Women in Iran - Knowledge

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dentistry, audiology, statistics, optometry, radiology, and radiotherapy were on par with men. According to the religious-political leaders, it is believed that a woman in Iran can be both traditional and modern at the same time, this is instilled in the education they receive. Meaning that a woman's central role is in the home, taking care of children, their family and house duties, while also being able to go out into the social world and create a public life but not deteriorating any social standing of her family. The restriction of the home creates a traditional private realm for the woman while the freedom of going out creates a modern social presence. The Islamic Republic had never intended to purposely bind a woman to her home and have her fulfill wifely and motherly duties, however, it is in the religious aspect of the republic that this was done. Islam does not prohibit women from public life however it is the political and cultural climate of Iran that encourages women to practice a private domestic life. Many schools are now inspiring young girls to prepare for tomorrow, as a mother and a wife and as active figures in the involvement of social and political affairs. However, it is evident that the Education Plan of the Islamic Republic has a clear divide between the education taught to boys and girls. This includes introducing the role of responsibility for a family as well as the roles of males and females in marital life. But girls are given the confidence to put themselves out into the education fields that they desire to be in while keeping a personal family life in mind. Aside from education, Rafsanjani greatly focused on family planning and health across Iran, with women playing the central role. Iran's population throughout the 1980s soared despite the Iran–Iraq War, with the birthrate reaching 3.9 in 1983, double the world average. Health clinics for women were established nation-wide; by 1994, there were more than 10,000 health centers in Iran, and once-banned contraceptives were made available to women. In 1986, the Majlis voted to introduce a 12-article law which allowed many marriage rights to women. These rights included prenuptial agreements, a divorced woman's right to a share of the property, and increased alimony rights. In 1992, the Council of Expediency passed a law allowing women who were "unjustly and unfairly" divorced to collect payment from the former husband for services she had performed during the course of the marriage.

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be done inside the family home. If the market is volatile, merchants can simply remove or add looms to the worker's home in response to demand. Therefore, women who have children to take care of can be inside the home while tending to their work. Carpet weaving was very common among women from rural areas. Thus, carpet weaving was a valuable method of increasing the economic involvement of women in rural neighborhoods. In 1996, over 91 percent of the female industrial employees were in the textile industry which consisted largely of carpet weaving. Nonetheless, this all changed due to sanctions. Before the Islamic Revolution, Iranian firms were combined with firms in the United States where Iranians produced rugs for the United States market. However, due to the United States inflicting sanctions on Iran, Iranian imports were banned from the country. The demand for Iranian carpets was still high. In response, Americans bought carpets with Iranian designs from other countries that produced the same carpets, such as China and India. From 1994 to 2005 the export of carpets had declined drastically. In 1994 Iran sold over $ 2 million worth of carpets, but by 2005 it went to under $ 500 in carpet exports. In other words, the total share of carpet in non-oil exports had declined from 44.2 percent to 4.2 percent; a drastic decrease. Olmsted concurs with Moghadam this would drastically affect women in the labor market, since the majority of carpet weavers consisted of less-educated women.

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were 18 million people employed in Iran, Women made up only 12.9 percent (or roughly 2,160,000) of the employed population. Men, on the other hand, made up 64 percent, or roughly 11,520,000. The ILO data, however, suggest that female unemployment has been consistently higher than men's in recent years (Olmsted). Women are concentrated in the typically female jobs of teaching and caring. 82.7 percent of female civil servants work in teaching and education followed by administrative, financial, clerical, health, and medical professions. However, according to the International Labour Organization, the top three areas of female employment are agriculture, manufacturing, and education. One factor in the increase in women's employment is an increase in their literacy rates. The illiteracy among women has been a decrease from 1970 when it was 54 percent to the year 2000 when it was 17.30 percent. Iranian female education went from a 46 percent literacy rate to 83 percent. Iran ranked 10th in terms of female literacy in the 1970s, and still holds this position today. Women's labor force participation rate and literacy rate have been on the rise. Yet the unemployment rate for women compared to that of men is still considerably higher. Take, for example, that in 1996, the unemployment rate for women was 13.4 percent whereas, for men, the unemployment rate was 8.4 percent. The unemployment rate for both men and women has increased since 1996, with the

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the traditional attitudes. Due to higher education, women were involved in decision-making because of their knowledge. Lastly, the general purpose of girls obtaining higher education is for social status, and before the Islamic revolution, higher education was basically for wealthy women and women from royal families. On the other hand, education was the only factor to upgrade women's social status because they wanted to further themselves and be involved in economics and politics after the Islamic revolution and anti-shah rallies. Another factor that motivates girls' education is the increase in the age of marriage. Thus, women's education has a greater demand, then they could get involved in private and public investment findings jobs. As women progress in higher education, they get more involved in the labor market argued by Kelli. However, the percentage of women in the labor market is very low, and organizations, governmental and nongovernmental prioritize men. Even though there was changes in economic, social, cultural, and political there still is gender stereotyping. In addition, the number of educated women increased, but there still remains a problem with unemployment in the labor market for women. Finally, when it comes to education and employment, there is no relationship between girls' education and employment, and 50% of graduated students have jobs, which unrelated to their studies.

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to men. However, the Islamic Revolution had some influence in changing this perception. Secular feminists and the elite were not happy with the revolution, while other feminists such as Roksana Bahramitash argue that the revolution did bring women into the public sphere. The 1979 Revolution had gained widespread support from women who were eager to earn rights for themselves. A woman's responsibility and obligation was in the home, which was the underlying basis of the Islamic Republic. Olmsted adds to this by stating that women have this "double burden". In addition, men had the right to inhibit their wives from entering the labor force. Ali Akbar Mahdi is in agreement with Parvin Ghorayshi in that through the domestication of women and confinement to the private sphere, they were being exploited in non-wage activities. In Karimi's viewpoint, after the revolution, even though it had been accepted on paper that women had an equal right to employment, she believed that this did not show in practice. Comparing the pre-revolution and post-revolution era, between 1976 and 1986, the labor force participation of women had declined immensely from 12.9 percent down to 8.2 percent. In addition, during the 1990s, women were being compensated for their housework due to the domestic wage law which allowed women to demand compensation from their husbands for their housework in the event of a divorce.

2306: 2519:, the Trusted Spirit, came to visit and console her and tell her of future events." So, according to this tradition, in these seventy-five days that she had contact with Gabriel, he came and went many times. I do not believe that anyone else except the great prophets has had such an experience, in which for seventy-five days Gabriel, the Trusted Spirit, came and went and spoke of things that would take place in the future, that would happen to her ancestors in the future." The Ayatollah spoke fondly of Fatimah as a role model for women. He said that even though she was visited by the Angel Gabriel, this is not what made her special. To him, her admirable qualities were twofold and supposedly represented by the visits from Gabriel: her special spiritual status and her excellent 3666: 2348:, and the production of clothing, textile, butter, fruits, and tea. They also worked in silk and cotton manufacturing as well as other handicrafts. Women were also employed at mortuaries, public bathhouses, and in more affluent houses as maids, wet nurses, and nannies. In more populous cities women worked as entertainers, dancers, or prostitutes. Although many work opportunities were open for women their wages were lower. Women that worked in textiles during this time period earned an average of one-third of what men did. Even though women were given the ability to earn a wage, they still did not have many rights, it was still possible for rural girls to be sold by the head of their families. 3930: 3657: 2267: 3509: 3684: 3675: 2478: 3199: 2493:. During the era of the post-Revolution rule, Iranian women had more opportunities in some areas and more restrictions in others. One of the striking features of the revolution was the large-scale participation of women from traditional backgrounds in demonstrations leading up to the overthrow of the monarchy. The Iranian women who had gained confidence and higher education under the Pahlavi era participated in demonstrations against the Shah to topple the monarchy. The culture of education for women was established by the time of the revolution so that even after the revolution, large numbers of women entered 3598:

issue of the veil. After the 1979 revolution, the Hijab became compulsory as well as modesty requirements; loose-fitting clothing as well as a Rusari (headscarf) that covers all the hair. There has also been a rise in baddhi-jab, or girls who wear the legal requirements but not to the letter of the law, often having the majority of their hair showing. Many young urban Iranian women claimed that they are becoming less traditional. Many view their clothing style as a personal choice include the choice to veil. Issues and protests against the veil became symbolic as resistance against the Islamic regime.

3284: 3608:, which encouraged Iranian women to post pictures without their hijab. After December more than 35 protesters were arrested in just Tehran. The reaction from the government has been severe; police have stated that any women that participate in demonstrations against compulsory hijab could face up to 10 years in prison. The situation had become more tense in April after a video was shared showing a woman being slapped by a female member of Gast-e-Ersade (morality police) for wearing a loose headscarf. This incident also drew international attention to the issues Iranian women were facing. 3300: 3575:

headscarf) combined with other colorful elements of clothing. In 2010, 531 young females (aged 15–29) from different cities in nine provinces of Iran participated in a study the results of which showed that 77 percent prefer stricter covering, 19 percent loose covering, and only 4 percent do not believe in veiling at all. A tendency towards Western dress correlated with 66 percent of the latest non-compliance with the dress-code. In Tehran, police will no longer arrest any women seen violating modest code but will instead be fined or given classes by the police.

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areas, by contrast, saw a decrease of 3%. This is most likely due to the increase of educational centers and universities across Iranian cities, mainly in Tehran and Abadan, during this time period. The increase in education among females led to an increase in female participation in various labor fields throughout the 1956–1966 period. Women began entering fields such as biology, agricultural studies, medicine, teaching, law, and economics among other fields, giving them more significant political power. In urban centers, the employment of women in

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percentage of entrees shifted upward. In 2001, the "National Report on Women's Status in the Islamic Republic of Iran" included educational matters for women, like curriculum issues, management positions and academic quotas; in 2002 - 2003 women had the regular access to all courses except engineering. In 2002, the percentage of female students compared to male students in the tertiary education increased from 37.4% to 100.5% and in the same year almost the majority of women in academies (from 26.8% to 49%) were hired as assistant professors.

2244: 3555:, the policy inherited from the Kashf-e hijab was turned around. Instead of being forced to remove their veil, women were now subjected to the reversed ban against unveiling, and the veil were now enforced upon all women. The non-conservative women, who had worn the veil as a symbol of opposition during the revolution, had not expected veiling to become mandatory, and when the veil was first made mandatory in February 1979 it was met with protests and demonstrations by liberal and leftist women, and thousands of women participated in a 302: 2564: 3641:

Protests have continued to occur where on May 13, 2019, there was a vast peaceful protest of both male and female students on the campus of Tehran University, but they were assaulted by other protesters who were chanting "Students may die, but we will not tolerate indignity". This protest was created to bring together Iranians in order to show their frustration with the government and an effort to receive change that has been sought for a long time. The protest turned violent when Iranian officers became involved.

3863: 2062:. Article 21 of the constitution as well as a few parliament-passed laws give women rights such as being allowed to drive, hold public office, and attend university but not wearing a veil in public can be punished by law; and when in public, all hair and skin except the face and hands must be covered. However, this is often not enforced; notably in recent years, Iranian women have started a number of groups to rebel against the government's oppressive policies and reclaim their independence and rights. 2352:

1891 tobacco revolt. However, it was not just wealthy women who were involved but also the common women. Washerwomen donated savings, along with wealthy women's jewelry contributions, to help sponsor a national bank. The storming of Majilis (parliament) in 1911 by women showed an unprecedented political awareness of women as well as a public action. Generally, there were precedents that restricted women's actions, where they were often portrayed as prisoners because of their gender inferiority.

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more opportunities for women to pursue education outside the home. After periods of imposed restrictions, women's educational attainment continued its rise through the Islamification of education following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, peaking in the years following radical changes such as correcting contradictions that have marked its educational system, like the curriculum and composition of classrooms. By 1989, women dominated the entrance examinations for college attendance.

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appearing unveiled at their work places under the risk of being fired. On the streets, unveiled women were attacked by revolutionaries, and two slogans of the revolution were: "Wear a veil, or we will punch your head" and "Death to the unveiled". In July 1981, an edict of mandatory veiling in public was introduced, which was followed in 1983 by an Islamic Punishment Law, introducing a punishment of 74 lashes on unveiled women. The law was enforced by members of the

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many fields of study in school. After the breakout of the Iran–Iraq War, women continued to gain political power. Women were mobilized both on the front lines and at home in the workplace. They participated in basic infantry roles, but also in intelligence programs and political campaigning. During the height of the Iran-Iraq War, women made up a large portion of the domestic workforce, replacing men who were fighting, injured, or dead.

