630:Allied invasion of occupied western Europe 3347:Soviet troops counterattacking during the 2803:liberation of Nazi-occupied Western Europe 2589:Thus, the Fall of France left Britain and 1590: 1576: 908: 855: 715: 6527: 6267: 5811:"Weather eye: the Battle of the Ardennes" 4875:"German military deaths to all causes EF" 4761: 4711:(in German). München: Oldenbourg. p. 215. 4680: 4070:. On 5 June, 1945, the Allies signed the 2224:) including a secret clause partitioning 2173:smaller powers also later joined the Axis 923: 840: 825: 795: 759: 693: 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 6691: 4849: 4085: 3969: 3903:. From left to right in the foreground: 3890: 3826:Panzer Armies advanced west through the 3805: 3750: 3639: 3525:. On the 14th, the armies of Zhukov and 3496: 3421: 3342: 3291: 3223: 3164: 3064: 3001:possession of the northern half of Italy 2894: 2731: 2433: 2411: 2381:in April 1940, and in response, Britain 2331: 623: 569: 514: 6669: 6643: 6443:Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 6440: 5678:D-Day 1944 : The Making of Victory 5532: 5088: 5064: 5043: 5022: 5001: 3042:, fighting continued in Greece where a 2570:to the ground, were filled with Soviet 2562:'s tanks broke through to the sea near 2092:Events preceding World War II in Europe 810: 414: 10011: 8587: 8565:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6591: 6470: 6348:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 6240:The review of economics and statistics 6083:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 6002:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 5843:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 5808: 5587: 5585: 5553:from the original on 29 December 2015. 5385: 5383: 5381: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5299:10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095635147 5255: 5253: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 3540:, isolating all German forces east of 3359:, an assault on a bulge in the Soviet 3327:, forming a special army corps led by 3268:. He ordered them on 28 July to take " 3161:Case Blue and the Battle of Stalingrad 3020:National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia 2244:between the two spheres of influence. 2200:were sworn enemies, but following the 1562:19,650,000–25,650,000 civilians killed 1515:18,000,000+ troops (total that served) 1505:44,150,000+ troops (total that served) 9436:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 8868:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 8514:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8470:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7568:Rape during the occupation of Germany 6714: 6581: 6545: 6421: 6102: 6100: 6048: 6046: 6044: 5998:"Death of the Duce, Benito Mussolini" 5914: 5912: 5910: 5865:"The Rhine Crossings in World War II" 5833: 5831: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5749: 5747: 5671: 5669: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5452: 5450: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 4776: 4749: 4722: 4655:The Balkans: A Post-Communist History 4387:Vichy officially pursued a policy of 4381: 3323:In mid-December 1942, Hitler created 2911:Mediterranean and Middle East theatre 2546:, the Foreign Policy Minister of the 2131:After Hitler took Germany out of the 2080:Mediterranean and Middle East theatre 1571: 8558:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7583:Rape during the liberation of France 6108:"What You Need To Know About VE Day" 4790:U.S. Army Casualties in World War II 4597:and still is in its successor states 3185:, German-occupied Ukraine, June 1942 2686: 2496:declared war on both France and the 2294:with respect to Western powers. The 2271:during the entire invasion, and the 1994:for almost six years, starting with 1524:2,560,000 troops (total that served) 56:adding citations to reliable sources 27: 6603: 6492:Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses 5582: 5378: 5347: 5312: 5250: 5217: 4534:Includes 77,000 French Jews in the 3355:On 5 July, 1943, the Germans began 3018:the Allied (and mostly pro-Soviet) 2552:Soviet–German non-aggression treaty 2085: 13: 8784:German invasion of the Netherlands 7057:Weather events during World War II 6569: 6532:. University Press of the Pacific. 6097: 6041: 5907: 5828: 5772: 5744: 5666: 5629: 5447: 5408: 4567:Includes 2,000 Luxembourgish Jews. 3810:The German western advance in the 2881:Mediterranean and Balkan campaigns 2752:The bomber will always get through 67:"European theatre of World War II" 14: 10035: 9415:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 5809:Simons, Paul (16 December 2014). 5089:Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015). 4504:surrender of Germany). See also: 4052:Germany's unconditional surrender 3955:. He was trying to flee Italy to 3236:from 24 July to 18 November, 1942 3073:, from 22 June to 25 August, 1941 2605:from the northern French port of 2438:German troops in Paris after the 2251:tactics and military strength to 2028:Germany's unconditional surrender 290:after the unconditional surrender 155:From left to right, top to bottom 10019:European theatre of World War II 9975: 6740: 4819:. Arms and Armour 1995, p. 216. 4215: 4206: 4197: 4186: 4177: 4168: 4161:Atlas of the World Battle Fronts 3552:river, isolating the Germans in 3061:Germany invades the Soviet Union 3049: 2767:, with only the similarly sized 2690: 2453:of the neutral Low Countries of 2204:, which effectively handed over 1980:European theatre of World War II 1518: 1509: 1484: 1472: 1460: 1452: 1442: 1430: 1415: 1407: 1397: 1385: 1377: 1367: 1359: 1348: 1341: 1328: 1308: 1290: 1275: 1263: 1251: 1239: 1227: 1215: 1203: 1191: 1179: 1167: 1155: 1143: 1131: 1119: 1107: 1095: 1083: 1076: 1064: 1052: 1040: 1028: 1012: 999: 970: 954: 940: 925: 910: 895: 871: 857: 842: 827: 812: 797: 761: 738: 717: 695: 675: 654: 640: 625: 611: 598: 585: 571: 565:Democratic Government of Albania 558: 545: 531: 516: 501: 482: 469: 456: 443: 430: 416: 401: 382: 369: 356: 343: 148: 135:European theatre of World War II 32: 6361: 6336: 6310: 6284: 6227: 6202: 6176: 6150: 6125: 6071: 6016: 5990: 5964: 5938: 5882: 5857: 5802: 5719: 5694: 5611: 5557: 5526: 5500: 5475: 5279: 5204: 5159: 5140: 5129:The Isolation of the Revolution 5122: 5105: 5082: 5049: 5028: 5007: 4986: 4977: 4960: 4755: 4728: 4714: 4701: 4646: 4631: 4583: 4570: 4510: 4497: 4487: 4477:US Army/Air Forces breakdown: 4453: 4424: 4415: 4372: 4360: 4351: 4339: 4324: 4311: 3655:, named Operation Overlord. In 3583:Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs 3494:began which lasted for months. 2481:, anticipating a re-run of the 1990:. It saw heavy fighting across 43:needs additional citations for 9662:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 7365:Territorial changes of Germany 7273:Indonesian National Revolution 6696:. Cambridge University Press. 