801:
472:
44:
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464:, had assumed the characteristics of a new orthodoxy. Wolff's professed ideal was to base theological truths on mathematically certain evidence. Strife with the Pietists broke out openly in 1721, when Wolff, on the occasion of stepping down as pro-rector, delivered an oration "On the Practical Philosophy of the Chinese" (Eng. tr. 1750), in which he praised the purity of the moral precepts of
3191:
528:. (They claimed to the king if Wolff's determinism were recognized, no soldier who deserted could be punished as he would have acted only as it was necessarily predetermined that he should, which so enraged the king that he immediately deprived Wolff of his office, and ordered Wolff to leave Prussian territory within 48 hours or be hanged.)
1852:
787:
as just one determination among others, which a being may lack. Ontology is interested in being at large, not just in actual being. But all beings, whether actually existing or not, have a sufficient reason. The sufficient reason for things without actual existence consists in all the determinations
607:
When Wolff died on 9 April 1754, he was a very wealthy man, owing almost entirely to his income from lecture-fees, salaries, and royalties. He was also a member of many academies. His school, the
Wolffians, was the first school in the philosophical sense to be associated with a German philosopher.
547:
of Hesse received him with every mark of distinction, and the circumstances of his expulsion drew universal attention to his philosophy. It was everywhere discussed, and over two hundred books and pamphlets appeared for or against it before 1737, not reckoning the systematic treatises of Wolff and
791:
Practical philosophy is subdivided into ethics, economics and politics. Wolff's moral principle is the realization of human perfection—seen realistically as the kind of perfection the human person actually can achieve in the world in which we live. It is perhaps the combination of
Enlightenment
709:. The three disciplines are called empirical and rational because they are independent of revelation. This scheme, which is the counterpart of religious tripartition in creature, creation, and Creator, is best known to philosophical students by Kant's treatment of it in the
623:
Wolffian philosophy has a marked insistence everywhere on a clear and methodic exposition, holding confidence in the power of reason to reduce all subjects to this form. He was distinguished for writing copies in both Latin and German. Through his influence,
2115:
and Arno Mong Daastøl ("Exploring the
Genesis of Economic Innovations: The religious Gestalt-Switch and the Duty to Invent as Preconditions for Economic Growth"), and Peter R. Senn ("Christian Wolff in the Pre-History of the Social
555:, "the conflict became one of the most significant cultural confrontations of the 18th century and perhaps the most important of the Enlightenment in Central Europe and the Baltic countries before the French Revolution."
788:
that make up the essential nature of this thing. Wolff refers to this as a "reason of being" and contrasts it with a "reason of becoming", which explains why some things have actual existence.
374:
as academic disciplines, he concentrated especially in these fields, giving advice on practical matters to people in government, and stressing the professional nature of university education.
643:
recedes into the background, the monads falling asunder into souls or conscious beings on the one hand and mere atoms on the other. The doctrine of the pre-established harmony also loses its
722:'s father, Michael Pedersen. Kierkegaard himself was influenced by both Wolff and Kant to the point of resuming the tripartite structure and philosophical content to formulate his own three
3296:
628:
and philosophy were taught at most German universities, in particular those located in the
Protestant principalities. Wolff personally expedited their introduction inside Hesse-Cassel.
588:
His entry into the town on 6 December 1740 took on the character of a triumphal procession. In 1743, he became chancellor of the university, and in 1745, he received the title of
3055:
442:
At Halle, Wolff at first restricted himself to mathematics, but on the departure of a colleague, he added physics, and soon included all the main philosophical disciplines.
1438:
2995:
1382:
2038:
18/19 (Jg. 1918/19), Chicago: Deutsch-Amerikanische
Gesellschaft von Illinois, 1920, pp. 69–87, details Wolff's impact on the Declaration of Independence.
581:
In 1738, Frederick
William began the hard labour of trying to read Wolff. In 1740, Frederick William died, and one of the first acts of his son and successor,
3276:
2088:
1189:
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479:
On 12 July 1723, Wolff held a lecture for students and the magistrates at the end of his term as a rector. Wolff compared, based on books by the
3266:
2107:, 3rd Ser. Note especially the essays by Jürgen G. Backhaus ("Christian Wolff on Subsidiarity, the Division of Labor, and Social Welfare"),
846:, London: 1770. Unfortunately, the English version is a translation of Des Champs's French edition instead of the original German of Wolff's
578:
was translated into French by Ulrich
Friedrich von Suhm (1691–1740). Voltaire got the impression Frederick had translated the book himself.