2399: 4114: 2579: 2001: 2177:(great chief). They appear repeatedly in the texts, were employed at different locations, and managed large groups of women, children, and sometimes men working in their units. They usually receive high rations of wine and grains exceeding all the other workers in the unit including the males." Pregnant women also received higher rations than others. Women with newborn children also received extra rations for one month. 24: 2547:

of women into the labor force while still emphasizing the importance of family roles for women. Women were encouraged to enter gynecology, pharmacology, midwifery, and laboratory work. Although they continued to be prevented by certain professors as 'Islamically inappropriate'. In 1990 the field of law was open to women and they were permitted in the Special Civic Courts, although they cannot serve as judges.

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off age, 10 for the 1976 census, and used 6 for the 1986 census (Olmsted) While the International Labour Organization uses 15. The World Bank and International Labour Organization have different data on recent female employment; the ILO reports an employment rate of 17.1 percent which is considerably higher than that of the World Bank. Overall, there seems to be a common upward trend in employment over time.

2363:, published two years before the Islamic Revolution (1968-1969) refers to Persian history before the tobacco revolt as "a century of darkness", in which women are "poor creatures" and "powerless dolls" who are secluded from society while being concealed "under thick coverings and dependent like parasites". Bamdad also claimed that women were "prisoners, confined in the home or under the veil and the cloak"" 126: 2527:. This is why the Ayatollah believed she represented the ideal female role model. Fatimah's moral excellence is observed in three interconnected activities: struggle, inspiring men, and suffering. Fatimah inspired her husband as a devout Muslim. Khomeini draws parallels to this inspiration with women of Iran and how they should strive to follow their religious calling like Fatimah. 3484:. According to the research ministry of Iran, about 6 percent of full professors, 8 percent of associate professors, and 14 percent of assistant professors were women in the 1998–99 academic year. However, women accounted for 56 percent of all students in the natural sciences, including one in five Ph.D. students. In total 49.8 percent of the university students in Iran are women. 2090: 3822:(Women Without Men), addressed issues of sexuality and identity. Many people criticized her work for being too outspoken and because she challenged many traditional views such as sexual oppression, virginity, and sexuality. As a result, it was ultimately banned by the Islamic Republic. Moniru Ravânipur's work includes a collection of short stories, 3436: 2173:

little difference in the number of rations between the two sexes. There are also occasions where women listed in the same category as men received fewer rations and vice versa. Female managers have different titles presumably reflecting their level of skill and rank. The highest-ranking female workers in the texts are called

2121:. Of the seals discovered in graves there, 90% were in possession of women, who made up over 60% of the population. The distribution of these seals – instruments of trade and government which represented economic and administrative control – revealed these women to have been a powerful group in their prehistoric society. 3818:), a novel that reflected the Iranian experience of modernity during the 20th century. It was the first novel published by a woman in Iran. Daneshvar was the first president of the Iranian Writers' Association. Shahrnush Pârsipur became popular in the 1980s following the publication of her short stories. Her 1990 novel, 3310:

In 1979 the United States imposed an economic boycott on Iran, which has affected many of their economic sectors. In particular, the boycott affected the carpet industry. As a result, the boycott influenced women's participation in the labor force. Weaving is a common occupation for women, as it can

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The importance of education for Iranian Women is characterized by the main role of what the education can provide directly or indirectly helping them to gain consciousness and skills to fill the gap of gender inequality. It can also be useful to understand the reasons of their injustice and how women

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By 1999, Iran had 140 female publishers, enough to hold an exhibition of books and magazines published by women. As of 2005, 65 percent of Iran's university students and 43 percent of its salaried workers were women. As of early 2007, nearly 70 percent of Iran's science and engineering students are

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was the first female master of Persian music who introduced a new style of music and was praised by other masters of Persian music of the time. Several years later, Mahmoud Karimi trained women students—Arfa Atrai, Soosan Matloobi, Fatemeh Vaezi, Masoomeh Mehr-Ali, and Soosan Aslani—who later became

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When the left and the liberals were eliminated and the conservatives secured solitary control, however, veiling was enforced on all women. This began with the 'Islamification of offices' in July 1980, when unveiled women were refused entry to government offices and public buildings, and banned from

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Studies concerning female labor force participation vary. One factor to this is the difference between measurements. The Iranian Census provides one measurement for labor force participation, and the Labor Force survey provides another. The Iranian census for example, used different ages for the cut

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suggest that women's labor force participation remains quite low. Despite this, while women make up almost 30 percent of the Iranian labor force, and the percentage of all Iranian women who are economically active has more than doubled from 6.1 percent in 1986 to 13.7 percent in 2000. In 2004, there

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This time period, especially between 1905 and 1911, was the start of women's 'awakening' in Persia. It can be suggested that this awakening can be defined as a women's movement and feminism. Women began to become more involved with the public sphere, and Nasir al-Din Shah's harem participated in the

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of Persian cinema, Iran has produced record numbers of film school graduates; each year more than 20 new directors, many of them women, make their debut films. In the last two decades, the percentage of Iranian film directors who are women has exceeded the percentage of women film directors in most

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and subjected to torture and beatings. Protests against compulsory hijab continued with the response becoming larger. In December 2017 and January 2018, several women took off their headscarves to protest. These women became known as "the Girls of Revolution Street". One of "the Girls of Revolution

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There have been many changes in Iran's society in the years since the revolution, often referred to as the "generation gap". This gap is overreaching and affects issues such as lifestyle, familial relationships, politics, and religion. For many of the young women one topic gaining popularity is the

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After the constitutional Revolution (1905-1906), the fall of the Qajar dynasty and the ascension to the throne of the Pahlavi dynasty, Iranian women decided to experiment with state-feminism. The new sovereign decided that he would have followed the same principles as the Turkish president Atatürk;

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The movement for women's rights in Iran is particularly complex within the scope of the political history of the country. Women have consistently pushed the boundaries of societal norms and were continually gaining more political and economic rights. Women heavily participated at every level of the

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Women in Iran had previously been restricted to the private sphere, which includes the care of the home and the children, they have been restricted from mobility, and they needed their husband's permission in order to obtain a job. Employers depict women as less reliable in the workforce as opposed

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Since the 1970s, Iran has experienced significant economic and social changes. Women's workforce participation rate went from 9.1 percent in 1996 to 14 percent in 2004 to 31.9 in 2009. That is a 22.8 percent increase in 13 years. Women make up over half of the Iranian population, yet they only make

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in 1932.When the universities re-opened in 1982, the Government made a structural revolution of the courses, eliminating those considered unnecessary, like music and counselling, and limiting the women's access to other subjects. However, girl's attendance in school only occurred after the Islamic

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in the early 20th century when the number of women's schools began to grow. Formal education for women in Iran began in 1907 with the establishment of the first primary school for girls. By mid-century, legal reforms granting women the right to vote and raising the minimum age for marriage offered

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for women began. Rafsanjani asserted that in Islam, "There are no barriers to the education of women in any field." The three major fields which Rafsanjani focused on were education, family planning, health, and marriage. Statistics from the 1986/87 years show that female admissions into schools of

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often for free of charge. This caused the fertility rate to decline from 3.2 to 2.3 children per woman, which was one of the lowest rates in the Middle East. In 1992, the High Council of the Integration Revolution adopted a set of Employment Policies for women, that encouraged the integration

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identified that the constitutional revolution period was the first occasion women participated with men in public action. She considers that during the Qajar period "women's activities were solely limited to the household; if they were active in production at all such as in villages, the production

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Moreover, the advantage of women's higher education decrease underdevelopment, backwardness, and compensation. The other factors that motivate women to obtain higher education are justice and equality in society, increase girl knowledge, participation in the social culture and politics, and change

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The leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini led to many paradoxical issues for women. Women gained much influence in certain areas, but still faced many political obstacles to equality with men. For example, women were allowed to serve in the military, often in paramilitary groups, but were restricted in

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law. It allowed a wife to initiate divorce and required the first wife's permission for a husband to take a second wife. Child custody was left to new family protection courts rather than automatically granted to the father. The minimum age at which a female could marry was raised from 13 to 15 in

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against compulsory hijab. The topic was inflated when Ayatollah Khomeini was quoted to say that he preferred to see women in modest Islamic clothing. In 1981 veiling was made compulsory and cosmetics were banned, harsh punishments were also introduced by the morality police such as the removal of

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used to wear leather high-heeled boots. Both Persian women and men wore varieties of "tall" boots. In modern era, boot became a main and common footwear among Iranian women, and this influenced the Iranian fashion industry. The sale of women's boots in Iran was reported ten times more than men's

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Throughout the Pahlavi period, female advancements in education and labor were significant. From 1965 to 1966, the percentage of illiterate women dropped by 11%. However, this decrease in illiteracy had mainly taken place in the urban areas, which saw a decrease of 20% in illiteracy, while rural

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away even from religious women, by force." Women's involvement in society in general increased. Iranian women increasingly participated in the economy, the education sector, and in the workforce. Levels of literacy were also improved. Examples of women's involvement: women acquired high official

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against national security, propaganda against the state, membership in various human rights groups, encouraging corruption and prostitution, appearing at the judiciary without Islamic hijab, disturbing public peace and order, and publishing falsehoods with the intent to disturb public opinion.

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in 1984, 42% of females accepted examinees, and 32% of male applicants and 68% were accepted into the program. In addition, there was an 8% chance for girls to be accepted, and 12.2% for males in 1984. Between 1984 and 2003 the demand for women's higher education was greater than men's, and the

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has reported that it has received reports of several cases of rape of women and men detainees in Iran's prisons. On January 17, 2020, Raha Bahreini, Amnesty International's special reporter on Iran, revealed a case of sexual assault on an Iranian woman who had been detained in Tehran during the

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and listed according to the amount of ration. Records indicate that some professions were undertaken by both sexes while others were restricted to either male or female workers. There are male and female supervisors at the mixed workshops as evident by the higher rations they have received with

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have helped in the inclusion of woman literature in Iran. Simin Behbahani has written passionate love poems as well as narrative poetry enriched by a motherly affection for all humans. She has been an advocate for individual rights regardless of anyone's gender, class or religion. In addition,

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Since hijab was legally imposed on all Iranian women in 1984, post revolutionary Iranian women's fashion has seen Iranian women attempt to work within the narrow confines of the Islamic modesty code, with the typical attire gradually evolving from the standard black chador to a rousari (simple

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world survey, at the primary level of enrollment, Iran has the highest female-to-male ratio in the world among sovereign nations, with a girl-to-boy ratio of 1.22: 1.00. According to UNESCO data from 2012, Iran has more female students in engineering fields than any other country in the world.

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Women's participation in education has not slowed despite efforts to impose restrictions on the increasingly female-dominated educational sphere. The changes in women's education have split into increased usage and dominance of the opportunities available to women, and the imposition of strict

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Illiteracy among women has been on a decrease since 1970, when it was 54 percent, to the year 2000 when it was 17.30 percent. Iranian female education went from a 46 percent literacy rate, to 83 percent. Iran ranked 10th in terms of female literacy in the 1970s, and still holds this position.

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many more significant reforms were introduced. For example, in 1963, the Shah granted female suffrage, and soon after women were elected to the Majlis (the parliament) and the upper house, and appointed as judges and ministers in the cabinet. In 1967 Iranian family law was also reformed which

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After a short attempt made by the prime minister Mossadegh to overthrow him he regained his place as leader and decided to review some articles in family law: in 1967 divorce became a legal procedure that had to be carried out only in court and the minimum age for marriage became 18.

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to married women of royalty. Such differentiated terminology shows the significance of marital status and of a woman's relationship to the king. The tablets also reveal that women of the royal household traveled extensively and often personally administered their own estates. The

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is probably Iran's best known and certainly most prolific female filmmaker. She has established herself as the elder stateswoman of Iranian cinema with documentaries and films about social pathology. One of the best-known female film directors in the country today is

3619:, which is tasked with enforcing Iran's headscarf and dress code laws. They have the authority to chastise and even arrest women who do not conform to dress "modesty tests". Women who are arrested for demonstrating against compulsory hijab claim that they are held in 3464:

The president was re-elected and this meant that women's conditions were going to be overlooked. The day of the result of the elections women protested and in particular one of these became the symbol of women's right movement; this woman was Neda Agha-Soltan.

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Over the past two centuries, women have played a prominent role in Persian literature, however, it mostly remained predominantly male-focused. The literary work of women was repressed for many years and even denied to them. Contemporary Iranian poets such as

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During Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, Mohammad Shah, reign Iranian women managed to gain access to the newborn Communist party Tudeh and some of these activists founded parallel alloys still fighting for the right to vote that they managed to obtain in 1962.

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In the tablets, "non-royals and the ordinary workers are mentioned by their rank in the specific workgroup or workshops they were employed. The rations they received are based on skill and the level of responsibility they assumed in the workplace. The

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improved the position of women in Iranian society. It was included in the civil code and was designed to protect wives, children and female divorcees. The general thrust of the reforms was to promote equality between men and women in society.