6391: 5676:Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2019). 4553:Mostly died in German bombing. 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 3697:. They were successful in the 2832:wiped out the majority of the 2402:Baltic Republics were occupied 1: 9062:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9013:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 8777:German invasion of Luxembourg 7151:Mediterranean and Middle East 6692:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). 4604: 4027:as the new head of state and 4023:, he appointed Grand Admiral 3899:" Allied leaders at the 1945 3887:End of World War II in Europe 3505:from January to February 1945 3151:reached the suburbs of Moscow 2848:United States Army Air Forces 2554:, congratulated the Germans: 2066:(the 3rd largest campaign in 2022:including the German capital 1788:Mediterranean and Middle East 310:End of World War II in Europe 8969:Invasion of the Soviet Union 8658:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 7969:Independent State of Croatia 6629:. Harvard University Press. 6445:. Geneva: Allen & Unwin. 6399:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 4609: 4081: 3951:, Mussolini was captured by 3932:governance can be settled. 3636:Western Front (World War II) 3573:Effects of the Eastern Front 3056:Eastern Front (World War II) 3014:On the opposite side of the 2824:During the initial raids of 2791:war against the Soviet Union 2418:Western Front (World War II) 2336:Finnish soldiers during the 1769:Manchuria and Northern Korea 7: 9953:End of World War II in Asia 9793:Western invasion of Germany 9300:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 9277:Second Battle of El Alamein 8847:Hundred Regiments Offensive 8819:Battle of the Mediterranean 8672:Italian invasion of Albania 6839:Air warfare of World War II 4737:, Patrick Cloutier, p. 211. 4134: 3849:region. On 7 March, at the 3814:from 16 to 25 December 1944 3556:. On the 27th, the Soviets 3169:Adolf Hitler with generals 2996:Allied forces invaded Italy 2975:. With the Balkans secure, 2869:and the nuclear attacks on 2854:(24–29 July 1943) caused a 2765:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress 2750:Pre-war expectations that " 2635:("Sea Lion"), deeming that 2538:1940 Field Marshal Ceremony 2265:British Expeditionary Force 2076:strategic bombing offensive 10: 10040: 9879:Naval bombardment of Japan 9247:First Battle of El Alamein 9166:Battle of Christmas Island 9111:Japanese invasion of Burma 8875:Italian invasion of Greece 8791:German invasion of Belgium 8763:German invasion of Denmark 8736:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 8605:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 6862:Comparative military ranks 6604:Lee, Loyd E., ed. (1997). 6573: 6513:(in Russian). OLMA Press. 6509:Krivosheev, G. I. (2001). 6490:Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). 6401:"The Toll of World War II" 6024:"Liberation of Nazi Camps" 5483:"Liberation of Nazi Camps" 5192:. Landeshauptstadt Dresden 4707:Overmans, Rüdiger (2004). 4667:Frieser, Karl-Heinz (2013) 4406:French Resistance fighters 3884: 3830:, attempting to cross the 3633: 3576: 3472:Polish government-in-exile 3189:Germany wanted to capture 3053: 2891:World War II in Yugoslavia 2884: 2721: 2682: 2415: 2395:was able to remain neutral 2383:occupied the Faroe Islands 2379:invaded Denmark and Norway 2317: 2298:evacuated the country for 2182: 2151:, under the government of 2089: 178:on the Eastern Front, 1942 18: 9968: 9800:Bratislava–Brno offensive 9740: 9731:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 9468: 9355:Allied invasion of Sicily 9309: 9215:Aleutian Islands campaign 9187:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 9134: 9125:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9020:Second Battle of Changsha 8925:German invasion of Greece 8893: 8770:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 8745: 8683: 8578: 8459: 8185: 8095: 7936: 7639: 7630: 7388: 7213: 7105:North and Central Pacific 7066: 6828: 6821: 6748: 6441:Frumkin, Gregory (1951). 5533:Mcateer, Sean M. (2009). 4935:Soviet volunteer deaths: 4307:1947 Paris Peace Treaties 4158: 3978:from 16 to 25 April, 1945 3943:, and his vice president 3415:, and German troops left 2728:Combined Bomber Offensive 2601:. Much of Britain's army 2385:(a Danish territory) and 2179:Outbreak of war in Europe 1608: 1561: 1528: 1499: 989: 327: 227: 147: 139: 134: 10024:Theaters of World War II 9392:Allied invasion of Italy 9369:Solomon Islands campaign 9118:Third Battle of Changsha 8715:First Battle of Changsha 8621:Second Sino-Japanese War 7554:German military brothels 7420:United States war crimes 5116:27 December 2005 at the 4640:Joining Hitler's Crusade 4229: 4117:crimes against the peace 3965:executed by firing squad 3881:End of the war in Europe 3797:Battle of Hurtgen Forest 3430:from June to August 1944 3339:Battles after Stalingrad 3279:On 23 August, 1942, the 3248:of multiple armies: the 3032:Heinrich von Vietinghoff 2971:in what is known as the 2775:in the later war years. 2675:and a number of British 2155:, would also join as an 2002:on 1 September 1939 and 1982:was one of the two main 1774:pre-war border conflicts 1186:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy 201:raising a flag over the 9814:Second Guangxi campaign 9669:Philippines (1944–1945) 9173:Battle of the Coral Sea 9076:Fall of the Philippines 8722:Battle of South Guangxi 8628:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8027:Italian Social Republic 5539:. Dorrance Publishing. 4696:Glantz & House 2015 4671:. Naval Institute Press 4551:United Kingdom: 67,200. 4345:German occupation from 4121:crimes against humanity 4021:last will and testament 3781:Operation Market Garden 3480:Battle of Tali-Ihantala 3264:Armies, as well as the 3024:battled the Axis powers 2902:liberated territory in 2861:On 14 February 1945, a 2576:retreating from Dunkirk 2222:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 903:Italian Social Republic 305:Italian Social Republic 9399:Armistice of Cassibile 9201:Battle of Dutch Harbor 9152:Battle of the Java Sea 9055:Attack on Pearl Harbor 8955:Syria–Lebanon campaign 8948:Battle of South Shanxi 8918:Invasion of Yugoslavia 8701:Battle of the Atlantic 8315:Korean Liberation Army 8021:(until September 1943) 7978:(until September 1944) 7956:(until September 1944) 6528:MacDonald, C. (2005). 