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receiving electrodes in the air above 30,000 feet (9,100 m) in altitude, where he thought the pressure would allow him to send high voltages (millions of volts) long distances. To further study the conductive nature of low pressure air he set up a test facility at high altitude in
Colorado Springs during 1899. Experiments he conducted there with a large coil operating in the megavolts range, as well as observations he made of the electronic noise of lightning strikes, led him to conclude incorrectly that he could use the entire globe of the Earth to conduct electrical energy. The theory included driving alternating current pulses into the Earth at its resonant frequency from a grounded Tesla coil working against an elevated capacitance to make the potential of the Earth oscillate. Tesla thought this would allow alternating current to be received with a similar capacitive antenna tuned to resonance with it at any point on Earth with very little power loss. His observations also led him to believe a high voltage used in a coil at an elevation of a few hundred feet would "break the air stratum down", eliminating the need for miles of cable hanging on balloons to create his atmospheric return circuit. Tesla would go on the next year to propose a "
1150:
1931:. Intervening materials between or near the electrodes can absorb the energy, in the case of humans possibly causing excessive electromagnetic field exposure. However capacitive coupling has a few advantages over inductive coupling. The field is largely confined between the capacitor plates, reducing interference, which in inductive coupling requires heavy ferrite "flux confinement" cores. Also, alignment requirements between the transmitter and receiver are less critical. Capacitive coupling has recently been applied to charging battery powered portable devices as well as charging or continuous wireless power transfer in biomedical implants, and is being considered as a means of transferring power between substrate layers in integrated circuits.
2858:
1123:
1896:
1687:
31:
1910:
2809:. In landmark 1975 experiments as technical director of a JPL/Raytheon program, Brown demonstrated long-range transmission by beaming 475 W of microwave power to a rectenna a mile away, with a microwave to DC conversion efficiency of 54%. At NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he and Robert Dickinson transmitted 30 kW DC output power across 1.5 km with 2.38 GHz microwaves from a 26 m dish to a 7.3 x 3.5 m rectenna array. The incident-RF to DC conversion efficiency of the rectenna was 80%. In 1983 Japan launched
1193:
1135:
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477:
380:(1872) that were based on the erroneous belief that there was an electrified atmospheric stratum accessible at low altitude. Both inventors' patents noted this layer connected with a return path using "Earth currents"' would allow for wireless telegraphy as well as supply power for the telegraph, doing away with artificial batteries, and could also be used for lighting, heat, and motive power. A more practical demonstration of wireless transmission via conduction came in
43:
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468:
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393:
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medical devices are designed for high efficiency using low power electronics while efficiently accommodating some misalignment and dynamic twisting of the coils. The separation between the coils in implantable applications is commonly less than 20 cm. Today resonant inductive energy transfer is regularly used for providing electric power in many commercially available medical implantable devices.
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2769:
transferred from a flat coil in the charger to a similar one in the device. In 2007, a team led by Marin Soljačić at MIT used a dual resonance transmitter with a 25 cm diameter secondary tuned to 10 MHz to transfer 60 W of power to a similar dual resonance receiver over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (eight times the transmitter coil diameter) at around 40% efficiency.
2339:
1782:). This is called "mid-range" transfer, in contrast to the "short range" of nonresonant inductive transfer, which can achieve similar efficiencies only when the coils are adjacent. Another advantage is that resonant circuits interact with each other so much more strongly than they do with nonresonant objects that power losses due to absorption in stray nearby objects are negligible.
844:, meaning the energy stays within a short distance of the transmitter. If there is no receiving device or absorbing material within their limited range to "couple" to, no power leaves the transmitter. The range of these fields is short, and depends on the size and shape of the "antenna" devices, which are usually coils of wire. The fields, and thus the power transmitted, decrease
2173:. A rotating armature embedded in a garage floor or curb would turn a receiver armature in the underside of the vehicle to charge its batteries. It is claimed that this technique can transfer power over distances of 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) with high efficiency, over 90%. Also, the low frequency stray magnetic fields produced by the rotating magnets produce less
85:. The technology of wireless power transmission can eliminate the use of the wires and batteries, thereby increasing the mobility, convenience, and safety of an electronic device for all users. Wireless power transfer is useful to power electrical devices where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.
2008:, between the transmitter and receiver devices. For coupled resonators with same resonant frequencies, wireless power transfer between the transmitter and the receiver is spread over three regimes – under-coupled, critically coupled and over-coupled. As the critical coupling coefficient increases from an under-coupled regime (
1984:). In contrast to inductive coupling systems which usually use high frequency magnetic fields, EWPT uses low-frequency magnetic fields (<1 kHz), which safely pass through conductive media and have higher human field exposure limits (~2 mTrms at 1 kHz), showing promise for potential use in wirelessly recharging
2726:, to eliminate the hazard of electric shock. One of the earliest proposed applications of inductive transfer was to power electric locomotives. In 1892 Maurice Hutin and Maurice Leblanc patented a wireless method of powering railroad trains using resonant coils inductively coupled to a track wire at 3 kHz.
2768:
inductive power standard published in August 2009 enables high efficiency charging and powering of portable devices of up to 5 watts over distances of 4 cm (1.6 inches). The wireless device is placed on a flat charger plate (which can be embedded in table tops at cafes, for example) and power is
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between the two electrodes. An example of this is natural lightning, where one electrode is a virtual point in a cloud and the other is a point on Earth. Laser
Induced Plasma Channel (LIPC) research is presently underway using ultrafast lasers to artificially promote development of the plasma channel
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In 2015, researchers at the
University of Washington introduced power over Wi-Fi, which trickle-charges batteries and powered battery-free cameras and temperature sensors using transmissions from Wi-Fi routers. Wi-Fi signals were shown to power battery-free temperature and camera sensors at ranges of
1785:
A drawback of resonant coupling theory is that at close ranges when the two resonant circuits are tightly coupled, the resonant frequency of the system is no longer constant but "splits" into two resonant peaks, so the maximum power transfer no longer occurs at the original resonant frequency and the
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Resonant technology is currently being widely incorporated in modern inductive wireless power systems. One of the possibilities envisioned for this technology is area wireless power coverage. A coil in the wall or ceiling of a room might be able to wirelessly power lights and mobile devices anywhere
291:
Wireless power transfer may be used to power up wireless information transmitters or receivers. This type of communication is known as wireless powered communication (WPC). When the harvested power is used to supply the power of wireless information transmitters, the network is known as
Simultaneous
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In the early 1960s resonant inductive wireless energy transfer was used successfully in implantable medical devices including such devices as pacemakers and artificial hearts. While the early systems used a resonant receiver coil, later systems implemented resonant transmitter coils as well. These
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This new process is being explored for use as a laser lightning rod and as a means to trigger lightning bolts from clouds for natural lightning channel studies, for artificial atmospheric propagation studies, as a substitute for conventional radio antennas, for applications associated with electric
2608:
In atmospheric plasma channel coupling, energy is transferred between two electrodes by electrical conduction through ionized air. When an electric field gradient exists between the two electrodes, exceeding 34 kilovolts per centimeter at sea level atmospheric pressure, an electric arc occurs. This
1950:
or a large passive electrode serves as the return path for the current. The transmitter oscillator is connected between an active and a passive electrode. The load is also connected between an active and a passive electrode. The electric field produced by the transmitter induces alternating charge
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For earthbound applications, a large-area 10 km diameter receiving array allows large total power levels to be used while operating at the low power density suggested for human electromagnetic exposure safety. A human safe power density of 1 mW/cm distributed across a 10 km diameter
1942:
drives the transmitter plates in opposite phase (180° phase difference) by a high alternating voltage, and the load is connected between the two receiver plates. The alternating electric fields induce opposite phase alternating potentials in the receiver plates, and this "push-pull" action causes
1775:. Therefore, by using resonance, the same amount of power can be transferred at greater distances, using the much weaker magnetic fields out in the peripheral regions ("tails") of the near fields. Resonant inductive coupling can achieve high efficiency at ranges of 4 to 10 times the coil diameter (
787:(AC) of electrons in a wire, create time-varying electric and magnetic fields in the space around them. These fields can exert oscillating forces on the electrons in a receiving "antenna", causing them to move back and forth. These represent alternating current which can be used to power a load.
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In recent years a focus of research has been the development of wireless-powered drone aircraft, which began in 1959 with the Dept. of
Defense's RAMP (Raytheon Airborne Microwave Platform) project which sponsored Brown's research. In 1987 Canada's Communications Research Center developed a small
2772:
In 2008 the team of Greg Leyh and Mike Kennan of Nevada
Lightning Lab used a grounded dual resonance transmitter with a 57 cm diameter secondary tuned to 60 kHz and a similar grounded dual resonance receiver to transfer power through coupled electric fields with an earth current return
2194:
was shown by
Oruganti et al., where they demonstrated that it was possible to excite Zenneck wave type waves on flat metal-air interfaces and transmit power across metal obstacles. Here the idea is to excite a localized charge oscillation at the metal-air interface, the resulting modes propagate
2443:
In 2017, the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) certified the first mid-field radio frequency (RF) transmitter of wireless power. In 2021 the FCC granted a license to an over-the-air (OTA) wireless charging system that combines near-field and far-field methods by using a frequency of about
1971:
An electrodynamic wireless power transfer (EWPT) system utilizes a receiver with a mechanically resonating or rotating permanent magnet. When subjected to a time-varying magnetic field, the mechanical motion of the resonating magnet is converted into electricity by one or more electromechanical
951:, meaning it leaves the antenna whether or not there is a receiver to absorb it. The portion of energy which does not strike the receiving antenna is dissipated and lost to the system. The amount of power emitted as electromagnetic waves by an antenna depends on the ratio of the antenna's size
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Tesla went on to develop a wireless power distribution system that he hoped would be capable of transmitting power long distance directly into homes and factories. Early on he seemed to borrow from the ideas of Mahlon Loomis, proposing a system composed of balloons to suspend transmitting and
283:
the goal is the transmission of information, so the amount of power reaching the receiver is not so important, as long as it is sufficient that the information can be received intelligibly. In wireless communication technologies only tiny amounts of power reach the receiver. In contrast, with
8169:
2476:(solar cells). This mechanism is generally known as 'power beaming' because the power is beamed at a receiver that can convert it to electrical energy. At the receiver, special photovoltaic laser power converters which are optimized for monochromatic light conversion are applied.
1201:
Left: modern inductive power transfer, an electric toothbrush charger. A coil in the stand produces a magnetic field, inducing an alternating current in a coil in the toothbrush, which is rectified to charge the batteries. Right: a light bulb powered wirelessly by induction, in
1149:
1008:), so if the receiving antenna is far away, only a small amount of the radiation will hit it. Therefore, these can be used for short range, inefficient power transmission but not for long range transmission. However, unlike fields, electromagnetic radiation can be focused by
6214:
A. A. Rendon-Hernandez, M. A. Halim, S. E. Smith and D. P. Arnold, "Magnetically
Coupled Microelectromechanical Resonators for Low-Frequency Wireless Power Transfer," 2022 IEEE 35th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference (MEMS), 2022, pp.
6161:
Garraud, N.; Alabi, D.; Varela, J.D.; Arnold, D.P.; Garraud, A. Microfabricated
Electrodynamic Wireless Power Receiver for Bio-implants and Wearables. In Proceedings of the 2018 Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA, 3–7 June 2018; pp.
1755:
first discovered resonant coupling during his pioneering experiments in wireless power transfer around the turn of the 20th century, but the possibilities of using resonant coupling to increase transmission range has only recently been explored. In 2007 a team led by
2618:
through the air, directing the electric arc, and guiding the current across a specific path in a controllable manner. The laser energy reduces the atmospheric dielectric breakdown voltage and the air is made less insulating by superheating, which lowers the density (
6133:
S. E. Smith, M. A. Halim, A. A. Rendon-Hernandez and D. P. Arnold, "Dual-Transduction Electromechanical Receiver for Near-Field Wireless Power Transmission," 2021 IEEE 34th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2021, pp. 38–41, doi:
2678:, is the conversion of ambient energy from the environment to electric power, mainly to power small autonomous wireless electronic devices. The ambient energy may come from stray electric or magnetic fields or radio waves from nearby electrical equipment, light,
2559:, demonstrated in 2018, capable of delivering power to stationary and moving devices across a room. This wireless power system complies with safety regulations according to IEC 60825 standard. It is also approved by the US Food and Drugs Administration (FDA).
6123:
M. A. Halim, S. E. Smith, J. M. Samman and D. P. Arnold, "A High-Performance Electrodynamic Micro-Receiver for Low-Frequency Wireless Power Transfer," 2020 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2020, pp. 590–593, doi:
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area corresponds to 750 megawatts total power level. This is the power level found in many modern electric power plants. For comparison, a solar PV farm of similar size might easily exceed 10,000 megawatts (rounded) at best conditions during daytime.
1943:
current to flow back and forth between the plates through the load. A disadvantage of this configuration for wireless charging is that the two plates in the receiving device must be aligned face to face with the charger plates for the device to work.
4778:
Jiang, Hao; Zhang, Junmin; Lan, Di; Chao, Kevin K.; Liou, Shyshenq; Shahnasser, Hamid; Fechter, Richard; Hirose, Shinjiro; Harrison, Michael; Roy, Shuvo (2013). "A Low-Frequency Versatile Wireless Power Transfer Technology for Biomedical Implants".
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at MIT used two coupled tuned circuits each made of a 25 cm self-resonant coil of wire at 10 MHz to achieve the transmission of 60 W of power over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (8 times the coil diameter) at around 40% efficiency.
1922:
Capacitive coupling has only been used practically in a few low power applications, because the very high voltages on the electrodes required to transmit significant power can be hazardous, and can cause unpleasant side effects such as noxious
2686:
such as vibration or motion of the device. Although the efficiency of conversion is usually low and the power gathered often minuscule (milliwatts or microwatts), it can be adequate to run or recharge small micropower wireless devices such as
1103:. Unlike in a radiative system where the maximum radiation occurs when the dipole antennas are oriented transverse to the direction of propagation, with dipole fields the maximum coupling occurs when the dipoles are oriented longitudinally.
2412:. While it did not prove to be particularly useful for power transmission, this beam antenna has been widely adopted throughout the broadcasting and wireless telecommunications industries due to its excellent performance characteristics.
328:
driving a current in a conductor loop by a time-varying magnetic flux. Transmission of electrical energy without wires was observed by many inventors and experimenters, but lack of a coherent theory attributed these phenomena vaguely to
874:
between the antennas greatly, allowing efficient transmission at somewhat greater distances, although the fields still decrease exponentially. Therefore the range of near-field devices is conventionally divided into two categories:
2284:) of any electromagnetic wave (such as a microwave or laser beam) will be reduced as the beam diverges over distance at a minimum rate inversely proportional to the aperture size. The larger the ratio of a transmitting antenna's
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may be used to convert the microwave energy back into electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been realized. Power beaming using microwaves has been proposed for the transmission of energy from orbiting
7830:
Clerici, Matteo; Hu, Yi; Lassonde, Philippe; Milián, Carles; Couairon, Arnaud; Christodoulides, Demetrios N.; Chen, Zhigang; Razzari, Luca; Vidal, François; Légaré, François; Faccio, Daniele; Morandotti, Roberto (June 2015).