3648:, who represented women arrested for removing their headscarves, was arrested and sentenced to 38 years in prison and 148 lashes for national security-related offenses. She is one of the seven human rights lawyers arrested in Iran in 2018. 7288: 3460:

In the same year the Green Movement was founded, the principal original and important element is the feminist leadership. This movement started off as a pro-democracy revolt guided mainly by women who were part of the urban middle class.

2054:, there was a drastic social change towards women's desegregation such as ban of the veil, right to vote, right to education, equal salaries for men and women, and the right to hold public office. Women were active participants in the 2539:, allowed women the right to divorce, and raised the minimum age for marriage. The regime banned contraception and lowered the marriage age of girls from 15 to 9. They also banned women from various fields of study and professions. 2339:

During the Qajar period, women played the role of reserve labor, which was important in the economy. Their work always benefited the family, businesses owner, and the state. Rural and lower-class women were mostly involved in

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lipstick by a razor blade. In the early 1980s women were banned from acting as judges and were discouraged from becoming lawyers. The Islamic government repealed the Family Protection Laws of 1967 and 1973, which restricted

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Women in Iran were granted the right to vote in 1963. They were first admitted to Iranian universities in 1937. Since then, several women have held high-ranking posts in the government or parliament. Before and after the

3333:, the rate of entrepreneurship in Iran for women between the ages 18 to 64 fluctuated from 4 to 6 percent between 2008 and 2012 while their overall economic participation makes up only 13 percent of the entire economy. 7767:, a digital archive of primary-source materials related to the lives of women during the Qajar era (1786–1925) in Iran. The Harvard University Library (HUL) central infrastructure accommodates and catalogs the archive. 2714:, in which women married to men with a foreign nationality should request to confer nationality on children under age 18, while children and spouses of Iranian men are granted nationality automatically. However, the 3791:

Behbani does not compete in her literature but instead writes and empowers both man and woman. Behbahani is president of The Iranian Writers' Association and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature in 1997.

3628:, was arrested for crimes against public morals, encouraging corruption and prostitution, and was sentenced to a year in prison. Punishment is given out to not only those who protest but also those who defend them; 4866: Valentine M. Moghadam "Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Legal Status, Social Positions, and Collective Action." Iran After 25 years of Revolution: A Retrospective and a Look Ahead November 16, 2004. 6360:

Moafian, Abdolhamid, comp. Human Development Report of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1999. Rep. no. 185. Trans. Ghodratollah Memarzadeh. N.p.: Plan and Budget Organization, n.d. UNDP. Web. September 20, 2012.

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and better control over men. Iranian men have accepted boots as a symbol of women's power. A report in 2020 showed a high number of men donated a large portion of their income to Iranian girls wearing boots.

6666:, Resources for feminist research (RFR) / Documentation sur la recherche féministe (DRF), Vol. 22, n. 3/4, pp. 5–18, Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE), 3456:

In 2009 before the spring elections numerous organisations for example Madraseh-ye Feminist decided to team up to present a united front to the 4 candidates to ask for a betterment in women's conditions.

6393: 2219:, ruled the Persian empire for almost two years before resigning. During the Sassanian dynasty, many of the Iranian soldiers who were captured by Romans were women who were fighting along with the men. 5689: 4875:

Islamic Republic of Iran, Zan va Towse-eh: ahamm-e eqdamat-e anjam-shodeh dar khosus-e banovan pas az pirouzi-ye enqelab-e Eslami (Tehran: Shura-ye Hamhangi-ye Tablighat-e Eslami, 1994), p. 15.

3726:) as of January 9, 2023. The protests have been "nationwide, spread across social classes, universities, the streets schools", and called the "biggest challenge" to the government of Iran since the 3223:

requirements governing their role in education, including gender-segregated classes, Islamic dress, and the channeling of women into "feminine" majors that prevent the pursuit of certain careers.

3632:, an Iranian human rights lawyer who defended women who were being prosecuted for protesting compulsory hijab, was sentenced to 38 years in prison and 148 lashes. She was tried on the charges of 4248: 6739: 4216: 8562: 5177:"In a decree issued by Dr. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Ms. Maryam Mojtahidzadeh has been appointed as the Advisor to the President and President of Center for Women and Family Affairs of IRAN" 414: 4985: 4605:

McElrone, Susynne M (2005). "Nineteenth-Century Qajar Women in the Public Sphere: An Alternative Historical and Historiographical Reading of the Roots of Iranian Women's Activism".

2530:

While during the revolution, the veil was worn and seen as a symbol of protest many women were alarmed when talk of the hijab being compulsory was discussed. This resulted in the

2673:

27.1% female ministers in government put Iran among first 23 countries in early 2000s, 2.8–4.9% female parliamentarians in past 15 years put it among least 25 countries. In 2009

3374:

The exact number of prostitutes working in Iran is unknown, but in 2017 it was estimated that there were 228,700 female prostitutes in Iran and that the number was on the rise.

8552: 2771: 2718:

should approve the amendment. On October 2, 2019, the Guardian Council agreed to sign the bill into a law, taking into account the background checks on foreign fathers.

5722:

Goli M. Rezai-Rashti; Valentine M. Moghadam (August 2011). "Women and higher education in Iran: What are the implications for employment and the "marriage market"?".

7376: 2243: 2058:. Iran's constitution, adopted after the Islamic Revolution in 1979, proclaims equality for men and women under Article 20, while mandating legal code adhering to 4852:

Bucar, Elizabeth M. Creative Conformity: The Feminist Politics of U.S. Catholic and Iranian Shi'i Women. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2011. p. 37

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Bucar, Elizabeth M. Creative Conformity: The Feminist Politics of U.S. Catholic and Iranian Shi'i Women. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2011.p. 35

5381: 358: 147: 3556: 2531: 2469:

increased, with the latter two seeing significant increases in female labor. Interestingly during this period, female employment in Tehran dropped slightly.

7220: 6430:

Yoosefi Lebni, J.; Irandoost, S. F.; Ziapour, A.; Mohammadi Gharehghani, M. A.; Ebadi Fard Azar, F.; Soofizad, G.; Khosravi, B.; Solhi, M. (December 2020).

7811: 5536: 3385:

Another report in 2021, said prostitution in Iran became more widespread using the Internet and some websites listed millions of women from all over Iran.

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is one of the most famous Iranian singers. Her legacy dates back to pre-Revolutionary times in Iran, where her fame in Iran reached heights equivalent to

3494:

In 2022 the Green Movement became fully political and achieved a frontal position creating a new symbology able to help comprehend important definitions.

2542:

After the death of Ayatollah Khomeini, many of the restrictions on women were lifted. The government tried to stabilize population growth by distributing

6167: 9721: 8574: 1703: 5309: 2160:

against the emperor and his courtiers. The only limits on the extent of the authority exercised by the king's mother were set by the monarch himself.

9827: 7171:

Ministry of Islamic Guidance, Data Analysis of Iranians' Values and Attitudes: Generation Gap and Continuity (Tehran: Tarh-haye Melli ), AH 1382/2003

5291: 5150: 2515:: "After the death of her father, Fatimah (peace be upon her), lived for seventy-five days. She was in this world, overcome with sadness and grief. 3432:

Under the presidency of Mohammad Khatami (1997-2005) feminist movements are on the rise. The president was in fact elected thanks to their support.

3096: 6262: 4223: 9241: 9232: 8976: 8488: 7619: 6598: 6557: 8473: 6240: 6279: 5021:

Statistical Centre of Iran (2011). Selected findings on 2011 Population and Housing Census. Teheran: Iranian ministry of the Interior, p. 32.

5010:

Statistical Centre of Iran (2011). Selected findings on 2011 Population and Housing Census. Teheran: Iranian ministry of the Interior, p. 35.

2775: 1170: 7304: 2428:, the "forced unveiling of women by a special decree on January 8, 1936, which, as the name suggests, involved the police force pulling the 8764: 7454: 7147: 3715: 2767: 2737:

assured that Iranian women are able to attend stadiums starting from October 2019. On October 10, 2019, more than 3,500 women attended the

2722: 2523:. He continued to explain that Fatimah could have been born with this spiritual status or Fatimah could have gone through a kind of unique 7750: 3810:(Fire Quenched), was published in 1948. It was the first collection of short stories published by a woman in Iran. In 1969, she published 3806:

to name a few. Daneshvar's work spans pre-Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary Iranian literature. Her first collection of short stories,

10432: 8542: 7180:

Ramezani, Reza (2010). Hijab dar Iran az Enqelab-e Eslami ta payan Jang-e Tahmili (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi'ah

5215: 4993: 2371:

was for the household. Women of the upper class lead an even more secluded life... they were only allowed to go out accompanied by men."

2050:

society. Historically, tradition maintained that women be confined to their homes to manage the household and raise children. During the

1205: 6489: 5955:

Olmsted, Jennifer C. (2011). "Gender and globalization: the Iranian experience". In Bahramitash, Roksana; Salehi Esfahani, Hadi (eds.).

8910: 8426: 571: 409: 5986: 3415:

During Reza Shah Pahlavi's reign the feminist movement grew stronger. Though they never achieved their main goal, universal suffrage.

134: 7782: 7551:"The "Boom" in Prose Writing by Iranian Women Authors in the 1990s Within the Context of the Situation of Women in Contemporary Iran" 5043:

Ebadi, Shirin, Iran Awakening : A Memoir of Revolution and Hope by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006 (p. 210)

3584: 3491:, Western media said that women's rights declined. After Ahmadinejad's re-election in 2009, the first female minister was appointed. 3214:

Education held an important role in Iranian society, especially as the nation began a period of modernization under the authority of

2029: 7568: 7695:. 1992. Daughter of Persia: A Woman's Journey from Her Father's Harem Through the Islamic Revolution. New York: Three Rivers Press. 3952:

Iranian women have played an important role in gaining international recognition for Iranian art and in particular Iranian cinema.

2511:

often expressed appreciation for women's issues after he took power. In May 1979, Khomeini addressed his audience and spoke about

743: 10381: 8461: 5327: 3426:

In 1978/1978 the regime was overthrown by the people and women played an important part in the accomplishment of the Revolution.

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There are currently 17 women in parliament, of a total of 290 parliamentarians. This was up from nine in the previous elections.

562: 7427: 7129:(Persian), Journal of Behavioral Sciences (JBS), Vol. 4, n. 2, pp. 97–102, Tehran: Baghiatallah University of Medical Sciences, 5501: 9086: 8937: 8700: 5790:

Mehran, Golnar (August 1, 2003). "The Paradox of Tradition and Modernity in Female Education in the Islamic Republic of Iran".

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Touba, Jacquiline Rudolph (1972). "The Relationship between Urbanization and the Changing Status of Women in Iran, 1956–1966".

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as a place for the sex trade of Iranian women, but it was from the late 2000s that other countries neighboring Iran, including

2282: 2272:

The Persian lady portrayed in five medallions on this bowl has a hairstyle that suggests that she may have been a queen in the

1696: 1630: 666: 419: 6863: 4783: 3206:. According to UNESCO data from 2012, Iran has more female students in engineering fields than any other country in the world. 9432: 9262: 9207: 9076: 8942: 7840: 7464: 6965: 4729: 4698: 4554: 4488: 4455: 4417: 2444:

The Family Protection Laws of 1967 and 1973 required a husband to go to court to divorce rather than the proclamation of the

823: 382: 5476: 10442: 10106: 8594: 8584: 7770: 7644:

Brosius, Maria. Women in Ancient Persia, 559–331 B.C. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford University Press (UK), 1998.

7480: 3367:, had a high number of Iranian female prostitutes hosted. After this, Iranian women quickly became more popular throughout 1776: 855: 6087: 5132: 9792: 9742: 9468: 9002: 5893:

Bahramitash, Roksana (Spring 2004). "Market fundamentalism versus religious fundamentalism: women's employment in Iran".

4166: 3924: 3473: 2695:

There are also women in the Iranian police who deal with crimes committed by women and children. According to opinion of

1900: 922: 6845: 9017: 9006: 8951: 8899: 8754: 8557: 6995: 6573:"گردش مالی هنگفت صنعت روسپیگری بر بستر فضای مجازی/ وضعیت هشدارآمیز بحران بیکاری زنان و تاثیر آن بر روسپیگری | اقتصاد24" 6532:"گردش مالی هنگفت صنعت روسپیگری بر بستر فضای مجازی/ وضعیت هشدارآمیز بحران بیکاری زنان و تاثیر آن بر روسپیگری | اقتصاد24" 5176: 2132: 7029: 6702:

Anna Vanzan. "Women at work: la lotta delle iraniane e i nuovi femminismi locali". In Pepicelli R.; Vanzan A. (eds.).