6137:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 6028:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 5894:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 5869:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 5759:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 5706:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 5487:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 5395:Sky HISTORY TV channel 4817:Third Axis Fourth Ally 4378:From 23 September 1943 4319:Armistice of Cassibile 4091: 3979: 3916: 3857:spanning the Rhine at 3815: 3760: 3648: 3624:Nazi-controlled Europe 3548:'s forces reached the 3527:Konstantin Rokossovsky 3506: 3503:Vistula-Oder offensive 3488:Belgrade was liberated 3431: 3382:On 24 December, 1943, 3352: 3325:Operation Winter Storm 3301: 3237: 3186: 3103:Paul Ludwig von Kleist 3074: 2906: 2744: 2673:Battle of the Atlantic 2584: 2578:, were cast of Soviet 2550:, which was tied with 2449:ended with a sweeping 2442: 2349:issued similar demands 2340: 2210:presidential democracy 2096:Causes of World War II 2038:. On 5 June 1945, the 990:Commanders and leaders 9563:Second Battle of Guam 9459:Bengal famine of 1943 9429:Second Battle of Kiev 9385:Battle of the Dnieper 9090:Battle of Wake Island 8962:East African campaign 8904:Battle of South Henan 8549:atrocities by Germans 8322:Korean Volunteer Army 7296:Occupation of Germany 7050:Music in World War II 6471:Keegan, John (1989). 6344:"The Cost of Victory" 5890:"Encircling the Ruhr" 4669:The Blitzkrieg Legend 4541:Netherlands: 187,300. 4506:Disarmed Enemy Forces 4089: 4056:Victory in Europe Day 3973: 3909:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3894: 3809: 3754: 3643: 3501:Movements during the 3500: 3425: 3407:Soviets regained the 3346: 3295: 3227: 3219:Maximilian von Weichs 3168: 3068: 2937:and the Middle East. 2898: 2801:in June 1944 and the 2738:Supermarine Spitfires 2735: 2556: 2437: 2412:War comes to the West 2335: 2290:, although remaining 2078:and in the adjoining 2054:on two major fronts ( 1699:Yugoslavian Partisans 1529:Casualties and losses 1114:Władysław Raczkiewicz 1019:Franklin D. Roosevelt 978:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 539:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 438:French Third Republic 296:signed on 5 June 1945 255:and adjoining regions 174:take position near a 9849:Surrender of Germany 9327:Battle of West Hubei 9284:Guadalcanal campaign 9254:Battle of Stalingrad 9180:Battle of Madagascar 7947:Albania protectorate 7734:(formerly Swaziland) 7443:Wehrmacht war crimes 7259:Expulsion of Germans 7043:Art and World War II 6941:British contribution 6890:Governments in exile 6593:Hanson, Davis Victor 6588:6 volumes, 1948–1953 6584:The Second World War 6582:Churchill, Winston. 6473:The Second World War 6422:Ellis, John (1993). 6252:10.1162/REST_a_00353 6112:Imperial War Museums 5093:. War History Online 4410:liberation of France 4398:invaded and occupied 4357:Until 17 August 1944 4062:celebrates 9 May as 3765:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3701:, breaking into the 3679:- and established a 3310:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 3281:Battle of Stalingrad 3079:Operation Barbarossa 3071:Operation Barbarossa 2904:Yugoslavia, May 1943 2873:(6 August 1945) and 2867:firebombing of Tokyo 2826:Operation Barbarossa 2817:gained in strength. 2643:became known as the 2328:Operation Weserübung 2286:On 17 September the 2273:German–French border 2255:, to which both the 2175:throughout the war. 2109:Treaty of Versailles 1551:5,406,110-5,798,110 1538:9,007,590-10,338,576 164:dive bombers on the 52:improve this article 9939:Potsdam Declaration 9828:Italy (Spring 1945) 9591:Liberation of Paris 9048:Siege of Sevastopol 8059:(until August 1944) 7962:Wang Jingwei regime 7784:from September 1943 7744:from September 1944 7682:from September 1944 7542:Romanian war crimes 7533:Persecution of Jews 7519:Croatian war crimes 7489:Japanese war crimes 7303:Occupation of Japan 7252:First Indochina War 6964:Military production 6876:Declarations of war 6375:. 24 September 2024 6324:. 24 September 2024 6214:avalon.law.yale.edu 6190:. 24 September 2024 5952:. 17 September 2024 5926:. 23 September 2024 5435:. 13 September 2024 5238:. 16 September 2024 5153:The Daily Telegraph 4928:Hungarian wounded: 4864:. Oldenbourg 2000. 4698:, pp. 301–303. 4433:Danish: no figures; 4332:King Michael's Coup 3961:Giulino di Mezzegra 3941:cerebral hemorrhage 3935:On 12 April, 1945, 3812:Battle of the Bulge 3801:Battle of the Bulge 3785:British Second Army 3757:Liberation of Paris 3721:committed suicide. 3699:Battle of Cherbourg 3564:rivers and reached 3474:located in London. 3436:Operation Bagration 3428:Operation Bagration 3363:around the city of 3097:; and the south by 3069:German advances in 2953:German intervention 2595:Neville Chamberlain 2516:and referred to as 2506:Forest of Compiègne 2445:On 10 May 1940 the 2360:Moscow Peace Treaty 2218:non-aggression pact 2161:Anti-Comintern Pact 2018:conquering most of 2010:conquering most of 1162:Emmanouil Tsouderos 1102:W.L. Mackenzie King 1047:Neville Chamberlain 413: • 398: • 380: • 9932:Surrender of Japan 9765:Battle of Iwo Jima 9614:Belgrade offensive 9027:Siege of Leningrad 8911:Battle of Shanggao 8840:British Somaliland 8805:Dunkirk evacuation 8756:Norwegian campaign 8694:Invasion of Poland 8521:Japanese prisoners 7482:Italian war crimes 7413:British war crimes 7328:Soviet occupations 7112:South-West Pacific 6999:Allied cooperation 6957:Military equipment 6671:Powaski, Ronald E. 6645:Powaski, Ronald E. 6551:Why the Allies Won 6373:www.britannica.com 6322:www.britannica.com 6298:. 5 September 2024 6296:www.britannica.com 6188:www.britannica.com 6058:www.britannica.com 5976:www.britannica.com 5950:www.britannica.com 5924:www.britannica.com 5789:www.britannica.com 5731:www.britannica.com 5654:. 9 September 2024 5652:www.britannica.com 5512:www.britannica.com 5462:www.britannica.com 5433:www.britannica.com 5364:www.britannica.com 5333:www.britannica.com 5287:"Continuation War" 5267:. 1 September 2024 5265:www.britannica.com 5236:www.britannica.com 5134:2006-08-26 at the 4951:German prisoners: 4860:Rüdiger Overmans, 4842:1 May 2017 at the 4565:Luxembourg: 5,000. 4321:, 8 September 1943 4096:Potsdam Conference 4092: 4072:Berlin Declaration 4060:Russian Federation 4048:Bernard Montgomery 3980: 3917: 3816: 3761: 3703:Cotentin Peninsula 3649: 3531:Auschwitz-Birkenau 3507: 3432: 3353: 3329:Erich von Manstein 3302: 3284:the city near the 3238: 3187: 3131:Siege of Leningrad 3099:Gerd von Rundstedt 3075: 2965:invaded Yugoslavia 2907: 2815:RAF Bomber Command 2745: 2669:Kingston upon Hull 2544:Vyacheslav Molotov 2502:France surrendered 2443: 2341: 2324:Norwegian Campaign 2185:Invasion of Poland 2128:to come to power. 