1477:
432:
205:
Philosophia practica universalis, methodo mathematica conscripta (On
Universal Practical Philosophy, Composed from the Mathematical Method)
1538:
1198:
800:
3311:
718:
In the "Preface" of the 2nd edition of Kant's book, Wolff is defined as "the greatest of all dogmatic philosophers." Wolff was read by
3256:
3231:
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792:
optimism and worldly realism that made Wolff so successful and popular as a teacher of future statesmen and business leaders.
366:
Wolff wrote in German as his primary language of scholarly instruction and research, although he did translate his works into
3291:
3025:
2193:
2150:
2074:(Cambridge University Press, 1995), the standard source in English; includes biography and details of his work in many fields
1897:
1349:
3226:
3125:
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1860:
1546:
585:, was to acquire him for the Prussian Academy. Wolff refused, but accepted on 10 September 1740 an appointment in Halle.
352:. His life work spanned almost every scholarly subject of his time, displayed and unfolded according to his demonstrative-
3246:
1597:
1089:
3301:
3236:
216:
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Richards, Robert J. "Christian Wolff's
Prolegomena to Empirical and Rational Psychology: Translation and Commentary,"
1446:
502:
had been teaching in an empty classroom but Wolff attracted with his lectures around 1,000 students from all over.
2042:
Ingrao, Charles (October 1982). ""Barbarous
Strangers": Hessian State and Society during the American Revolution".
1534:
1485:
1415:
1390:
1319:
3241:
439:(the two men engaged in an epistolary correspondence), of whose philosophy his own system is a modified version.
2975:
1650:
1310:
917:, a translation with critical introduction and annotation by Klaus Ottmann, Thompson: Spring Publications (2022).
484:
744:
740:
652:
525:
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2741:
2627:
164:
3160:
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1381:. San Francisco: University of San Francisco Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History. p.
1185:
536:
471:
3035:
1055:
2145:
468:, pointing to them as an evidence of the power of human reason to reach moral truth by its own efforts.
3140:
2606:
2221:
656:
2036:
Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblätter. Jahrbuch der Deutsch-Amerikanischen Gesellschaft von Illinois
1737:
1026:, Jean École et al. (eds.), 3 series (German, Latin, and Materials), Hildesheim-New York: Olms, 1962–.
3261:
2876:
2711:
2331:
2186:
1563:
636:
345:
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1465:
Seize the Book, Jail the Author. Johann Lorenz Schmidt and Censorship in Eighteenth-century Germany
995:
984:
973:
324:
17:
1998:
370:
for his transnational European audience. A founding father of, among other fields, economics and
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2945:
2826:
2611:
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1473:
1469:
724:
711:
691:
147:
1706:
1592:
1084:
3251:
2887:
2781:
2761:
2638:
2566:
2511:
2434:
2216:
1680:
702:
673:
564:
Vernünftige Gedanken von Gott, der Welt und der Seele des Menschen, auch allen Dingen überhaupt
499:
289:
263:
1297:. Philosophische Bibliothek (in German). Hamburg, Germany: Felix Meiner Verlag. p. XXXIX.
662:
Wolff had philosophy divided into a theoretical and a practical part. Logic, sometimes called
3306:
3075:
2985:
2856:
2546:
2491:
2486:
2444:
2372:
2306:
2236:
1786:
1019:
Wolff's complete writings have been published since 1962 in an annotated reprint collection:
747:("nothing exists without a sufficient reason for why it exists rather than does not exist").
540:
371:
191:
128:
1179:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
3221:
3216:
3183:
3120:
2581:
2556:
2481:
2179:
2140:
510:
169:
1973:
1760:
1620:
1038:
Oratio de Sinarum philosophia practica / Rede über die praktische Philosophie der Chinesen
779:
are determinations that follow from essentialia and are equally necessary, in contrast to
719:
8:
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2801:
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2701:
2516:
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582:
353:
281:
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247:
187:
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1654:
1353:
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Oratio de Sinarum philosophia practica/Rede über die praktische Philosophie der Chinesen
1030:
This includes a volume that unites the three most important older biographies of Wolff.