5690:"Factfish Enrolment, engineering, manufacturing and construction, tertiary, female world statistics and data as Table" 10356: 9447: 9391: 9371: 9187: 9162: 9058: 8982: 8884: 8514: 8356: 7342: 7263: 7111: 7087: 6292: 5970: 5647: 5550: 5433: 3450:, Iran's first female judge in the Pahlavi era, won the Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts in promoting human rights. 2879: 1689: 1625: 172: 107: 51: 9281: 6803: 3324: 2382:

as queen mother exerted serious political influence during the reign of her son, from 1848 until her death in 1873.

2147:. The first refers to ordinary (non-royal) women; the second to unmarried members of the royal family; and the last 9912: 9478: 7012: 6375: 6115: 5445: 3203: 372: 322: 7289:

Board, Editorial. "She Defended Iranian Women Who Removed Their Hijabs. Now She's Been given 38 Years in Prison."

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boots in a report in the 2000s. One of the main features of Iranian women's fashion is wearing high-heeled boots.

3371:

for prostitution. The income of Iranian female prostitutes in neighboring countries is considered high but risky.

10401: 9422: 8962: 8798: 8793: 8532: 8159: 7403:"List of 109 Protesters at Risk of Execution, Death Penalty Charges or Sentences; At Least 481 Protesters Killed" 5273: 3843: 2379: 2106: 1175: 1095: 917: 712: 74: 5399: 3559:, in protest against mandatory veiling. The protests resulted in the temporary retraction of mandatory veiling. 10027: 9852: 9732: 9716: 9202: 9137: 9038: 8987: 8759: 8710: 8695: 8599: 8589: 8569: 8361: 8020: 7797: 6362: 6245: 4249:"Iran: Dozens of women ill-treated and at risk of long jail terms for peacefully protesting compulsory veiling" 2862: 2076: 632: 468: 37: 9660: 8431: 8371: 3429:

After this the already modified family law was modified again reinstating the minimum age for marriage at 13.

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revolution in 1979. In 2005, there were 62% university entrees. Furthermore, the first exam took place after

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Ali Akbar, Mahdi (2006), "Iranian women: between Islamicization and globalization", in Mohammadi, Ali (ed.),

6174: 4147: 3830:(The People of Gharq). Ravânipur is known for her focus on rituals, customs, and traditions of coastal life. 3564: 2707: 2498: 2022: 1375: 942: 5251: 3665: 2414:

The Pahlavi Shahs were the rulers of Iran between 1925 and 1979 and they introduced many reforms concerning

9890: 9726: 9442: 9182: 9172: 8920: 8776: 8376: 5449: 3193: 2226:. These are often used as sources to "trace through the sequence of women's fashion from earlier periods". 2084: 2080: 1610: 845: 763: 738: 671: 9656: 5665:"دبیر کل جمعیت حمایت از حقوق بشر زنان: می گویند زنان تجربه مدیریتی ندارند؛ این تجربه باید ازکجا شروع شود؟" 3915:, she lived unheard of for more than 20 years. In 2000, she emerged from Iran with an international tour. 9681: 9675: 9626: 9437: 9267: 9146: 8771: 7712:

Hamideh Sedghi, "Women and Politics in Iran: Veiling, Unveiling, and Reveiling", New York: published 2007

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forcefully eliminating the obligation to wear the veil and opening the access to universities for women.

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Ghorayshi, Parvin (October 1996). "Women, Paid - Work and the Family: In the Islamic Republic of Iran".

10191: 9896: 9357: 9222: 8690: 8468: 8366: 7334: 6704:

I movimenti delle donne in Nord Africa e Medio Oriente: percorsi e generazioni "femministe" a confronto

6259: 5605: 3079: 2703:, giving opportunity for develop woman's talents in the family and society is respecting to the woman. 2355:

Often there is an orientalist view of Qajar women before the revolution. Badr al-Moluk Bamdad, wife of

1635: 1225: 7623: 3683: 2477: 10506: 10437: 10000: 9591: 9361: 9142: 9068: 8930: 8905: 8828: 8579: 8478: 8421: 7833: 4132: 4039: 3956: 3747: 3674: 3398: 2415: 2230: 1771: 1013: 343: 7013:

Thirty-five Years of Forced Hijab: The Widespread and Systematic Violation of Women's Rights in Iran

6336:"International trade and employment in labour-intensive sectors in Iran: the case of carpet-weavers" 4986:"Iran, Islamic Rep.: Student enrollment, tertiary, female (WORLDBANK) - Data and Charts from Quandl" 3656: 3508: 3198: 10396: 10301: 10123: 10099: 9711: 9501: 9381: 9332: 9304: 9167: 8705: 8619: 8348: 7692: 6298: 3751: 3616: 3532: 3101: 2645: 2632: 2619: 2583: 2551: 2015: 1766: 1465: 1159: 488: 453: 263: 6638: 9942: 9916: 9907: 9777: 9737: 9341: 9277: 9237: 8972: 8823: 8680: 8639: 7897: 3929: 3839: 3735: 3320: 3244: 2711: 2407: 2250: 301: 240: 139: 7134: 7067: 6671: 6063: 10501: 10406: 10032: 9671: 9412: 9367: 9091: 9053: 8781: 8537: 7747: 5962: 5956: 3874: 2696: 2258: 818: 503: 493: 429: 78: 7707: 6432:"Experiences and challenges of Prostitute Women in Iran: A phenomenological qualitative study" 6168:"Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran: legal status, social positions, and collective action" 5219: 4721: 4715: 4409: 4403: 4052:

And many creators of classical verse and prose were women themselves as well. One can mention

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many important rights were repealed, but in mid-1980s replaced by a far more protective laws.

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who, twelve centuries before Islam, established the custom of covering women to protect their

10351: 10316: 10271: 9320: 9272: 9247: 8967: 8715: 8493: 8411: 8028: 7985: 6490:"درآمد خوب روسپی‌ها مانع حرفه آموزی آنها می‌شود؟ / 30 سال، میانگین سنی کارگران جنسی در ایران" 5633: 5530: 4142: 4024: 3743: 3261: 3174: 2750: 2658: 1655: 1600: 1530: 1510: 1495: 1365: 887: 850: 758: 622: 458: 7125:

Ahmadi, Khodabakhsh; Bigdeli, Zahra; Moradi, Azadeh; Seyed Esmaili, Fatholah (summer 2010):

6827: 6664:

The Veil in Their Minds and On Our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women

5110: 2733:

self-immolated after being arrested for trying to enter a stadium. Following that incident,

10241: 10236: 10131: 9871: 9773: 9666: 9606: 9581: 9560: 9540: 9513: 9315: 9257: 9152: 8915: 8880: 8644: 7826: 7550: 6443: 5895: 5842: 5731: 5582: 5066: 4546: 4366: 4029: 4014: 3979: 3966:

suggests that many women directors in Iran were working hard on films long before director

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improperly and later died after according to eyewitnesses, she had been severely beaten by

3693: 3620: 3592: 3378: 3352: 3342: 3239: 3072: 3059: 3034:

Currently, there are several all-female political organizations active in Iran, including:

3001: 2920: 2903: 2682: 1856: 1540: 1535: 1480: 1430: 1415: 1300: 1190: 1140: 1020: 581: 542: 377: 367: 353: 5664: 3347:

Iranian female prostitutes sometimes go to neighboring countries to work. From the 1990s,

89: 8: 10421: 10361: 10336: 10251: 10231: 10181: 10151: 10141: 10092: 9611: 9300: 9033: 8925: 8524: 8519: 8483: 8416: 8265: 7953: 7666: 7572: 7051: 5904: 5446:"رکورد جدید حضور زنان در مجلس ایران، پیام بزرگی دارد/ خواستار توسعه روابط با ایران هستیم" 3605: 3488: 2989: 2954: 2937: 2886: 2828: 2763: 2678: 2524: 2481:

Decreasing fertility rate shows Iranian women are comparatively less eager to give birth.

1936: 1918: 1752: 1645: 1575: 1505: 1380: 1355: 1335: 1315: 1195: 1070: 1060: 937: 768: 690: 683: 678: 593: 498: 483: 443: 404: 222: 211: 7506:

Milani, Professor Farzaneh (February 1, 2008). "Simin Behbahani: Iran's National Poet".

6447: 5846: 5735: 5070: 5020: 5009: 4262: 10447: 10326: 10321: 10201: 9975: 9937: 9882: 9877: 9782: 9697: 9337: 9197: 9157: 8997: 8992: 8890: 8875: 8634: 8436: 8257: 8226: 8119: 7876: 7531: 7100:

The Great Satan vs. the Mad Mullahs: How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other

6832: 6785: 6466: 6431: 6216: 6136: 6036: 5916: 5866: 5858: 5833:

Shavarini, Mitra K. (January 1, 2005). "The Feminisation of Iranian Higher Education".

5815: 5747: 5092: 4946: 4919: 4826: 4765: 4622: 4077: 4073: 4046: 4007: 3933: 3912: 3887: 3779: 3768: 3727: 3552: 3477: 3299: 3179: 3164: 3149: 3134: 3119: 3106: 3089: 2811: 2508: 2486: 2437: 2055: 1931: 1861: 1830: 1807: 1660: 1555: 1515: 1385: 1280: 1245: 1055: 1045: 970: 912: 897: 748: 728: 705: 557: 537: 316: 43: 7354: 7245: 7194: 5363: 5345: 4339: 4317: 10476: 10391: 10341: 10296: 10276: 10266: 10166: 10069: 9985: 9902: 9808: 9798: 9707: 9616: 9601: 9596: 9565: 9555: 9545: 9535: 9522: 9377: 9081: 8895: 8833: 8808: 8788: 8738: 8658: 8506: 8135: 8127: 8052: 8004: 7535: 7523: 7460: 7338: 7130: 7107: 7083: 7063: 6991: 6961: 6868: 6789: 6777: 6717: 6667: 6592: 6551: 6471: 6288: 6140: 6124: 6040: 5966: 5920: 5870: 5819: 5807: 5751: 5643: 5555: 5509: 5429: 5084: 4967: 4911: 4818: 4725: 4694: 4626: 4550: 4494: 4484: 4461: 4451: 4445: 4423: 4413: 4388: 4019: 3991: 3983: 3971: 3967: 3893:

Innovations made by Iranian women are not restricted to Persian music. For instance,

3856: 3799: 3723: 3633: 3468:

During the last few decades, Iranian women have had a significant presence in Iran's

3405: 3360: 3277: 2403: 2223: 2114: 2110: 1904: 1812: 1789: 1757: 1580: 1550: 1475: 1455: 1440: 1395: 1360: 1325: 1260: 1200: 1135: 1115: 1110: 980: 965: 892: 882: 870: 780: 773: 753: 637: 552: 508: 438: 348: 7082:, Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 66, 252–253, 256, 260, 6804:"factfish Enrolement, tertiary, female of total enrolment world statistics and data" 6412: 5382:"Amnesty Says Security Agent Sexually Assaulted A Detained Female Protester In Iran" 5237: 4481:

The Roman Eastern Frontiers and the Persian Wars (AD 226–363); A Documentary History

3524:, the capital of the country, and fashion in Tehran has usually been the pioneer of 10366: 10281: 10261: 10146: 10136: 9956: 9947: 9857: 9847: 9803: 9643: 9631: 9585: 9530: 9347: 9212: 9043: 9012: 8857: 8838: 8547: 8167: 7515: 6769: 6461: 6451: 6254: 6208: 6128: 6028: 5958:

Veiled employment: Islamism and the political economy of women's employment in Iran

5908: 5850: 5799: 5739: 5096: 5074: 4787: 4757: 4614: 4003: 3941: 3908: 3084: 2978: 2845: 2715: 2689: 2490: 2356: 2273: 2197: 1825: 1794: 1665: 1650: 1640: 1620: 1590: 1525: 1500: 1425: 1405: 1400: 1345: 1265: 1230: 1215: 1180: 1165: 1145: 1090: 1075: 1065: 1050: 1035: 1030: 1025: 975: 952: 795: 790: 576: 547: 524: 387: 6773: 6456: 6429: 4579:

Paidar, Women and the Political Process, 41; Bamdad, From Darkness into Light, 14.

4568:

The young Persian women, renowned for their beauty, were among the choicest items.

