863:
then finally covered again with a thin insulating layer on the outside. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing the same geometric axis. Coaxial cables are often used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. In a hypothetical ideal coaxial cable, the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists only in the space between the inner and outer conductors. Practical cables achieve this objective to a high degree. A coaxial cable provides extra protection of signals from external electromagnetic interference and effectively guides signals with low emission along the length of the cable which in turn affects thermal heat inside the conductivity of the wire.
29:
396:
rotates on rollers below. The various strands coming from the spools at various parts of the circumference of the cage all lead to a disk at the end of the hollow shaft. This disk has perforations through which each of the strands pass, thence being immediately wrapped on the cable, which slides through a bearing at this point. Toothed gears having certain definite ratios are used to cause the winding drum for the cable and the cage for the spools to rotate at suitable relative speeds which do not vary. The cages are multiplied for stranding with many tapes or strands, so that a machine may have six bobbins on one cage and twelve on the other.
492:, the lowest number of strands usually seen is 7: one in the middle, with 6 surrounding it in close contact. The next level up is 19, which is another layer of 12 strands on top of the 7. After that the number varies, but 37 and 49 are common, then in the 70 to 100 range (the number is no longer exact). Larger numbers than that are typically found only in very large cables. For application where the wire moves, 19 is the lowest that should be used (7 should only be used in applications where the wire is placed and then does not move), and 49 is much better. For applications with constant repeated movement, such as assembly robots and
239:
462:, resulting in increased power loss in the wire. Stranded wire might seem to reduce this effect, since the total surface area of the strands is greater than the surface area of the equivalent solid wire, but ordinary stranded wire does not reduce the skin effect because all the strands are short-circuited together and behave as a single conductor. A stranded wire will have higher resistance than a solid wire of the same diameter because the cross-section of the stranded wire is not all copper; there are unavoidable gaps between the strands (this is the
601:
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305:. The object of utilising precious stones is to enable the dies to be used for a considerable period without losing their size, and so producing wire of incorrect diameter. Diamond dies must be rebored when they have lost their original diameter of hole, but metal dies are brought down to size again by hammering up the hole and then drifting it out to correct diameter with a punch."
328:
231:. Beaded wire continued to be used in jewellery into modern times, although it largely fell out of favour in about the tenth century CE when two drawn round wires, twisted together to form what are termed 'ropes', provided a simpler-to-make alternative. A forerunner to beaded wire may be the notched strips and wires which first occur from around 2000 BCE in
383:, aluminum sheathing, or steel taping. Stranding or covering machines wind material onto wire which passes through quickly. Some of the smallest machines for cotton covering have a large drum, which grips the wire and moves it through toothed gears; the wire passes through the centre of disks mounted above a long bed, and the disks carry each a number of
417:
Solid wire, also called solid-core or single-strand wire, consists of one piece of metal wire. Solid wire is useful for wiring breadboards. Solid wire is cheaper to manufacture than stranded wire and is used where there is little need for flexibility in the wire. Solid wire also provides mechanical
862:
is a cable consisting of an inner conductor, surrounded by a tubular insulating layer typically made from a flexible material with a high dielectric constant, all of which is then surrounded by another conductive layer (typically of fine woven wire for flexibility, or of a thin metallic foil), and
501:
wire. The strands are organized by first creating a bundle of 7 strands. Then 7 of these bundles are put together into super bundles. Finally 108 super bundles are used to make the final cable. Each group of wires is wound in a helix so that when the wire is flexed, the part of a bundle that is
144:
often contains large amounts of wire in the form of chains and applied decoration that is accurately made and which must have been produced by some efficient, if not technically advanced, means. In some cases, strips cut from metal sheet were made into wire by pulling them through perforations in
395:
and power as well as submarine cables, the machines are somewhat different in construction. The wire is still carried through a hollow shaft, but the bobbins or spools of covering material are set with their spindles at right angles to the axis of the wire, and they lie in a circular cage which
387:
varying from six to twelve or more in different machines. A supply of covering material is wound on each bobbin, and the end is led on to the wire, which occupies a central position relatively to the bobbins; the latter being revolved at a suitable speed bodily with their disks, the cotton is
666:, and cages, etc. In the manufacture of stringed musical instruments and scientific instruments, wire is again largely used. Carbon and stainless spring steel wire have significant applications in engineered springs for critical automotive or industrial manufactured parts/components. Pin and
364:, such as plastic, rubber-like polymers, or varnish. Insulating and jacketing of wires and cables is nowadays done by passing them through an extruder. Formerly, materials used for insulation included treated cloth or paper and various oil-based products. Since the mid-1960s, plastic and
496:
wires, 70 to 100 is mandatory . For applications that need even more flexibility, even more strands are used (welding cables are the usual example, but also any application that needs to move wire in tight areas). One example is a 2/0 wire made from 5,292 strands of
175:
are characterized by seam lines that follow a spiral path along the wire. Such twisted strips can be converted into solid round wires by rolling them between flat surfaces or the strip wire drawing method. The strip twist wire manufacturing method was superseded by
288:
According to a description in the early 20th century, "ire is usually drawn of cylindrical form; but it may be made of any desired section by varying the outline of the holes in the draw-plate through which it is passed in the process of manufacture. The
736:
filaments, because of its high melting temperature). Copper wires are also plated with other metals, such as tin, nickel, and silver to handle different temperatures, provide lubrication, and provide easier stripping of rubber insulation from copper.