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3145:
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2905:
2409:
2321:
2108:
2059:
1844:
1732:
1331:
1242:
552:
428:
424:
411:
183:
157:
123:
108:
104:
100:
68:
2135:
1929:
1812:
562:
and ordered the Berlin minister Jean Deschamps, a former pupil of Wolff, to translate
3195:
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2841:
2796:
2382:
2351:
1856:
1676:
1542:
1481:
1442:
1411:
1386:
1234:
854:
Vern. Ged. von Gott, der Welt und der Seele des Menschen, auch allen Dingen überhaupt
706:
682:
601:
436:
357:
341:
293:
272:
231:
220:
112:
72:
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2821:
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2786:
2586:
2398:
2341:
2130:
2051:
1323:
1226:
775:
define the nature of a being and are therefore necessary properties of this being.
488:
427:, where he lectured until 1706, when he was called as professor of mathematics and
403:
235:
132:
1903:
1033:
An excellent modern edition of the famous Halle speech on Chinese philosophy is:
820:
Dissertation on the Algebra of Solving Differential Equations Using Infinitesimals
2935:
2866:
2851:
2771:
2751:
2726:
2536:
2346:
2281:
2112:
1838:
1528:
1463:
1432:
1376:
203:
1280:
344:. Wolff is characterized as one of the most eminent German philosophers between
3065:
2846:
2836:
2691:
2676:
2621:
2392:
2251:
480:
43:
3210:
3135:
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2811:
2776:
2756:
2736:
2301:
2099:
1238:
1193:
1180:
1080:
667:
609:
559:
543:) he had received a call even before this crisis, which was now renewed. The
521:
450:
349:
2103:
4(2) (Summer 1997), special issue on Christian Wolff, reprinted 1998 in the
574:
in his first letter to the philosopher from 8 August 1736. In 1737, Wolff's
3115:
2881:
2816:
2706:
2616:
2466:
2336:
2246:
2226:
1260:
644:
419:
410:, Poland), into a modest family. He studied mathematics and physics at the
2034:
Goebel, Julius, "Christian Wolff and the Declaration of Independence", in
600:, possibly the first scholar to have been created hereditary Baron of the
2871:
2791:
2721:
2671:
2449:
2377:
2356:
2311:
2276:
2231:
2202:
1308:
Lang, Donald F. (1953). "The Sinophilism of Christian Wolf (1679–1754)".
891:
884:
Vern. Ged. von dem Gebrauche der Theile in Menschen, Thieren und Pflanzen
632:
625:
446:
360:
251:
173:
1269:
On Universal Practical Philosophy, Composed from the Mathematical Method
1202:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 774.
3005:
2731:
2696:
2646:
2531:
2429:
2316:
2241:
2063:
2029:
1461:
1335:
1246:
1214:
1050:
899:
698:
640:
285:
2082:
1956:
1093:. Stanford, California: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
407:
387:
77:
3165:
3130:
3110:
2656:
2541:
2471:
2424:
2387:
2326:
2256:
1848:
1647:"UC Davis Philosophy 175 (Mattey) Lecture Notes: Rational Psychology"
895:
759:, which can't involve a contradiction. Determinates come in 3 types:
732:
648:
544:
465:
2156:
2136:
Christian Wolff's Ontology: Existence as "Complement of Possibility"
2055:
2019:
1880:
1327:
1230:
3105:
2666:
2521:
2296:
2261:
2160:
736:
677:
659:
which Wolff seeks to make the fundamental principle of philosophy.
571:
531:
The same day, Wolff passed into Saxony, and presently proceeded to
506:
495:
458:
335:
299:
267:
2141:
Selected Bibliography on the Metaphysical Works of Christian Wolff
2955:
2661:
2591:
2561:
2526:
2461:
2419:
2404:
2271:
816:
Dissertatio algebraica de algorithmo infinitesimali differentiali
597:
532:
514:
454:
399:
64:
2014:
Blackwell, Richard J. "Christian Wolff's Doctrine of the Soul,"
1434:
The Sciences of the Soul. The Early Modern Origins of Psychology
1265:
Philosophia practica universalis, methodo mathematica conscripta
886:(1725); the last seven may briefly be described as treatises on
836:
Vernünftige Gedanken von den Kräften des menschlichen Verstandes
382:
2551:
2501:
2414:
2286:
894:, moral philosophy, political philosophy, theoretical physics,
743:("it cannot happen that the same thing is and is not") and the
198:
81:
2171:
1281:
Leibniz to Christian Wolff (selections) - Leibniz Translations
1009:(The Law of Nations According to the Scientific Method) (1749)
3056:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
2651:
2601:
1408:
Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity
887:
593:
524:, a pietist, and his son, who had gained the ear of the king
517:
461:
367:
3297:
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
568:
Logique ou réflexions sur les forces de l'entendement humain
2596:
2576:
2571:
2496:
2454:
2439:
1707:"Christian Wolff. 8.3 Psychology (Empirical and Rational)"
1681:"1. The Word 'Metaphysics' and the Concept of Metaphysics"
690:, which arises as a preliminary to the distinction of the
491:(1623–1693), Moses, Christ, and Mohammed with Confucius.