4539: 4191: 10411: 10346: 10311: 10246: 10226: 10216: 10176: 10161: 10156: 9990: 9927: 9862: 9837: 9822: 9761: 9550: 9402: 9292: 9114: 8813: 8749: 8653: 8501: 8403: 8175: 8151: 8087: 8068: 8060: 8036: 7921: 7863: 7801: 7754: 6955: 6266: 6024: 4069: 4065: 3999: 3975: 3795: 3775: 3711: 3645: 3629: 3612: 3568: 3525: 3503: 3469: 3364: 3017: 2993: 2974: 2794: 2730: 2674: 2568: 2520: 2322: 2254: 2181: 2109:

province of southeastern Iran, have revealed that women in the region during the

2102: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1965: 1946: 1891: 1881: 1747: 1728: 1615: 1605: 1595: 1570: 1560: 1490: 1470: 1450: 1390: 1330: 1310: 1295: 1250: 1240: 1220: 1155: 1105: 1100: 1085: 1040: 985: 800: 473: 7594: 7484: 6740:"Donna Vita Libertà. Il timbro femminista di una protesta che sa di rivoluzione" 5912: 2685:

who runs the women's ministry was also selected as an advisor to the president.

10452: 10371: 10331: 10306: 10286: 10221: 10196: 10186: 10171: 9832: 9352: 9177: 8665: 8629: 8292: 8210: 8143: 7969: 6335: 6132: 6091: 5639: 5133:"UNdata - record view - Seats held by women in national parliament, percentage" 4105: 4053: 3945: 3879: 3852: 3783: 3601: 3481: 3453:

In 2005 president Khatami was replaced by the conservative Mahmud Ahmadinejad.

3159: 3144: 3051: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2982: 2543: 2341: 1952: 1941: 1886: 1670: 1585: 1565: 1545: 1520: 1485: 1445: 1420: 1410: 1350: 1320: 1305: 1275: 1270: 1255: 1235: 1185: 1130: 1125: 1080: 1002: 835: 785: 695: 644: 588: 198: 7519: 6934:هشت هزار سال تارىخ پوشاک اقوام ايرانى - نسخه اصلاح و به‌روزشده ۱۴۰۲ - ۴۵ تا ۵۶ 6760:

Koenig, R. (2000). "IRANIAN SCIENCE: Iranian Women Hear the Call of Science".

5987:"Girls to boys ratio, primary level enrolment statistics - countries compared" 5854: 5743: 5151:"شوراي عالي انقلاب فرهنگي - شورای فرهنگی اجتماعی زنان و خانواده - درباره شورا" 4761: 4618: 10495: 10470: 10291: 10256: 10211: 10115: 10063: 9967: 9952: 9922: 9867: 9702: 9651: 9621: 8324: 8218: 8183: 7905: 7527: 5811: 5610: 4915: 4822: 4590:

Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from 1500 to the Revolution

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up a small percentage of the workforce. Official statistics reported by the

9995: 9980: 9932: 9841: 9386: 9252: 8675: 8624: 8332: 8316: 8300: 8242: 7717: 7377:"Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law" 6850: 6781: 6659: 6475: 5768:

Esfahani, Kouhi (2014). "Iranian Women: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back".

5088: 4630: 4057: 3625: 3447: 3439: 3025: 2700: 2445: 2385: 2293: 2289: 1843: 960: 448: 7127:

Rabete-ye e'teqad be hijab va asibpaziri-e fardi, khanvedegi, va ejtema'i

6212: 4669:

Sima Bahar, "A Historical Background to the Women's Movement in Iran," in

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positions, such as ministers, artists, judges, scientists, athletes, etc.

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the victorious Roman soldiers prized young Persian women, seizing them as

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Ramazani, Nesta (1993). "Women in Iran: The Revolutionary Ebb and Flow".

4809:

Ramazani, Nesta (1993). "Women in Iran: The Revolutionary Ebb and Flow".

4119: 4085: 4034: 3995: 3987: 3894: 3848: 3803: 3787: 3714:

officers. Amini's death received global attention and became a symbol of

3703: 3588: 3368: 2051: 2005: 1896: 1736: 907: 877: 654: 7808:

History of Iranian Photography. Women as Photography Model: Qajar Period

6220: 5862: 5453: 4950: 4673:, ed. Farah Azari (London: Ithaca, 1983), 170–89; quotations from 172–75 3815: 2754:

protests that erupted after the downing of a Ukrainian passenger plane.

9427: 8818: 8340: 8308: 8234: 8202: 8012: 7792: 7355:"Nasrin Sotoudeh: Iran lawyer who defended headscarf protesters jailed" 6987:

Women and politics in the Islamic republic of Iran: Action and reaction

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Women and Politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Action and Reaction

5578:"Iran's Rouhani names female VPs as reformists slam all-male ministers" 5474: 4923: 4830: 4784:"Adult education offers new opportunities and options to Iranian women" 4769: 3273: 3021: 2677:

became vice president for Legal Affairs and a top advisor to President

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exercised by the Persian king's mother were set by the monarch himself

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across the world. At least 481 protesters including 64 minors killed (

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revolution. Within months of the formation of the Islamic republic by

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was the first woman to be appointed Minister of Education in 1968 and

8553:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

8273: 8250: 8044: 7977: 7945: 5252:"Leader's Speech in Meeting with Woman Researchers of the Holy Quran" 3883: 3637: 3215: 2419: 2234: 2094: 2093:

linear-Elamite women inscription. Late 3rd Millennium BC silver cup,

7305:"Pro-Iran Government Activists Assault Student Protesters in Tehran" 6113:

Mollahosseini, Ali (January 2008). "Gender and employment in Iran".

5292:"Victory for Iran's Women as Breakthrough Citizenship Law Is Passed" 5079: 5054: 4513:

Toward an aesthetic of Persian painting. Early Islamic Art, 650–1100

3897:

is working on a combination of Persian and Western classical music.

2398: 85: 9463: 8803: 8685: 7937: 7121: 7119: 5803: 5606:"Iranian women condemn "regressive" articles of family legislation" 5310:"Iran women married to foreigners can pass citizenship to children" 4127: 4049:

one can find references to women as far back as Pre-Islamic times.

3900: 3866: 3539: 2536: 2321:, from Pictorial Cycle of Eight Poetic Subjects, mid-18th century; 2297: 2208: 2193: 2185: 392: 7759: 4099: 2389:"Malek Jahan Khanom, Mahd-e Olia", wife and mother of Qajar rulers 10006: 7929: 7221:"Springtime In Iran Means The 'Morality Police' Are Out In Force" 6347: 4081: 3304: 2726: 2516: 2512: 2497:

and higher education, and, in 1996, 14 women were elected to the

2466: 1870: 947: 902: 10084: 7810:, photographs provided by Bahman Jalali, Iranian Artists' site, 7689:

Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford University Press (UK), 1998.

7428:"Fresh protests erupt in Iran's universities and Kurdish region" 7116: 6846:

Iranian Dissidents at Forum Speak On Ahmadinejad, Women's Rights

6515:"مروری بر روسپی‌گری در ایران و تبعات آن تحقیق و پژوهش فصل یکم". 5328:"Iran: Step forward in the fight for women's return to stadiums" 4288: 125: 9812: 9132: 7961: 7764: 5514: 4028:

when she was only 17 years old. Samira Makhmalbaf won the 2000

3521: 3520:

Iranian female fashion models usually receive a high salary in

3513: 3356: 3231: 2462: 2458: 2449: 2316: 2169: 2059: 463: 7818: 6613:"افشاگری یک رسانه درباره تن‌فروشی میلیون‌ها زن روسپی در ایران" 8670: 7673:

Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers

7456:

Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers

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Sadr-ol-odabaee, Maryam; Hassan-Miri, Fahimeh (May 1, 2013).

5475:

Will Fulton; Amir Toumaj; Mary Ella Simmons (July 17, 2013),

4607:

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

3707: 3348: 2448:, "I divorce thee" three times, as stipulated by traditional 2429: 2204:, transmitting it over the vast reaches of the Muslim world. 2201: 2046:

have played numerous roles, and contributed in many ways, to

397: 335: 6413:"چه‌‌طور می‌توانیم از باندهای قاچاق زنان ایرانی شکایت کنیم؟" 2744: 2089: 8450: 7913: 7849: 7739: 6883:"BBC: "Iran backs first woman minister", September 3, 2009" 4478: 4443: 4340:"Female population predominant in 5000-year-old Burnt City" 3869:, One of the most popular and prolific entertainers in Iran 3546: 2772:

List of female members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

2734: 2578: 2563: 2157: 2047: 7080:

The Veil: Women Writers on Its History, Lore, and Politics

7053:

Hijab dar Iran az Enqelab-e Eslami ta payan Jang-e Tahmili

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Afshar, Haleh (September 1997). "Women And work in Iran".

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made the headlines. Internationally recognized figures in

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Western countries. The success of the pioneering director

2550:

After the death of Khomeini, more practical reforms under

9428:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

7718:"Higher Education of Women in Iran: Progress or Problem?" 7246:"Iranian women threw off the hijab - what happened next?" 6828:"UN: Hold Ahmadinejad Accountable for Iran Rights Crisis" 3716:

violence against women under the Islamic Republic of Iran

3377:

Leather boots are widely used by Iranian prostitutes for

2977:, several women were appointed ministers or ambassadors. 7595:"Googoosh | Biography, Albums, & Facts | Britannica" 3702:

On 16 September 2022, a 22-year-old Iranian woman named

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women's march on International Women's Day, 8 March 1979

3435: 3238:

The first university Iranian girls could attend was the

3020:

came after the revolution. Other Iranian women, such as

7700:

Women of Iranian Popular Cinema: Projection of Progress

7058:(Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi'ah 6639:"Nikki R. Keddie, Social Research via findarticles.com" 6281:

Iran encountering globalization: problems and prospects

4038:, a film about the trials of two traveling teachers in 2368:

A Historical Background to the Women's Movement in Iran

4656:

Bāmdād Badr-al-Mulūk and Frank Ronald Charles Bagley.

2729:

for the first time in 40 years. On September 8, 2019,

2188:. According to their theory, the veil passed from the 360:

Gender representation on corporate boards of directors

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Voices from Iran: The Changing Lives of Iranian Women

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Women of Iran, The Conflict with Fundamentalist Islam

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From Darkness into Light Women's Emancipation in Iran

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Clara Colliver Rice. 1923. Seeley, Service & Co.

7030:"Why Iranian authorities force women to wear a veil" 6376:"Women and Entrepreneurship in Iran — Iran Startups" 6234: 6232: 6230: 5950: 5517:: 11. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013 5364:"Iran football: Women attend first match in decades" 4447:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

4095: 4002:, Pouran Rakhshandeh, Shirin Neshat, Sepideh Farsi, 3276:

in unemployment still present. In 2008 for example,

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was appointed Minister for Women's Affairs in 1976.

