Women in Chile - Knowledge

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participation. The First Lady's efforts to advocate the evolution of women reform led to the modern techniques of the women reform. In the 1960s, campaigns for the Christian democrat, Frei, emphasized women and women's issues. Voting had just become mandatory for all Chileans and was the first time in history registration for female voters increased from thirty-five percent to seventy-five percent. The Christian democratic change of government opened women's access to birth control. However, the government's emphasis on the modernization of women institutions and underlying issues of gender hierarchy, women in poverty were neglected. Restrictions within the women's institutions, mother centers, restricted mothers under 18. To further structurally cripple Chilean women, first lady

2329:, is a criminal offense. Penalties for rape range from five to 15 years' imprisonment, and the government generally enforces the law. In 2004 the Criminal Code was changed so that the age for statutory rape is 14; previously, the age was 12. The law protects the privacy and safety of the person making the charge. In 2006 from January to November, police received reports of 1,926 cases of rape, compared with 2,451 cases in all of 2005; experts believed that most rape cases go unreported. The Ministry of Justice and the PICH have several offices specifically to provide counseling and assistance in rape cases. A number of NGOs, such as La Morada Corporation for Women, provide counseling for rape victims. 2043: 1739:, the widow of a former provincial governor, read the requirements deeming "all adult Chileans the right to vote", and was the first woman to vote. Other elitist Chilean women followed her bold lead, which resulted in the anticlerical liberal party of congress to pass a law denying women the right to vote. Despite this set back, Ms. Lepe and other elite women expressed their religious standings to the conservative party. The conservative party were favorable of the women because they knew their support would influence the conservative party's domination in politics. 2479: 2544: 160: 1876:

In the case of divorce, both the man and woman are entitled to ownership of the marital home. In the case of the death of a spouse, the surviving spouse, regardless of gender, has equal inheritance rights to the marital home. If there is no will when the husband dies, the wife is given an equal category as the children for inheritance. Before marriage, a couple can sign a legal document separating all assets so that the woman and man each administer her or his own; in this case, the husband cannot control his wife's assets.

4816: 1952: 1648: 26: 2464: 2069:'s visiting of Chile. This march, known as the March of the Empty Pots and Pans, brought together many conservative and some liberal women as a force in Chilean politics, and in 1977 Augusto Pinochet decreed the day of the march to be National Women's Day. Women also made their voices heard in the late 1980s when 52 percent of the national electorate was female, and 51.2 percent of women voted "no" in Augusto Pinochet's 2220:

information centers that focus on the issues of women's rights. Its presence in Chile is important because it was established by law and is a permanent part of Chile's state structure. As an institution it tends to focus much of its attention on certain segments of women: low-income women heads of households, women seasonal workers, domestic violence prevention, and teen pregnancy prevention.

2191:(SERNAM) has noticed that it is easier to get politicians to support and pass poverty-alleviation programs aimed at poor women than proposals that challenge gender relations. Much of Chile's legislation concerning women's rights has been pushed by SERNAM: Between 1992 and 2010, sixty-four legislative proposals to expand women's legal equality were introduced by SERNAM. 2362:'s Institute of Public Affairs revealed that 87 percent of women surveyed felt that women suffered discrimination. According to the survey, 95 percent believed women faced discrimination in the labor market, 67 percent believed they faced discrimination in politics, 61 percent felt that women were discriminated against by the media, and 54 percent within the family. 1806:

family- defending women's rights to work, to maternity leave, to equitable pay and occupation, a new opportunities for training and learning in the promised department for female labor studies. Because familial welfare was deemed important within the Chilean society, mothers have served as a political representation to have a voice in amongst the government.

1754:(League of Chilean Ladies) amongst 450 other upper-middle-class women with intentions to "uphold and defend the interests of those women who worked for a living without attacking the principles of order and authority". Following this organization, many other elite women began socially constructed women's institutions. 2051: 2426:. In 2007, 28 percent of people with HIV/AIDS in Chile were women. Numbers of women living with HIV is lower than those with AIDS. A study by Vivo Positivo showed that 85 percent of women living with HIV/AIDS reported that they had little to no education or information about HIV/AIDS until diagnosis. 2295:

in Chile is a serious issue affecting a large percentage of the population, especially among lower income demographics. The Intrafamily Violence Law passed in 1994 was the first political measure to address violence in the home, but because the law would not pass without being accepted by both sides,

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As of 2006, Chile was lower than eight other Latin American countries in regards to women in political positions. With only a few women legislators, sustaining attention to the topic of women's rights a difficult task, especially in the Senate, where there are fewer female representatives than in the

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if they have dependent children under the age of eighteen (or twenty-four if in school). There are differences in entitlement requirements for the spouse-related family allowance since a man qualifies for a family allowance if he has a dependent wife, but a woman only qualifies for a family allowance

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A common complaint that SERNAM has is that the top appointees are not women linked to the feminist community. The institution also has restrictions when it comes to policy regarding women due to its state ties, as seen in 2000 when SERNAM favored but would not explicitly support the bill to legalize

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In marriage, there are three types of assets: those of the husband, those of the wife, and the common assets that pertain to both. Land and houses in a marriage continue to be the property of the person who brought them to the marriage, but in order to sell them, both the husband and wife must sign.