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Massa, A. Massa, G. Oliveri, F. Viani, and P. Rocca; Oliveri, Giacomo; Viani, Federico; Rocca, Paolo (June 2013). "Array designs for long-distance wireless power transmission – State-of-the-art and innovative solutions".
185:. The technologies differ in the distance over which they can transfer power efficiently, whether the transmitter must be aimed (directed) at the receiver, and in the type of electromagnetic energy they use: time varying
2825:. Powered by a rectenna, it could fly at 13 miles (21 km) altitude and stay aloft for months. In 1992 a team at Kyoto University built a more advanced craft called MILAX (MIcrowave Lifted Airplane eXperiment).
2691:, which are proliferating in many fields. This new technology is being developed to eliminate the need for battery replacement or charging of such wireless devices, allowing them to operate completely autonomously.
288:(fraction of transmitted energy that is received) is the more significant parameter. For this reason, wireless power technologies are likely to be more limited by distance than wireless communication technologies.
1092:). or 60 dB per decade. In other words, if far apart, increasing the distance between the two antennas tenfold causes the power received to decrease by a factor of 10 = 1000000. As a result, inductive and
459:. Tesla failed to make a commercial product out of his findings but his resonant inductive coupling method is now widely used in electronics and is currently being applied to short-range wireless power systems.
3100:
Erfani, Reza; Marefat, Fatemeh; Sodagar, Amir M.; Mohseni, Pedram (May 2018). "Modeling and Characterization of Capacitive Elements With Tissue as Dielectric Material for Wireless Powering of Neural Implants".
37:
for a smartphone as an example of near-field wireless transfer. When the phone is set on the pad, a coil in the pad creates a magnetic field which induces a current in another coil, in the phone, charging its
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in miniature and demonstrated power transmission over 4 meters (13 ft) with a coil diameter of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) at a resonant frequency of 27.50 MHz, with an effective efficiency of 60%.
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propagation allows narrow beam cross-section area for transmission over large distances. As a result, there is little or no reduction in power when increasing the distance from the transmitter to the receiver.
6983:
2382:. These sizes can be somewhat decreased by using shorter wavelengths, although short wavelengths may have difficulties with atmospheric absorption and beam blockage by rain or water droplets. Because of the "
6114:
J. O. Mur-Miranda, S. Cheng and D. P. Arnold, "Improving the efficiency of electrodynamic wireless power transmission," 2013 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2013, pp. 2848–2852.
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since 2012. Other researchers, however, claim that the two energy conversions (electrical to mechanical to electrical again) make the system less efficient than electrical systems like inductive coupling.
985:, very little power is radiated. Therefore near-field devices, which use lower frequencies, radiate almost none of their energy as electromagnetic radiation. Antennas about the same size as the wavelength
3579:
Krikidis, Ioannis; Timotheou, Stelios; Nikolaou, Symeon; Zheng, Gan; Ng, Derrick Wing Kwan; Schober, Robert (2014). "Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer in modern communication systems".
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Truong, B.D.; Roundy, S. Wireless Power Transfer System with Center-Clamped Magneto-Mechano-Electric (MME) Receiver: Model Validation and Efficiency Investigation. Smart Mater. Struct. 2019, 28, 015004.
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from the antenna. The boundary between the regions is somewhat vaguely defined. The fields have different characteristics in these regions, and different technologies are used for transferring power:
6013:
2760:
in recent decades is currently driving the development of mid-range wireless powering and charging technology to eliminate the need for these devices to be tethered to wall plugs during charging. The
216:
line, which converts the power to a time-varying electromagnetic field, and one or more "receiver" devices which receive the power and convert it back to DC or AC electric current which is used by an
2162:
on the receiver armature, turning it. The magnetic field acts like a mechanical coupling between the armatures. The receiver armature produces power to drive the load, either by turning a separate
8593:. In J. Hadlaw, A. Herman, & T. Swiss (Eds.), Theories of the Mobile Internet. Materialities and Imaginaries. (pp. 126–154). London: Routledge. A short cultural history of wireless power
6171:
IEEE. Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz; IEEE Standard C95.1–2010; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2010; pp. 1–238.
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which could efficiently convert microwaves to DC power, and in 1964 demonstrated it with the first wireless-powered aircraft, a model helicopter powered by microwaves beamed from the ground.
292:
Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT); whereas when it is used to supply the power of wireless information receivers, it is known as a Wireless Powered Communication Network (WPCN).
7682:
Forestier, B.; Houard, A.; Revel, I.; Durand, M.; André, Y. B.; Prade, B.; Jarnac, A.; Carbonnel, J.; Le Nevé, M.; de Miscault, J. C.; Esmiller, B.; Chapuis, D.; Mysyrowicz, A. (March 2012).
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Erfani, Reza; Marefat, Fatemeh; Sodagar, Amir M.; Mohseni, Pedram (July 2018). "Modeling and Experimental Validation of a Capacitive Link for Wireless Power Transfer to Biomedical Implants".
2436:
In 2013, inventor Hatem Zeine demonstrated how wireless power transmission using phased array antennas can deliver electrical power up to 30 feet. It uses the same radio frequencies as WiFi.
1805:
A study for the Swedish military found that 85 kHz systems for dynamic wireless power transfer for vehicles can cause electromagnetic interference at a radius of up to 300 kilometers.
1461:
2212:
antennas or well-collimated laser light produce a beam of energy that can be made to match the shape of the receiving area. The maximum directivity for antennas is physically limited by
2378:
study of solar power satellites required a 1-kilometre-diameter (0.62 mi) transmitting antenna and a 10-kilometre-diameter (6.2 mi) receiving rectenna for a microwave beam at
1938:
Transverse (bipolar) design: In this type of circuit, there are two transmitter plates and two receiver plates. Each transmitter plate is coupled to a receiver plate. The transmitter
2177:
to nearby electronic devices than the high frequency magnetic fields produced by inductive coupling systems. A prototype system charging electric vehicles has been in operation at
488:
Experiment in resonant inductive transfer by Tesla at Colorado Springs 1899. The coil is in resonance with Tesla's magnifying transmitter nearby, powering the light bulb at bottom.
2591:
has demonstrated a lightweight unmanned model plane powered by a laser beam. This proof-of-concept demonstrates the feasibility of periodic recharging using a laser beam system.
6568:
2528:
Requires a direct line of sight with the target. (Instead of being beamed directly onto the receiver, the laser light can also be guided by an optical fiber. Then one speaks of
2350:
Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional, allowing longer-distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically in the
1028:, to produce the narrow beams necessary to focus a significant amount of the energy on a distant receiver, an antenna must be much larger than the wavelength of the waves used:
2519:
Laser radiation is hazardous. Without a proper safety mechanism, low power levels can blind humans and other animals. High power levels can kill through localized spot heating.
6152:
Liu, G.; Ci, P.; Dong, S. Energy Harvesting from Ambient Low-Frequency Magnetic Field using Magneto-Mechano-Electric Composite Cantilever. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 104, 032908.
1401:
503:" that was to broadcast both information and power worldwide. In 1901, at Shoreham, New York he attempted to construct a large high-voltage wireless power station, now called
5499:
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up to 20 feet. It was also shown that Wi-Fi can be used to wirelessly trickle-charge nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion coin-cell batteries at distances of up to 28 feet.
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and laser-based transfer of energy, especially for space and lunar missions. The demand for safe and frequent space missions has resulted in proposals for a laser-powered
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and the link efficiency approaches 100%. The greater the separation between the coils, the more of the magnetic field from the first coil misses the second, and the lower
7625:
2090:
6180:
IEEE. Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields, 0–3 kHz; IEEE Standard C95.6-2002; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2002; pp. 1–43.
2265:. Electromagnetic radiation experiences less diffraction at shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies); so, for example, a blue laser is diffracted less than a red one.
1296:
Inductive coupling is the oldest and most widely used wireless power technology, and virtually the only one so far which is used in commercial products. It is used in
6770:
Talla, Vamsi; Kellogg, Bryce; Ransford, Benjamin; Naderiparizi, Saman; Gollakota, Shyamnath; Smith, Joshua R. (2015). "Powering the Next Billion Devices with Wi-Fi".
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4065:. The 4th Annual IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE 2012). Raleigh, North Carolina: Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. pp. 3819–3821
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Scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a proof-of-concept of utilizing a dual-wavelength laser to wirelessly charge portable devices or UAVs.
8535:
Kurs, A.; Karalis, A.; Moffatt, R.; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Fisher, P.; Soljacic, M. (6 July 2007). "Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances".
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Kurs, A.; Karalis, A.; Moffatt, R.; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Fisher, P.; Soljacic, M. (6 July 2007). "Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances".
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Oruganti, Sai Kiran; Liu, Feifei; Paul, Dipra; Liu, Jun; Malik, Jagannath; Feng, Ke; Kim, Haksun; Liang, Yuming; Thundat, Thomas; Bien, Franklin (22 January 2020).
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1350:. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) provided its first certification for a wireless transmission charging system in December 2017.
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A.P. Sample, D.T. Meyer and J.R.Smith, "Analysis, Experimental Results, and Range Adaptation of Magnetically Coupled Resonators for Wireless Power Transfer", in
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2006:
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Erfani, Reza; Marefat, Fatemeh; Sodagar, Amir M.; Mohseni, Pedram (2017). "Transcutaneous capacitive wireless power transfer (C-WPT) for biomedical implants".
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applications. Also, it is applied for the powering of various kinds of sensors in industrial environments. Lately, it is developed for powering commercial and
1988:. For EWPT devices having identical resonant frequencies, the magnitude of power transfer is entirely dependent on critical coupling coefficient, denoted by
1790:
in the room, with reasonable efficiency. An environmental and economic benefit of wirelessly powering small devices such as clocks, radios, music players and
6024:
2810:
790:
The oscillating electric and magnetic fields surrounding moving electric charges in an antenna device can be divided into two regions, depending on distance
4500:
Nikola Tesla on His Work with Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power: An Extended Interview
8473:
Latest work on AirFuel Alliance class 2 and class 3 transmitters, adaptive tuning, radiated EMI, multi-mode wireless power systems, and control strategies.
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and the peak splits into two. This critical coupling coefficient is demonstrated to be a function of distance between the source and the receiver devices.
1670:
Ordinary inductive coupling can only achieve high efficiency when the coils are very close together, usually adjacent. In most modern inductive systems
6923:
Bett, Andreas W.; Dimroth, Frank; Lockenhoff, Rudiger; Oliva, Eduard; Schubert, Johannes (2008). "III–V solar cells under monochromatic illumination".
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2397:, the idea of using microwaves to transfer power was researched. By 1964, a miniature helicopter propelled by microwave power had been demonstrated.
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and even incandescent light bulbs from across a stage. He found he could increase the distance at which he could light a lamp by using a receiving
2737:(Radio Frequency Identification) technologies were invented by Mario Cardullo (1973) and Koelle et al. (1975) and by the 1990s were being used in
295:
An important issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting the exposure of people and other living beings to potentially injurious
9340:
5905:
1927:
production. In addition, in contrast to magnetic fields, electric fields interact strongly with most materials, including the human body, due to
8183:
Koelle, A. R.; Depp, S. W.; Freyman, R. W. (1975). "Short-range radio-telemetry for electronic identification, using modulated RF backscatter".
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6814:"Energous Receives Industry-First FCC Certification for Over-the-Air, Power-at-a-Distance Wireless Charging :: Energous Corporation (WATT)"
248:
device at the receiver converts the oscillating fields to an electric current. An important parameter that determines the type of waves is the
3678:
Lu, Xiao; Wang, Ping; Niyato, Dusit; Dong in Kim; Han, Zhu (2018). "Maximizing Ergodic Throughput in Wireless Powered Communication Networks".
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Lu, X.; Wang, P.; Niyato, D.; Kim, D. I.; Han, Z. (2016). "Wireless Charging Technologies: Fundamentals, Standards, and Network Applications".
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between the plates, which is proportional to the area of the smaller plate and (for short distances) inversely proportional to the separation.
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170:
beams. These techniques can transport energy longer distances but must be aimed at the receiver. Proposed applications for this type include
7120:
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2404:
also investigated wireless energy transmission using a directional array antenna that he designed. In February 1926, Yagi and his colleague
2208:
methods achieve longer ranges, often multiple kilometer ranges, where the distance is much greater than the diameter of the device(s). High-
6813:
4189:
2429:
A change to 24 GHz has been suggested as microwave emitters similar to LEDs have been made with very high quantum efficiencies using
2416:
1605:
and the link efficiency are, approaching zero at large separations. The link efficiency and power transferred is roughly proportional to
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Karalis, Aristeidis; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Soljačić, Marin (January 2008). "Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer".
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9279:
6189:
Stark, Joseph C., Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004,
3745:
6572:
5622:
1024:
which concentrates the radiation into a narrow beam aimed at the receiver, it can be used for long range power transmission. From the
1946:
Longitudinal (unipolar) design: In this type of circuit, the transmitter and receiver have only one active electrode, and either the
126:. Inductive coupling is the most widely used wireless technology; its applications include charging handheld devices like phones and
6105:
A. Garraud and D. P. Arnold, "Advancements in electrodynamic wireless power transmission", IEEE Sensors Conference, Oct. 2016, 82–84
4822:
2370:
Power beaming by microwaves has the difficulty that, for most space applications, the required aperture sizes are very large due to
8803:
8427:
Dickinson, R.M. (1976). "Performance of a High-Power, 2.388-GHZ Receiving Array in Wireless Power Transmission over 1.54 km".
7922:
Liu, Vincent; Parks, Aaron; Talla, Vamsi; Gollakota, Shyamnath; Wetherall, David; Smith, Joshua R. (2013). "Ambient backscatter".
7159:
5569:
2945:
Ibrahim, F.N.; Jamail, N.A.M.; Othman, N.A. (2016). "Development of wireless electricity transmission through resonant coupling".
2699:
Inductive power transfer between nearby wire coils was the earliest wireless power technology to be developed, existing since the
2415:
Wireless high power transmission using microwaves is well proven. Experiments in the tens of kilowatts have been performed at the
1725:(tuned circuits), one in the transmitter and one in the receiver. Each resonant circuit consists of a coil of wire connected to a
1269:, which creates an alternating current in the receiver. The induced alternating current may either drive the load directly, or be
8854:
7656:
6433:
Landis, G. A. (1994). "Applications for space power by laser transmission". In Walker, Jack V.; Montgomery Iv, Edward E. (eds.).
2818:
1060:
At large relative distance, the near-field components of electric and magnetic fields are approximately quasi-static oscillating
312:
The 19th century saw many developments of theories, and counter-theories on how electrical energy might be transmitted. In 1826,
6586:
6226:
5400:
1281:
in the receiver, which drives the load. A few systems, such as electric toothbrush charging stands, work at 50/60 Hz so AC
81:
that transmits power across space to a receiver device; the receiver device extracts power from the field and supplies it to an
9605:
9068:
8949:
5838:
Rozman, Matjaz; Fernando, Michael; Adebisi, Bamidele; Rabie, Khaled; Kharel, Rupak; Ikpehai, Augustine; Gacanin, Haris (2017).
5648:
7633:
2050:) to the critical coupled regime, the optimum voltage gain curve grows in magnitude (measured at the receiver) and peaks when
9103:
8285:
8138:
8036:, Maurice Hutin & Maurice Leblanc, "Transformer system for electric railways", issued 23 October 1894
7740:
7175:
6940:
6899:
6612:
5691:
5041:
4247:
4230:
Leyh, G. E.; Kennan, M. D. (2008). "Efficient wireless transmission of power using resonators with coupled electric fields".