6836:, September 18, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008. 6287:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 47–71, 6192: 6064:"Law and women's agency in post-revolutionary Iran" 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 4263:"Iran jails woman for removing headscarf in public" 2222:Persian women are depicted in many masterpieces of 2200:, from whom the Arab conquerors turned it into the 2156:and her ladies-in-waiting are known to have played 6872:, September 3, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008. 6316: 6001: 4538: 3936:, who has received various accolades, including a 3211:can make better their marginal social positions. 3066:Association of the Women of the Islamic Revolution 2532:International Women's Day Protests in Tehran, 1979 7783:WOMEN'S EDUCATION IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD AND AFTER 7446: 6854:, October 17, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2008. 6227: 5428:Lorentz، J. Historical Dictionary of Iran. 1995. 5179:. Women.gov.ir. December 15, 2009. Archived from 4962: 4960: 4681: 4679: 4401: 4386: 3692:protests all around the world in response of the 10493: 7481:"The international symposium on Simin Behbahani" 7195:"Iranian women threw off the hijab - then what?" 7062:, Qom: Muassasah-e Shi'ah Shinasi, pp. 251-300, 7010: 5927: 5535:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3535:for women's clothing, including boots and tops. 3336: 3097:Association of the Women of the Islamic Republic 2105:("Burnt City"), a prehistoric settlement in the 583:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics 8489:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 7675:. Farzaneh Milani. Published 1992 by I.B.Tauris 7264:"Iran: Release Anti-Compulsory Hijab Activists" 5111:"Iranian Democracy statistics - How Iran ranks" 4536: 4525:Women's Costume of the Near and the Middle East 8575:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 8474:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 6979: 6977: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 5504:حزب تشكيل دهيد، 50 نماينده در مجلس داشته باشيد 4957: 4676: 2418:. An example of an early reform introduced by 10100: 8357:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 7834: 7804:, Social Documentary photos of Behrouz Reshad 7566: 6112: 5274:"Iran: Parliament OKs Nationality Law Reform" 2776:List of female members of the Cabinet of Iran 2023: 1697: 9433:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5406:. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from 4884: 4311: 4309: 3754:being the well-known faces of the movement. 3734:" movement, with notable protesters such as 3578: 3280:was 9.1 percent and female was 16.7 percent 2768:Vice Presidency for Women and Family Affairs 2741:for a World Cup qualifier against Cambodia. 8543:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 7323: 7044: 6974: 6940: 6753: 6733: 6731: 6710: 6597:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6556:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6394:"Female Entrepreneurs Fuel A Changing Iran" 6373: 6238: 6161: 6159: 5892: 5684: 5682: 4479:Dodgeon M. H. & Lieu, S. N. C. (1991). 4444:Mackey, Sandra & Harrop, Scott (1996). 4364: 3802:, Shahrnush Pârsipur, Moniru Ravânipur and 3388: 2725:lifted the ban on Iranian women's entry to 2472: 52:Learn how and when to remove these messages 10107: 10093: 9049:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 8911:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 8427:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 7841: 7827: 7748:Iran Electoral Archive – Women in Politics 6737: 5770:Middle Eastern Studies / Ortadogu Etütleri 4786:. Ungei.org. March 6, 2006. Archived from 4545:. University of California Press. p. 3644:In June 2018, Iranian human rights lawyer 2135:refers to women in three different terms: 2030: 2016: 1704: 1690: 88:. Please do not remove this message until 8558:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 7722:International Journal of Women's Research 7716:Moinifar, Heshmat Sadat (April 1, 2012). 7682:. 1995. Maryland: Mehran Iran Publishing. 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6465: 6455: 6277: 6198: 5896:Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 5877: 5832: 5499: 5143: 5078: 5005: 5003: 4331: 4306: 3911:. She became iconic when, after the 1979 3585:Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 3567:patrolling the streets, and later by the 3156:Women's Society of the Islamic Revolution 2745:Women and Iran's anti-government protests 173:Learn how and when to remove this message 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 8377:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 7715: 7434:. Agence France-Presse. November 6, 2022 7022: 6728: 6165: 6156: 5679: 4901: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4808: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4604: 4387:Harrison, Frances (September 22, 2005). 3928: 3861: 3847: 3547:Mandatory veiling under Islamic Republic 3507: 3434: 3298: 3282: 3197: 2878: 2476: 2397: 2384: 2088: 150:of all important aspects of the article. 84:Relevant discussion may be found on the 9163:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 7548: 7092: 6928: 6926: 6701: 6653: 5954: 5254:. english.khamenei.ir. October 20, 2009 4600: 4598: 4360: 4358: 4356: 3886:developed Iranian children's music and 3730:in 1979. The protests soon shaped the " 3611:The Gasht-E-Ershaad (also known as the 3497: 3028:, hold positions in Western countries. 10494: 8701:History of democracy in classical Iran 7505: 7453:Milani, Farzaneh (September 1, 1992). 7452: 7072: 6905:"صنعت چرم کشور در انتظار توسعه فناوری" 6759: 6676: 6333: 6012: 5789: 5400:"Reuters Foundation Alertnet.org Iran" 5052: 5000: 4936: 4713: 3878:masters of Persian traditional music. 3331:Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report 2406:'s reactor, 1968. Text: "A quarter of 146:Please consider expanding the lead to 10088: 9499: 9423:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 9208:Iran and the World Trade Organization 9112: 8855: 8736: 7861: 7822: 7772:WOMEN'S EDUCATION IN THE QAJAR PERIOD 7744:– A comprehensive portal and magazine 7687:Women in Ancient Persia, 559–331 B.C. 7192: 6983: 6953: 6821: 6271: 6201:Journal of Comparative Family Studies 5785: 5783: 5763: 5761: 5631: 4855: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4685: 4641: 4337: 4315: 3944:, in addition to a nomination for an 3762: 3706:was arrested for alleged wearing her 3171:Society for Support of Women's Rights 8595:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 8585:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 6923: 6857: 6839: 6570: 6529: 6153:(International Labour Organization). 6053:United Nations Development Programme 5551:"Need For 'Positive Discrimination'" 4595: 4353: 4167:"Human Development Report 2021/2022" 4088:in this group to name nine of them. 3487:With the 2005 election of President 856:Gender representation in video games 119: 58: 17: 9828:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 9469:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 9443:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 9242:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 8977:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 7567:Golbarg Bashi (November 25, 2005). 7483:. Iranianstudies.ca. Archived from 6564: 6523: 6423: 6410: 6404: 5826: 3925:Modern and contemporary art in Iran 3571:, also called the Morality Police. 3314: 3141:Society of Progressive Muslim Women 13: 8367:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 7650: 7218: 7145: 6173:. Wilsoncenter.org. Archived from 5841:(4): 329–347, 331, 333, 334, 335. 5780: 5758: 5500:Mohammadi, Elnaz (July 27, 2013). 5053:Masood, Ehsan (November 1, 2006). 4888:Women, Islam and Education in Iran 4738: 4527:. Jennifer M. Scarce. 2003, p. 134 4255: 3826:(The Female Slave), and her novel 3512:An Iranian woman wearing boots in 3442:, an Iranian woman rights activist 3262:Economy of Iran § Labor force 2393: 2329: 2196:. They, in turn, handed it to the 2133:fortification and treasury tablets 14: 10518: 10114: 9438:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 9059:Supreme National Security Council 8885:Persian Constitutional Revolution 8515:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 8422:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 8412:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 7733: 7183:, Qom: Muassasah-e Shi'ah Shinasi 7018:(Report). www.Justiceforiran.org. 6747:Centro per la Riforma dello Stato 6374:Leila Piran (November 11, 2014). 6088:"Where are Iran's working women?" 5835:International Review of Education 5724:International Review of Education 4367:"Women's Lives in Ancient Persia" 3855:, known for her contributions to 2366:Sima Bahar in an article titled, 33:This article has multiple issues. 10475: 10466: 10465: 10068: 10059: 10058: 9034:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 7638: 7612: 7587: 7560: 7542: 7499: 7473: 7420: 7395: 7369: 7347: 7297: 7282: 7256: 7238: 7212: 7186: 7174: 7165: 7139: 7004: 6897: 6875: 6796: 6116:Indian Journal of Gender Studies 4592:. Westview Press, 1993., pp. 382 4408:. New York: Free Press. p. 4318:"Women Held Power In Burnt City" 4112: 4098: 3833: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3204:Isfahan University of Technology 2577: 2562: 2402:Female Iranian PhDs in front of 2334: 2304: 2281: 2265: 2242: 1999: 1735: 373:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 300: 124: 63: 22: 9233:Military equipment manufactured 8799:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 8563:United States withdrawal (2018) 8484:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 7848: 7622:. Archiv.hkw.de. Archived from 7011:Justice for Iran (March 2014). 6911:(in Persian). November 15, 2020 6864:victory on marriage legislation 6631: 6605: 6571:اقتصاد24, پایگاه خبری، تحلیلی. 6530:اقتصاد24, پایگاه خبری، تحلیلی. 6508: 6482: 6386: 6367: 6354: 6166:Moghadam, Valentine M. (2004). 6147: 6106: 6080: 6056: 6047: 5979: 5656: 5625: 5598: 5570: 5543: 5493: 5468: 5438: 5422: 5392: 5374: 5356: 5338: 5320: 5302: 5284: 5266: 5244: 5226: 5208: 5195: 5169: 5153:. iranwomen.org. Archived from 5125: 5103: 5046: 5037: 5034:by Robin Wright c. 2000, p. 137 5025: 5014: 4978: 4930: 4895: 4878: 4869: 4846: 4837: 4802: 4776: 4707: 4663: 4582: 4573: 4530: 4518: 4506: 4472: 4437: 4395: 4380: 4192:"Global Gender Gap Report 2022" 4022:, who directed her first film, 3844:Iranian women and Persian music 2781:Current women's representation 2710:approved an amendment to their 2070: 138:may be too short to adequately 41:or discuss these issues on the 10433:British Indian Ocean Territory 9793:modern / contemporary 9039:Expediency Discernment Council 8362:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 8351:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 7875: 7657:Persian Women & Their Ways 7193:Hatam, Nassim (May 19, 2018). 7098:Beeman, William Orman (2008). 7050:Ramezani, Reza (spring 2007). 6724:. BBC News. November 27, 2009. 6496:(in Persian). October 24, 2016 6246:Brown Journal of World Affairs 5692:. factfish.com. Archived from 5502:"NameBright - Domain Expired" 5452:. May 15, 2016. Archived from 4885:Rezai-Rashti, Goli M. (2019). 4389:"Polo comes back home to Iran" 4281: 4241: 4209: 4184: 4159: 3955:Since the rise of the Iranian 3720:anti-compulsory hijab protests 3287:Iranian surgical technologists 2749:The human rights organization 2180:A few experts say that it was 2101:Archaeological excavations at 2077:Women in the Achaemenid Empire 148:provide an accessible overview 1: 9007:state-sponsorship allegations 8737: 7571:. iranian.com. Archived from 7459:. Syracuse University Press. 6885:. BBC News. September 3, 2009 6774:10.1126/science.290.5496.1485 6457:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05649 6334:Karimi, Zahra (Autumn 2008). 6239:Bahramitash, Roksana (2003). 6090:. Payvand.com. Archived from 5113:. NationMaster. March 8, 2002 4891:. Taylor & Francis Group. 4153: 4148:List of Iranian women artists 3918: 3794:Contemporary authors include 3757: 3565:Islamic Revolution Committees 3337:Prostitution and sex industry 3255: 3113:Women Journalists Association 2708:Islamic Consultative Assembly 2706:On May 14, 2019, the Iranian 2499:Islamic Consultative Assembly 9464:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 8856: 8765:twin towns and sister cities 8071:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 7948:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 7924:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 7620:"Haus der Kulturen der Welt" 6990:. New York: Continnuum-3PL. 6619:(in Persian). April 13, 2021 5792:Comparative Education Review 5205:, Random House, 1996, p. 181 3325:Technology start-ups in Iran 3187: 2436:Under Reza Shah's successor 2085:Women in the Sasanian Empire 2081:Women in the Parthian Empire 824:Portrayal in American comics 415:Heads of state or government 7: 9743:Water supply and sanitation 9500: 9474:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 9113: 8533:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 7908:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 7862: 7333:, Cambridge, UK; New York: 7329:Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). 7293:, WP Company, 17 March 2019 7104:University of Chicago Press 5913:10.1080/1066992042000189706 5667:(in Persian). Khabar Online 5594:– via The Independent 4720:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 4405:From Aristotle to Zoroaster 4172:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS 4091: 2757: 2276:at the time of King Narseh. 90:conditions to do so are met 10: 10523: 9223:Economy of the Middle East 8600:2021–2022 Iranian protests 8590:2019–2020 Iranian protests 8570:2017–2018 Iranian protests 8031:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 7706:, Issue 7, July 31, 2006, 7357:. BBC News. March 11, 2019 7335:Cambridge University Press 6133:10.1177/097152150701500110 5767: 4693:. Routledge. p. 237. 4515:. Oleg Grabar. pp. 213–214 4503:pp. 24, 67, 184, 197, 307. 4402:Cotterell, Arthur (1998). 