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Women were not involved in politics until 1934, when they could first use their municipal vote. The municipal, and later national, vote caused women to involve themselves in politics more than before, pressuring the government and political parties. With women's increased political importance, many

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through legislation passed in 1994. This system excludes: women whose household income is too high, unemployed women, women working in the informal sector, and women whose jobs are not by contract. Chile offers paid maternity leave for women working in the formal sector, paying women 100 percent of

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beliefs are prevalent in Chilean society, specifically the ideas that women should focus on motherhood and be submissive to men. A 2010 study by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) reported that 62 percent of Chileans are opposed to full gender equality. Many of those surveyed expressed

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in women have stabilized internationally, Chile has seen a rise in HIV/AIDS infection. Societal beliefs about traditional women's roles as mothers leads to women being less likely to use contraceptives, increasing the opportunity for disease. Chilean women also often feel subordinate to men due to

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were averaging fewer children than previously. For those women who do have children, after former president Michelle Bachelet's childcare mandates, childcare centers that provide free services are four times more numerous. Nursing mothers also have the legal right to breastfeed during the workday.

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Today, younger women are opting out of marriage and having fewer children than their predecessors. The total fertility rate as of 2015 was 1.82 children born/woman. This is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and also lower than in previous years. A 2002 study reported that urban women averaged 2.1

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to anyone who resigns due to being a victim of sexual harassment if she/he has worked for the employer for at least one year. During 2005 the Labor Directorate received 244 complaints of sexual harassment, and in 2009 there were 82 complaints were received. The majority of the complaints come from

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there is growing support for a quota law concerning women's representation. The progressive parties of the Left have greater openness to the participation of women, evident in the Party for Democracy's and Socialist Party's quotas for women's representation as candidates for internal party office.

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For jobs that do not require higher education, women make 20 percent less money on average than men. For jobs requiring a university degree, the gap in pay increases to 40 percent. Women without a university degree make 83 percent of the income men make without a university degree. The quadrennial

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is the idolized example of motherhood. Her pure and sacrificial acts are to be embodied by Chilean mothers. Traditionally, women are supposed to be the picture of endurance like the Virgin Mary. The biblical significance is portrayed through the traditional government of Chile. In the early 1900s,

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is made up of women, only 22,6 percent of Chile's lower house is made up of female representatives. Chile has no government mandate requiring that women must make up a certain percentage of party candidates. Women's political representation is low but is on the rise in many political parties, and

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as their rites of passage, which initiated women's movements in opposition to the liberal political party's eruption in the Chilean government. The traditional domesticated setting that women were accustomed to was used as a patriarchal reasoning for women's restriction of women's votes. However,

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rather than join the workforce. A 2012 World Bank study showed that the expansion of public day care had no effect on female labor force participation. The low number of women entering the labor force causes Chile to rank low amongst upper-middle class countries regarding women in the work force

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study reported that 50 percent of married women in Chile had suffered spousal abuse, 34 percent reported having suffered physical violence, and 16 percent reported psychological abuse. According to another study from 2004, 90 percent of low-income women in Chile experience some type of domestic

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revolutionized the mother's centers during the period of conflict between change and tradition during the Christian democrat campaign. Ms. Aguayo also headed the party's women's departments amongst forty-eight men and reflected the political direction of the initiatives: policies to protect the

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in acknowledgement of Mothers centers, women gaining access to resources to fulfill their role as housewives, encouraged women as consumers to fight against high living costs, and to raise their interest in partaking in other avenues of public life within the country, such as work and political

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founded in 1984 and conducts research, trains women, has a consulting program, and tries to increase women's political participation. La Morada is another nonprofit organization that works to expand the rights of women through political involvement, education, culture, and efforts to eradicate

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is the political institution created in 1991 that crafts executive bills concerning women's rights. Its Spanish name is Servicio Nacional de la Mujer, or SERNAM; it has established a program to aid female heads of households, a program for prevention of violence against women, and a network of

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previously mandated that wives had to live with and be faithful and obedient to their husbands, but it is no longer in the law. A married woman cannot be head of the household or head of the family in the same way as a man; however, married women are not required by law to obey their husbands.

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declared that enrollment levels for boys and girls in primary and secondary education were at a "virtual parity." Women's education in Chile is generally higher than neighboring countries. In higher education, as of 2002, women had similar attendance rates as men, with women at 47.5 percent

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once they were married and husbands received all of the wealth, but that law has since changed and women can now administer their own assets. A couple can also sign a legal agreement before marriage so that all assets continue to be owned by the one who brought them into the marriage.

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Historically the progressive parties of the Left have drawn more attention to women's rights. Yet many political parties insincerely support women's agenda and the concept of gender equality, instead leaving any action to be taken by SERNAM or nongovernmental organizations.

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officials and resulting in Allende's debated suicide. This revolution "The Chilean Road to Socialism" abruptly came to an end, revitalizing the foundation of the government. However, the foundation was hastily corrupted by patriarchal values. Prominent feminist sociologist

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With divorce now being legal, four marital statuses exist within Chile: married, separated, divorced, and widow (er). Only the divorced and widow (er) statuses allow a new marriage. Before the legalization of divorce, the only way to leave a marriage was to obtain a civil

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Women were granted the right to vote in municipal elections in 1931 and obtained the right to vote in national elections on January 8, 1949, resulting in their ability to vote under the same equal conditions as men and increasing women's participation in politics.