3065:
2962:
895:. This is the range over which ordinary nonresonant capacitive or inductive coupling can transfer practical amounts of power.
783:
because they are static. However time-varying fields can carry power. Accelerating electric charges, such as are found in an
557:) methods practical for the first time, and the first long-distance wireless power transmission was achieved in the 1960s by
397:
7757:
9600:
9175:
8793:
5957:
2882:
2828:
In 2003 NASA flew the first laser powered aircraft. The small model plane's motor was powered by electricity generated by
2460:
A laser beam centered on a panel of photovoltaic cells provides enough power to a lightweight model airplane for it to fly.
1659:, usually within centimeters, with the coils' axes aligned. Wide, flat coil shapes are usually used, to increase coupling.
263:, another familiar technology that involves electrical energy transmitted without wires by electromagnetic fields, used in
8167:, Mario W. Cardullo & William L. Parks, "Transponder apparatus and system", issued 23 January 1973
7896:
7050:
5362:
5205:
9615:
9333:
8679:
7963:
Kang, X.; Ho, C. K.; Sun, S. (October 2015). "Full-Duplex Wireless-Powered Communication Network With Energy Causality".
5255:...strongly coupled magnetic resonance can work over the mid-range distance, defined as several times the resonator size.
3633:
Bi, Suzhi; Zeng, Yong; Zhang, Rui; Dong in Kim; Han, Zhu (2016). "Wireless powered communication networks: An overview".
3382:
3190:
Miguel Poveda-García; Jorge Oliva-Sanchez; Ramon Sanchez-Iborra; David Cañete-Rebenaque; Jose Luis Gomez-Tornero (2019).
1308:
and shavers, to reduce the risk of electric shock. Another application area is "transcutaneous" recharging of biomedical
8052:
Schuder, J. C. (2002). "Powering an artificial heart: Birth of the inductively coupled-radio frequency system in 1960".
8844:
8524:
8488:
8466:
8089:
Images of the Twenty-First Century. Proceedings of the Annual International Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
8017:
7906:
7666:
7608:
7514:
5996:
5606:
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5579:
5459:
5346:
5319:
5285:
4937:
4895:
4859:
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4535:
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4353:
4282:
4131:
4104:
3944:
3782:
3755:
3533:
3479:
3469:
3329:
3242:
1874:, which causes an alternating current to flow in the load circuit. The amount of power transferred increases with the
1741:. The resonance between the coils can greatly increase coupling and power transfer, analogously to the way a vibrating
7386:
7345:
6965:
4089:
Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination
9620:
9495:
9257:
9209:
9139:
8348:
7939:
6544:
5658:
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4199:
3914:
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from a beam of infrared light from a ground-based laser, while a control system kept the laser pointed at the plane.
2143:
345:, predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves as the "wireless" carrier of electromagnetic energy. Around 1884
181:
Wireless power transfer is a generic term for a number of different technologies for transmitting energy by means of
5674:
Beams, David M.; Nagoorkar, Varun (2013). "Design and simulation of networks for midrange wireless power transfer".
530:
intensifies a weak signal using energy from another source. For power transmission, efficient transmission required
8758:
1326:
However the fastest growing use is wireless charging pads to recharge mobile and handheld wireless devices such as
384:'s 1879 magneto electric telephone that used ground conduction to transmit over a distance of a quarter of a mile.
6718:
2857:
1513:
when L2 is open circuited. If the two coils are on the same axis and close together so all the magnetic flux from
1409:
862:
very little power will be received. Therefore, these techniques cannot be used for long range power transmission.
9610:
9149:
9031:
3189:
915:. This is the range over which resonant capacitive or inductive coupling can transfer practical amounts of power.
526:
spread out in all directions and little energy reached the receiver. In radio communication, at the receiver, an
7319:
7145:
5781:"Frequency Splitting Analysis and Compensation Method for Inductive Wireless Powering of Implantable Biosensors"
2522:
Conversion between electricity and light is limited. Photovoltaic cells achieve a maximum of 40%–50% efficiency.
1862:. An alternating voltage generated by the transmitter is applied to the transmitting plate, and the oscillating
1047:
devices require wavelengths in the centimeter region or lower, corresponding to frequencies above 1 GHz, in the
9480:
9326:
8859:
7804:
2426:
Under experimental conditions, microwave conversion efficiency was measured to be around 54% across one meter.
2178:
212:
In general a wireless power system consists of a "transmitter" device connected to a source of power such as a
17:
7095:
4756:
3699:
Bi, Suzhi; Ho, Chin Keong; Zhang, Rui (2015). "Wireless powered communication: Opportunities and challenges".
2269:
2243:
1822:
also referred to as electric coupling, makes use of electric fields for the transmission of power between two
1632:. In order to achieve high efficiency, the coils must be very close together, a fraction of the coil diameter
1025:
668:
Charging portable devices, power routing in large-scale integrated circuits, Smartcards, biomedical implants.
9573:
9460:
9190:
5922:
3192:"Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Cost-Effective Wireless Sensor Networks using Frequency-Scanned Beaming"
2876:
2765:
2588:
1289:
generates a higher frequency AC current which drives the coil, because transmission efficiency improves with
1266:
321:
6256:"Experimental Realization of Zenneck Type Wave-based Non-Radiative, Non-Coupled Wireless Power Transmission"
4495:
Cooper, Drury W., internal document of the law firm Kerr, Page & Cooper, New York City, 1916. (Cited in
2227:(from purpose-designed antennas) are the forms of electromagnetic radiation best suited to energy transfer.
1143:
inductive charging spots in a coffee shop. Customers can set their phones and computers on them to recharge.
519:
was developed for communication uses, but could not be used for power transmission since the relatively low-
9185:
9170:
9110:
8974:
2782:
2525:
Atmospheric absorption, and absorption and scattering by clouds, fog, rain, etc., causes up to 100% losses.
2351:
2174:
1959:
Resonance can also be used with capacitive coupling to extend the range. At the turn of the 20th century,
1664:
1316:
637:
139:
7598:
6014:"Wireless power transmission at rotating and sliding elements by using the capacitive coupling technology"
4690:
9595:
8773:
8609:, Solid state solar to microwave energy converter system and apparatus, Kenneth W. Dudley, et al. (1976).
8456:
8087:
SCHWAN, M. A.; Troyk, P.R. (November 1989). "High efficiency driver for transcutaneously coupled coils".
7167:
L. C. Andrews and R. L. Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, 2nd ed. (SPIE Press, 2005)
6683:
Brown, W.C.; Eves, E.E. (June 1992). "Beamed microwave power transmission and its application to space".
6660:
Lan Sun Luk, J. D.; Celeste, A.; Romanacce, P.; Chane Kuang Sang, L.; Gatina, J. C. (6–10 October 1997).
5164:
5055:
4453:
4092:, lecture before the American Inst. of Electrical Engineers, Columbia College, New York. Reprinted as a
3258:
2888:
1706:
1695:
1671:
867:
456:
439:, which generated high AC voltages. Early on he attempted to develop a wireless lighting system based on
7028:
5533:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
1667:
to nearby electronics, but they are heavy and bulky so small wireless devices often use air-core coils.
9201:
9058:
9001:
8942:
2169:
This device has been proposed as an alternative to inductive power transfer for noncontact charging of
1096:
can only be used for short-range power transfer, within a few times the diameter of the antenna device
1078:) Since power is proportional to the square of the field strength, the power transferred decreases as (
931:) of the antenna, the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and propagate as an
7408:
1379:
9382:
9021:
8880:
8824:
8753:
8590:
3082:
2761:
2718:
devices, induction charging stands have been developed for appliances used in wet environments, like
2563:
1250:
1214:
837:
358:
330:
159:
8557:
8272:. NAPS 2008 40th North American Power Symposium, Calgary, 28–30 September 2008. IEEE. pp. 1–4.
8124:
7072:
5740:
5237:
4710:
2773:
circuit over a distance of 12 meters (39 ft). In 2011, Dr. Christopher A. Tucker and Professor
2386:", it is not possible to make a narrower beam by combining the beams of several smaller satellites.
2276:), although originally applied to image resolution, can be viewed in reverse, and dictates that the
2146:, one in the transmitter and one in the receiver, which rotate synchronously, coupled together by a
1635:
138:, and wirelessly charging or continuous wireless power transfer in implantable medical devices like
9531:
9526:
9397:
9195:
8748:
2822:
2813:(MINIX), a rocket experiment to test transmission of high power microwaves through the ionosphere.
2095:
2011:
6745:
9536:
9500:
9475:
9465:
9437:
9180:
8672:
7626:"LASER TYPE ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION FEASIBILITY FOR LIGHTNING AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION STUDIES"
6313:"Wireless Power-Data Transmission for Industrial Internet of Things: Simulations and Experiments"
6057:
5336:
5019:
Schantz, Hans G. (2007). "A real-time location system using near-field electromagnetic ranging".
2790:
2364:
1952:
1928:
1871:
1843:
1730:
1005:
829:
396:
Tesla demonstrating wireless transmission by "electrostatic induction" during an 1891 lecture at
313:
272:
8262:
7684:"Triggering, guiding and deviation of long air spark discharges with femtosecond laser filament"
7221:
6882:
Sahai, Aakash; Graham, David (2011). "Optical wireless power transmission at long wavelengths".
6746:"Cota By Ossia Aims To Drive A Wireless Power Revolution And Change How We Think About Charging"
2789:
A major motivation for microwave research in the 1970s and 1980s was to develop a satellite for
2261:
is also frequently used to determine an approximate spot size at an arbitrary distance from the
2053:
9505:
9272:
8885:
8783:
8552:
5735:
4705:
2643:
2577:
2537:
2464:
In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to the visible region of the spectrum (.2 to 2
1678:. This can achieve high efficiencies at greater distances than nonresonant inductive coupling.
1122:
871:
443:
inductive and capacitive coupling and conducted a series of public demonstrations where he lit
334:
256:
245:
228:" device. The word "antenna" is used loosely here; it may be a coil of wire which generates a
5840:"Combined Conformal Strongly-Coupled Magnetic Resonance for Efficient Wireless Power Transfer"
5401:"Investigation of near field inductive communication system models, channels, and experiments"
5309:
5275:
5258:
4959:
3934:
3523:
3232:
3012:"World's first!! Production starts for Capacitive Coupling Wireless Power Transmission Module"
2310:
Here, the power levels are calculated by combining the parameters together, and adding in the
428:
experimented with transmitting power by inductive and capacitive coupling using spark-excited
9432:
9377:
9349:
9241:
9144:
9048:
8935:
6669:
6413:
5449:
5224:
4885:
4439:
3904:
3553:
2778:
2360:
2319:
1939:
1895:
1746:
1686:
1347:
1286:
1140:
715:
616:
Electric tooth brush and razor battery charging, induction stovetops and industrial heaters.
500:
362:
361:
and allow for a correct analysis of wireless power transfer systems. This was followed on by
354:
296:
221:
182:
171:
78:
74:
8514:
8478:
7777:
6668:. Turin, Italy: University of La Réunion – Faculty of Science and Technology. Archived from
5872:
4927:
4849:
4636:
4440:
Scientific American Supplement, Munn and Co., Vol. 57, No. 1483, 4 June 1904, p. 23760–23761
3319:
2393:
Following World War II, which saw the development of high-power microwave emitters known as
2299:
Microwave power beaming can be more efficient than lasers, and is less prone to atmospheric
1701:
8544:
8363:
8321:
7844:
7695:
7569:
7443:
7278:
7096:"Riding a Beam of Light: NASA's First Space Elevator Competition Proves Highly Challenging"
6692:
6438:
6324:
6267:
5792:
5727:
5311:
Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems: Design, Analysis, and Practical Implementation
5120:
4601:
3599:
3203:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
2979:
2871:
2610:
2545:
1947:
1608:
1343:
1223:
1009:
1004:, radiate power efficiently, but the electromagnetic waves are radiated in all directions (
932:
432:
111:
5886:
1909:
1663:"flux confinement" cores can confine the magnetic fields, improving coupling and reducing
30:
8:
9485:
9470:
9422:
9392:
9225:
9217:
9165:
9134:
8916:
8849:
8839:
8768:
4057:
3817:
2894:
2806:
2719:
2430:
2383:
2326:
of the medium through which the radiation passes. That process is known as calculating a
2323:
2224:
1981:
1839:
1819:
1814:
1757:
1562:
1305:
1258:
1235:
1093:
825:
784:
760:
346:
338:
325:
280:
127:
119:
8548:
8367:
8325:
8263:"Efficient wireless transmission of power using resonators with coupled electric fields"
7848:
7699:
7573:
7447:
7282:
7267:"Papers Relating to Space Photovoltaic Power, Power beaming, and Solar Power Satellites"
7266:
6840:"Energous Enables Wireless Power Transfer Solutions at any Distance for U.S. and Europe"
6696:
6442:
6328:
6271:
5796:
5731:
5124:
4605:
3603:
3207:
3137:
1539:
1516:
1493:
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8665:
8642:
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8498:
8112:
8100:
7990:
7972:
7945:
7865:
7832:
7459:
6946:
6905:
6771:
6550:
6499:
6454:
6401:
6342:
6288:
6255:
5815:
5780:
5761:
5697:
5136:
5110:
5047:
4804:
4617:
4253:
4167:
3726:
3708:
3679:
3660:
3642:
3615:
3589:
3437:
3419:
3172:
3126:
3071:
2642:
welding and machining, for diverting power from high-voltage capacitor discharges, for
2621:
2573:
2445:
2444:
900 MHz. Due to the radiated power of about 1 W this system is intended for small
2205:
2163:
1991:
1985:
1973:
1867:
1847:
1738:
1660:
1588:
1359:
1312:
1309:
1297:
1209:
1112:
833:
554:
504:
440:
373:
268:
107:
94:
89:
34:
7530:
6587:"Scanning the Past: A History of Electrical Engineering from the Past, Hidetsugu Yagi"
2408:
published their first paper on the tuned high-gain directional array now known as the
9264:
9233:
8727:
8722:
8570:
8520:
8484:
8462:
8379:
8281:
8214:
8069:
8065:
8013:
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7902:
7870:
7736:
7662:
7604:
7510:
7463:
7294:
7171:
7006:
6936:
6895:
6590:
6540:
6503:
6458:
6346:
6293:
5992:
5820:
5753:
5687:
5654:
5602:
5575:
5455:
5423:
5342:
5315:
5281:
5037:
4965:
4933:
4891:
4855:
4796:
4642:
4531:
4504:
4476:
4403:
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3778:
3751:
3559:
3529:
3475:
3325:
3238:
3118:
3061:
2958:
2764:
was established in 2008 to develop interoperable standards across manufacturers. Its
2708:
2704:
2666:
2659:
2613:
results in the flow of electric current along a random trajectory through an ionized
2567:
2494:
2473:
2154:
on the armatures. The transmitter armature is turned either by or as the rotor of an
1404:
1354:
1017:
845:
550:
284:
wireless power transfer the amount of energy received is the important thing, so the
135:
66:
8647:
8582:
8104:
6950:
6909:
6554:
5765:
5701:
5051:
4621:
4171:
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3075:
9490:
9427:
9417:
9412:
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8864:
8829:
8778:
8562:
8432:
8371:
8329:
8273:
8192:
8092:
8061:
7994:
7982:
7949:
7927:
7860:
7852:
7728:
7703:
7577:
7455:
7451:
7286:
6928:
6887:
6793:"First Demonstration of a Surveillance Camera Powered by Ordinary Wi-Fi Broadcasts"
6700:
6530:
6522:
6489:
6481:
6473:
6446:
6405:
6393:
6332:
6283:
6275:
5851:
5810:
5800:
5745:
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5415:
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5029:
4808:
4788:
4715:
4635:
Curty, Jari-Pascal; Declercq, Michel; Dehollain, Catherine; Joehl, Norbert (2006).