1184:
866:
Vern. Ged. von dem gesellschaftlichen Leben der Menschen
509:
and atheism, and ousted in 1723 from his first chair at
2996:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
2111:("Christian Wolff (1679–1754): A Biographical Essay"),
1593:"Christian Wolff. 8.1 Ontology (or Metaphysics Proper)"
558:
Prussian crown prince Frederick defended Wolff against
1378:
China and Christianity. Burdened Past, Hopeful Future
1955:
Borchert, Donald M. (2006). "Ontology, History of".
1000:(in Latin). Vol. 4. Verona: Dionigi Ramanzini.
989:(in Latin). Vol. 3. Verona: Dionigi Ramanzini.
978:(in Latin). Vol. 2. Verona: Dionigi Ramanzini.
356:, mathematical method, which some deem the peak of
1462:Spalding, Paul S.; Schmidt, Johann Lorenz (1998).
878:Vern. Ged. von den Absichten der natürlichen Dinge
842:, Berlin: 1736. English translation by anonymous,
566:into French. Frederick proposed to send a copy of
505:In the follow-up, Wolff was accused by Francke of
2081:Vol. 124, No. 3 (30 June 1980), pp. 227–239
2079:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1958:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
1374:
1143:, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 192 n. 41.
947:, collected and edited by G.F. Hagen (1736–1740).
826:Anfangsgründe aller mathematischen Wissenschaften
3208:
2024:Corr, Charles A. "Christian Wolff and Leibniz,"
1128:Hegel and the Metaphysics of Absolute Negativity
1040:, Michael Albrecht (ed.), Hamburg: Meiner, 1985.
993:
982:
971:
449:appeared impious to his theological colleagues.
445:However, the claims Wolff advanced on behalf of
1936:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
838:(1712). French translation by Jean Des Champs,
783:, which are merely contingent. Wolff conceives
475:Delftware plaque with chinoiserie, 17th century
435:. By this time he had made the acquaintance of
340:in 1745; 24 January 1679 – 9 April 1754) was a
1079:
2187:
1840:Kierkegaard and the Rise of Modern Psychology
811:Wolff's most important works are as follows:
739:and based on two fundamental principles: the
1621:"Christian Wolff. 8. Theoretical Philosophy"
615:Wolff was married and had several children.
3277:Academic staff of the University of Marburg
2089:Christian Wolff and Experimental Philosophy
1927:
1896:Sandkühler, Hans Jörg (2010). "Ontologie".
1675:
860:Vern. Ged. von der Menschen Thun und Lassen
647:significance (while remaining an important
2194:
2180:
1974:"Christian Wolff. 9. Practical Philosophy"
1923:
1921:
1895:
1879:Craig, Edward (1996). "Wolff, Christian".
1653:, Department of Philosophy. Archived from
1350:"Auditorium Maximum der Universität Halle"
1293:Wolff, C. (1985). Michael Albrecht (ed.).
1130:, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 66.
1083:; Horstmann, Rolf-Peter (30 August 2015).
1007:Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractum
42:
3287:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
3272:Academic staff of the University of Halle
2093:Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy
1352:(in German). Rathausseite. Archived from
520:of the 18th century. His successors were
394:) where Wolff was born and lived, 1679–99
2028:April 1975, Vol. 36 Issue 2, pp 241–262
1954:
1874:
1872:
1526:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1106:Robert Theis, Alexander Aichele (eds.),
799:
470:
381:
1971:
1934:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1918:
1810:
1787:"Christian Wolff. 8.4 Natural Theology"
1784:
1758:
1730:
1704:
1618:
1590:
1437:. University of Chicago Press. p.
1368:
1342:
1102:
1100:
962:English trans.: Marcel Thomann, trans.