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If women work outside the home independent of their husbands, acquire personal assets, and can prove that they came by these assets through their independent work, then these working women can accumulate these assets as their own, unable to be touched by husbands.

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if her husband is disabled. Until a reform of paternity laws in 1998, children born outside marriage had less right to parental financial support and inheritance than children born within marriage. A bill was passed in 2007 to give mothers direct access to

2153:(Servicio Nacional de la Mujer, SERNAM) and helped the institution gain funding from the United Nations Development Fund for Women. Her administration had an active role in furthering opportunities and policies for and about women, creating or improving 1775:

the belief that women should limit themselves to the traditional roles of mother and wife. However, the 2012 World Development Report states that male attitudes toward gender equality are that "men do not lose out when women's rights are promoted."

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in 1990, leading to changes in women's lives and roles within society. Chile's government has committed more political and financial resources than ever before to enhancing social welfare programs since the country's return to democracy.. The

2433:. Fifty-six percent of HIV-positive Chilean women reported being pressured by health-care workers to prevent pregnancy by being sterilized. Of the women who chose to be sterilized, half were forced or persuaded to do so. Women victims of 1936:

their salary during the leave, and also allows women a one-hour feeding break each day until the child has reached the age of two. Female workers unattached to the formal market and without an employment contract do not receive paid

2134:: "The Junta, with a very clear sense of its interests, has understood that it must reinforce the traditional family, and the dependent role of women, which is reduced to that of mother. The dictatorship, which institutionalizes 4572: 2097:, flexible work schedules and job training. Aimed at improving women's work opportunities, former president Michelle Bachelet made it illegal to ask for a job applicants' gender on applications and for employers to demand 1963:

almost match those of men, with 97.4 percent of women being able to read, versus 97.6 percent of men (in 2015). Chilean law mandates compulsory primary and secondary education for children, boys and girls. In 2007, the

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violence. Due to the high prevalence of domestic violence, many Chilean women accept it as normal. The legalization of divorce in 2004 won the approval of women throughout the country, especially those concerned about

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the gendered examples among Catholicism were embodied by the patriarchal government and suffrage of women. Women were domesticated and confined to the home. In the late 1940s women's issues were embraced by First Lady

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because national competition for jobs has increased the number of low-skill jobs. In 1998, 44.8 percent of working-aged women in Chile worked in the informal sector while only 32.9 percent of men worked informally.

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Centers for research began to emerge in the later part of the twentieth century, including the Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (The Women's Study Center) and La Morada. The Women's Study Center is a

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face a higher risk of getting HIV, and in 2004, 56 percent of women who have HIV and 77 percent of women with HIV/AIDS were victims of domestic abuse, sexual abuse, or rape before their diagnosis.

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Chile’s feminist anthem “The rapist is you,” went viral in 2019. The chant became an anthem for women during the social unrest of 2019, which was sparked by deepening inequality in the country.

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countries of Latin America. In comparison to the United States, Chile did not have so many feminists among its evolution of women's intrusion to the political sphere. Chilean women esteemed

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laws in the world, banning the procedure completely. The current law allows abortion if the mother's life in danger, in case of lethal malformations of the fetus, or in cases of rape.

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parties established women's sections for support and tried to pursue women's votes, though it would take years for political parties to truly view women as important to politics.

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is rarely taught in schools and is considered "taboo" by many Chilean families. Friends and family usually are the main source of sex education. In 1994, Chile decriminalized

2057:(1941–2005), Chilean activist and political figure. She was Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Chile (PCCh) (1994–2002) and then president of the PCCh until her death 2025:

2004 National Socio-Economic Survey and World Bank report in 2007 say that the overall gender income gap stands at 33 percent (since women make 67 percent of men's salaries).

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which would only be granted by telling the civil registrar that the spouse had lied in some way concerning the marriage license, thereby voiding the marriage contract.

1762:(ladies reading club) in 1915. She believed women should be educated, regardless of their socioeconomic status to have a more influentially productive role in society. 2122: 1794: 1743: 3740: 2127: 1995:

despite higher educational training. In Chile, poorer women make up a smaller share of the workforce. A 2004 study showed that 81.4 percent of women worked in the

1751: 2073:. The women in these popular protests are considered to have played a central role in increasing national concern with the history of women's political activism. 4271: 1736: 4403: 1759: 1802: 216: 3911:

Tobar, Marcela Rios (2003). "'Feminism is Socialism, Liberty, and Much More:"' Second-Wave Chilean Feminism and its Contentious Relationship with Socialism".

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One of Chile's missions as part of the UN is commitment to democracy, human rights and gender perspective as foundations of multilateral action.

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was the first female president of Chile, leading the country between 2006 and 2010. During her presidency, Bachelet increased the budget of the

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In 2009, activists demanded that presidential candidates develop reforms that would improve work conditions for women. Reforms included

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or not. Sometimes women and men cannot claim their inheritance to land without titles because the cost of legal documents is too high.

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in 1995. There had been previous divorce bills before, but this one managed to secure enough conservative and liberal support to pass.