4609:
4257:
4235:
4159:
3861:
Christopher H. Sterling, Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume, Routledge – 2004, page 831
3834:
3730:
3718:
3664:
3652:
3619:
3607:
3441:
3429:
3211:
3164:
3110:
3053:
2950:
2548:. Wireless energy transfer systems using lasers for consumer space have to satisfy
2541:
2529:
2285:
2235:
2170:
2151:
1977:
1795:
1722:
1717:) is a form of inductive coupling in which power is transferred by magnetic fields
1675:
1323:
such as cars and to either charge or power transit vehicles like buses and trains.
1320:
997:
764:
752:
558:
342:
143:
8628:
8142:
7723:
Kasparian, Jérôme; Wolf, Jean-Pierre (2010). "On Lightning Control Using Lasers".
6616:
6517:
Landis, Geoffrey (2006). "RE-Evaluating Satellite Solar Power Systems for Earth".
4592:
Brown, W.C. (September 1984). "The History of Power Transmission by Radio Waves".
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
9249:
9011:
8996:
8375:
8333:
7558:"Channeling the electrical breakdown of air by optically heated plasma filaments"
7504:
7165:
6081:"Device for transporting energy by partial influence through a dielectric medium"
4525:
4498:
4470:
4397:
4370:
4343:
4272:
4121:
4094:
2757:
2753:
2501:
2343:
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2251:
1331:
1327:
1192:
429:
405:
350:
317:
237:
225:
217:
82:
7732:
7431:
7243:
6362:"Modelling of Zenneck Wave Transmission System in Super High Frequency spectrum"
6337:
6312:
5683:
3216:
3191:
1963:
did the first experiments with both resonant inductive and capacitive coupling.
9510:
9452:
9407:
9302:
8911:
8788:
8707:
8436:
7290:
6891:
6884:
2011 International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)
6397:
6279:
5676:
2013 IEEE 56th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)
4792:
4552:
4424:
4217:
The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation
4087:
4028:
The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation
3992:
The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation
3962:
The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation
3433:
3168:
3114:
3057:
3030:
2863:
2738:
2723:
2683:
2679:
2646:
applications employing electrical conduction through a ground return path, and
2614:
2581:
2456:
2433:, i.e., Gunn or IMPATT diodes, and this would be viable for short range links.
2420:
2401:
2155:
2147:
1863:
1791:
1335:
1274:
1243:
1227:
1021:
1001:
821:
817:
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748:
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233:
229:
190:
186:
175:
115:
103:
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6080:
5132:
4613:
4328:
4239:
3873:
Innovation as a Social Process: Elihu Thomson and the Rise of General Electric
3722:
3611:
515:
Before World War II, little progress was made in wireless power transmission.
476:
9589:
9442:
9043:
9038:
8712:
8632:
8096:
7986:
7007:"Laser weapons: A distant target, CNET news August 23, 2008 1:41 pm PDT"
5887:"Reconsideration of Wireless Power Transfer principle which presented by MIT"
5338:
The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. 1: Mainly Mechanics, Radiation, and Heat
5033:
4150:
Wheeler, L. P. (August 1943). "II — Tesla's contribution to high frequency".
3813:
3809:
3805:
3797:
3656:
2849:
2821:(SHARP) to relay telecommunication data between points on earth similar to a
2774:
2688:
2647:
1772:
1464:
444:
413:
377:
372:
During the same period two schemes of wireless signaling were put forward by
206:
8566:
7931:
7582:
7557:
6535:
6494:
5749:
4163:
1771:
exchange energy at a much higher rate than they lose energy due to internal
1319:, to avoid having wires passing through the skin. It is also used to charge
467:
408:
alternating current. An oscillating electric field between the sheets
9402:
9297:
8984:
8958:
8702:
8574:
8383:
8196:
8073:
7874:
7856:
7349:
7298:
6659:
6361:
6297:
5824:
5757:
4800:
3830:
3801:
3122:
2794:
2749:
2603:
2555:
The first wireless power system using lasers for consumer applications was
2549:
2409:
2405:
2346:
that could send energy by microwaves to a space vessel or planetary surface
2311:
2191:
1960:
1752:
1168:
706:
640:), biomedical implants, electric vehicles, powering buses, trains, MAGLEV,
425:
381:
8164:
8033:
5419:
4689:
Valtchev, Stanimir S.; Baikova, Elena N.; Jorge, Luis R. (December 2012).
4005:
3234:
Smart Grid: Communication-Enabled Intelligence for the Electric Power Grid
9053:
8979:
4719:
2954:
2700:
2465:
2371:
2327:
2315:
2300:
2247:
2231:
2213:
2209:
1879:
1835:
1799:
1742:
1282:
1231:
585:
541:
The development of microwave technology during World War II, such as the
531:
392:
213:
9318:
6485:
6227:"ELIX Wireless Rolls Out A 10kW Wireless EV Charger With 92% Efficiency"
5115:
4455:
Wireless telegraphy: its origins, development, inventions, and apparatus
2891: – Formula in telecommunications engineering of antenna performance
1183:
1128:
Prototype inductive electric car charging system at 2011 Tokyo Auto Show
507:, but by 1904 investment dried up and the facility was never completed.
42:
9541:
9307:
9016:
8890:
8834:
8798:
8716:
7727:. Springer Series in Chemical Physics. Vol. 98. pp. 109–122.
7051:"White Sands testing new laser weapon system, US Army.mil, 30 Jan 2009"
5856:
5839:
5335:
Feynman, Richard Phillips; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew (1963).
4300:
Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla : Biography of a Genius
2798:
2483:
2289:
2277:
2273:
2239:
2220:
1859:
1339:
1013:
944:
936:
809:
523:
448:
436:
417:
401:
366:
285:
194:
7708:
7683:
6704:
6450:
5805:
5387:
2805:
to huge rectennas, which would convert it to electrical energy on the
2230:
The dimensions of the components may be dictated by the distance from
2166:
or by using the receiver armature itself as the rotor in a generator.
9006:
8743:
8688:
7323:
6190:
5907:
Interference Risks from Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles
5779:
Schormans, Matthew; Valente, Virgilio; Demosthenous, Andreas (2016).
2829:
2802:
2748:
The proliferation of portable wireless communication devices such as
2742:
2556:
2487:
2394:
2293:
2258:
1875:
1855:
1854:
such as metal plates. The transmitter and receiver electrodes form a
1851:
1823:
1768:
1737:
with internal capacitance. The two are tuned to resonate at the same
1734:
1726:
1290:
1278:
1270:
1048:
940:
863:
645:
546:
535:
527:
520:
452:
333:. A concise explanation of these phenomena would come from the 1860s
264:
249:
198:
163:
123:
8308:
Tucker, Christopher A.; Warwick, Kevin; Holderbaum, William (2013).
7556:
Scheller, Maik; Born, Norman; Cheng, Weibo; Polynkin, Pavel (2014).
4021:
4019:
3975:
Rappaport, Theodore S.; Woerner, Brian D.; Reed, Jeffrey H. (2012).
1764:
The concept behind resonant inductive coupling systems is that high
1376:
between the coils, which depends on their geometry and the distance
1285:
is applied directly to the transmitter coil, but in most systems an
220:. At the transmitter the input power is converted to an oscillating
8309:
7632:. LIGHTNING AND TRANSIENTS RESEARCH INST ST PAUL MN. Archived from
7478:
6776:
5623:"FCC approves first wireless 'power-at-a-distance' charging system"
3684:
3647:
3424:
2715:
2379:
2355:
2262:
1765:
1301:
756:
710:
562:
542:
202:
7977:
5988:
Integrated Interconnect Technologies for 3D Nanoelectronic Systems
5022:
2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium
3713:
3594:
3103:
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
2419:
in California in 1975 and more recently (1997) at Grand Bassin on
341:, establishing a theory that unified electricity and magnetism to
9387:
8163:
7160:
Propagation Characteristics of Laser Beams – Melles Griot catalog
4016:
3829:
3050:
2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)
2843:
2304:
1831:
1262:
1167:
GM EV1 and Toyota RAV4 EV inductively charging at a now-obsolete
1161:
824:
are separate and power can be transferred via electric fields by
365:' 1888 validation of the theory, which included the evidence for
7371:
6769:
6662:"POINT-TO-POINT WIRELESS POWER TRANSPORTATION IN REUNION ISLAND"
6519:
2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conference
4887:
Plug in Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids: Integration Techniques
73:
as a physical link. In a wireless power transmission system, an
8927:
8906:
8008:
Rudnev, Valery; Loveless, Don; Cook, Raymond L (14 July 2017).
6021:
2014 ANSYS Electronic Simulation Expo October 9–10, 2014, Tokyo
4823:"Israeli startup turns luminaires into wireless power chargers"
3525:
Wearable Sensors: Fundamentals, Implementation and Applications
2423:. These methods achieve distances on the order of a kilometer.
2159:
1061:
776:
409:
8617:, Microwave power receiving antenna, Carroll C. Dailey (1970).
8534:
8314:
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
7833:"Laser-assisted guiding of electric discharges around objects"
5717:
5448:
Bolic, Miodrag; Simplot-Ryl, David; Stojmenovic, Ivan (2010).
3578:
2511:
Access control: only receivers hit by the laser receive power.
2448:
devices as various sensors, trackers, detectors and monitors.
2292:
of radiation, the more can the radiation be concentrated in a
1786:
oscillator frequency must be tuned to the new resonance peak.
974:
where the antenna is much smaller than the size of the waves,
9078:
8763:
7432:"A coupled model on energy conversion in laser power beaming"
6640:"Wireless Power Transmission for Solar Power Satellite (SPS)"
4884:
Rajakaruna, Sumedha; Shahnia, Farhad; Ghosh, Arindam (2014).
4691:"Electromagnetic field as the wireless transporter of energy"
2505:
2469:
2468:), power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a
1924:
1827:
848:
with distance, so if the distance between the two "antennas"
516:
260:
241:
167:
8657:
8601:, Microwave powered aircraft, John E. Martin, et al. (1990).
8032:
7430:
Wu, Chen-Wu; Wang, Jyhwen; Huang, Chen-Guang (15 May 2018).
7409:"Dryden Flight Research Center, Beamed Laser Power For UAVs"
6474:"Space Transfer With Ground-Based Laser/Electric Propulsion"
5778:
5165:"Seminar: A Review on Technologies for Wireless Electricity"
3157:
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs
2980:"Wireless Power Transmission for Power Supply: State of Art"
5447:
5100:
4634:
3154:
3099:
3047:
2734:
2375:
2338:
1690:
Generic block diagram of an inductive wireless power system
1463:. This dimensionless parameter is equal to the fraction of
641:
538:, which can be focused in narrow beams towards a receiver.
276:
131:
88:
Wireless power techniques mainly fall into two categories:
70:
7778:"U.S. Army weapon shoots lightning bolts down laser beams"
7681:
6922:
5837:
5571:
Omnidirectional Inductive Powering for Biomedical Implants
5341:. California Institute of Technology. pp. 30.6–30.7.
4992:"Understanding Low Frequency Non-radiative Power Transfer"
3979:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 211–215.
3747:
CMOS Integrated Circuit Design for Wireless Power Transfer
2947:
4th IET Clean Energy and Technology Conference (CEAT 2016)
2142:
In this method, power is transmitted between two rotating
1064:
fields. These fields decrease with the cube of distance: (
416:
in his hands, causing them to glow in a manner similar to
307:
8215:"Wireless Power Consortium to Unleash Electronic Gadgets"
7924:
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2013 conference on SIGCOMM
7555:
6719:"Cota system transmits power wirelessly at up to 30 feet"
6649:(Second Draft ed.). Georgia Institute of Technology.
1966:
357:, which describe the flow of power across an area within
102:
techniques, power is transferred over short distances by
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4757:"Wireless recharging: Pulling the plug on electric cars"
4698:
Facta Universitatis – Series: Electronics and Energetics
4056:
Lee, C.K.; Zhong, W.X.; Hui, S.Y.R. (5 September 2012).
1253:. The magnetic field passes through the receiving coil
8307:
8141:. Cochlearamericas.com. 30 January 2009. Archived from
7829:
5574:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–5.
3977:
Wireless Personal Communications: Trends and Challenges
3677:
3474:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 5–6.
3286:"Wireless charging for electric vehicles hits the road"
2899:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2374:
limiting antenna directionality. For example, the 1978
1674:
is used, in which the efficiency is increased by using
1353:
The power transferred increases with frequency and the
1055:
8310:"A contribution to the wireless transmission of power"
7921:
6382:
5277:
An Introduction to Classical Electromagnetic Radiation
4883:
3632:
2597:
832:) between metal electrodes, or via magnetic fields by
316:
discovered a connection between current and magnets.
7658:
Laser Surface Engineering: Processes and Applications
6310:
5171:. The Hong Kong Electronic Industries Association Ltd
2897: – Theorem in electromagnetic theory of antennas
2811:
Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction Experiment
2624:
2504:
interference to existing radio communication such as
2098:
2056:
2014:
1994:
1638:
1611:
1591:
1565:
1542:
1519:
1496:
1473:
1412:
1382:
1362:
1230:. The transmitter and receiver coils together form a
718:, powering drone aircraft, charging wireless devices
6685:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
6569:"Experimental Airborne Microwave Supported Platform"
6311:
Oruganti, S. K.; Khosla, A.; Thundat, T. G. (2020).
5334:
4781:
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
4688:
4594:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
4059:
Recent Progress in Mid-Range Wireless Power Transfer
3974:
2839:
2707:
has been used since the early 1900s and is used for
738:
Charging portable devices, powering drone aircraft.
8643:
The Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform (SHARP)
7142:"Free-Space Laser Propagation: Atmospheric Effects"
5500:"Wireless power minimizes interconnection problems"
4638:
Design and Optimization of Passive UHF RFID Systems
4425:"The Transmission of Electric Energy Without Wires"
2944:
2479:Advantages compared to other wireless methods are:
2198:
2092:and then enters into the over-coupled regime where
1850:, energy is transmitted by electric fields between
1403:between them. A widely used figure of merit is the
855:is much larger than the diameter of the "antennas"
27:
Electrical transmission without physical connection
8997:Alternating-current commutatorless induction motor
8007:
7121:"Wi-Charge Wins CES 2018 Best of Innovation Award"
6925:2008 33rd IEEE Photovolatic Specialists Conference
6359:
6253:
5196:
2630:
2126:
2084:
2042:
2000:
1794:is that it could drastically reduce the 6 billion
1651:
1624:
1597:
1577:
1551:
1528:
1505:
1482:
1455:
1395:
1368:
8254:
8182:
7197:
4777:
816:) of the antenna. In this region the oscillating
688:Charging electric vehicles, biomedical implants.