3922: 3837: 3766: 3582: 3501: 3392: 3340: 3318: 3259: 3191: 3080:Islamic Assembly of Ladies 2761: 2074: 2065: 10461: 10420: 10380: 10122: 10054: 10020: 9966: 9769: 9760: 9690: 9642: 9574: 9521: 9512: 9508: 9495: 9456: 9448:National Development Fund 9411: 9368:Telecommunications and IT 9362:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 9291: 9188:Foreign direct investment 9133:Bonyad (charitable trust) 9125: 9121: 9108: 9067: 9026: 8868: 8864: 8851: 8745: 8732: 8612: 8479:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 8469:Interim Government (1979) 8448: 8396: 8389: 8285: 8195: 8112: 8103: 8080: 7997: 7890: 7883: 7874: 7870: 7857: 7693:Farman Farmaian, Sattareh 7520:10.1080/00210860701786546 5855:10.1007/s11159-005-7738-9 5744:10.1007/s11159-011-9217-9 5032:The Last Great Revolution 4762:10.1080/00210867208701422 4717:The Last Great Revolution 4714:Wright, Robin B. (2000). 4619:10.1215/1089201X-25-2-297 3712:religious morality police 3579:Compulsory hijab protests 3194:Women's education in Iran 2959: 2942: 2925: 2908: 2891: 2867: 2850: 2833: 2816: 2799: 2231:Battle of Ctesiphon (363) 277: 269: 262: 254: 246: 239: 231: 220: 210: 197: 192: 10182:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 9198:International oil bourse 8963:Ministry of Intelligence 8548:Syrian civil war (2011–) 8372:1921 Persian coup d'état 7331:A History of Modern Iran 7146:AP (December 28, 2017). 7078:Heath, Jennifer (2008). 5503: 5234:"Iran's thin black line" 5055:"An Islamist revolution" 4537:Robert Browning (1978). 4138:Iranian women's movement 4013:Iranian writer-director 3617:Islamic religious police 3395:Iranian women's movement 3389:Iranian women's movement 3102:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini 2473:Islamic Republic of Iran 2453:1967 and to 18 in 1975. 10443:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9722:scientists and scholars 9228:Milad Tower and complex 9018:Women's rights movement 9013:White Revolution (1963) 8681:Peoples of the Caucasus 8023:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 7916:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 7760:Iranian Women Resources 7698:Najmeh Khalili Mahani, 7549:Golbarg, Bashi (2000). 7032:. DW. December 21, 2020 6718:"Profile: Shirin Ebadi" 6340:Iranian Economic Review 6033:10.1111/1467-9248.00110 3840:Persian women musicians 3718:, sparking a series of 3615:) is a part of Iranian 3526:Iranian women's fashion 3321:Venture capital in Iran 3303:Female firefighters in 3245:the Cultural Revolution 3126:Reformist Women's Party 2688:At least one observer ( 2288:A woman as depicted in 2251:National Museum of Iran 410:Conservatives in the US 383:Explorers and travelers 264:Global Gender Gap Index 241:Gender Inequality Index 10033:Anti-Iranian sentiment 10028:Science and technology 9853:Intellectual movements 9733:International rankings 9717:Intellectual movements 9203:International rankings 8696:Heads of state of Iran 8502:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 8063:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 7900:culture (3400–2000 BC) 7753:March 3, 2016, at the 6957:Theorizing revolutions 5216:"Women Police in Iran" 4968:"Iran - Literacy rate" 4691:The Modern Middle East 4197:. World Economic Forum 4133:Women's rights in Iran 3972:Persian women's cinema 3949: 3875:Qamar ol-Molouk Vaziri 3870: 3859: 3517: 3443: 3399:Women's rights in Iran 3329:According to the 2012 3307: 3288: 3207: 2697:Supreme Leader of Iran 2482: 2411: 2410:scientists are women". 2390: 2361:From Darkness to Light 2259:Phraates IV of Parthia 2098: 713:In Shakespeare's works 9321:Shetab Banking System 9311:Banking and insurance 9273:Tehran Stock Exchange 9193:Intellectual property 8538:PJAK conflict (2004–) 8311:Turcomans (1378–1508) 8303:Turcomans (1374–1468) 8252:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 8055:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 7487:on September 30, 2011 6984:Vakil, Sanam (2011). 6960:. London: Routledge. 6265:May 26, 2013, at the 6213:10.3138/jcfs.27.3.453 5632:Vakil, Sanam (2011). 5352:. September 22, 2019. 5203:The Ends of the Earth 4483:. London: Routledge. 4217:"Iran's Constitution" 4143:List of Iranian women 4010:, and Sara Rastegar. 3932: 3865: 3851: 3531:Iran has an advanced 3511: 3438: 3351:became famous in the 3302: 3286: 3201: 3175:Shahindokht Molaverdi 2751:Amnesty International 2480: 2408:Iran's Nuclear Energy 2401: 2388: 2274:Sassanid royal family 2092: 469:Nobel Prize laureates 232:Women in labour force 10357:United Arab Emirates 9282:Technology start-ups 9183:Environmental issues 9173:Economic Reform Plan 9087:Provincial governors 8777:Environmental issues 8525:Iran Air Flight 655 8266:Jalayirid Sultanate 8138:Caliphate (750–1258) 7980:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 7800:May 7, 2010, at the 7788:Encyclopædia Iranica 7777:Encyclopædia Iranica 7678:Piyrnia, Mansoureh. 7575:on November 11, 2007 7383:. September 16, 2022 6954:Foran, John (2003). 5905:Taylor & Francis 5776:(2): 36, 38, 39, 40. 5583:Agence France-Presse 5477:"Iran News Round Up" 5410:on November 19, 2010 4996:on October 27, 2014. 4660:. Mazda Publ., 2013. 4251:. February 26, 2018. 4015:Rakhshan Bani-Etemad 3980:Rakhshan Bani-Etemad 3964:Rakhshan Bani-Etemad 3938:Primetime Emmy Award 3820:Zanân bedûn-e Mardân 3732:Women, Life, Freedom 3694:Death of Mahsa Amini 3621:solitary confinement 3593:Mahsa Amini protests 3498:Fashion and clothing 3480:and the new wave of 3353:United Arab Emirates 3343:Prostitution in Iran 3240:University of Tehran 3002:Fatemeh Haghighatjou 2721:In August 2019, the 2683:Maryam Mojtahidzadeh 2552:President Rafsanjani 2042:Throughout history, 1777:World Heritage Sites 1626:United Arab Emirates 563:in the United States 378:Economic development 368:Diversity (politics) 354:Female entrepreneurs 10384:limited recognition 9682:Freedom of religion 9268:Supreme Audit Court 9147:Automotive industry 8794:Iranian Balochistan 8520:1987 Mecca incident 8417:Iran crisis of 1946 8406:dynasty (1925–1979) 8335:Dynasty (1751–1794) 8276:dynasty (1338–1357) 8268:dynasty (1335–1432) 8260:dynasty (1314–1393) 8245:dynasty (1244–1381) 8229:dynasty (1077–1231) 8213:dynasty (1011–1215) 8130:Caliphate (661–750) 8122:Caliphate (632–661) 8090:Empire (AD 224–651) 8007:Empire (550–330 BC) 7988:Empire (626–539 BC) 7972:Empire (678–549 BC) 7956:Empire (911–609 BC) 7765:Qajar Women Archive 7667:Syracuse University 7291:The Washington Post 7102:, 2nd ed, Chicago: 6866:, Borzou Daragahi, 6448:2020Heliy...605649Y 5847:2005IREdu..51..329S 5736:2011IREdu..57..419R 5559:, December 14, 2014 5388:. January 19, 2020. 5370:. October 10, 2019. 5240:on January 5, 2007. 5201:Kaplan, Robert, D. 5071:2006Natur.444...22M 4904:Middle East Journal 4811:Middle East Journal 4229:on February 2, 2022 3606:My Stealthy Freedom 3489:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 3470:scientific movement 2990:Tahereh Saffarzadeh 2829:Assembly of Experts 2782: 2679:Mahmoud Ahmedinejad 2659:Age at 1st marriage 2525:mystical experience 2485:Following the 1979 2192:to the Hellenistic 1611:Trinidad and Tobago 846:Speculative fiction 739:Theological figures 684:Feminist philosophy 484:Reproductive rights 290:Part of a series on 223:secondary education 221:Women over 25 with 212:Women in parliament 202: (per 100,000) 189: 77:of this article is 9813:Persian New Year ( 9218:Main economic laws 8789:Iranian Azerbaijan 8691:Monarchs of Persia 8635:Persianate society 8343:Empire (1789–1925) 8327:Empire (1736–1796) 8319:Empire (1501–1736) 8295:Empire (1370–1507) 8221:Empire (1037–1194) 8186:dynasty (934–1062) 8178:dynasty (931–1090) 8170:dynasty (861–1003) 8039:Empire (312–63 BC) 7940:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 7702:, Offscreen, Vol. 7599:www.britannica.com 7268:Human Rights Watch 6833:Human Rights Watch 6411:Rostami, Nilofar. 5334:. August 26, 2018. 5316:. October 2, 2019. 5298:. October 2, 2019. 5278:Human Rights Watch 4790:on October 5, 2018 4541:The Emperor Julian 4078:Forough Farrokhzad 4047:Persian literature 4008:Yassamin Maleknasr 3950: 3934:Shohreh Aghdashloo 3913:Iranian Revolution 3888:Iranian folk music 3871: 3860: 3780:Forough Farrokhzad 3769:Persian literature 3763:Persian literature 3740:Sarina Esmailzadeh 3728:Islamic Revolution 3553:Islamic Revolution 3518: 3444: 3308: 3289: 3208: 3202:Female alumnae of 3043:Secretary-General 2863:Expediency Council 2780: 2487:Iranian Revolution 2483: 2438:Mohammad Reza Shah 2412: 2391: 2380:Malek Jahan Khanom 2224:Persian miniatures 2107:Sistan-Baluchistan 2099: 2056:Islamic Revolution 1905:Miniature painting 1897:Visual art history 1176:Dominican Republic 943:Mixed martial arts 913:Fastpitch softball 494:Violence and abuse 479:Positions of power 199:Maternal mortality 193:General Statistics 187: 10489: 10488: 10426:other territories 10082: 10081: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10016: 10015: 9923:Opium consumption 9756: 9755: 9592:Ethnic minorities 9566:Iranian languages 9491: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9099: 8983:Political parties 8921:Children's rights 8906:Foreign relations 8900:2009 presidential 8847: 8846: 8809:Iranian Kurdistan 8728: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8608: 8607: 8580:COVID-19 pandemic 8439:Revolution (1979) 8385: 8384: 8205:Empire (977–1186) 8162:dynasty (864–928) 8154:dynasty (821–873) 8146:dynasty (819–999) 8099: 8098: 8015:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 7680:Salar Zanana Iran 7665:. Mahnaz Kousha. 7466:978-0-8156-2557-5 7337:, pp. 84, 94–95, 6967:978-1-134-77921-5 6869:Los Angeles Times 6519:: 18, 19, 20, 21. 6016:Political Studies 5696:on August 5, 2014 5614:, August 27, 2010 5586:, August 10, 2017 5556:Financial Tribune 5183:on April 26, 2012 5157:on April 26, 2012 4731:978-0-375-40639-3 4700:978-0-415-21408-7 4631:Project MUSE 4556:978-0-520-03731-1 4490:978-0-415-10317-6 4457:978-0-452-27563-8 4419:978-0-684-85596-7 4365:Price, Massoume. 4020:Samira Makhmalbaf 3994:, Mahin Oskouei, 3992:Samira Makhmalbaf 3984:Zahra Dowlatabadi 3968:Samira Makhmalbaf 3857:Persian pop music 3800:Mahshid Amirshahi 3724:Iran Human Rights 3604:in 2015 launched 3478:literary new wave 3406:Ruhollah Khomeini 3278:male unemployment 3216:Reza Shah Pahlavi 3185: 3184: 3116:Jaleh Faramarzian 2970: 2969: 2727:football stadiums 2667: 2666: 2607:Literacy (>15) 2404:Tehran University 2115:3rd millennium BC 2040: 2039: 1714: 1713: 918:Football / soccer 841:Fictional pirates 633:Art history field 509:Exchange of women 285: 284: 183: 182: 175: 165: 164: 118: 117: 110: 56: 10514: 10507:Women by country 10479: 10469: 10468: 10438:Christmas Island 10124:Sovereign states 10109: 10102: 10095: 10086: 10085: 10072: 10062: 10061: 9913:National symbols 9767: 9766: 9582:Iranian citizens 9519: 9518: 9510: 9509: 9497: 9496: 9479:Research centers 9168:Economic history 9123: 9122: 9110: 9109: 9044:Guardian Council 8866: 8865: 8853: 8852: 8734: 8733: 8711:Electric history 8706:Military history 8620:Ancient Persians 8528: 8527:shootdown (1988) 8510: 8497: 8494:Iranian Embassy 8464: 8453: 8451:Islamic Republic 8440: 8432:1953 coup d'état 8407: 8394: 8393: 8352: 8349:Khanates of the 8344: 8336: 8328: 8320: 8312: 8304: 8296: 8277: 8269: 8261: 8253: 8246: 8238: 8230: 8222: 8214: 8206: 8187: 8179: 8171: 8163: 8155: 8147: 8139: 8131: 8123: 8110: 8109: 8091: 8072: 8064: 8056: 8048: 8040: 8032: 8024: 8016: 8008: 7989: 7981: 7973: 7965: 7957: 7949: 7941: 7933: 7925: 7917: 7909: 7901: 7888: 7887: 7872: 7871: 7859: 7858: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7820: 7819: 7729: 7685:Brosius, Maria. 7645: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7626:on July 18, 2011 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7351: 7345: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7301: 7295: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7270:. April 18, 2019 7260: 7254: 7253: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7143: 7137: 7123: 7114: 7106:, pp. 108, 152, 7096: 7090: 7076: 7070: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6981: 6972: 6971: 6951: 6938: 6937: 6930: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6879: 6873: 6861: 6855: 6843: 6837: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6808:www.factfish.com 6800: 6794: 6793: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6744: 6738:Rassa Ghaffari. 6735: 6726: 6725: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6699: 6674: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6596: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6555: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6469: 6459: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6400:. July 22, 2015. 6390: 6384: 6383: 6371: 6365: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6331: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6304:on June 30, 2020 6303: 6297:, archived from 6286: 6275: 6269: 6258: 6255:Brown University 6236: 6225: 6224: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6180:on June 11, 2014 6179: 6172: 6163: 6154: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6010: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5952: 5925: 5924: 5890: 5875: 5874: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5787: 5778: 5777: 5765: 5756: 5755: 5730:(3–4): 419–441. 5719: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5686: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5481:Critical Threats 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5442: 5436: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5236:. Archived from 5230: 5224: 5223: 5222:on May 22, 2007. 