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in 2004, overturning an 1884 legal code. The law that legalizes divorce is the New Civil Marriage Law which was first introduced as a

3960:(February 2003). ""State Feminism" and Women's Movements: The Impact of Chile's Servicio Nacinoal de la Mujer on Women's Activism". 2224:

divorce because it was under the leadership of the Christian Democratic party. In 2002 it was finally allowed to support the bill.

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Chileans religious convictions as devout Catholics initiated their desire to vote against the adamant anticlerical liberal party.

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the law was weak in the way it addressed victim protection and punishment for abusers. The law was later reformed in 2005. A 2004

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was one of the first women to be a presidential candidate in Chile. The year before, she was the first person in Chile to charge

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provides protection and financial compensation to victims and penalizes harassment by employers or co-workers. The law provides

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have gone through many changes over time. Chilean women's societal roles have historically been impacted by traditional

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In rural Chile, inheritance is the principal way in which land is acquired by both men and women, whether the land has

1703: 1658:, journalist, writer, and political commentator. In 1953, she became the first woman ever elected to the Chilean Senate 4275: 2109:

Following these Chilean women, the contemporary phase of feminism was constructed through the social conflict between

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children per woman, with women living in rural areas having more children, at 2.9. As of the 1990s, both urban and

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was also an elitist, but disagreed with the privileged women's subjection of working-class women and founded the

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from their parents. Unmarried men and women have equal ownership rights to moveable and immoveable property.

1233: 800: 2607:, ran for the presidency against Bachelet. She is also the woman responsible for organizing and structuring 5043: 4999: 4846: 4797: 4652: 4445: 2761: 2236: 2199: 2078: 1670: 1468: 703: 621: 596: 529: 4039: 5326: 5251: 5180: 4692: 4637: 4083: 3228: 2746: 2630: 2619: 2608: 2297: 2216: 2188: 2150: 1815: 698: 336: 3995: 2042: 1990:

of women was 52%. Despite the fact that 47.5% of students in college are women, many still choose to be

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began to erupt. Social Catholicism- upper-class women's organization of working-class women-was led by

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was the other woman, along with Marín, to be one of the first female presidential candidates in Chile.

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Thomas Miller Klubock (2001). "Writing the History of Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Chile".

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Women's educational attainment, workforce participation, and rights have improved, especially since

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political party has been in power since the end of Pinochet's dictatorship, and from 2006 to 2010,

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supervised "proper functioning" of feminist organizations. The Central Organization for Mothers

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Contesting Legitimacy in Chile: Familial Ideals, Citizenship, and Political Struggle, 1970-1990

2801: 2247: 676: 361: 351: 287: 4369: 4335: 4226: 3794: 3099: 5221: 5142: 5011: 4815: 4708: 4593: 3539: 3488: 3447: 3373:"Dignity Denied: Violations of the Rights of HIV-Positive Women in Chilean Health Facilities" 3332: 2726: 2658: 1986:, but women's workforce participation has steadily increased over the years. As of 2016, the 1724: 1684:, protests against Allende's plebiscite in which women voted "no." During Chile's time under 1513: 1458: 1388: 1368: 1353: 1223: 745: 708: 616: 480: 316: 2518: 5236: 5137: 5132: 5059: 5028: 5016: 4782: 2666: 2310: 2305:, as women were previously unable to escape abusive relationships due to the divorce laws. 1928: 1398: 1393: 1338: 1288: 1273: 1158: 1048: 998: 878: 439: 400: 235: 225: 211: 4200: 8: 5341: 5231: 5064: 4976: 4961: 4657: 4550: 2662: 2526: 2359: 1856: 1655: 1622: 1503: 1433: 1363: 1238: 1213: 1193: 1173: 1053: 928: 918: 795: 626: 548: 541: 536: 451: 356: 341: 301: 262: 72: 61: 4296: 3250: 2682: 2557:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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and into the paid formal and informal labor markets. Many female workers are in Chile's

1651: 5311: 5263: 5241: 5226: 5190: 4994: 4971: 4951: 4886: 4824: 4668: 4539: 4484: 4310:"REGULA LA DESPENALIZACIÓN DE LA INTERRUPCIÓN VOLUNTARIA DEL EMBARAZO EN TRES CAUSALES" 3977: 3928: 3629: 3429: 3282: 3166: 2741: 2698: 2622:, also second cousin to the author of the same name, is a prominent Chilean politician. 2604: 2422:

these traditional belief systems, making women less likely to negotiate for the use of

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Right-Wing Women in Chile: Feminine Power and the Struggle Against Allende, 1964-1973

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Right-wing women in Chile: feminine power and the struggle against Allende, 1964-1973

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From January to November 2005, 76,000 cases of family violence were reported to the

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Successful professional women of the Americas: from polar winds to tropical breezes

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Successful professional women of the Americas: from polar winds to tropical breezes

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Successful professional women of the Americas: from polar winds to tropical breezes

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Successful professional women of the Americas: from polar winds to tropical breezes

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Although SERNAM exists to aid women, there is no non-discrimination clause in the

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argued, the military state can be interpreted as the quintessential expression of

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Galleguillos, Ximena; Veneros, Diana; Ortuzar, Carmen; Carreras, Arnoldo (2005).

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rate in Chile was estimated in 2012 at 0.4% of adults aged 15–49. While cases of

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was created as a formal structure to advise the underprivileged Chilean mothers.