255:Wireless power uses the same fields and waves as
9587:
9118:My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla
8261:Leyh, G. E.; Kennan, M. D. (28 September 2008).
8240:"Global Qi Standard Powers Up Wireless Charging"
5598:Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems
4530:. Princeton University Press. pp. 302–367.
4402:. Princeton University Press. pp. 209–211.
4191:Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems
3837:; Salazar-Palma, M.; Sengupta, Dipak L. (2006).
3774:Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems
3471:Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems
2797:, this would harvest energy from sunlight using
2536:Laser "powerbeaming" technology was explored in
492:Tesla's unsuccessful Wardenclyffe power station.
400:. The two metal sheets are connected to a
46:Generic block diagram of a wireless power system
7163:
6631:
6605:
5595:Sun, Tianjia; Xie, Xiang; Zhihua, Wang (2013).
4489:
4329:"Tesla – Master of Lightning: Colorado Springs"
3771:Sun, Tianjia; Xie, Xiang; Wang, Zhihua (2013).
3468:Sun, Tianjia; Xie, Xiang; Zhihua, Wang (2013).
3409:
8429:MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest
8408:. Mainland High School, Daytona Beach, Florida
8026:
6857:
6360:Paul, D.; Oruganti, S. K.; Khosla, A. (2020).
6078:
5673:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
1681:
840:) between coils of wire. These fields are not
9334:
8943:
8673:
7722:
7654:
7617:
7164:Andrews, Larry C; Phillips, Ronald L (2005).
6838:Emilio, Maurizio Di Paolo (8 November 2021).
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4851:An Introduction to Radio Frequency Engineerin
3875:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–58.
3547:
3545:
3521:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
2977:
244:which generates light. A similar antenna or
8503:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7965:IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
7597:Rakov, Vladimir A.; Uman, Martin A. (2003).
6418:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5594:
5451:RFID Systems: Research Trends and Challenges
4854:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–3.
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4317:. Barnes & Noble Publishing. p. 92.
4277:. Princeton University Press. p. H-45.
4082:
4080:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3522:Sazonov, Edward; Neuman, Michael R. (2014).
3467:
3365:
3363:
3361:
2472:beam that is received and concentrated onto
2185:
1456:{\displaystyle k\;=\;M/{\sqrt {L_{1}L_{2}}}}
1304:appliances used in wet environments such as
596:Current and/or possible future applications
77:transmitter device generates a time-varying
8509:Comprehensive, theoretical engineering text
8086:
7769:
7725:Progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science
7603:. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 296–298.
7506:An Introduction to High Voltage Engineering
7429:
6881:
6875:
6203:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
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5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5903:
5280:. Cambridge University Press. p. 474.
5249:
5247:
5199:"White paper: Understanding Wireless Power"
5096:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4475:. Princeton University Press. p. 252.
4375:. Princeton University Press. p. 301.
4348:. Princeton University Press. p. 264.
4126:. Princeton University Press. p. 132.
4055:
4034:
4006:"21. Fakes, Frauds, and Cranks (1866–1922)"
3964:. Race Point Publishing. pp. 154, 165.
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3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3324:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. ix–xiii.
2552:requirements standardized under IEC 60825.
2417:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
2318:due to the antenna characteristics and the
1749:in a distant fork tuned to the same pitch.
808:region: This means the area within about 1
633:Tuned wire coils, lumped element resonators
9568:
9341:
9327:
9287:The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century
9280:Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla
8950:
8936:
8680:
8666:
8420:
8260:
7894:
7805:"Picatinny engineers set phasers to 'fry'"
7796:
7716:
7675:
7093:
6589:. Ieee.cincinnati.fuse.net. Archived from
6376:
5958:"Various techniques for wireless charging"
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5014:
5012:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4868:
4544:
4229:
4219:. Race Point Publishing. pp. 143–144.
4187:
4145:
4143:
3770:
3542:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3296:
2568:coherence and the range limitation problem
2137:
1420:
1416:
9348:
8556:
8512:
8426:
8208:
8206:
7976:
7962:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7864:
7802:
7749:
7707:
7655:Lawrence, Jonathan R.; Waugh, D. (2014).
7648:
7596:
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6916:
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6682:
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6534:
6493:
6336:
6287:
6155:
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5855:
5814:
5804:
5739:
5601:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5527:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5493:
5491:
5355:
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4985:
4983:
4981:
4771:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4709:
4570:
4416:
4077:
3939:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 292–293.
3928:
3926:
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3712:
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3683:
3646:
3593:
3551:
3423:
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3372:"All About Transferring Power Wirelessly"
3317:
3215:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2978:Kracek, Jan; Mazanek, Milos (June 2011).
1798:disposed of each year, a large source of
455:with the transmitter's LC circuit. using
8804:Time stretch analog-to-digital converter
8454:
8403:
8270:2008 40th North American Power Symposium
8242:. UBM plc. PR Newswire. 2 September 2009
7898:Energy Harvesting for Autonomous Systems
7823:
7755:
7630:DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER OAI
7623:
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6249:
6247:
6099:
6011:
6005:
5955:
5940:
5640:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5392:
5244:
4946:
4655:
4553:"The Problem of Increasing Human Energy"
4517:
4496:
4232:2008 40th North American Power Symposium
3405:
3403:
3369:
3338:
2455:
2337:
1951:displacement in the load dipole through
1685:
962:, which is determined by the frequency:
901:: up to 10 times the antenna diameter:
510:
391:
41:
29:
8855:Monte Carlo method for photon transport
8476:
8397:
8340:
8301:
8176:
8157:
8051:
6763:
6743:
6218:
6137:
6127:
5910:, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI)
5713:
5711:
5646:
5408:Progress in Electromagnetics Research B
5398:
5328:
5183:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5073:
5018:
5009:
4957:
4925:
4904:
4847:
4841:
4523:
4503:. Sun Publishing Company. p. 110.
4468:
4395:
4368:
4341:
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3870:
3777:. Springer Science and Business Media.
3488:
2917:
2819:Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform
404:oscillator, which applies high-voltage
308:19th century developments and dead ends
14:
9588:
9069:Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing
8516:Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
8346:
8203:
7881:
7811:. US Army official website www.mil.gov
7590:
7470:
7387:"Space Elevator Tethers Coming Closer"
7264:
7005:Skillings, Jonathan (23 August 2008).
6966:"Wireless power spells end for cables"
6837:
6516:
6471:
6432:
6426:
6205:, Vol 58, No. 2, pp 544–554, Feb 2011.
6174:
6165:
5984:
5978:
5531:
5518:
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4989:
4978:
4964:. River Publishers. pp. 126–129.
4754:
4733:
4451:
4445:
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4214:
4025:
3989:
3959:
3932:
3923:
3906:Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
3555:Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3321:Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
3237:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 118.
2997:
2911:
2879: – Electrical engineering concept
2257:design, which also applies to lasers.
1967:Electrodynamic wireless power transfer
1808:
1702:Tesla coil § Resonant transformer
1490:that passes through the receiver coil
9322:
8931:
8661:
8347:Glaser, Peter E. (22 November 1968).
8212:
7775:
7765:. Digital Services. pp. 161–162.
7389:. Crnano.typepad.com. 31 January 2009
7346:"Power Beaming (Climber) Competition"
7053:. United States Army. 30 January 2009
6963:
6791:arXiv, Emerging Technology from the.
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6579:
6244:
6117:
6047:
6045:
5920:
5667:
5567:
5552:
5497:
5468:
5454:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 29.
5441:
5399:Agbinya, Johnson I. (February 2013).
5273:
5267:
4628:
4591:
4550:
4527:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4472:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4458:. D. Van Nostrand Co. pp. 38–42.
4422:
4399:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4372:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4345:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4274:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4123:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4030:. Race Point Publishing. p. 165.
3994:. Race Point Publishing. p. 154.
3909:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 11.
3804:(1842), Samuel Alfred Varley (1852),
3558:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 27.
3400:
3283:
3251:
1934:Two types of circuit have been used:
1222:, IPT), power is transferred between
1106:
574:Wireless power technologies by range
534:that could generate higher-frequency
412:the low-pressure gas in the two long
9176:Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe
8794:Subwavelength-diameter optical fibre
7895:Beeby, Stephen; White, Neil (2010).
7246:. Geoffreylandis.com. 28 August 1997
7029:"Laser Weapons "Almost Ready?" Not!"
6615:. Space Island Group. Archived from
6437:. Vol. 2121. pp. 252–255.
6146:
5708:
5588:
5162:
5147:
4223:
4178:
3764:
3743:
3230:
2918:Hoffman, Chris (15 September 2017).
2883:Electromagnetic radiation and health
2653:
1858:, with the intervening space as the
1056:Near-field (nonradiative) techniques
881:: up to about one antenna diameter:
8404:Friend, Michael; Parise, Ronald J.
8232:
7502:
7320:"Limitless clean energy from space"
6051:
5879:
5388:http://www.americanradiohistory.com
5307:
5294:
5204:. Fulton Innovation. Archived from
4755:Ashley, Steven (20 November 2012).
4312:
3936:Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy
3448:
3224:
2598:Atmospheric plasma channel coupling
2367:leaving orbit has been considered.
1878:the square of the voltage, and the
1715:strongly coupled magnetic resonance
927:region: Beyond about 1 wavelength (
252:, which determines the wavelength.
232:, a metal plate which generates an
158:, power is transferred by beams of
24:
9077:
8845:Extraordinary optical transmission
8447:
8431:. Vol. 76. pp. 139–141.
7075:. Defensetech.org. 6 November 2003
7031:. Defensetech.org. 12 January 2006
6224:
6191:http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/18036
6042:
5991:. Artech House. pp. 475–477.
4932:. River Publishers. pp. 1–2.
3800:(1791), Peter Samuel Munk (1835),
3737:
2920:"How Does Wireless Charging Work?"
2664:In the context of wireless power,
1257:, where it induces an alternating
1238:(AC) through the transmitter coil
25:
9632:
9496:Research in lithium-ion batteries
9104:Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900
8622:
8477:Agbinya, Johnson I., Ed. (2012).
8461:. Power Conversion Publications.
8213:Sayer, Peter (19 December 2008).
7803:Kaneshiro, Jason (21 June 2012).
7476:
6790:
6054:"Coupling games in metamaterials"
6023:. ExH Corporation. Archived from
5870:
5653:. River Publishers. p. 140.
1888:Capacitive wireless power systems
763:in the space around it. A steady
759:. A stationary charge creates an
240:which radiates radio waves, or a
9567:
8957:
8759:Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier
8591:Wireless Pasts and Wired Futures
8406:"Cutting the Cord: ISTF 07-1726"
8349:"Power from the Sun: Its future"
8131:
8080:
8066:10.1046/j.1525-1594.2002.07130.x
8045:
8001:
7956:
7915:
7624:Stahmann, J. R. (October 1964).
7523:
7509:. PHI Learning. pp. 19–21.
7423:
7401:
7364:
7338:
7312:
7258:
7236:
7214:
7191:
7134:
7113:
7087:
7065:
7043:
7021:
6998:
6976:
6957:
6831:
6806:
6784:
6737:
6711:
6676:
6653:
6561:
6510:
6465:
6353:
6304:
6208:
6195:
6183:
3370:Gopinath, Ashwin (August 2013).
2856:
2842:
2781:, recreated Tesla's 1900 patent
2288:or laser's exit aperture to the
2199:Far-field (radiative) techniques
2158:, and its magnetic field exerts
1908:
1894:
1396:{\displaystyle D_{\text{range}}}
1191:
1182:
1160:
1148:
1133:
1121:
775:around it. These fields contain
568:
475:
466:
7348:. Spaceward.org. Archived from
6984:"power transmission via lasers"
6964:Smith, David (4 January 2009).
6613:"Space Solar Energy Initiative"
6134:10.1109/MEMS51782.2021.9375416.
6124:10.1109/MEMS46641.2020.9056444.
6072:
5914:
5897:
5873:"A graphical look at Resonance"
5864:
5831:
5772:
5615:
5314:. CRC Press. pp. 181–182.
4815:
4462:
4389:
4362:
4335:
4321:
4306:
4291:
4264:
4208:
4113:
3998:
3983:
3968:
3953:
3864:
3855:
3823:
3791:
3744:Lu, Yan; Ki, Wing-Hung (2017).
3692:
3671:
3626:
3572:
3284:Marks, Paul (22 January 2014).
3277:
2885: – Aspect of public health
2195:along the metal-air interface.
2190:A new kind of system using the
1802:and groundwater contamination.
958:to the wavelength of the waves
387:
9481:Lithium iron phosphate battery
9258:Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror
8860:Wavelength selective switching
8012:(Second ed.). CRC Press.
7901:. Artech House. pp. 1–2.
7776:Quick, Darren (28 June 2012).
7661:. Elsevier. pp. 456–460.
7600:Lightning: Physics and Effects
7456:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.05.010
5923:"Resonant Capacitive Coupling"
4452:Sewall, Charles Henry (1903).
4423:Tesla, Nikola (5 March 1904).
3528:. Elsevier. pp. 253–255.
3265:. PC Magazine Ziff-Davis. 2014
3183:
2971:
2938:
2365:beaming of power to spacecraft
2179:University of British Columbia
1838:for the transfer of power. In
1652:{\displaystyle D_{\text{ant}}}
561:. In 1964, Brown invented the
13:
1:
9606:Electromagnetic compatibility
9461:Compressed-air energy storage
9210:Tesla – Lightning in His Hand
9191:Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport
8687:
8455:de Rooij, Michael A. (2015).
8139:"What is a cochlear implant?"
8010:Handbook of Induction Heating
7479:"Wireless Power Transmission"
7222:"An Evolutionary Path to SPS"
7200:"An explanation of Coherence"
7073:"Lasers Power Planes, Drones"
4848:Coleman, Christopher (2004).
4429:Electrical World and Engineer
4302:. Citadel Press. p. 107.
2904:
2877:Electromagnetic compatibility
2801:and beam it down to Earth as
2703:was developed in the 1800s.
2589:Dryden Flight Research Center
2333:
2127:{\displaystyle k>k_{crit}}
2043:{\displaystyle k<k_{crit}}
1467:through the transmitter coil
1155:Wireless powered access card.
947:. This part of the energy is
140:artificial cardiac pacemakers
9171:Nikola Tesla Memorial Center
9111:Fragments of Olympian Gossip
8638:Microwave Power Transmission
8376:10.1126/science.162.3856.857
8334:10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.10.066
7265:Landis, Geoffrey A. (2001).
5504:Power Electronics Technology
5363:"Lighting Lamp by S-W Radio"
4926:Agbinya, Johnson I. (2012).
4890:. Springer. pp. 34–36.
4524:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4469:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4396:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4369:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4342:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4271:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4215:Cooper, Christopher (2015).
4120:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4086:Tesla, Nikola (20 May 1891)
4026:Cooper, Christopher (2015).
3990:Cooper, Christopher (2015).
3960:Cooper, Christopher (2015).
3871:Carlson, W. Bernard (2003).
3701:IEEE Communications Magazine
3635:IEEE Wireless Communications
3582:IEEE Communications Magazine
2175:electromagnetic interference
59:wireless energy transmission
7:
9601:Electric power distribution
9032:Resonant inductive coupling
8774:Photonic integrated circuit
7733:10.1007/978-3-642-03825-9_6
6338:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3030658
5684:10.1109/MWSCAS.2013.6674697
4990:Umenei, A. E. (June 2011).