655:is once more discarded in favor of the
608:It dominated Germany until the rise of
457:, which, after a long struggle against
14:
3209:
1836:
1644:
1405:
1399:
872:Vern. Ged. von den Wirkungen der Natur
3026:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
2175:
2151:Lectures on the History of Philosophy
2100:European Journal of Law and Economics
1878:
1869:
1561:
1430:
1375:Uhalley, Stephen; Xiaoxin Wu (2001).
1301:
1292:
1146:
697:on the soul, world and God: rational
618:
323:
3267:Academic staff of Leipzig University
3126:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
3046:The World as Will and Representation
1882:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1307:
1286:
1212:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1097:
604:on the basis of his academic work.
1928:Hettche, Matt; Dyck, Corey (2019).
1090:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
905:Philosophia rationalis, sive logica
24:
2072:The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz
1972:Hettche, Matt (11 November 2014).
1811:Hettche, Matt (11 November 2014).
1785:Hettche, Matt (11 November 2014).
1759:Hettche, Matt (11 November 2014).
1705:Hettche, Matt (11 November 2014).
1619:Hettche, Matt (11 November 2014).
1591:Hettche, Matt (11 November 2014).
1406:Israel, Jonathan I. (2002). "29".
217:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
25:
3323:
3312:People from the Habsburg monarchy
2127:Works by or about Christian Wolff
2120:
1999:Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum
1431:Vidal, Fernando (December 2011).
1113:
911:Philosophia prima, sive Ontologia
3257:18th-century German philosophers
3232:18th-century German male writers
3189:
3179:
3178:
2164:
2026:Journal of the History of Ideas,
2016:Journal of the History of Ideas,
1761:"Christian Wolff. 8.2 Cosmology"
1731:Duignan, Brian (20 April 2009).
1320:University of Pennsylvania Press
1172:
1110:, Springer-Verlag, 2017, p. 442.
951:Philosophia practica universalis
631:The Wolffian system retains the
298:Coining the philosophical term "
282:special metaphysical disciplines
3282:Barons of the Holy Roman Empire
2976:Meditations on First Philosophy
2201:
1991:
1965:
1948:
1889:
1830:
1804:
1778:
1752:
1724:
1698:
1669:
1651:University of California, Davis
1638:
1612:
1584:
1572:
1555:
1535:Springer Science+Business Media
1520:
1507:
1494:
1455:
1424:
1311:Journal of the History of Ideas
1219:Journal of the History of Ideas
945:Kleine philosophische Schriften
2044:The American Historical Review
1274:
1253:
1206:
1133:
1073:
745:principle of sufficient reason
741:principle of non-contradiction
653:principle of sufficient reason
513:in one of the most celebrated
27:German philosopher (1679–1754)
13:
1:
1215:"Christian Wolff and Leibniz"
1186:Pringle-Pattison, Andrew Seth
1087:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1066:
915:First Philosophy, or Ontology
913:(1730). Part 1 translated as
3292:Fellows of the Royal Society
3161:Philosophy of space and time
1837:Klempe, Sven Hroar (2017) .
997:Elementa matheseos universae
986:Elementa matheseos universae
975:Elementa matheseos universae
830:Elementa matheseos universae
805:Elementa matheseos universae
666:, forms the introduction or
7:
3227:18th-century German writers
3036:The Phenomenology of Spirit
2163:(public domain audiobooks)
2041:
1578:
1410:. Oxford University Press.
1056:Wawrzyniec Mitzler de Kolof
1044:
957:Jus naturae and Jus Gentium
539:, to whose university (the
414:, soon adding philosophy.
10:
3328:
3247:Enlightenment philosophers
2008:
1645:Mattey, George J. (2012).
1527:Fellmann, Emil A. (2007).
657:principle of contradiction
223:(epistolary correspondent)
3302:University of Jena alumni
3237:18th-century philosophers
3174:
3098:
2897:
2637:
2365:
2209:
1565:Eigene Lebensbeschreibung
1562:Wolff, Christian (1841).
1213:Corr, Charles A. (1975).
1141:Schopenhauer: A Biography
994:Wolff, Christian (1751).
983:Wolff, Christian (1746).
972:Wolff, Christian (1746).