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A 2004 study found that Chilean women with HIV/AIDS were susceptible to coerced

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Margot Duhalde was the first female war pilot from Chile, having flown for the

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Chile has a rich literary history, being described as the "Land of the Poets."

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On December 1, 1971 thousands of women who were against the newly elected

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and with proof of an employment contract and working hours receive subsidized

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Guerrero Lira, Cristián; Ramírez Morales, Fernando; Torres Dujisin, Isabel.

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Postnatal maternity leave is now six months instead of the previous three.

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Women, Feminism and Social Change: Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, 1890–1940

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

25: 4661: 4437: 3852: 2522: 2377: 1784: 1771: 765: 735: 512: 3278:"Chilean Voters Return a Former President to Power - The New York Times" 3189: 3671:"Women, business, and the law: creating economic opportunity for women" 3098:

Mary Zeiss Stange; Carol K. Oyster; Jane E. Sloan (February 23, 2011).

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has risen in national and international popularity as a leader of the

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On March 11, 2014, she became president of Chile for the second time.

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United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women

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Women were granted the right to vote in 1931 and 1949 during Chile's

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was the first Latin American, including men and women, to win the

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Many of Chile's women's groups function outside the state sphere.

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Women and Democracy: Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2423: 2158: 1852: 1614: 1591: 805: 760: 2701:, respectively, and were recognized for their courage in battle. 2381:

Women are less likely to seek divorces and marriage annulments.

1982:

Chile has one of the lowest rate of female employment in all of

1818:(SERNAM) is charged with protecting women's legal rights in the 1783:

Catholicism is embodied wholly among Chilean family identities.

1688:

Pinochet, the state of women's legal rights fell behind most of

4176:"An Exploratory Study of Sexual Harassment Complaints in Chile" 4081: 1617:

in 2004 and is also one of the few countries to have elected a

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Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012

4616: 3999: 2916:

The Women's Movement and the Transition to Democracy in Chile

2046:

Chilean feminists gather in Santiago during Pinochet's regime

1831: 1606: 255: 193: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2065:

marched through Santiago to protest government policies and

1666:. Also during the era, thousands of women protested against 4061: 2418: 2322: 1814:

Currently, women have many of the same rights as men. The

90: 4111:"Statutory Rape Law in Chile: For or Against Adolescents?" 4021: 2679:

was the first woman to have sewn a national flag of Chile.

1692:, even though Chile had one of the strongest economies in 4315:(in Spanish). Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública 2932: 2414: 4261:, edited by Jane S. Jaquette, Sharon L. Wolchik, page 62 4028: 3703: 3404:"Gender Equity Progress Blocked by Hard-Core 'Machismo'" 2451:

Between 1989 and 2017, Chile had some of the strictest

2266:

in 1988, internationally declaring support for women's

1830:

Until 2020, women lost their right to manage their own

3276:

Romero, Simon; Bonnefoy, Pascale (December 15, 2013).

2998:. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University. 2876:. Social Institutions and Gender Index. Archived from 1598:

to uphold equality between men and women and prohibit

218:

Gender representation on corporate boards of directors

3884: 3634:

Género y derechos de las mujeres a la tierra en Chile

1676:

in the March of the Empty Pots and Pans. While under

3739:. Gobierno de Chile. October 7, 2011. Archived from 3149:

Pribble, Jennifer (June 2006). "Women and Welfare".

1883:

Sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights to

1680:'s authoritarian regime, women also participated in 3452:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 17. 3337:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 49. 3326: 3324: 3322: 2172:Bachelet served as the first executive director of 2033: 4367: 4333: 4272:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 4224: 4201:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 3968:(1). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press: 9–40. 3792: 3763:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 3428: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2874:"Gender Equality and Social Institutions in Chile" 2165:laws. During her presidency, Bachelet appointed a 4297:"Chile abortion: Court approves easing total ban" 2141: 5394: 4082:Cianelli, R.; Ferrer, L.; Peragallo, N. (2004). 3952: 3950: 3319: 2795: 2793: 2643:as well as a member of the Central Committee of 2509:Other notable female authors from Chile include 441:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics 4220: 4218: 4077: 4075: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3219:"Setting quotas in Chile for women in politics" 3074: 2200:Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile 3859:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 3729: 3493:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 75. 3275: 1654:, (1912–1995), Chilean political activist for 4601: 4453: 4147: 4145: 3947: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 2790: 2596:served as the first woman president of Chile. 2583:for crimes committed during his dictatorship. 1555: 4574:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4361: 4327: 4215: 4072: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3781: 3547:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 3540:Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Chile 3486: 2101:be taken by employees in the public sector. 2007:Women have increasingly moved out of unpaid 1723:Chile has been described as one of the most 3956: 3685: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3395: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2002: 4608: 4594: 4467: 4460: 4446: 4142: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3650: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3445: 3423: 3421: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 2470:, the first Latin American woman to win a 2257: 1629:, and lingering patriarchal gender roles. 1562: 1548: 24: 4155:. U.S. Department of State. April 8, 2011 4126: 4014: 3897: 3847: 3845: 3624: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3435:. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. 2012. 3330: 3297: 3210: 2918:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inct. 2913: 1915:Both Chilean men and women qualify for a 4374:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 213. 4340:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 210. 4231:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 214. 3799:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 212. 3601: 3184: 3182: 3180: 2892: 2477: 2462: 2458: 2231: 2227: 2117:. The democratically elected president, 2049: 2041: 1969:attendance, versus men at 52.5 percent. 1950: 1711:of the party served as the first female 1646: 4636: 4173: 4167: 4108: 4102: 3873: 3820: 3580:"Chile: Reconciling the Gender Paradox" 3473: 3418: 3401: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3269: 3148: 3125: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2384: 2276: 2104: 5395: 3851: 3842: 3514: 3439: 3101:Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 1955:School girls running in the playground 4589: 4441: 4038:. Government of Chile. Archived from 3910: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3251:"Changing times in Chile? - BBC News" 3177: 2993: 2657:Chile's first canonized saint of the 4862:Fjords, channels, sounds and straits 4264: 4088:The XV International AIDS Conference 4062:"Observatorio de Igualdad de Género" 3358: 3216: 3055: 2978: 2537: 2332: 2281: 714:Gender representation in video games 4193: 3988: 3887:Hispanic American Historical Review 3713:. Gobierno de Chile. Archived from 3693:"Chile introduces right to divorce" 3243: 3012: 2866: 2262:Chile ratified the United Nation's 1718: 1632: 13: 4615: 4066:Observatorio de Igualdad de Género 3559: 2767: 14: 5419: 4433: 4153:"2010 Human Rights Report: Chile" 3406:. Inter Press Service News Agency 3402:Estrada, Daniela (May 14, 2010). 3217:Shea, Steve (December 13, 2011). 2802:"LFS by sex and age - indicators" 2365: 2349: 1927:Working mothers of a certain low 1594:, resulting in provisions to the 4814: 4406:(in Spanish). Biografía de Chile 3711:"How to Get Married or Divorced" 3307:. telegraph.co.uk. July 10, 2013 2799: 2542: 2205: 2034:Female participation in politics 1977: 1790:Rosa Markmann de González Videla 1748:Amalia Errazuriz de Subercaseaux 1574:The lives, roles, and rights of 231:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 158: 33:, who served as the first woman 4418: 4395: 4302: 4290: 4252: 4054: 3755: 2849:"Global Gender Gap Report 2022" 2614:The daughter of late President 1809: 1765: 1613:again in 1990. Chile legalized 4109:Ahumada, Claudia (June 2009). 3962:Latin American Research Review 3381:Center for Reproductive Rights 3151:Latin American Research Review 3058:Feminist Policymaking in Chile 2841: 2816: 2142:Michelle Bachelet's presidency 1: 4174:Becerra, Lidia Casas (2006). 3190:"Women in Chile: Left behind" 2783: 2087:Argentine Chamber of Deputies 2019: 1972: 1910: 1778: 5044:Comptroller General of Chile 2914:Dandavati, Annie G. (1996). 2762:List of Chile-related topics 2169:that was 50 percent female. 2085:, where 41.6 percent of the 1946: 682:Portrayal in American comics 273:Heads of state or government 7: 5269:Water supply and sanitation 4368:Betty Jane Punnett (2006). 4334:Betty Jane Punnett (2006). 4225:Betty Jane Punnett (2006). 4115:Journal of Politics and Law 3793:Betty Jane Punnett (2006). 