2074:, as well as in a 2040:Berlin Declaration 2000:invasion of Poland 1984:theatres of combat 1901:French West Africa 1742:South West Pacific 1650:Denmark and Norway 1198:Johan Nygaardsvold 669:Former Axis powers 294:Berlin Declaration 191:Stuka flying over 10006: 10005: 9964: 9963: 9807:Battle of Okinawa 9706:Burma (1944–1945) 9540:Mariana and Palau 9320:Tunisian campaign 9145:Fall of Singapore 9069:Fall of Hong Kong 8812:Battle of Britain 8665:Operation Himmler 8574: 8573: 8238:Dutch East Indies 7874:Southern Rhodesia 7626: 7625: 7526:Genocide of Serbs 7429:German war crimes 7406:Soviet war crimes 7399:Allied war crimes 7245:Division of Korea 7224:Chinese Civil War 7022:Strategic bombing 6934:Manhattan Project 6684:978-0-7858-2097-0 6662:978-0-471-39431-0 6463:978-0-7006-2121-7 6433:978-1-85410-254-6 6414:978-0-7864-7470-7 5175:, 3 October 2008. 5156:, 3 October 2008. 5025:, pp. 44–45. 5004:, pp. 58–59. 4925:, Tables 200–203. 4918:, Tables 200–203. 4815:; Mark Axworthy, 4523:Germany: 910,000. 4459:Ellis's numbers: 4368:19 September 1944 4269:From 1940 to 1944 4227: 4226: 4037:committed suicide 3953:Italian Partisans 3905:Winston Churchill 3855:Ludendorff Bridge 3851:Battle of Remagen 3763:American General 3759:on 26 August 1944 3738:Operation Dragoon 3734:Operation Luttich 3732:. Hitler ordered 3719:Günther von Kluge 3707:20 July 1944 plot 3657:Operation Neptune 3646:Operation Neptune 3357:Operation Citadel 3296:The movements of 3270:Not One Step Back 3139:Continuation War, 2942:Italy had invaded 2940:Prior to the war 2780:Battle of Britain 2742:Battle of Britain 2720: 2719: 2645:Battle of Britain 2632:Operation Seelöwe 2599:Winston Churchill 2426:Battle of Britain 2296:Polish government 2133:League of Nations 1973: 1972: 1894:Strategic bombing 1810:Mediterranean Sea 1566: 1565: 1282:C.G.E. Mannerheim 1090:Charles de Gaulle 1059:Winston Churchill 323: 322: 314:Beginning of the 182:American soldiers 176:Sturmgeschütz III 128: 127: 120: 102: 10031: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9982:World portal 9980: 9979: 9955: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9925: 9918: 9911: 9902: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9842:Prague offensive 9837: 9835:Battle of Berlin 9830: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9779:Vienna offensive 9774: 9767: 9760: 9758:Battle of Manila 9753: 9733: 9724: 9715: 9708: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9648: 9639: 9632: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9602: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9542: 9535: 9526: 9517: 9508: 9501: 9499:Korsun–Cherkassy 9494: 9483: 9461: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9410: 9401: 9394: 9387: 9380: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9341:Bombing of Gorky 9336: 9329: 9322: 9302: 9295: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9263: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9208:Battle of Midway 9203: 9196: 9194:Battle of Gazala 9189: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9106: 9104:Battle of Borneo 9099: 9097:Malayan campaign 9092: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9041:Bombing of Gorky 9036: 9034:Battle of Moscow 9029: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8978: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8886: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8798:Battle of France 8793: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8651:Munich Agreement 8646: 8639: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8607: 8600: 8585: 8584: 8567: 8560: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8536:Soviet prisoners 8530: 8523: 8516: 8507: 8500: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8476:German prisoners 8472: 8452: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8424: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8361: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8029: 8022: 8014: 8007: 8005:French Indochina 8000: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7929: 7920: 7913: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7852:from August 1944 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7735: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7637: 7636: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7578: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7544: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7496:Nanjing Massacre 7491: 7484: 7475: 7473:Nuremberg trials 7466: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7314: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7275: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7206: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7077:Asia and Pacific 7059: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7008: 7006:Mulberry harbour 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6848: 6841: 6826: 6825: 6814: 6807: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6688: 6666: 6654: 6640: 6621: 6600: 6587: 6564: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6505: 6486: 6467: 6446: 6437: 6418: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6271: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6050: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5978:. 25 August 2024 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5916: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5835: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5815:www.thetimes.com 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5781: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5755:"Hürtgen Forest" 5751: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5702:"Hürtgen Forest" 5698: 5692: 5691: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5644: 5627: 5626: 5625:on 22 July 2010. 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5387: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5366:. 21 August 2024 5356: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5335:. 15 August 2024 5325: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5291:Oxford Reference 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5257: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5228: 5215: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5182: 5176: 5163: 5157: 5146:Bojan Pancevski 5144: 5138: 5126: 5120: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4964: 4958: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4877:. Archived from 4856: 4847: 4833: 4827: 4803:Vadim Erlikman, 4801: 4795: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4712: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4650: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4620: 4598: 4587: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4546:Belgium: 76,000. 4532:France: 390,000. 