438:
Stranded wire is composed of a number of small wires bundled or wrapped together to form a larger conductor. Stranded wire is more flexible than solid wire of the same total cross-sectional area. Stranded wire is used when higher resistance to
284:
on this. Apart from their second wire mill at nearby
Whitebrook, there were no other wire mills before the second half of the 17th century. Despite the existence of mills, the drawing of wire down to fine sizes continued to be done manually.
388:
consequently served on to the wire, winding in spiral fashion so as to overlap. If many strands are required the disks are duplicated, so that as many as sixty spools may be carried, the second set of strands being laid over the first.
455:
cables; welding electrode cables; control cables connecting moving machine parts; mining machine cables; trailing machine cables; and numerous others. At high frequencies, current travels near the surface of the wire because of the
222:
In about the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, a new category of decorative tube was introduced which imitated a line of granules. True beaded wire, produced by mechanically distorting a round-section wire, appeared in the
871:
is used to make a low-resistance electrical connection between loudspeakers and audio amplifiers. Some high-end modern speaker wire consists of multiple electrical conductors individually insulated by plastic, similar to
525:
The outer conductor of this miniature coaxial cable (RG 58 type)is made of braided wire. Heavier braided cables are used for electrical connections that need a degree of flexibility, for example, connections to bus
517:
A braided wire consists of a number of small strands of wire braided together. Braided wires do not break easily when flexed. Braided wires are often suitable as an electromagnetic shield in noise-reduction cables.
566:
It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk
487:
The more individual wire strands in a wire bundle, the more flexible, kink-resistant, break-resistant, and stronger the wire becomes. However, more strands increases manufacturing complexity and cost. For
776:
wrapped with another, finer strand of wire. Such musical strings are said to be "overspun"; the added wire may be circular in cross-section ("round-wound"), or flattened before winding ("flat-wound").
634:. Wire-cloth of all degrees of strength and fineness of mesh is used for sifting and screening machinery, for draining paper pulp, for window screens, and for many other purposes. Vast quantities of
102:
in geometry, wire can also be made in square, hexagonal, flattened rectangular, or other cross-sections, either for decorative purposes, or for technical purposes such as high-efficiency
1023:
Jack Ogden, 'Connections between Islam, Europe, and the Far East in the
Medieval Period: The Evidence of the Jewelry Technology'. Eds P. Jett, J Douglas, B. McCarthy, J Winter.
786:
is small-to-medium gauge, solid or stranded, insulated wire, used for making internal connections inside electrical or electronic devices. It is often tin-plated to improve
36:. The conductor consists of seven strands of steel (centre, high tensile strength), surrounded by four outer layers of aluminium (high conductivity). Sample diameter 40 mm
689:
and strong in tension, the quality on which the utility of wire principally depends. The principal metals suitable for wire, possessing almost equal ductility, are
447:
in multi-printed-circuit-board devices, where the rigidity of solid wire would produce too much stress as a result of movement during assembly or servicing;
480:
is more severe than skin effect, and in some limited cases, simple stranded wire can reduce proximity effect. For better performance at high frequencies,
818:, is insulated only with varnish, rather than the thicker plastic or other insulation commonly used on electrical wire. It is used for the winding of
418:
ruggedness; and, because it has relatively less surface area which is exposed to attack by corrosives, protection against the environment.
1107:
952:
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sometime between about the 8th and 10th centuries AD. There is some evidence for the use of drawing further East prior to this period.
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145:
stone beads. This causes the strips to fold round on themselves to form thin tubes. This strip drawing technique was in use in
191:
technique. In this method a metal rod was struck between grooved metal blocks, or between a grooved punch and a grooved metal
1155:
772:. To increase the mass per unit length (and thus lower the pitch of the sound even further), the main wire may sometimes be
405:
277:
476:
849:
724:
By careful treatment, extremely thin wire can be produced. Special purpose wire is however made from other metals (e.g.