2829:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS 2720: 2440: 2404: 2239:march in San Antonio, Chile 2028: 1901: 1870: 1825: 10: 5424: 4036:"Objectives and Functions" 3913:Journal of Women's History 3490:The Politics of Motherhood 2958:Mujeres que hacen historia 2504:Nobel Prize for Literature 2472:Nobel Prize for Literature 2444: 2288:Domestic violence in Chile 2285: 1846: 1636: 5354: 5282: 5212: 5203: 5128: 5119: 5082: 5052: 4985: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4832: 4823: 4812: 4760: 4645: 4627: 4548: 4475: 4274:. cia.gov. Archived from 3636:(in Spanish). Salgó Ltd. 2824:"Gender Inequality Index" 2551:This section needs to be 2389:Women in Chile have long 2370: 2237:International Women's Day 2182: 135: 127: 120: 112: 104: 97: 81: 70: 60: 47: 42: 23: 3893:. Duke University Press. 2994:Power, Margaret (2002). 2779:. (Nebraska Press, 1995) 2747:National Women's Service 2695:War of the Confederation 2645:Communist Youth of Chile 2641:Chilean student movement 2629:is the president of the 2217:National Women's Service 2210: 2189:National Women's Service 2151:National Women's Service 2123:Popular Unity Government 2003:Formal and informal work 1816:National Women's Service 1795:Maria Ruiz Tagle de Frei 4469:Women in South America 3104:. SAGE. pp. 280–. 2706:Air Transport Auxiliary 2677:Javiera Carrera Verdugo 2317: 2258:International relations 1744:1912 Social Catholicism 268:Conservatives in the US 241:Explorers and travelers 122:Global Gender Gap Index 99:Gender Inequality Index 3925:10.1353/jowh.2003.0085 3830:. United Nations. 2012 3673:. The World Bank. 2011 2854:. World Economic Forum 2599:In the 2006 election, 2592:From 2006 until 2010, 2486: 2475: 2248:nonprofit organization 2240: 2128:Maria Elena Valenzuela 2058: 2047: 1956: 1752:Liga de Damas Chilenas 1659: 571:In Shakespeare's works 5070:Investigations Police 4733:Presidential Republic 4709:Conservative Republic 4701:Republic Organization 3974:10.1353/lar.2003.0006 3487:Mooney, J.P. (2009). 3163:10.1353/lar.2006.0028 2727:Prostitution in Chile 2659:Roman Catholic Church 2481: 2466: 2459:Notable Chilean women 2445:Further information: 2235: 2228:Research and activism 2081:. Unlike neighboring 2053: 2045: 1954: 1750:. She introduced the 1737:Domitila Silva Y Lepe 1725:socially conservative 1650: 1637:Further information: 327:Nobel Prize laureates 82:Women in labour force 5039:Constitutional Court 4917:World Heritage Sites 4749:Democracy Transition 4278:on December 21, 2014 4042:on November 28, 2011 3769:on November 24, 2016 3699:. November 18, 2004. 3056:Haas, Liesl (2010). 2385:Health and sexuality 2277:Crimes against women 2105:Second Wave Feminism 1929:socioeconomic status 1803:Carmen Gloria Aguayo 1696:. Chile returned to 1484:United Arab Emirates 421:in the United States 236:Economic development 226:Diversity (politics) 212:Female entrepreneurs 5107:Ministry of Defence 4090:. Bangkok, Thailand 3717:on November 4, 2013 3630:Deere, Carmen Diana 3446:Thomas, G. (2011). 2880:on October 14, 2017 2667:Discalced Carmelite 2663:Teresa de los Andes 2631:Party for Democracy 2527:Mercedes Valdivieso 2360:University of Chile 2337:A 2005 law against 2079:Chamber of Deputies 1584:patriarchal culture 1469:Trinidad and Tobago 704:Speculative fiction 597:Theological figures 542:Feminist philosophy 342:Reproductive rights 148:Part of a series on 73:secondary education 71:Women over 25 with 62:Women in parliament 52: (per 100,000) 20: 5181:Telecommunications 3958:Franceschet, Susan 3331:Power, M. (2010). 3283:The New York Times 2742:Chilean Civil Code 2699:War of the Pacific 2693:who fought in the 2605:Christian Democrat 2519:María Luisa Bombal 2487: 2476: 2356:Corporacion Humana 2241: 2059: 2048: 1957: 1889:immovable property 1840:Chilean Civil Code 1760:Círculo de Lectura 1713:President of Chile 1660: 1600:sex discrimination 1034:Dominican Republic 801:Mixed martial arts 771:Fastpitch softball 352:Violence and abuse 337:Positions of power 49:Maternal mortality 43:General Statistics 37:from 2006 to 2010. 35:President of Chile 18: 5390: 5389: 5350: 5349: 5199: 5198: 5115: 5114: 5078: 5077: 4967:Political parties 4957:Foreign relations 4947:National Congress 4925: 4924: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4725:Parliamentary Era 4669:Spanish Discovery 4583: 4582: 4555:other territories 4425:es:Margot Duhalde 4381:978-1-84542-437-4 4347:978-1-84542-437-4 4238:978-1-84542-437-4 3937:Project MUSE 3857:Why Women Protest 3806:978-1-84542-437-4 3549:(March 6, 2007). 3198:. August 10, 2006 3111:978-1-4129-7685-5 3067:978-0-271-03746-2 2757:Politics of Chile 2732:Michelle Bachelet 2671:Pope John Paul II 2594:Michelle Bachelet 2572: 2571: 2447:Abortion in Chile 2339:sexual harassment 2333:Sexual harassment 2303:domestic violence 2293:Domestic violence 2282:Domestic violence 2147:Michelle Bachelet 2136:social inequality 1709:Michelle Bachelet 1643:Feminism in Chile 1627:domestic violence 1572: 1571: 776:Football / soccer 699:Fictional pirates 491:Art history field 367:Exchange of women 143: 142: 31:Michelle Bachelet 5415: 5408:Women by country 5370: 5363: 5210: 5209: 5166: 5126: 5125: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4830: 4829: 4818: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4717:Liberal Republic 4713: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4677:Spanish Conquest 4673: 4665: 4643: 4642: 4634: 4633: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4575: 4563:Falkland Islands 4477:Sovereign states 4462: 4455: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4002:on March 4, 2016 3998:. 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Labarca 1720: 1717: 1634: 1631: 1576:women in Chile 1570: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1489:United Kingdom 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 875: 870: 869: 866: 865: 861:List of sports 858: 857: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 813: 808: 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40: 39: 29: 19:Women in Chile 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5420: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053:Public safety 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5034:Supreme Court 5032: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4973: 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4444: 4443: 4440: 4426: 4421: 4410:September 10, 4405: 4398: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4364: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4330: 4319:September 29, 4311: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4221: 4219: 4202: 4196: 4177: 