4514: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4457: 4451: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4389:armed neutrality 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4334:, 23 August 1944 4328: 4322: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4156: 4155: 4109:Nuremberg trials 4041:Helmuth Weidling 4016:Battle of Berlin 3976:Battle of Berlin 3929:Yalta Conference 3901:Yalta Conference 3484:Moscow Armistice 3375:on 5 August and 3333:Operation Koltso 3318:Freidrich Paulus 3306:Operation Uranus 3300:in November 1942 3298:Operation Uranus 3246:Stalingrad Front 3203:Army Group South 3171:Friedrich Paulus 3085:; the center by 3083:Wilhelm von Leeb 3036:Harold Alexander 2915:Second World War 2852:raids on Hamburg 2844:Eighth Air Force 2715: 2712: 2694: 2687: 2667:and the port of 2591:the Commonwealth 2490:Battle of France 2422:Battle of France 2391:occupied Iceland 2275:, excepting the 2202:Munich Agreement 2103:was defeated in 2086:Preceding events 2064:Italian campaign 1960:French Indochina 1603: 1592: 1585: 1578: 1569: 1568: 1523: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1489: 1488: 1477: 1476: 1465: 1464: 1456: 1447: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1420: 1419: 1411: 1402: 1401: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1357: 1355:Benito Mussolini 1353: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1333: 1332: 1323: 1313: 1312: 1295: 1294: 1280: 1279: 1268: 1267: 1256: 1255: 1244: 1243: 1232: 1231: 1220: 1219: 1208: 1207: 1196: 1195: 1184: 1183: 1172: 1171: 1160: 1159: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1136: 1135: 1124: 1123: 1112: 1111: 1100: 1099: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1071:Édouard Daladier 1069: 1068: 1057: 1056: 1045: 1044: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1017: 1016: 1004: 1003: 980: 976: 974: 973: 960: 958: 957: 950: 946: 944: 943: 935: 931: 929: 928: 920: 916: 914: 913: 905: 901: 899: 898: 877: 875: 874: 867: 863: 861: 860: 852: 848: 846: 845: 837: 833: 831: 830: 822: 818: 816: 815: 807: 803: 801: 800: 778: 771: 767: 765: 764: 754: 744: 742: 741: 734: 727: 723: 721: 720: 712: 705: 701: 699: 698: 690: 680: 679: 660: 658: 657: 650: 646: 644: 643: 635: 631: 629: 628: 617: 615: 614: 604: 602: 601: 591: 589: 588: 581: 577: 575: 574: 563: 562: 561: 551: 549: 548: 541: 537: 535: 534: 526: 522: 520: 519: 511: 507: 505: 504: 488: 486: 485: 475: 473: 472: 462: 460: 459: 449: 447: 446: 436: 434: 433: 426: 422: 420: 419: 411: 407: 405: 404: 388: 386: 385: 375: 373: 372: 362: 360: 359: 349: 347: 346: 236:1 September 1939 229: 228: 207:Battle of Berlin 186:Italian campaign 152: 132: 131: 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 10039: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9974: 9972: 9960: 9951: 9944: 9937: 9930: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9898: 9893:Atomic bombings 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9736: 9729: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9674: 9667: 9660: 9651: 9642: 9635: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9596: 9589: 9584:Eastern Romania 9582: 9577:Warsaw Uprising 9575: 9570:Tannenberg Line 9568: 9561: 9556:Western Ukraine 9554: 9545: 9538: 9529: 9520: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9486: 9477: 9464: 9457: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9353: 9348:Battle of Kursk 9346: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9305: 9298: 9289: 9282: 9275: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9236: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9159:St Nazaire Raid 9157: 9150: 9143: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9011: 9004: 8997: 8983: 8974: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8941:Anglo-Iraqi War 8939: 8932:Battle of Crete 8930: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8889: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8861:Eastern Romania 8859: 8852: 8845: 8838: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8679: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8603: 8596: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8547: 8540: 8535: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8503: 8496: 8487: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8455: 8448: 8439: 8432: 8427: 8422:Western Ukraine 8420: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8366:Northeast China 8364: 8357: 8350: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8320: 8313: 8306: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8271: 8264: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8065:Slovak Republic 8063: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8036:Empire of Japan 8034: 8025: 8017: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7952: 7945: 7932: 7925: 7916: 7909: 7900: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7738: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7622: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7581: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7548:Sexual violence 7547: 7540: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7471: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7317: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7278: 7271: 7266:Greek Civil War 7264: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7209: 7202: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7091:South-East Asia 7089: 7082: 7075: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6950:Military awards 6948: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6844: 6837: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6775: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6744: 6739: 6704: 6685: 6663: 6637: 6618: 6578: 6572: 6570:Further reading 6567: 6561: 6521: 6502: 6483: 6464: 6434: 6415: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6106: 6105: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6052: 6051: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 6004:. 28 April 2020 5996: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5918: 5917: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5845:. 16 April 2020 5837: 5836: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5753: 5752: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5674: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5646: 5645: 5630: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5547: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5514:. 7 August 2024 5506: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5456: 5455: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5218: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5165:Kate Connolly, 5164: 5160: 5145: 5141: 5136:Wayback Machine 5127: 5123: 5118:Wayback Machine 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5087: 5083: 5077:Krivosheev 1997 5075: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4965: 4961: 4953:Krivosheev 2001 4930:Clodfelter 2017 4923:Krivosheev 2001 4916:Krivosheev 2001 4884: 4882: 4873: 4857: 4850: 4844:Wayback Machine 4834: 4830: 4807:. Moscow 2004. 