4551:Tesla, Nikola (June 1900).
3217:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2886448
2889:Friis transmission equation
2835:
2342:An artist's depiction of a
1972:transduction schemes (e.g.
1707:Resonant inductive coupling
1696:Resonant inductive coupling
1682:Resonant inductive coupling
1672:resonant inductive coupling
1315:in the human body, such as
868:resonant inductive coupling
636:Charging portable devices (
621:Resonant inductive coupling
457:resonant inductive coupling
320:described in 1831 with his
10:
9637:
9616:Inventions by Nikola Tesla
9202:The Secret of Nikola Tesla
9059:Three-phase electric power
9026:
9002:Tesla Experimental Station
8437:10.1109/mwsym.1976.1123672
7759:Non-Lethal Weapon Handbook
7291:10.1089/153110701753198927
7144:. Ieee.org. Archived from
6892:10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783662
6647:Space Solar Power Workshop
6398:10.1109/JPROC.2013.2245491
6280:10.1038/s41598-020-57554-1
6012:Harakawa, Kenichi (2014).
5904:Sara Linder (2 May 2021),
5534:"How Wireless Power Works"
4793:10.1109/TBCAS.2012.2220763
4315:Tesla, Master of Lightning
3933:Angelo, Joseph A. (2009).
3750:. Springer. pp. 2–3.
3434:10.1109/comst.2015.2499783
3379:Electronics for You E-zine
3259:"Wireless energy transfer"
3169:10.1109/TCSII.2017.2737140
3115:10.1109/TNSRE.2018.2824281
3058:10.1109/ISCAS.2017.8050940
2817:prototype airplane called
2657:
2638:) of the filament of air.
2601:
2576:is one of the pioneers of
2085:{\displaystyle k=k_{crit}}
1812:
1699:
1693:
1267:Faraday's law of induction
1110:
735:Lasers, photocells, lenses
302:
9563:
9519:
9451:
9383:Artificial photosynthesis
9370:
9363:
9356:
9158:
9127:
9088:
9075:
8965:
8899:
8881:Fiber-optic communication
8873:
8825:Arrayed waveguide grating
8817:
8754:Delay line interferometer
8736:
8695:
8519:. John Wiley & Sons.
8513:Shinohara, Naoki (2014).
8278:10.1109/NAPS.2008.5307364
7372:"From Concept to Reality"
7322:. Nss.org. Archived from
6933:10.1109/pvsc.2008.4922910
6527:10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279877
6478:NASA Technical Memorandum
5985:Meindl, James D. (2008).
5956:Huschens, Markus (2012).
5532:Wilson, Tracy V. (2014).
5370:Short Wave and Television
5133:10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017
4614:10.1109/TMTT.1984.1132833
4497:Anderson, Leland (1992).
4240:10.1109/NAPS.2008.5307364
3723:10.1109/MCOM.2015.7081084
3612:10.1109/MCOM.2014.6957150
3318:Shinohara, Naoki (2014).
3231:Bush, Stephen F. (2014).
2762:Wireless Power Consortium
2451:
2186:Zenneck wave transmission
1974:electromagnetic/induction
1870:on the receiver plate by
1215:electromagnetic induction
838:electromagnetic induction
359:electromagnetic radiation
331:electromagnetic induction
160:electromagnetic radiation
65:) is the transmission of
9621:Wireless energy transfer
9532:Battery electric vehicle
9527:Alternative fuel vehicle
9398:Concentrated solar power
8749:Optical DPSK demodulator
8629:How Wireless Power Works
8097:10.1109/IEMBS.1989.96262
7987:10.1109/TWC.2015.2439673
7756:Franklin, Steve (2015).
7436:Journal of Power Sources
7244:"A Supersynchronous SPS"
5498:Davis, Sam (July 2011).
5274:Smith, Glenn S. (1997).
5034:10.1109/APS.2007.4396365
4997:. Fulton Innovation, Inc
4298:Seifer, Marc J. (1996).
4099:. Wildside Press. 2006.
4096:book of the same name by
3657:10.1109/MWC.2016.7462480
2823:communications satellite
2497:fit into small products.
2259:Airy's diffraction limit
2250:limit, used in standard
1220:inductive power transfer
154:techniques, also called
9537:Hybrid electric vehicle
9466:Flywheel energy storage
9438:Space-based solar power
9181:IEEE Nikola Tesla Award
8809:Wireless power transfer
8567:10.1126/science.1143254
8480:Wireless Power Transfer
8458:Wireless Power Handbook
8185:Proceedings of the IEEE
7932:10.1145/2486001.2486015
7583:10.1364/OPTICA.1.000125
7537:. Conjecture Corp. 2015
7198:Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta.
6386:Proceedings of the IEEE
5750:10.1126/science.1143254
5650:Wireless Power Transfer
5308:Tan, Yen Kheng (2013).
5261:Wireless Power Transfer
4961:Wireless Power Transfer
4929:Wireless Power Transfer
4641:. Springer. p. 4.
4194:. Springer. p. 3.
4188:Sun; Xie; Wang (2013).
4164:10.1109/EE.1943.6435874
3381:: 52–56. Archived from
2793:. Conceived in 1968 by
2791:space-based solar power
2694:
2138:Magnetodynamic coupling
1953:electrostatic induction
1929:dielectric polarization
1872:electrostatic induction
1866:induces an alternating
1844:electrostatic induction
1711:electrodynamic coupling
1242:creates an oscillating
1016:into beams. By using a
830:electrostatic induction
771:, DC) creates a static
673:Magnetodynamic coupling
273:television broadcasting
51:Wireless power transfer
9611:Microwave transmission
9506:Thermal energy storage
9273:Tesla: Man Out of Time
9082:
8886:Optical neural network
8784:Photonic-crystal fiber
8197:10.1109/proc.1975.9928
8165:United States 3713148A
8091:. pp. 1403–1404.
7857:10.1126/sciadv.1400111
7411:. Nasa.gov. 7 May 2008
6744:Etherington, Darrell.
6521:. pp. 1939–1942.
5927:wipo-wirelesspower.com
5232:Cite journal requires
5028:. pp. 3792–3795.
4152:Electrical Engineering
2644:directed-energy weapon
2632:
2578:solar power satellites
2562:Other details include
2461:
2361:solar power satellites
2347:
2274:Abbe diffraction limit
2128:
2086:
2044:
2002:
1691:
1653:
1626:
1599:
1579:
1553:
1530:
1507:
1484:
1457:
1397:
1370:
1348:video game controllers
970:. At low frequencies
665:Metal plate electrodes
421:
297:electromagnetic fields
257:wireless communication
183:electromagnetic fields
172:solar power satellites
47:
39:
35:Inductive charging pad
9433:Photovoltaic pavement
9378:Airborne wind turbine
9350:Emerging technologies
9242:The Tesla World Light
9186:Tesla Satellite Award
9145:World Wireless System
9140:Westinghouse Electric
9081:
8614:U.S. patent 3,535,543
8606:U.S. patent 3,933,323
8598:U.S. patent 4,955,562
8589:Thibault, G. (2014).
8034:United States 527857A
6986:. Laserfocusworld.com
5420:10.2528/pierb12120512
5376:(4): 166. August 1937
3263:Encyclopedia of terms
2949:. pp. 33 (5 .).
2779:University of Reading
2720:electric toothbrushes
2633:
2459:
2341:
2129:
2087:
2045:
2003:
1747:sympathetic vibration
1700:Further information:
1689:
1654:
1627:
1625:{\displaystyle k^{2}}
1600:
1580:
1554:
1531:
1508:
1485:
1458:
1398:
1371:
1344:digital media players
1306:electric toothbrushes
1287:electronic oscillator
716:Solar power satellite
511:Post-war developments
501:World Wireless System
433:resonant transformers
424:After 1890, inventor
395:
363:Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
222:electromagnetic field
174:and wireless powered
128:electric toothbrushes
79:electromagnetic field
45:
33:
8483:. River Publishers.
7374:. The Space Elevator
6886:. pp. 164–170.
6818:Energous Corporation
6030:on 25 September 2015
5678:. pp. 509–512.
5163:Wong, Elvin (2013).
4720:10.2298/FUEE1203171V
4313:Uth, Robert (1999).
4010:earlyradiohistory.us
3833:; Mailloux, Robert;
2955:10.1049/cp.2016.1290
2872:Beam Power Challenge
2622:
2611:dielectric breakdown
2546:consumer electronics
2400:Japanese researcher
2096:
2054:
2012:
1992:
1846:), the conjugate of
1636:
1609:
1589:
1563:
1540:
1517:
1494:
1471:
1410:
1405:coupling coefficient
1380:
1360:
933:electromagnetic wave
75:electrically powered
9501:Silicon–air battery
9486:Molten-salt battery
9476:Lithium–air battery
9471:Grid energy storage
9423:Molten salt reactor
9393:Carbon-neutral fuel
9260:" (2020 TV episode)
9226:Tower to the People
9166:Nikola Tesla Museum
9135:War of the currents
8917:Solid-state physics
8850:Holographic grating
8840:Diffraction grating
8769:Optical interleaver
8549:2007Sci...317...83K
8368:1968Sci...162..857G
8326:2013IJEPE..47..235T
8145:on 24 December 2008
7849:2015SciA....1E0111C
7700:2012AIPA....2a2151F
7574:2014Optic...1..125S
7503:Ray, Subir (2009).
7448:2018JPS...393..211W
7283:2001AsBio...1..161L
6725:. 30 September 2013
6697:1992ITMTT..40.1239B
6672:on 23 October 2005.
6486:10.2514/6.1992-3213
6472:Landis, G. (1992).
6443:1994SPIE.2121..252L
6435:Laser Power Beaming
6329:2020IEEEA...8r7965O
6272:2020NatSR..10..925O
5797:2016Senso..16.1229S
5732:2007Sci...317...83K
5125:2008AnPhy.323...34K
4606:1984ITMTT..32.1230B
3839:History of Wireless
3818:David Edward Hughes
3604:2014arXiv1409.0261K
3208:2019IEEEA...7.8081P
2895:Thinned array curse
2807:electric power grid
2714:With the advent of
2515:Drawbacks include:
2431:negative resistance
2384:thinned-array curse
2272:(also known as the
1986:biomedical implants
1840:capacitive coupling
1820:Capacitive coupling
1815:Capacitive coupling
1809:Capacitive coupling
1578:{\displaystyle k=1}
1236:alternating current
1094:capacitive coupling
870:, can increase the
826:capacitive coupling
785:alternating current
779:, but cannot carry
761:electrostatic field
653:Capacitive coupling
575:
347:John Henry Poynting
339:James Clerk Maxwell
335:Maxwell's equations
326:electromotive force
281:radio communication
120:capacitive coupling
9596:Energy development
9229:(2015 documentary)
9150:In popular culture
9083:
9064:Wardenclyffe Tower
9049:Tesla's oscillator
7926:. pp. 39–50.
7636:on 26 January 2016
7202:. Rp-photonics.com
7148:on 23 October 2008
6619:on 22 January 2022
6260:Scientific Reports
6060:on 11 October 2016
5857:10.3390/en10040498
5568:Puers, R. (2008).
3903:Shinohara (2014).
3552:Shinohara (2014).
3388:on 19 January 2015
2733:The first passive
2648:electronic jamming
2628:
2495:solid state lasers
2474:photovoltaic cells
2462:
2348:
2303:caused by dust or
2244:Rayleigh criterion
2223:(from lasers) and
2192:Zenneck type waves
2164:electric generator
2124:
2082:
2040:
1998:
1915:Monopolar coupling
1848:inductive coupling
1739:resonant frequency
1692:
1649:
1622:
1595:
1575:
1552:{\displaystyle L2}
1549:
1529:{\displaystyle L1}
1526:
1506:{\displaystyle L2}
1503:
1483:{\displaystyle L1}
1480:
1453:
1393:
1366:
1317:cardiac pacemakers
1310:prosthetic devices
1298:inductive charging
1210:inductive coupling
1113:Inductive charging
1107:Inductive coupling
1026:Rayleigh criterion
834:inductive coupling
755:in matter such as
705:Parabolic dishes,
601:Inductive coupling
573:
553:, made radiative (
551:parabolic antennas
505:Wardenclyffe Tower
422:
374:William Henry Ward
355:Poynting's theorem
314:André-Marie Ampère
108:inductive coupling
90:Near and far field
48:
40:
9583:
9582:
9559:
9558:
9555:
9554:
9316:
9315:
8925:
8924:
8728:Silicon photonics
8723:Optical computing
8648:Marin Soljačić's
8362:(3856): 857–861.
8287:978-1-4244-4283-6
8054:Artificial Organs
7971:(10): 5539–5551.
7742:978-3-642-03824-2
7709:10.1063/1.3690961
7477:Nawaz, Suddiyas.
7177:978-0-8194-5948-0
6942:978-1-4244-1640-0
6901:978-1-4244-9686-0
6705:10.1109/22.141357
6451:10.1117/12.174188
6323:: 187965–187974.
6085:Google.ch/Patents
5806:10.3390/s16081229
5693:978-1-4799-0066-4
5103:Annals of Physics
5043:978-1-4244-0877-1
4829:. 15 January 2018
4249:978-1-4244-4283-6
3835:Oliner, Arthur A.
3067:978-1-4673-6853-7
3018:. 27 October 2011
2964:978-1-78561-238-1
2926:. How-To Geek LLC
2709:induction cooking
2705:Induction heating
2676:energy scavenging
2667:energy harvesting
2660:Energy harvesting
2654:Energy harvesting
2631:{\displaystyle p}
2395:cavity magnetrons
2363:to Earth and the
2171:electric vehicles
2152:permanent magnets
2001:{\displaystyle k}
1723:resonant circuits
1676:resonant circuits
1646:
1598:{\displaystyle k}
1451:
1390:
1369:{\displaystyle M}
1355:mutual inductance
1321:electric vehicles
1018:high-gain antenna
1006:omnidirectionally
753:charged particles
742:
741:
224:by some type of "
144:electric vehicles
136:induction cooking
67:electrical energy
16:(Redirected from
9628:
9571:
9570:
9491:Nanowire battery
9418:Methanol economy
9413:Hydrogen economy
9368:
9367:
9361:
9360:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9320:
9319:
9196:New Yorker Hotel
8992:Polyphase system
8952:
8945:
8938:
8929:
8928:
8865:Photon diffusion
8830:Atomic coherence
8779:Photonic crystal
8682:
8675:
8668:
8659:
8658:
8616:
8608:
8600:
8586:
8560:
8531:Engineering text
8530:
8508:
8502:
8494:
8472:
8441:
8440:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8353:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8267:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8236:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8210:
8201:
8200:
8191:(8): 1260–1261.
8180:
8174:
8173:
8172:
8168:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8122:
8118:
8116:
8108:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7980:
7960:
7954:
7953:
7919:
7913:
7912:
7892:
7879:
7878:
7868:
7837:Science Advances
7827:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7784:. Gizmag Limited
7773:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7679:
7673:
7672:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7535:WiseGeek website
7527:
7521:
7520:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6927:. pp. 1–5.
6920:
6914:
6913:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6865:"Power-by-Light"
6861:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6691:(6): 1239–1250.
6680:
6674:
6673:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6644:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6575:on 2 March 2010.