417:In 1703, he qualified as
306:
257:
241:
227:
212:
197:
179:
163:
153:
143:
139:
119:
89:
50:
41:
34:
3151:Philosophy of psychology
3086:Simulacra and Simulation
2157:Works by Christian Wolff
1902:. Meiner. Archived from
1899:Enzyklopädie Philosophie
1108:Handbuch Christian Wolff
1061:
959:. Magdeburg, 1740–1748.
795:
731:Wolff saw ontology as a
453:was the headquarters of
3016:Critique of Pure Reason
1738:Encyclopædia Britannica
1474:Purdue University Press
1470:West Lafayette, Indiana
1199:Encyclopædia Britannica
712:Critique of Pure Reason
377:
148:18th-century philosophy
2607:Type–token distinction
2435:Hypostatic abstraction
2217:Abstract object theory
2070:Jolley, Nicholas, ed.
933:Psychologia rationalis
808:
674:Theoretical philosophy
664:philosophia rationalis
596:) from the Elector of
500:August Hermann Francke
476:
395:
386:Plaque on building in
264:Theoretical philosophy
3196:Philosophy portal
3076:Being and Nothingness
2492:Mental representation
1733:"Rational psychology"
1513:MacDonogh, G. (1999)
1500:MacDonogh, G. (1999)
1188:; Anonymous (1911). "
1139:David E. Cartwright,
803:
751:are defined by their
541:University of Marburg
474:
385:
372:public administration
192:University of Marburg
129:University of Leipzig
3242:Writers from Wrocław
3121:Feminist metaphysics
1997:Available online on
927:Psychologia empirica
921:Cosmologia generalis
848:Vernünftige Gedanken
725:Stages on Life's Way
447:philosophical reason
170:Age of Enlightenment
2966:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
2477:Linguistic modality
2018:1961, 22: 339–354.
1679:(31 October 2014).
1515:Frederick the Great
1502:Frederick the Great
1356:on 11 February 2013
1013:Philosophia moralis
939:Theologia naturalis
695:special metaphysics
688:general metaphysics
583:Frederick the Great
526:Frederick William I
433:University of Halle
278:general metaphysics
248:Philosophical logic
188:University of Halle
3156:Philosophy of self
3146:Philosophy of mind
2410:Embodied cognition
2322:Scientific realism
2109:Wolfgang Drechsler
1845:Abingdon-on-Thames
1677:van Inwagen, Peter
1657:on 8 December 2018
828:(1710); in Latin,
809:
735:science, knowable
676:had for its parts
619:Philosophical work
553:Jonathan I. Israel
477:
429:natural philosophy
425:Leipzig University
412:University of Jena
398:Wolff was born in
396:
342:German philosopher
266:has for its parts
184:Leipzig University
158:Western philosophy
124:University of Jena
109:Kingdom of Prussia
105:Duchy of Magdeburg
101:Halle an der Saale
69:Duchies of Silesia
3204:
3203:
2383:Category of being
2352:Truthmaker theory
2087:Vanzo, Alberto. "
1930:"Christian Wolff"
1813:"Christian Wolff"
1263:thesis title was
966:. NY: Olms, 1972.
720:Søren Kierkegaard
707:rational theology
683:philosophia prima
651:device), and the
602:Holy Roman Empire
437:Gottfried Leibniz
310:
309:
294:rational theology
273:philosophia prima
232:Mikhail Lomonosov
221:Gottfried Leibniz
213:Academic advisors
113:Holy Roman Empire
73:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
3319:
3262:German Lutherans
3194:
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2587:Substantial form
2399:Cogito, ergo sum
2342:Substance theory
2196:
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2182:
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2131:Internet Archive
2105:Gesammelte Werke
2067:
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1906:on 11 March 2021
1893:
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1024:Gesammelte Werke
1001:
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635:and optimism of
489:Philippe Couplet
487:(1651–1729) and
328:; also known as
327:
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315:(less correctly
236:A. G. Baumgarten
228:Notable students
133:Dr. phil. habil.
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2537:Physical object
2373:Abstract object
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2347:Theory of forms
2282:Meaning of life
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2113:Erik S. Reinert
2056:10.2307/1857901
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3099:Related topics
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3066:Being and Time
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2121:External links
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3141:Phenomenology
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2332:Spiritualism
2247:Essentialism
2227:Anti-realism
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1904:the original
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1832:
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365:
363:in Germany.