4802: 4798: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4715: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4666: 4662: 4651: 4647: 4636: 4632: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4561:Denmark: 6,000. 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4488: 4458: 4454: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4394:Operation Torch 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4137: 4084: 4068:Ferruccio Parri 4029:Joseph Goebbels 3945:Harry S. Truman 3889: 3883: 3843:cross the Rhine 3828:Ardennes forest 3744:, creating the 3726:Operation Cobra 3638: 3632: 3585: 3575: 3517:, crossing the 3464:Warsaw Uprising 3384:Nikolai Vatutin 3369:Battle of Kursk 3349:Battle of Kursk 3341: 3314:Nikolai Voronov 3242:4th Panzer Army 3209:, led south by 3175:Adolf Heusinger 3163: 3063: 3058: 3052: 2973:Battle of Crete 2963:simultaneously 2927:Southern Europe 2893: 2885:Main articles: 2883: 2863:raid on Dresden 2756:Royal Air Force 2730: 2722:Main articles: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2700:needs expansion 2685: 2641:Royal Air Force 2637:air superiority 2603:escaped capture 2532:to the rank of 2486:Schlieffen Plan 2451:German invasion 2432: 2416:Main articles: 2414: 2373:In the rest of 2330: 2318:Main articles: 2316: 2191: 2183:Main articles: 2181: 2149:Empire of Japan 2098: 2090:Main articles: 2088: 2072:Polish Campaign 1976: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1856:Other campaigns 1850:Southern France 1759:Burma and India 1754:South-East Asia 1749:Franco-Thai War 1604: 1598: 1596: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1517: 1516: 1508: 1495: 1491:Philippe Pétain 1483: 1471: 1459: 1441: 1429: 1414: 1396: 1384: 1366: 1347: 1340: 1339: 1327: 1319: 1307: 1301: 1289: 1286: 1274: 1262: 1250: 1246:Pietro Badoglio 1238: 1226: 1214: 1202: 1190: 1178: 1166: 1154: 1144: 1142: 1138:Josip Broz Tito 1130: 1118: 1106: 1094: 1082: 1075: 1063: 1051: 1039: 1035:Harry S. Truman 1027: 1011: 1010: 998: 971: 969: 967: 966: 955: 953: 941: 939: 926: 924: 911: 909: 896: 894: 883: 872: 870: 858: 856: 843: 841: 828: 826: 813: 811: 798: 796: 791:Tripartite Pact 772: 762: 760: 758: 757: 748: 739: 737: 728: 718: 716: 706: 696: 694: 684: 674: 667: 666: 655: 653: 641: 639: 626: 624: 612: 610: 599: 597: 586: 584: 572: 570: 559: 557: 546: 544: 532: 530: 517: 515: 502: 500: 483: 481: 470: 468: 457: 455: 444: 442: 431: 429: 417: 415: 412: 402: 400: 397: 383: 381: 379: 370: 368: 357: 355: 344: 342: 273: 256: 242: 223: 212:Destruction in 172:German soldiers 153: 124: 113: 107: 104: 61: 59: 49: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10037: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9928: 9927: 9926: 9912: 9909:South Sakhalin 9905: 9904: 9903: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9803: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9775: 9768: 9761: 9754: 9746: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9734: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9709: 9702: 9701: 9700: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9649: 9640: 9633: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9543: 9536: 9527: 9518: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9484: 9474: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9446: 9432: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9388: 9381: 9372: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9334:Battle of Attu 9330: 9323: 9315: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9296: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9225: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9155: 9148: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9083:Battle of Guam 9079: 9072: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9006:Battle of Kiev 9002: 8995: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8899: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8751: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8689: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8624: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8593: 8591: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8545: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8517: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8505:United Kingdom 8501: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8473: 8465: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8437: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8318: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8191: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8101: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8053: 8046: 8039: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7950: 7942: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7902:British Empire 7895:United Kingdom 7891: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7736: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7711:Czechoslovakia 7707: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7645: 7643: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7611: 7608:Rape of Manila 7604: 7597: 7590: 7579: 7564: 7557: 7545: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7529: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7485: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7460: 7446: 7439: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7394: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7379:United Nations 7375: 7368: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7324: 7315: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7238:Decolonization 7234: 7227: 7219: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7184: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7138: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7072: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7002: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6930: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6914: 6911:United Kingdom 6907: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6834: 6832: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6757: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6702: 6689: 6683: 6677:. Book Sales. 6667: 6661: 6655:. John Wiley. 6641: 6635: 6622: 6616: 6601: 6599:. Basic Books. 6589: 6574:Main article: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6559: 6547:Overy, Richard 6543: 6534: 6525: 6519: 6506: 6500: 6487: 6481: 6475:. Hutchinson. 6468: 6462: 6447: 6438: 6432: 6419: 6413: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6360: 6335: 6309: 6283: 6246:(1): 103–118. 