995:
509:, then fused together. Prefused wire has many of the properties of solid wire, except it is less likely to break.
471:
195:. Swaging is of great antiquity, possibly dating to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE in Egypt and in the
1224:
1122:
1027:. Archetype Publications, London in association with the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2003.
28:
655:
1201:
95:, which can contain a "solid core" of a single wire or separate strands in stranded or braided forms.
685:
possess the physical properties necessary to make useful wire. The metals must in the first place be
502:
stretched moves around the helix to a part that is compressed to allow the wire to have less stress.
470:). A stranded wire with the same cross-section of conductor as a solid wire is said to have the same
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
815:
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484:, which has the individual strands insulated and twisted in special patterns, may be used.
130:
88:
8:
1025:
Scientific
Research in the Field of Asian Art. Fiftieth-Anniversary Symposium Proceedings
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to facilitate more drawing or, if it is a finished product, to maximise ductility and
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662:. It is in no less demand for fencing, and much is consumed in the construction of
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Two or more wires may be wrapped concentrically, separated by insulation, to form
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is the application of microscopic wires for making electrical connections inside
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Metallic wires are often used for the lower-pitched sound-producing "strings" in
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357:
208:
76:
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and is always a larger diameter. However, for many high-frequency applications,
1171:
1062:
D. G. Tucker, 'The seventeenth century wireworks at
Whitebrook, Monmouthshire'
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819:
489:
463:
452:
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600:
1219:
1213:
1111:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 738–739.
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Jack Ogden, 'Classical Gold wire: Some
Aspects of its Manufacture and Use',
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Wire is often reduced to the desired diameter and properties by repeated
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is a piece of hard cast-iron or hard steel, or for fine work it may be a
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Prefused wire is stranded wire made up of strands that are heavily
281:
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Single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or bar or rod of metal
375:. The wire or cable may be further protected with substances like
227:
and Italy in the seventh century BCE, perhaps disseminated by the
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Wire has many uses. It forms the raw material of many important
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in
England from the medieval period. The wire was used to make
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through progressively smaller dies, or traditionally holes in
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631:
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Elizabethan
Monopolies: Company of Mineral and Battery Works
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is wire with higher than normal resistivity, often used for
264:
and pins, manufactured goods whose import was prohibited by
1147:
Show Your Colors: 30 Flexible
Beading Wire Jewelry Projects
706:
698:
406:
Copper wire and cable § Types of copper wire and cable
380:
368:
exhibiting properties similar to rubber have predominated.
302:
204:
168:
64:
come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a
443:
is required. Such situations include connections between
167:). From the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE most of the
163:
556:
is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright
327:
955:. Swiger Coil Systems, A Wabtec Company. Archived from
678:
machinery consume large amounts of wire as feedstock.
627:
spinning, in which it occupies a place analogous to a
451:
line cords for appliances; musical instrument cables;
187:
Square and hexagonal wires were possibly made using a
979:
709:; and it is only from these and certain of their
211:. Twisted square-section wires are a very common
1211:
850:Copper wire and cable#Magnet wire (Winding wire)
950:
379:, some kind of preservative compound, bitumen,
334:, one example of a jacketed and insulated wire
1143:
1036:H. R. Schubert, 'The wiredrawers of Bristol'
814:, which, to allow closer winding when making
674:industries; nail, peg, and rivet making; and
1125:. Industrial Electric Wire & Cable. 2019
756:, and percussive string instruments such as
1053:(Olver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1961), 95-141.
346:. After a number of passes the wire may be
944:
596:wire wrapping added to main carrier wires
118:toy, are made of special flattened wire.
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1144:Hogsett, Jamie; Oehler, Sara (2012).
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391:For heavier cables that are used for
276:in about 1568 by the founders of the
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650:wire are employed for telephone and
540:
278:Company of Mineral and Battery Works
986:. Oxford University Press. p.
982:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
802:components and integrated circuits.
13:
1038:Journal Iron & Steel Institute
75:Wires are used to bear mechanical
14:
1236:
1189:
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268:in 1463. The first wire mill in
1164:
1137:
713:with other metals, principally
48:. Wires are commonly formed by
1150:. Kalmbach Books. p. 12.
1123:"Types of Strand Construction"
1115:
1056:
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844:For further information about
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52:the metal through a hole in a
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1200:The dictionary definition of
937:
896:wire is the most common type.