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271:
208: (1703)
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180:Institutions
95:(1754-04-09)
93:9 April 1754
29:
3222:1754 deaths
3217:1679 births
2946:Metaphysics
2930:(c. 200 BC)
2920:(c. 350 BC)
2910:(c. 350 BC)
2797:Collingwood
2702:Malebranche
2450:Information
2378:Anima mundi
2357:Type theory
2312:Physicalism
2277:Materialism
2232:Determinism
2203:Metaphysics
2116:Sciences").
1940:16 December
1910:16 December
1322:: 561–574.
1081:Guyer, Paul
964:Jus naturae
953:(1738–1739)
941:(1736–1737)
892:metaphysics
832:(1713–1715)
773:Essentialia
761:essentialia
701:, rational
633:determinism
626:natural law
361:rationality
288:, rational
252:metaphysics
174:Rationalism
126:(1699–1702)
3211:Categories
3006:Monadology
2940:(c. 80 BC)
2647:Parmenides
2532:Perception
2430:Experience
2317:Relativism
2292:Naturalism
2242:Enactivism
1851:. p.
1568:. Leipzig.
1537:. p.
1476:. p.
1085:"Idealism"
1067:References
1051:Mons Wolff
900:physiology
777:Attributes
765:attributes
757:predicates
699:psychology
641:monadology
639:, but the
610:Kantianism
576:Metafysica
334:Christian
286:psychology
284:(rational
57:1679-01-24
3166:Teleology
3131:Mereology
3111:Cosmology
2970:(c. 1000)
2867:Plantinga
2857:Armstrong
2807:Heidegger
2782:Whitehead
2767:Nietzsche
2687:Descartes
2657:Aristotle
2612:Universal
2542:Principle
2512:Necessity
2472:Intention
2425:Existence
2388:Causality
2327:Solipsism
2257:Free will
1849:Routledge
1517:, p. 134.
1504:, p. 129.
1360:1 January
1239:0022-5037
896:teleology
785:existence
733:deductive
703:cosmology
670:to both.
649:heuristic
545:Landgrave
466:Confucius
462:dogmatism
354:deductive
338:von Wolff
290:cosmology
120:Education
3184:Category
3106:Axiology
2960:(c. 270)
2888:more ...
2842:Anscombe
2837:Strawson
2832:Davidson
2727:Berkeley
2667:Plotinus
2628:more ...
2567:Relation
2547:Property
2522:Ontology
2445:Identity
2366:Concepts
2297:Nihilism
2262:Idealism
2210:Theories
2161:LibriVox
2083:in JSTOR
2030:in JSTOR
2020:in JSTOR
1983:24 March
1822:24 March
1796:24 March
1770:24 March
1744:12 March
1716:24 March
1690:11 March
1661:11 March
1630:24 March
1604:24 March
1581:, p. 955
1045:See also
737:a priori
678:ontology
590:Freiherr
572:Voltaire
515:academic
507:fatalism
498:, Prof.
496:Voltaire
459:Lutheran
336:Freiherr
300:idealism
268:ontology
18:Wolffian
2956:Enneads
2950:(c. 50)
2916:Timaeus
2906:Sophist
2852:Dummett
2847:Deleuze
2787:Russell
2777:Bergson
2772:Meinong
2752:Bolzano
2712:Leibniz
2692:Spinoza
2677:Aquinas
2662:Proclus
2592:Thought
2582:Subject
2562:Reality
2557:Quality
2527:Pattern
2487:Meaning
2462:Insight
2420:Essence
2405:Concept
2307:Realism
2272:Liberty
2237:Dualism
2129:at the
2064:1857901
2009:Sources
1336:2707702
1247:2708926
1196:(ed.).
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637:Leibniz
598:Bavaria
533:Marburg
481:Flemish
455:Pietism
431:to the
408:Wrocław
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400:Breslau
392:Breslau
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346:Leibniz
330:Wolfius
321:German:
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3090:(1981)
3080:(1943)
3070:(1927)
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3020:(1781)
3010:(1714)
3000:(1710)
2990:(1677)
2986:Ethics
2980:(1641)
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2872:Kripke
2862:Putnam
2822:Sartre
2812:Carnap
2762:Peirce
2707:Newton
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2792:Moore
2757:Lotze
2742:Hegel
2717:Wolff
2697:Locke
2652:Plato
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2602:Truth
2146:Wolff
2060:JSTOR
1332:JSTOR
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1062:Notes
888:logic
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796:Works
781:modes
769:modes
692:three
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