6226: 6201: 6175: 6149: 6124: 6096: 6070: 6040: 6015: 5989: 5963: 5937: 5906: 5881: 5856: 5827: 5801: 5771: 5743: 5718: 5693: 5687:978-0750988032 5686: 5665: 5628: 5610: 5581: 5556: 5545: 5525: 5499: 5474: 5446: 5407: 5377: 5346: 5311: 5278: 5249: 5216: 5203: 5177: 5158: 5139: 5121: 5104: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5048: 5046:, p. 144. 5036: 5027: 5015: 5006: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4933: 4932:, p. 527. 4926: 4919: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4904: 4891: 4848: 4828: 4796: 4781: 4779:, p. 256. 4766: 4762:MacDonald 2005 4754: 4752:, p. 255. 4739: 4727: 4713: 4700: 4685: 4683:, p. 478. 4681:MacDonald 2005 4673: 4660: 4645: 4630: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4582: 4569: 4556:Norway: 8,200. 4509: 4496: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4423: 4414: 4380: 4371: 4359: 4350: 4338: 4323: 4310: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4194: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4165: 4164: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4105:denazification 4083: 4080: 3992:Dora-Mittelbau 3937:Roosevelt died 3885:Main article: 3882: 3879: 3793:Hurtgen Forest 3777:Siegfried Line 3746:Falaise pocket 3691:Villers-Bocage 3634:Main article: 3631: 3628: 3574: 3571: 3515:Oder offensive 3452:Lublin, Poland 3440:reaching Minsk 3340: 3337: 3230:German advance 3179:Fedor von Bock 3162: 3159: 3147:Rostov-na-Donu 3122:scorched earth 3091:Heinz Guderian 3087:Fedor von Bock 3062: 3059: 3054:Main article: 3051: 3048: 2949:invaded Greece 2882: 2879: 2807:V1 Flying Bomb 2799:D-Day landings 2769:Heinkel He 177 2761:Avro Lancaster 2718: 2717: 2697: 2695: 2684: 2681: 2613:and allow the 2611:Hermann Göring 2510:signed in 1918 2498:United Kingdom 2440:Fall of France 2413: 2410: 2315: 2312: 2304:Battle of Kock 2277:Saar Offensive 2257:United Kingdom 2214:Central Europe 2206:Czechoslovakia 2180: 2177: 2087: 2084: 2020:Eastern Europe 2012:Western Europe 2008:Western Allies 1971: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1925:Baltic Nations 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1734: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1625: 1620: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1572: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1545: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1481: 1479:Ioannis Rallis 1469: 1457: 1439: 1427: 1412: 1404:Ferenc Szálasi 1394: 1382: 1364: 1337: 1325: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1285: 1284: 1272: 1270:Kimon Georgiev 1260: 1248: 1236: 1224: 1212: 1210:Getúlio Vargas 1200: 1188: 1176: 1174:Hubert Pierlot 1164: 1152: 1140: 1128: 1116: 1104: 1092: 1073: 1061: 1049: 1037: 1025: 1008: 995: 992: 991: 987: 986: 965: 964: 951: 936: 921: 906: 890: 882: 881: 868: 853: 838: 823: 808: 793: 787: 779: 756: 755: 735: 713: 691: 671: 665: 664: 651: 648:Czechoslovakia 636: 621: 608: 595: 582: 567: 555: 542: 527: 512: 497: 479: 466: 453: 440: 427: 377:United Kingdom 366: 353: 339: 330: 329: 325: 324: 321: 320: 319: 318: 312: 307: 297: 291: 280: 272: 271: 264: 262: 258: 257: 251: 249: 245: 244: 233: 225: 224: 222: 221: 210: 199:Soviet soldier 196: 189: 179: 169: 157: 145: 144: 137: 136: 130: 129: 126: 125: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10036: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10014: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9971: 9970: 9967: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9943: 9940: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916:Kuril Islands 9913: 9910: 9906: 9901: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9783: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9759: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9728: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9683:Syrmian Front 9680: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9641: 9638: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9629:Market Garden 9625: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9507: 9503: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9489: 9488:Monte Cassino 9485: 9482: 9481: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9460: 9456: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9301: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9073: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8977: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8966: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8892: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8862: 8858: 8855: 8854:Baltic states 8851: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8809: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8781: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8566: 8562: 8559: 8555: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8498:United States 8495: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8434:Quốc dân Đảng 8431: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8412: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8284: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8134:Liechtenstein 8131: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8086:Collaboration 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911:United States 7908: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7601:Comfort women 7598: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7585: / 7584: 7580: 7577: 7574: / 7573: 7570: / 7569: 7565: 7562: 7561:Camp brothels 7558: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450:The Holocaust 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7436:forced labour 7433: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7289:Marshall Plan 7286: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7178: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7142:Eastern Front 7139: 7136: 7135:Western Front 7132: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7029:Puppet states 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6971:Naval history 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6918:United States 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6705: 6703:0-521-44317-2 6699: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6653: 6652: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6636:0-674-00163-X 6632: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6617:0-313-29325-2 6613: 6609: 6608: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6562: 6560:0-7126-7453-5 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6520:5-224-01515-4 6516: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6501:1-85367-280-7 6497: 6494:. Greenhill. 6493: 6488: 6484: 6482:0-09-174011-8 6478: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6396: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5546:9781434961594 5542: 5538: 5537: 5529: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5210:Amnon Sella. 5207: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5067:, p. 59. 