4170: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4023: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3866:0-521-81150-3 3862: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3829: 3823: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3643:956-7236-13-5 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3556: 3554: 3553:public domain 3548: 3545: 3544:United States 3541: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3502: 3500:9780822973614 3496: 3492: 3491: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3461: 3459:9780271048499 3455: 3451: 3450: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3422: 3405: 3398: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3346: 3344:9780271046716 3340: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3306: 3300: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3197: 3196: 3195:The Economist 3191: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3005:0-271-02174-8 3001: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2971:956-282-724-0 2967: 2964:. p. 5. 2963: 2962:LOM Ediciones 2959: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2925:0-8204-2562-1 2921: 2917: 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2249: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2206:Organizations 2203: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2163:breastfeeding 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2026: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2009:domestic work 2000: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:Latin America 1978:Participation 1970: 1967: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1922:child support 1918: 1908: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1868: 1866: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1820:public sector 1817: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1776: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1694:South America 1691: 1690:Latin America 1687: 1683: 1682:las protestas 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1494:United States 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 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700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 689:Film industry 687: 683: 680: 679: 678: 675: 674: 668: 667: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 588: 585: 584: 580: 579: 572: 569: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 555: 552: 550: 549:Photographers 547: 543: 540: 539: 538: 535: 531: 528: 527: 526: 523: 521: 518: 514: 511: 510: 509: 506: 504: 501: 497: 494: 493: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 478: 471: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 438: 436: 433: 431: 430:Organizations 428: 422: 419: 418: 417: 414: 413: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 386: 384: 381: 380: 376: 375: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 357:Voting rights 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 289: 286: 285: 284: 283:Queen regnant 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 264: 261: 257: 254: 253: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 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Retrieved 4397: 4387:February 24, 4385:. Retrieved 4370: 4363: 4353:February 24, 4351:. Retrieved 4336: 4329: 4317:. Retrieved 4304: 4299:at BBC News. 4292: 4280:. Retrieved 4276:the original 4266: 4258: 4254: 4244:February 24, 4242:. Retrieved 4227: 4205:. Retrieved 4195: 4183:. Retrieved 4169: 4157:. Retrieved 4132:. Retrieved 4118: 4114: 4104: 4094:February 24, 4092:. Retrieved 4087: 4065: 4056: 4044:. Retrieved 4040:the original 4030: 4016: 4004:. Retrieved 4000:the original 3990: 3965: 3961: 3916: 3912: 3890: 3886: 3856: 3853:Baldez, Lisa 3832:. Retrieved 3822: 3812:February 24, 3810:. Retrieved 3795: 3771:. Retrieved 3767:the original 3757: 3745:. Retrieved 3741:the original 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3715:the original 3705: 3696: 3687: 3675:. Retrieved 3633: 3593:February 24, 3591:. Retrieved 3589:. April 2007 3586: 3550: 3504:. Retrieved 3489: 3463:. Retrieved 3448: 3441: 3430: 3410:February 24, 3408:. Retrieved 3397: 3387:February 24, 3385:. Retrieved 3379: 3348:. 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Retrieved 2776: 2714:World War II 2587:Sara Larraín 2577:Gladys Marín 2563:October 2017 2560: 2552: 2515:Marta Brunet 2493: 2450: 2428: 2408: 2388: 2374: 2355: 2353: 2336: 2327:spousal rape 2325:, including 2321: 2309: 2307: 2291: 2272: 2268:human rights 2261: 2253: 2245: 2242: 2222: 2214: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2178: 2171: 2145: 2108: 2092: 2075: 2067:Fidel Castro 2060: 2055:Gladys Marín 2037: 2023: 2006: 1981: 1958: 1942: 1926: 1914: 1905: 1893: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1861: 1850: 1837: 1829: 1813: 1810:Legal rights 1782: 1770:Traditional 1769: 1766:Gender roles 1741: 1734: 1722: 1704:Concertación 1702: 1681: 1661: 1604: 1596:constitution 1580:gender roles 1575: 1573: 1514:Vatican City 1459:Turkmenistan 1389:South Africa 1369:Sierra Leone 1354:Saudi Arabia 983: 819:Roller derby 617:Christianity 602:Baháʼí Faith 481:Architecture 181:legal rights 131:0.736 (2022) 108:0.247 (2019) 89:, data from 77:72.1% (2010) 66:22.6% (2019) 15: 5237:Immigration 5138:Aquaculture 5133:Agriculture 5065:Gendarmerie 5060:Carabineros 4912:Lighthouses 4852:Environment 4847:Earthquakes 4768:Agriculture 4744:(1973–1990) 4736:(1925–1973) 4728:(1891–1925) 4720:(1861–1891) 4712:(1831–1861) 4704:(1823–1831) 4696:(1810–1826) 4688:(1600–1810) 4680:(1540–1600) 4672:(1536–1540) 4653:Prehispanic 4022:"La Morada" 3996:"About CEM" 2833:October 25, 2691:cantinières 2523:Marcela Paz 2378:rural women 2311:Carabineros 2161:reform and 1785:Virgin Mary 1772:gender role 1729:Catholicism 1399:South Sudan 1394:South Korea 1339:Puerto Rico 1324:Philippines 1289:North Korea 1274:New Zealand 1159:Ivory Coast 1049:El Salvador 879:Afghanistan 736:Auto racing 709:Video games 622:Catholicism 401:Engineering 278:Legislators 5397:Categories 5342:Television 5327:Newspapers 5312:Literature 5252:Indigenous 5232:Healthcare 5165:(currency) 4995:Civil Code 4977:Ministries 4962:Government 3587:World Bank 2784:References 2490:Literature 2251:violence. 2155:child care 2132:patriarchy 2071:plebiscite 2020:Income gap 1992:homemakers 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