6571:. Archived from
6565:
6559:
6558:
6538:
6536:2060/20070005136
6514:
6508:
6507:
6497:
6495:2060/19930011426
6469:
6463:
6462:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6417:
6409:
6392:(6): 1464–1481.
6380:
6374:
6373:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6340:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6291:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6112:
6106:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6056:. Archived from
6052:Liu, Na (2010).
6049:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6018:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5893:. 30 March 2017.
5883:
5877:
5876:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5818:
5808:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5743:
5715:
5706:
5705:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5647:Agbinya (2012).
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5565:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5529:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5495:
5466:
5465:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5429:on 3 August 2016
5428:
5422:. Archived from
5405:
5396:
5390:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5367:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5305:
5292:
5291:
5271:
5265:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5203:
5194:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5160:
5145:
5144:
5118:
5098:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5054:. Archived from
5027:
5016:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4987:
4976:
4975:
4958:Agbinya (2012).
4955:
4944:
4943:
4923:
4902:
4901:
4881:
4866:
4865:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4752:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4713:
4695:
4686:
4653:
4652:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4600:(9): 1230–1242.
4589:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4557:Century Magazine
4548:
4542:
4541:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4443:
4436:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4234:. pp. 1–4.
4227:
4221:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4053:
4032:
4031:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3900:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3827:
3821:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3716:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3650:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3597:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3519:
3486:
3485:
3465:
3446:
3445:
3427:
3418:(2): 1413–1452.
3407:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3376:
3367:
3336:
3335:
3315:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3152:
3135:
3134:
3109:(5): 1093–1099.
3097:
3080:
3079:
3052:. pp. 1–4.
3045:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3008:
2995:
2994:
2987:Radioengineering
2984:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2915:
2900:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2758:laptop computers
2741:and contactless
2672:power harvesting
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2538:military weapons
2530:power-over-fiber
2508:and cell phones.
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1912:
1901:Bipolar coupling
1898:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1332:tablet computers
1195:
1186:
1164:
1152:
1137:
1125:
685:Rotating magnets
593:Antenna devices
576:
572:
559:William C. Brown
479:
470:
398:Columbia College
343:electromagnetism
322:law of induction
21:
9636:
9635:
9631:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9586:
9585:
9584:
9579:
9551:
9515:
9447:
9352:
9347:
9317:
9312:
9298:SI derived unit
9250:The Current War
9154:
9123:
9084:
9073:
9012:Telegeodynamics
8967:
8961:
8956:
8926:
8921:
8895:
8869:
8813:
8732:
8691:
8686:
8625:
8620:
8612:
8604:
8596:
8558:10.1.1.418.9645
8543:(5834): 83–86.
8527:
8496:
8495:
8491:
8469:
8450:
8448:Further reading
8445:
8444:
8425:
8421:
8411:
8409:
8402:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8351:
8345:
8341:
8306:
8302:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8265:
8259:
8255:
8245:
8243:
8238:
8237:
8233:
8223:
8221:
8211:
8204:
8181:
8177:
8170:
8162:
8158:
8148:
8146:
8137:
8136:
8132:
8120:
8119:
8110:
8109:
8085:
8081:
8060:(11): 909–915.
8050:
8046:
8039:
8031:
8027:
8020:
8006:
8002:
7961:
7957:
7942:
7920:
7916:
7909:
7893:
7882:
7843:(5): e1400111.
7828:
7824:
7814:
7812:
7801:
7797:
7787:
7785:
7774:
7770:
7762:
7754:
7750:
7743:
7721:
7717:
7680:
7676:
7669:
7653:
7649:
7639:
7637:
7622:
7618:
7611:
7595:
7591:
7554:
7550:
7540:
7538:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7501:
7497:
7487:
7485:
7475:
7471:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7412:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7392:
7390:
7385:
7384:
7377:
7375:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7355:
7353:
7352:on 24 July 2009
7344:
7343:
7339:
7329:
7327:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7303:
7301:
7263:
7259:
7249:
7247:
7242:
7241:
7237:
7227:
7225:
7224:. Islandone.org
7220:
7219:
7215:
7205:
7203:
7196:
7192:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7162:
7158:
7151:
7149:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7102:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7076:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7056:
7054:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7034:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7012:
7010:
7003:
6999:
6989:
6987:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6962:
6958:
6943:
6921:
6917:
6902:
6880:
6876:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6848:
6846:
6844:EE Times Europe
6836:
6832:
6822:
6820:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6797:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6768:
6764:
6754:
6752:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6726:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6681:
6677:
6658:
6654:
6642:
6636:
6632:
6622:
6620:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6593:on 11 June 2009
6585:
6584:
6580:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6547:
6515:
6511:
6470:
6466:
6431:
6427:
6411:
6410:
6381:
6377:
6358:
6354:
6309:
6305:
6252:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6231:EVObsession.com
6223:
6219:
6213:
6209:
6200:
6196:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6077:
6073:
6063:
6061:
6050:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6016:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5983:
5979:
5969:
5967:
5960:
5954:
5941:
5931:
5929:
5919:
5915:
5902:
5898:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5869:
5865:
5836:
5832:
5777:
5773:
5741:10.1.1.418.9645
5726:(5834): 83–86.
5716:
5709:
5694:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5629:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5566:
5553:
5543:
5541:
5540:. InfoSpace LLC
5538:How Stuff Works
5530:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5496:
5469:
5462:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5403:
5397:
5393:
5379:
5377:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5306:
5295:
5288:
5272:
5268:
5259:Agbinya (2012)
5252:
5245:
5233:
5231:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5212:
5211:on 9 April 2011
5208:
5201:
5195:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5161:
5148:
5116:physics/0611063
5099:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5044:
5025:
5017:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4979:
4972:
4956:
4947:
4940:
4924:
4905:
4898:
4882:
4869:
4862:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4753:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4711:10.1.1.693.1938
4693:
4687:
4656:
4649:
4633:
4629:
4590:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4467:
4463:
4450:
4446:
4437:, reprinted in
4421:
4417:
4410:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4311:
4307:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4269:
4265:
4250:
4228:
4224:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4186:
4179:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4093:
4085:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4054:
4035:
4024:
4017:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3988:
3984:
3973:
3969:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3901:
3880:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3828:
3824:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3742:
3738:
3697:
3693:
3676:
3672:
3631:
3627:
3588:(11): 104–110.
3577:
3573:
3566:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3520:
3489:
3482:
3466:
3449:
3408:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3374:
3368:
3339:
3332:
3316:
3297:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3188:
3184:
3153:
3138:
3098:
3083:
3068:
3046:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2898:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2739:proximity cards
2724:electric razors
2697:
2662:
2656:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2606:
2600:
2574:Geoffrey Landis
2502:radio-frequency
2454:
2344:solar satellite
2336:
2252:radio frequency
2201:
2188:
2140:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1969:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1817:
1811:
1792:remote controls
1781:
1704:
1698:
1684:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:passes through
1518:
1515:
1514:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1058:
1051:range or above.
1034:
1002:dipole antennas
991:
980:
957:
935:; examples are
914:
907:
894:
887:
861:
854:
822:magnetic fields
796:
751:are created by
749:magnetic fields
571:
513:
496:
495:
494:
493:
482:
481:
480:
472:
471:
430:radio frequency
406:radio frequency
390:
351:Poynting vector
318:Michael Faraday
310:
305:
218:electrical load
191:magnetic fields
187:electric fields
116:electric fields
104:magnetic fields
83:electrical load
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9634:
9624:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9577:
9564:
9561:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9549:
9547:Wireless power
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9523:
9521:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9513:
9511:Ultracapacitor
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9457:
9455:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9408:Home fuel cell
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9374:
9372:
9365:
9358:
9354:
9353:
9346:
9345:
9338:
9331:
9323:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9283:
9276:
9269:
9261:
9254:
9246:
9238:
9230:
9222:
9214:
9206:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9162:
9160:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9131:
9129:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9114:
9107:
9100:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9085:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9027:Wireless power
9024:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8977:
8971:
8969:
8963:
8962:
8955:
8954:
8947:
8940:
8932:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8919:
8914:
8912:Quantum optics
8909:
8903:
8901:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8877:
8875:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8789:Slot-waveguide
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8740:
8738:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8710:
8708:Microphotonics
8705:
8699:
8697:
8693:
8692:
8685:
8684:
8677:
8670:
8662:
8654:
8653:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8624:
8623:External links
8621:
8619:
8618:
8610:
8602:
8594:
8587:
8532:
8526:978-1118862964
8525:
8510:
8490:978-8792329233
8489:
8474:
8468:978-0996649216
8467:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8419:
8396:
8339:
8300:
8286:
8253:
8231:
8202:
8175:
8156:
8130:
8121:|journal=
8079:
8044:
8025:
8019:978-1351643764
8018:
8000:
7955:
7940:
7914:
7908:978-1596937192
7907:
7880:
7822:
7795:
7768:
7748:
7741:
7715:
7674:
7668:978-1782420798
7667:
7647:
7616:
7610:978-0521035415
7609:
7589:
7568:(2): 125–128.
7548:
7531:"Electrolaser"
7522:
7516:978-8120324176
7515:
7495:
7469:
7422:
7400:
7363:
7337:
7326:on 29 May 2016
7311:
7257:
7235:
7213:
7190:
7176:
7170:. SPIE Press.
7133:
7112:
7086:
7064:
7042:
7020:
6997:
6975:
6956:
6941:
6915:
6900:
6874:
6869:Fraunhofer ISE
6856:
6830:
6805:
6783:
6762:
6736:
6710:
6675:
6652:
6638:Shinohara, N.
6630:
6604:
6578:
6560:
6545:
6509:
6464:
6425:
6375:
6352:
6303:
6243:
6225:Shahan, Zach.
6217:
6207:
6194:
6182:
6173:
6164:
6154:
6145:
6136:
6126:
6116:
6107:
6098:
6071:
6041:
6004:
5998:978-1596932470
5997:
5977:
5939:
5913:
5896:
5878:
5863:
5830:
5771:
5707:
5692:
5666:
5659:
5639:
5614:
5608:978-1461477020
5607:
5587:
5581:978-1402090752
5580:
5551:
5517:
5467:
5461:978-0470975664
5460:
5440:
5391:
5354:
5348:978-0465024933
5347:
5327:
5321:978-1439892732
5320:
5293:
5287:978-0521586986
5286:
5266:
5243:
5234:|journal=
5182:
5146:
5072:
5061:on 3 June 2016
5042:
5008:
4977:
4970:
4945:
4939:978-8792329233
4938:
4903:
4897:978-9812872999
4896:
4867:
4861:978-1139452304
4860:
4840:
4814:
4787:(4): 526–535.
4770:
4732:
4704:(3): 171–181.
4654:
4648:978-0387447100
4647:
4627:
4569:
4543:
4537:978-1400846559
4536:
4516:
4510:978-1893817012
4509:
4488:
4482:978-1400846559
4481:
4461:
4444:
4435:: 23760–23761.
4415:
4409:978-1400846559
4408:
4388:
4382:978-1400846559
4381:
4361:
4355:978-1400846559
4354:
4334:
4320:
4305:
4290:
4284:978-1400846559
4283:
4263:
4248:
4222:
4207:
4200:
4177:
4158:(8): 355–357.
4139:
4133:978-1400846559
4132:
4112:
4106:978-0809501625
4105:
4076:
4033:
4015:
3997:
3982:
3967:
3952:
3946:978-1438110189
3945:
3922:
3915:
3878:
3863:
3854:
3847:
3822:
3790:
3784:978-1461477020
3783:
3763:
3757:978-9811026157
3756:
3736:
3707:(4): 117–125.
3691:
3670:
3625:
3571:
3564:
3541:
3535:978-0124186668
3534:
3487:
3481:978-1461477020
3480:
3447:
3399:
3337:
3331:978-1118862964
3330:
3295:
3276:
3250:
3244:978-1118820230
3243:
3223:
3182:
3163:(7): 923–927.
3136:
3081:
3066:
3029:
2996:
2970:
2963:
2937:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2864:Physics portal
2853:
2837:
2834:
2696:
2693:
2689:remote sensors
2684:kinetic energy
2680:thermal energy
2670:, also called
2658:Main article:
2655:
2652:
2627:
2615:plasma channel
2599:
2596:
2582:space elevator
2534:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2498:
2493:Compact size:
2491:
2486:monochromatic
2453:
2450:
2421:Reunion Island
2402:Hidetsugu Yagi
2335:
2332:
2270:Rayleigh limit
2200:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2156:electric motor
2148:magnetic field
2139:
2136:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
1997:
1968:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1944:
1914:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1864:electric field
1813:Main article:
1810:
1807:
1779:
1758:Marin Soljačić
1733:coil or other
1694:Main article:
1683:
1680:
1642:
1619:
1615:
1594:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1548:
1545:
1525:
1522:
1502:
1499:
1479:
1476:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1386:
1365:
1336:computer mouse
1275:direct current
1244:magnetic field
1228:magnetic field
1200:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:Main article:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1032:
1022:optical system
989:
978:
955:
918:
917:
916:
912:
905:
896:
892:
885:
859:
852:
794:
773:magnetic field
769:direct current
740:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
713:
703:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
650:
649:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
591:
588:
583:
580:
570:
567:
512:
509:
484:
483:
474:
473:
465:
464:
463:
462:
461:
445:Geissler tubes
414:Geissler tubes
389:
386:
309:
306:
304:
301:
234:electric field
230:magnetic field
176:drone aircraft
122:between metal
26:
18:Wireless power
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9633:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9576:
9575:
9566:
9565:
9562:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9518:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
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9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9450:
9444:
9443:Vortex engine
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
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9389:
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9381:
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9376:
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9337:
9332:
9330:
9325:
9324:
9321:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
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9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9282:
9281:
9277:
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9274:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9262:
9259:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9247:
9244:
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9236:
9235:
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9228:
9227:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9161:
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9151:
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9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9120:
9119:
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9112:
9108:
9106:
9105:
9101:
9099:
9098:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9087:
9080:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9044:Tesla turbine
9042:
9040:
9039:Radio control
9037:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
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8995:
8993:
8990:
8986:
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8982:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8964:
8960:
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8939:
8934:
8933:
8930:
8918:
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8913:
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8908:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8898:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8872:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
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8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
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8838:
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8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
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8782:
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8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
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8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8718:
8714:
8713:Nanophotonics
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8683:
8678:
8676:
8671:
8669:
8664:
8663:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8651:
8650:MIT WiTricity
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8633:HowStuffWorks
8630:
8627:
8626:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
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8564:
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8319:
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8264:
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8220:
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8083:
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8067:
8063:
8059:
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8035:
8029:
8021:
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8011:
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7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7959:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7941:9781450320566
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7918:
7910:
7904:
7900:
7899:
7891:
7889:
7887:
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7872:
7867:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7826:
7810:
7809:news Archives
7806:
7799:
7783:
7779:
7772:
7761:
7760:
7752:
7744:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
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7705:
7701:
7697:
7694:(1): 012151.