563:, which was produced in 1911.
308:
245:'s galvanised wire sculpture
154:
44:is a flexible, round, bar of
681:Not all metals and metallic
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656:electric power transmission
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91:, a "wire" can refer to an
10:
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89:telecommunications signals
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888:or for making wire-wound
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360:are usually covered with
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399:
251:Yorkshire Sculpture Park
1108:Encyclopædia Britannica
978:Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000).
810:is solid wire, usually
670:making; the needle and
654:, and as conductors in
588:Close-up of strings of
559:Encyclopædia Britannica
530:
468:circles within a circle
79:, often in the form of
1064:Bull. Hist. Metall. Gp
1014:, 5, 1991, pp. 95–105.
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1225:Hardware (mechanical)
951:Swiger Coil Systems.
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404:Further information:
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225:Eastern Mediterranean
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31:
21:Wire (disambiguation)
742:stringed instruments
362:insulating materials
323:Wire drawing concept
215:decoration in early
131:Wire wrapped jewelry
70:cross-sectional area
19:For other uses, see
1066:7(1) (1973), 28-35.
959:on 19 December 2010
490:geometrical reasons
272:was established at
1040:159 (1948), 16-22.
907:High-voltage cable
846:copper magnet wire
779:Examples include:
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499:No. 36 gauge
486:
475:
466:problem for
457:
437:
416:
409:
390:
370:
356:
352:conductivity
337:
315:Wire drawing
287:
280:, who had a
255:
246:
243:Sophie Ryder
221:
186:
135:
112:coil springs
108:loudspeakers
97:
74:
66:gauge number
41:
39:
25:
927:Tinsel wire
912:Barbed wire
807:Magnet wire
734:vacuum tube
652:data cables
623:making and
573:August 2020
459:skin effect
344:draw plates
229:Phoenicians
158: 2890
151:2nd Dynasty
104:voice coils
100:cylindrical
85:electricity
62:Wire gauges
1214:Categories
1129:8 February
938:References
922:Razor wire
832:generators
744:, such as
730:light bulb
621:wire-cloth
590:piano wire
535:See also:
309:Production
291:draw-plate
262:wool cards
160: – c.
58:draw plate
963:1 January
890:resistors
874:Litz wire
828:inductors
774:helically
770:cimbaloms
762:dulcimers
728:wire for
672:fish-hook
636:aluminium
625:wire rope
494:headphone
482:litz wire
430:Stranded
266:Edward IV
256:Wire was
219:jewelry.
201:Iron Ages
182:Old World
171:wires in
138:antiquity
81:wire rope
32:Overhead
901:See also
894:Nichrome
726:tungsten
691:platinum
422:Stranded
377:paraffin
366:polymers
348:annealed
282:monopoly
233:Anatolia
217:Etruscan
213:filigree
98:Usually
1096::
848:, see:
838:coils,
836:speaker
754:guitars
746:violins
687:ductile
676:carding
668:hairpin
660:heating
629:textile
594:helical
513:Braided
385:bobbins
340:drawing
299:diamond
274:Tintern
249:at the
247:Sitting
209:fibulae
189:swaging
178:drawing
173:jewelry
149:by the
142:jewelry
122:History
50:drawing
1177:14 May
1154:
1090:
994:
820:motors
812:copper
768:, and
766:dobros
758:pianos
752:, and
750:cellos
719:bronze
711:alloys
703:copper
695:silver
683:alloys
658:, and
644:nickel
640:copper
507:tinned
432:copper
197:Bronze
116:Slinky
715:brass
648:steel
632:fiber
567:page.
526:bars.
413:Solid
400:Forms
301:or a
258:drawn
205:torcs
193:anvil
147:Egypt
83:. In
77:loads
46:metal
1220:Wire
1203:wire
1179:2020
1152:ISBN
1131:2019
1103:Wire
992:ISBN
965:2011
840:etc.
732:and
717:and
707:gold
699:iron
646:and
531:Uses
449:A.C.
434:wire
381:lead
303:ruby
207:and
199:and
169:gold
87:and
42:wire
1105:".
988:480
295:die
293:or
164:BCE
136:In
106:in
68:or
56:or
54:die
1216::
1071:^
990:.
892:.
854:).
834:,
830:,
826:,
822:,
764:,
760:,
748:,
701:,
697:,
693:,
642:,
638:,
354:.
235:.
155:c.
140:,
72:.
60:.
40:A
1181:.
1160:.
1133:.
1000:.
967:.
876:.
852:.
842:(
790:.
575:)
571:(
153:(
23:.
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