5066: 5061: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4973: 4972:0-231-11200-9 4969: 4963: 4954: 4950: 4946:pp. 1508–1511 4945: 4944:9783881990738 4941: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4902:0-7139-9309-X 4899: 4895: 4894:Richard Overy 4892: 4881:on 2 May 2013 4880: 4876: 4871: 4870:3-486-56531-1 4867: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4825:1-85409-267-7 4822: 4818: 4814: 4813:5-93165-107-1 4810: 4806: 4800: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4736: 4731: 4725:, p. 256 4724: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4619: 4615: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4490: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4375: 4369: 4366:25 June 1941– 4363: 4354: 4348: 4347:19 March 1944 4342: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4125:Marshall Plan 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008:Sachsenhausen 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3974:A map of the 3972: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3913:Joseph Stalin 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3836:take Bastogne 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3601:German forces 3598: 3594: 3590: 3589:Nazi ideology 3584: 3580: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554:Upper Silesia 3551: 3547: 3544:. Meanwhile, 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3158: 3156: 3155:Georgy Zhukov 3152: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3057: 3050:Eastern Front 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2698:This section 2696: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2534:field marshal 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:invade Poland 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147:. Later, the 2146: 2145:Pact of Steel 2142: 2141:Fascist Italy 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:Western Front 2057: 2056:Eastern Front 2053: 2049: 2048:Allied powers 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1833:Syria–Lebanon 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1737:Pacific Ocean 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1706:Eastern Front 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1655:Western Front 1653: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1607: 1602: 1599:Campaigns of 1593: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1392:Miklós Horthy 1388: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1374:Ion Antonescu 1370: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1234:Pierre Dupong 1230: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1126:Dušan Simović 1122: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1006:Joseph Stalin 1002: 997: 996: 994: 993: 988: 984: 979: 963: 952: 949: 937: 934: 922: 919: 907: 904: 892: 891: 889: 888: 887:puppet states 880: 869: 866: 854: 851: 839: 836: 824: 821: 809: 806: 794: 792: 789: 788: 786: 784: 780: 776: 770: 752: 747: 736: 732: 726: 714: 710: 704: 692: 688: 683: 678: 673: 672: 670: 663: 652: 649: 637: 634: 622: 620: 609: 607: 596: 594: 583: 580: 568: 566: 556: 554: 553:DF Yugoslavia 543: 540: 528: 525: 513: 510: 498: 495: 491: 480: 478: 467: 465: 454: 452: 441: 439: 428: 425: 410: 395: 391: 378: 367: 365: 364:United States 354: 352: 341: 340: 338: 336: 332: 331: 326: 317: 313: 311: 308: 306: 302: 301:Fascist Italy 298: 295: 292: 289: 285: 281: 279: 275: 274: 269: 266: 265: 263: 260: 259: 254: 250: 247: 246: 241: 237: 234: 231: 230: 226: 219: 216:after Allied 215: 211: 208: 204: 200: 197: 194: 190: 187: 183: 180: 177: 173: 170: 167: 166:Eastern Front 163: 159: 158: 156: 151: 146: 143: 138: 133: 122: 119: 111: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: – 68: 64: 63:Find sources: 57: 53: 47: 46: 41:This article 39: 35: 30: 29: 26: 22: 9990:Bibliography 9973: 9786:Project Hula 9751:Vistula–Oder 9720: 9653: 9644: 9628: 9598: 9547: 9531: 9522: 9513: 9479: 9376: 9291: 9267: 9237: 8988: 8881: 8826:North Africa 8528:Soviet Union 8482:Soviet Union 8408:Soviet Union 8176:Vatican City 8079:Vichy France 7984:German Reich 7881:Soviet Union 7867:South Africa 7860:Sierra Leone 7813:Newfoundland 7632:Participants 7615:Marocchinate 7319: 7310: 7280: 7158:North Africa 7127: 7119:Indian Ocean 6978:Nazi plunder 6869:Cryptography 6742:World War II 6693: 6674: 6650: 6626: 6606: 6596: 6583: 6550: 6529: 6510: 6491: 6472: 6452: 6442: 6423: 6404: 6379:24 September 6377:. 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Retrieved 5084: 5072: 5065:Frumkin 1951 5060: 5051: 5044:Frumkin 1951 5039: 5030: 5023:Frumkin 1951 5018: 5009: 5002:Frumkin 1951 4997: 4988: 4979: 4962: 4955:, Table 198. 4883:. Retrieved 4879:the original 4861: 4831: 4816: 4804: 4799: 4789: 4784: 4757: 4734: 4730: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4676: 4668: 4663: 4654: 4648: 4639: 4633: 4624: 4618: 4595:Soviet Union 4585: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4512: 4499: 4489: 4455: 4426: 4417: 4383: 4374: 4362: 4353: 4341: 4326: 4313: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4159: 4093: 4076:Nazi Germany 4045: 3981: 3934: 3918: 3869:, while the 3840: 3817: 3774: 3762: 3723: 3715:Erwin Rommel 3711:East Prussia 3684: 3650: 3614: 3606: 3586: 3535: 3512: 3508: 3476: 3457: 3433: 3381: 3354: 3351:in July 1943 3322: 3303: 3278: 3266:8th Air Army 3239: 3215:Army Group B 3211:Wilhelm List 3207:Army Group A 3188: 3143: 3107: 3095:Hermann Hoth 3076: 3028: 3016:Adriatic Sea 3013: 2993: 2939: 2935:North Africa 2908: 2860: 2841: 2823: 2819: 2788: 2777: 2772: 2763:or American 2749: 2746: 2708: 2704:adding to it 2699: 2653: 2631: 2628: 2588: 2585: 2557: 2542: 2518:Vichy France 2471:Maginot Line 2444: 2399: 2372: 2357: 2342: 2308: 2285: 2246: 2198:Soviet Union 2192: 2169:Soviet Union 2130: 2122:Adolf Hitler 2099: 2016:Soviet Union 1988:World War II 1979: 1977: 1918: 1917: 1906:Indian Ocean 1867:Ecuador–Peru 1855: 1854: 1824:Middle East 1798:North Africa 1786: 1785: 1725:Asia-Pacific 1723: 1722: 1611: 1610: 1601:World War II 1553: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1467:Ante Pavelić 1320: 1315:Adolf Hitler 1222:Edvard Beneš 983:for two days 962:Vichy France 884: 790: 781: 668: 509:South Africa 351:Soviet Union 333: 328:Belligerents 299:Collapse of 278:Nazi Germany 276:Collapse of 154: 142:World War II 114: 105: 95: 88: 81: 74: 62: 50:Please help 45:verification 42: 25: 9721:Bodenplatte 9607:Gothic Line 8833:West Africa 8380:Philippines 8359:Netherlands 8224:Czech lands 8162:Switzerland 8106:Afghanistan 8050:Philippines 7918:Puerto Rico 7834:Philippines 7820:New Zealand 7806:Netherlands 7759:Free France 7510:Prosecution 7311:Osoaviakhim 7181:West Africa 7165:East Africa 6812:Conferences 6553:. 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