7693:
7689:
7685:
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7664:
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7635:
7631:
7627:
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7559:
7552:
7536:
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7526:
7518:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7499:
7484:
7483:Academia 2015
7480:
7473:
7465:
7461:
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7453:
7449:
7445:
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7437:
7433:
7426:
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6870:
6866:
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6845:
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6809:
6794:
6787:
6778:
6773:
6766:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6724:
6720:
6714:
6706:
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6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6679:
6671:
6667:
6663:
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6614:
6608:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6574:
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6556:
6552:
6548:
6546:1-4244-0016-3
6542:
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6532:
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6520:
6513:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6487:
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6421:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6379:
6371:
6367:
6366:SPAST Express
6363:
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6299:
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5994:
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5948:
5946:
5944:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5908:
5900:
5892:
5891:ニコラテスラって素晴らしい
5888:
5882:
5874:
5867:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5822:
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5660:9788792329233
5656:
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4971:9788792329233
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4827:eeNews Europe
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4201:9781461477020
4197:
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3916:9781118862964
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3883:
3874:
3867:
3858:
3850:
3848:9780471718147
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3831:Sarkar, T. K.
3826:
3819:
3815:
3814:Thomas Edison
3811:
3810:Elihu Thomson
3807:
3806:Edwin Houston
3803:
3799:
3798:Luigi Galvani
3794:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3732:
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3649:
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3596:
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3575:
3567:
3565:9781118862964
3561:
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3537:
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3527:
3526:
3518:
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3514:
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3454:
3452:
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3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
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3404:
3384:
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3354:
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3333:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:New Scientist
3287:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3202:: 8081–8094.
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2993:(2): 457–463.
2992:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2850:energy portal
2845:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:Kevin Warwick
2770:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:mobile phones
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2692:
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2649:
2645:
2639:
2625:
2616:
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2605:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
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2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
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2477:
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2471:
2467:
2458:
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2447:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:2.45 GHz
2377:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2307:such as fog.
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:visible light
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:generated by
2149:
2145:
2135:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:piezoelectric
1975:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1911:
1897:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:self-resonant
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1640:
1617:
1613:
1592:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1546:
1543:
1523:
1520:
1500:
1497:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1465:magnetic flux
1446:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1384:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:mains current
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:coils of wire
1221:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1194:
1185:
1170:
1163:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
984:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
919:
911:
904:
900:
897:
891:
884:
880:
877:
876:
873:
869:
865:
858:
851:
847:
846:exponentially
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:
717:
714:
712:
708:
707:phased arrays
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
671:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
589:
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
569:Field regions
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
508:
506:
502:
491:
487:
478:
469:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:, now called
434:
431:
427:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
385:
383:
379:
378:Mahlon Loomis
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
300:
298:
293:
289:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:devices like
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
207:visible light
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:power beaming
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:coils of wire
109:
105:
101:
100:non-radiative
97:
96:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
36:
32:
19:
9572:
9546:
9403:Fusion power
9303:Lunar crater
9285:
9278:
9271:
9263:
9248:
9240:
9232:
9224:
9218:The Prestige
9216:
9213:(2003 opera)
9208:
9200:
9116:
9102:
9095:
8985:plasma globe
8959:Nikola Tesla
8874:Applications
8808:
8703:Biophotonics
8655:
8649:
8540:
8536:
8515:
8479:
8457:
8428:
8422:
8410:. Retrieved
8399:
8387:. Retrieved
8359:
8355:
8342:
8317:
8313:
8303:
8291:. Retrieved
8269:
8256:
8244:. Retrieved
8234:
8222:. Retrieved
8218:
8188:
8184:
8178:
8159:
8147:. Retrieved
8143:the original
8133:
8088:
8082:
8057:
8053:
8047:
8028:
8009:
8003:
7968:
7964:
7958:
7923:
7917:
7897:
7840:
7836:
7825:
7813:. Retrieved
7808:
7798:
7786:. Retrieved
7781:
7771:
7758:
7751:
7724:
7718:
7691:
7688:AIP Advances
7687:
7677:
7657:
7650:
7638:. Retrieved
7634:the original
7629:
7619:
7599:
7592:
7565:
7561:
7551:
7539:. Retrieved
7534:
7525:
7505:
7498:
7486:. Retrieved
7482:
7472:
7439:
7435:
7425:
7413:. Retrieved
7403:
7391:. Retrieved
7376:. Retrieved
7366:
7354:. Retrieved
7350:the original
7340:
7328:. Retrieved
7324:the original
7314:
7302:. Retrieved
7277:(2): 161–4.
7274:
7271:Astrobiology
7270:
7260:
7248:. Retrieved
7238:
7226:. Retrieved
7216:
7204:. Retrieved
7193:
7181:. Retrieved
7166:
7150:. Retrieved
7146:the original
7136:
7124:. Retrieved
7115:
7103:. Retrieved
7099:
7089:
7077:. Retrieved
7067:
7055:. Retrieved
7045:
7033:. Retrieved
7023:
7011:. Retrieved
7000:
6988:. Retrieved
6978:
6970:The Observer
6969:
6959:
6924:
6918:
6883:
6877:
6868:
6859:
6847:. Retrieved
6843:
6833:
6821:. Retrieved
6817:
6808:
6798:28 September
6796:. Retrieved
6786:
6765:
6753:. Retrieved
6749:
6739:
6727:. Retrieved
6723:newatlas.com
6722:
6713:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6670:the original
6665:
6655:
6646:
6633:
6621:. Retrieved
6617:the original
6607:
6595:. Retrieved
6591:the original
6581:
6573:the original
6563:
6518:
6512:
6477:
6467:
6434:
6428:
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3016:ECN Magazine
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2928:. Retrieved
2923:
2913:
2827:
2815:
2795:Peter Glaser
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2675:
2671:
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2609:atmospheric
2607:
2604:Electrolaser
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2535:
2532:technology.)
2514:
2478:
2463:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2428:
2425:
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2410:Yagi antenna
2406:Shintaro Uda
2399:
2392:
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2369:
2349:
2320:transparency
2309:
2298:
2294:compact beam
2281:
2267:
2229:
2219:In general,
2218:
2204:
2202:
2189:
2168:
2141:
1970:
1961:Nikola Tesla
1958:
1933:
1921:
1834:) forming a
1818:
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1788:
1784:
1776:
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1753:Nikola Tesla
1751:
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1665:interference
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1325:
1295:
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1251:Ampere's law
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1169:Magne Charge
1097:
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767:of charges (
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532:transmitters
514:
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489:
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426:Nikola Tesla
423:
388:Nikola Tesla
382:Amos Dolbear
371:
349:defined the
311:
294:
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9268:(2020 film)
9253:(2019 film)
9245:(2017 film)
9237:(2016 film)
9221:(2006 film)
9205:(1980 film)
9054:Tesla valve
8980:Plasma lamp
8320:: 235–242.
8293:20 November
7488:31 December
7442:: 211–216.
6849:11 November
6317:IEEE Access
5932:30 November
5921:Webmaster.
5791:(8): 1229.
5544:15 December
4763:10 December
4725:15 December
4562:20 November
3816:(1875) and
3269:15 December
3196:IEEE Access
2924:How-To Geek
2799:solar cells
2701:transformer
2682:(heat), or
2564:propagation
2466:micrometers
2372:diffraction
2328:link budget
2301:attenuation
2248:diffraction
2232:transmitter
2214:diffraction
2210:directivity
1880:capacitance
1836:capacitance
1800:toxic waste
1745:can induce
1743:tuning fork
1300:stands for
1232:transformer
945:light waves
937:radio waves
879:Short range
723:Light waves
586:Directivity
579:Technology
524:radio waves
437:Tesla coils
376:(1871) and
367:radio waves
214:mains power
195:radio waves
9590:Categories
9542:Smart grid
9371:Production
9017:Tesla coil
8968:inventions
8966:Career and
8891:Solar sail
8835:Dark state
8799:Superprism
8717:Plasmonics
8389:4 November
8246:8 December
8224:8 December
7815:25 October
7788:16 January
7640:16 January
7541:25 October
6777:1505.06815
6750:TechCrunch
6266:(1): 925.
6091:18 January
6064:18 January
5970:16 January
5850:(4): 498.
5510:16 January
4069:4 November
3685:1807.05543
3648:1508.06366
3425:1509.00940
3392:16 January
3022:16 January
2930:11 January
2905:References
2830:photocells
2803:microwaves
2743:smartcards
2602:See also:
2566:, and the
2484:Collimated
2334:Microwaves
2324:dispersion
2290:wavelength
2278:irradiance
2240:wavelength
2225:microwaves
1982:capacitive
1940:oscillator
1860:dielectric
1852:electrodes
1824:electrodes
1769:resonators
1719:(B, green)
1340:cellphones
1277:(DC) by a
1045:beam power
1014:refraction
1010:reflection
941:microwaves
866:, such as
810:wavelength
802:Near-field
693:Microwaves
646:smartcards
613:Wire coils
590:Frequency
549:tubes and
536:microwaves
449:LC circuit
441:near-field
418:neon tubes
402:Tesla coil
286:efficiency
265:cellphones
199:microwaves
164:microwaves
124:electrodes
95:near field
9007:Teleforce
8744:Biophoton
8689:Photonics
8553:CiteSeerX
8499:cite book
8412:7 October
8123:ignored (
8113:cite book
7978:1404.0471
7464:104165547
7100:Space.com
6972:. London.
6823:5 January
6755:5 January
6729:5 January
6504:109847404
6459:108775324
6347:225049658
6087:. TMMS Co
5736:CiteSeerX
5433:2 January
5215:3 January
5175:3 January
5065:2 January
5001:3 January
4706:CiteSeerX
3714:1408.2335
3595:1409.0261
2783:0,645,576
2557:Wi-Charge
2542:aerospace
2488:wavefront
2354:range. A
2352:microwave
2282:intensity
2206:Far field
2144:armatures
1876:frequency
1868:potential
1856:capacitor
1796:batteries
1735:resonator
1727:capacitor
1313:implanted
1291:frequency
1279:rectifier
1271:rectified
1049:microwave
1035:>>
981:<<
949:radiative
925:radiative
921:Far-field
899:Mid-range
864:Resonance
842:radiative
757:electrons
711:rectennas
662:kHz – MHz
630:kHz – GHz
555:far-field
547:magnetron
528:amplifier
521:frequency
453:resonance
451:tuned to
353:and gave
250:frequency
152:radiative
148:far-field
9428:Nantenna
9388:Biofuels
9308:Asteroid
9089:Writings
8900:See also
8818:Concepts
8583:17105396
8575:17556549
8384:17769070
8219:PC World
8105:61695765
8074:12406141
7875:26601188
7299:12467119
7126:12 March
6951:21042923
6910:18985866
6555:22181565
6298:31969594
6215:648–651.
5844:Energies
5825:27527174
5766:17105396
5758:17556549
5702:42092151
5632:27 March
5627:Engadget
5380:18 March
5052:36079234
4833:12 March
4801:23893211
4622:73648082
4172:51671246
3177:49541743
3131:13716374
3123:29752245
3076:23159251
2836:See also
2716:cordless
2356:rectenna
2305:aerosols
2286:aperture
2263:aperture
2242:and the
2236:receiver
1766:Q factor
1302:cordless
1141:Powermat
998:monopole
996:such as
872:coupling
818:electric
745:Electric
610:Hz – MHz
563:rectenna
543:klystron
246:coupling
203:infrared
114:, or by
110:between
69:without
38:battery.
9453:Storage
9159:Related
9022:history
8975:Patents
8545:Bibcode
8537:Science
8364:Bibcode
8356:Science
8322:Bibcode
7995:2445116
7950:6730636
7866:4640611
7845:Bibcode
7696:Bibcode
7570:Bibcode
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7279:Bibcode
6693:Bibcode
6439:Bibcode
6406:2990114
6325:Bibcode
6289:6976601
6268:Bibcode
6236:20 July
5816:5017394
5793:Bibcode
5785:Sensors
5728:Bibcode
5720:Science
5506:: 10–14
5414:: 130.
5263:, p. 40
5141:1887505
5121:Bibcode
4809:8094723
4602:Bibcode
4258:3685850
3731:7127575
3665:3504276
3620:3462059
3600:Bibcode
3442:8639012
3204:Bibcode
2777:of the
2587:NASA's
2255:antenna
1832:cathode
1773:damping
1729:, or a
1661:Ferrite
1263:voltage
1171:station
765:current
490:(right)
410:ionizes
303:History
238:antenna
226:antenna
209:waves.
162:, like
57:; also
9364:Energy
9357:Fields
8907:Optics
8696:Fields
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8573:
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7562:Optica
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7393:4 June
7378:4 June
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7330:4 June
7304:4 June
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7250:4 June
7228:4 June
7206:4 June
7183:4 June
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7152:4 June
7105:4 June
7079:4 June
7057:4 June
7035:4 June
7013:4 June
7009:. CNET
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2452:Lasers
2316:losses
2238:, the
2160:torque
1948:ground
1346:, and
1328:laptop
1062:dipole
777:energy
582:Range
486:(left)
275:, and
134:tags,
118:using
106:using
9520:Other
9265:Tesla
9234:Tesla
9128:Other
8764:Laser
8737:Tools
8579:S2CID
8352:(PDF)
8266:(PDF)
8101:S2CID
7991:S2CID
7973:arXiv
7946:S2CID
7763:(PDF)
7460:S2CID
6947:S2CID
6906:S2CID
6772:arXiv
6643:(PDF)
6551:S2CID
6500:S2CID
6455:S2CID
6402:S2CID
6343:S2CID
6034:5 May
6028:(PDF)
6017:(PDF)
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5762:S2CID
5698:S2CID
5427:(PDF)
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5111:arXiv
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4759:. BBC
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4618:S2CID
4254:S2CID
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3727:S2CID
3709:arXiv
3680:arXiv
3661:S2CID
3643:arXiv
3616:S2CID
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3386:(PDF)
3375:(PDF)
3173:S2CID
3127:S2CID
3072:S2CID
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2506:Wi-Fi
2470:laser
2312:gains
1980:, or
1925:ozone
1828:anode
1389:range
1265:) by
1234:. An
1226:by a
1083:range
1069:range
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908:≤ 10
906:range
886:range
853:range
795:range
781:power
676:Short
656:Short
604:Short
517:Radio
279:. In
269:radio
261:radio
242:laser
236:, an
168:laser
146:. In
142:, or
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8391:2014
8380:PMID
8295:2014
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8125:help
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7936:ISBN
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7871:PMID
7817:2015
7790:2016
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7037:2009
7015:2009
6992:2009
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6896:ISBN
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6757:2018
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6294:PMID
6238:2015
6093:2016
6066:2016
6036:2015
5993:ISBN
5972:2015
5934:2018
5821:PMID
5754:PMID
5688:ISBN
5655:ISBN
5634:2018
5603:ISBN
5576:ISBN
5546:2014
5512:2015
5456:ISBN
5435:2015
5382:2015
5343:ISBN
5316:ISBN
5282:ISBN
5238:help
5217:2015
5177:2015
5169:HKPC
5067:2015
5038:ISBN
5003:2015
4966:ISBN
4934:ISBN
4892:ISBN
4856:ISBN
4835:2018
4797:PMID
4765:2014
4727:2014
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4564:2014
4532:ISBN
4505:ISBN
4477:ISBN
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4350:ISBN
4279:ISBN
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3394:2015
3326:ISBN
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3119:PMID
3062:ISBN
3024:2015
2959:ISBN
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2322:and
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820:and
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729:High
726:Long
699:High
696:Long
679:N.A.
642:RFID
624:Mid-
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277:WiFi
271:and
132:RFID
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8563:doi
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6482:doi
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