5218:. Archived from 5212: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5082: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4992:. Archived from 4982: 4976: 4975: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4745: 4736: 4735: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4683: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4654: 4639: 4638: 4602: 4593: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4544: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4362: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4228: 4222:. Archived from 4221: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4171: 4163: 4122: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4004:Maryam Keshavarz 3909:Barbra Streisand 3686: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3569:Guidance Patrols 3533:leather industry 3315:Entrepreneurship 3085:Fatemeh Karroubi 3056:Azam Haji-Abbasi 3037: 3036: 2979:Farrokhroo Parsa 2965: 2962: 2948: 2945: 2931: 2928: 2914: 2911: 2897: 2894: 2873: 2870: 2856: 2853: 2846:Guardian Council 2839: 2836: 2822: 2819: 2805: 2802: 2783: 2779: 2764:Women's fraction 2716:Guardian Council 2690:Robert D. Kaplan 2594:Literacy (15-24) 2582: 2581: 2567: 2566: 2558: 2557: 2491:Islamic republic 2357:Ahmad Shah Qajar 2308: 2296:floor mosaic in 2285: 2269: 2249:A bust from The 2246: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1739: 1716: 1715: 1706: 1699: 1692: 1376:Marshall Islands 953:Paralympic Games 584: 361: 326: 304: 295:Women in society 287: 286: 281:143rd out of 146 258:115th out of 191 203: 190: 186: 178: 171: 160: 157: 151: 128: 120: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 67: 66: 59: 48: 26: 25: 18: 10522: 10521: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10457: 10425: 10416: 10397:Northern Cyprus 10383: 10376: 10118: 10113: 10083: 10078: 10042: 10012: 9991:Rap and hip-hop 9962: 9943:Public holidays 9928:Persian gardens 9917:Imperial Anthem 9908:National Jewels 9863:Iranian studies 9752: 9686: 9638: 9570: 9531:Persian (Farsi) 9504: 9483: 9452: 9414: 9407: 9342:Pharmaceuticals 9287: 9278:Venture capital 9253:Rial (currency) 9238:Nuclear program 9117: 9096: 9063: 9022: 8973:Nuclear program 8938:Judicial system 8860: 8843: 8814:Iranian plateau 8741: 8720: 8604: 8526: 8508: 8495: 8463:History (1979–) 8462: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8438: 8405: 8381: 8350: 8342: 8334: 8326: 8318: 8310: 8302: 8294: 8281: 8275: 8267: 8259: 8251: 8244: 8236: 8228: 8220: 8212: 8204: 8191: 8185: 8177: 8169: 8161: 8153: 8145: 8137: 8129: 8121: 8105: 8095: 8089: 8076: 8070: 8062: 8054: 8046: 8038: 8030: 8022: 8014: 8006: 7993: 7987: 7986:Neo-Babylonian 7979: 7971: 7964:(860 BC–590 BC) 7963: 7955: 7947: 7939: 7932:(c.2300–675 BC) 7931: 7923: 7915: 7907: 7899: 7879: 7866: 7853: 7847: 7802:Wayback Machine 7755:Wayback Machine 7736: 7653: 7651:Further reading 7648: 7643: 7639: 7629: 7627: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7508:Iranian Studies 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7467: 7451: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7360: 7358: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7312: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7271: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7252:. 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May 14, 2019. 5272: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5080:10.1038/444022a 5065:(7115): 22–25. 5051: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4966: 4965: 4958: 4939:Social Research 4935: 4931: 4900: 4896: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4750:Iranian Studies 4746: 4739: 4732: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4684: 4677: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4642: 4603: 4596: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4491: 4477: 4473: 4458: 4442: 4438: 4420: 4400: 4396: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4363: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4289:"Women in Iran" 4287: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4269:. March 8, 2018 4261: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4074:Parvin E'tesami 4070:Simin Daneshvar 4066:Simin Behbahani 4032:Jury Prize for 4000:Hana Makhmalbaf 3976:Tahmineh Milani 3942:Satellite Award 3927: 3921: 3846: 3836: 3808:Âtash-e khâmush 3796:Simin Daneshvar 3776:Simin Behbahani 3771: 3765: 3760: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3646:Nasrin Sotoudeh 3630:Nasrin Sotoudeh 3613:Guidance Patrol 3595: 3581: 3549: 3506: 3504:Fashion in Iran 3500: 3401: 3393:Main articles: 3391: 3365:Iraqi Kurdistan 3345: 3339: 3327: 3317: 3264: 3258: 3230:According to a 3196: 3190: 3069:Sedigheh Hejazi 3018:Zahra Rahnavard 2994:Masumeh Ebtekar 2975:1979 revolution 2966: 2963: 2960: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2778: 2760: 2747: 2731:Sahar Khodayari 2712:nationality law 2675:Fatemeh Bodaghi 2576: 2561: 2521:moral character 2489:Iran became an 2475: 2396: 2394:Pahlavi Dynasty 2337: 2332: 2330:Islamic periods 2325: 2323:Brooklyn Museum 2309: 2300: 2286: 2277: 2270: 2261: 2247: 2182:Cyrus the Great 2168:are divided by 2117:possessed high 2103:Shahr-e Sukhteh 2087: 2073: 2068: 2036: 2006:Iran portal 2000: 1998: 1993: 1989:Kurdish cuisine 1984:Caspian cuisine 1979:Balochi cuisine 1970: 1957: 1923: 1910: 1848: 1835: 1817: 1799: 1781: 1762: 1729:Culture of Iran 1710: 1681: 1680: 1016: 1006: 1005: 998: 986:Track and field 873: 863: 862: 814: 813:Popular culture 806: 805: 734: 733: 718: 717: 672:Science fiction 618: 617: 599: 598: 582: 533: 532: 514: 513: 489:Venture capital 454:Law enforcement 359: 344:Animal advocacy 340: 320: 317:Women's history 312: 201: 179: 168: 167: 166: 161: 155: 152: 145: 133:This article's 129: 114: 103: 97: 94: 83: 68: 64: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 10520: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10473: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10429: 10427: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10388: 10386: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10128: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10116:Women in Asia 10112: 10111: 10104: 10097: 10089: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10076: 10066: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10024: 10022: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9972: 9970: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9960: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9894: 9880: 9875: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9786: 9780: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9705: 9700: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9669: 9664: 9654: 9648: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9589: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9527: 9525: 9516: 9506: 9505: 9493: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9419: 9417: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9375: 9365: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9308: 9297: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9140: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9119: 9118: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9092:Supreme Leader 9089: 9084: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9054:Local councils 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9030: 9028: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8954: 8949: 8940: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8931:Women's rights 8928: 8923: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8893: 8888: 8878: 8872: 8870: 8862: 8861: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8782:Climate change 8774: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8752: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8666:Jiroft culture 8663: 8662: 8661: 8654:Iranic peoples 8651: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8630:Persianization 8627: 8622: 8616: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8504: 8499: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8458: 8456: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8400: 8398: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8346: 8338: 8330: 8322: 8314: 8306: 8298: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8248: 8240: 8237:(1135/36-1225) 8232: 8224: 8216: 8208: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8181: 8173: 8165: 8157: 8149: 8141: 8133: 8125: 8116: 8114: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8066: 8058: 8050: 8047:(c.295–220 BC) 8042: 8034: 8026: 8018: 8010: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7983: 7975: 7967: 7959: 7951: 7943: 7935: 7927: 7919: 7911: 7906:Proto-Elamite 7903: 7894: 7892: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7868: 7867: 7855: 7854: 7846: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7805: 7794:Women of IRAN' 7790: 7779: 7768: 7762: 7757: 7745: 7735: 7734:External links 7732: 7731: 7730: 7713: 7710: 7696: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7670: 7660: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7637: 7611: 7586: 7569:"Feminist Ink" 7559: 7541: 7498: 7472: 7465: 7445: 7419: 7394: 7368: 7346: 7322: 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May 13, 2019 7296: 7281: 7255: 7237: 7211: 7185: 7173: 7164: 7138: 7115: 7091: 7071: 7043: 7021: 7003: 6997:978-1441197344 6996: 6973: 6966: 6939: 6922: 6896: 6874: 6856: 6838: 6820: 6795: 6768:(5496): 1485. 6752: 6727: 6709: 6675: 6652: 6630: 6604: 6563: 6522: 6507: 6481: 6442:(12): e05649. 6422: 6403: 6385: 6366: 6353: 6315: 6293: 6270: 6226: 6207:(3): 453–466. 6191: 6155: 6146: 6105: 6094:on May 1, 2013 6079: 6055: 6046: 6000: 5989:. NationMaster 5978: 5971: 5926: 5876: 5825: 5804:10.1086/378248 5798:(3): 269–286. 5779: 5757: 5707: 5678: 5655: 5648: 5642:. p. 85. 5624: 5597: 5569: 5542: 5513:(in Persian). 5492: 5467: 5448:(in Persian). 5437: 5421: 5391: 5373: 5355: 5337: 5319: 5301: 5283: 5265: 5243: 5225: 5207: 5194: 5168: 5142: 5124: 5102: 5045: 5036: 5024: 5013: 4999: 4977: 4972:indexmundi.com 4956: 4945:(2): 405–438. 4929: 4894: 4877: 4868: 4854: 4845: 4836: 4801: 4775: 4737: 4730: 4706: 4699: 4675: 4662: 4640: 4613:(2): 297–317. 4594: 4581: 4572: 4555: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4489: 4471: 4456: 4436: 4418: 4394: 4379: 4352: 4330: 4305: 4280: 4254: 4240: 4208: 4183: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4109: 4106:Society portal 4093: 4090: 4054:Qatran Tabrizi 3920: 3917: 3890:respectively. 3880:Soodabeh Salem 3835: 3832: 3784:Parvin Etesami 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3748:Khodanur Lojei 3736:Nika Shakarami 3691: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3602:Masih Alinejad 3580: 3577: 3548: 3545: 3499: 3496: 3482:Iranian cinema 3390: 3387: 3341:Main article: 3338: 3335: 3316: 3313: 3257: 3254: 3192:Main article: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3160:Azam Taleghani 3157: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3145:Fatemeh Rakeei 3142: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3052:Zeynab Society 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3014:Marzieh Dabbaq 3010:Fatemeh Javadi 3006:Elaheh Koulaei 2998:Azam Taleghani 2988:Some, such as 2983:Mahnaz Afkhami 2968: 2967: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2759: 2756: 2746: 2743: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2574: 2571: 2544:contraceptives 2474: 2471: 2416:women's rights 2395: 2392: 2359:classic work, 2342:carpet weaving 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2271: 2264: 2262: 2248: 2241: 2215:, daughter of 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2012: 2009: 2008: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1694: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1631:United Kingdom 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003:List of sports 1000: 999: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 874: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 859: 858: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 827: 826: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 777: 776: 771: 766: 756: 751: 746: 741: 735: 732: 731: 725: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716: 715: 710: 709: 708: 703: 693: 688: 687: 686: 676: 675: 674: 664: 659: 658: 657: 655:"Chick flicks" 647: 642: 641: 640: 638:Women's cinema 630: 625: 619: 616: 615: 612: 606: 605: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 591: 586: 579: 574: 569: 568: 567: 566: 565: 550: 545: 540: 534: 531: 530: 527: 521: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 435: 434: 433: 432: 422: 417: 412: 402: 401: 400: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 364: 363: 356: 346: 339: 338: 332: 331: 328: 327: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 297: 296: 292: 291: 283: 282: 279: 275: 274: 271: 267: 266: 260: 259: 256: 252: 251: 248: 244: 243: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 225: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 204: 195: 194: 181: 180: 163: 162: 142:the key points 132: 130: 123: 116: 115: 71: 69: 62: 57: 31: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10519: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10502:Women in Iran 10500: 10499: 10497: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10472: 10464: 10463: 10460: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10423: 10419: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10407:South Ossetia 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10105: 10103: 10098: 10096: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10065: 10057: 10056: 10053: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10019: 10009: 10008: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9898: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9887:news agencies 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9680: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9641: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9455: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9290: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9248:Privatization 9246: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9111: 9107: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8854: 8850: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8740: 8735: 8731: 8717: 8716:Years in Iran 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8640:Turco-Persian 8638: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8509:War (1980–88) 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8347: 8345: 8339: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8315: 8313: 8307: 8305: 8301:Qara Qoyunlu 8299: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8249: 8247: 8241: 8239: 8233: 8231: 8225: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8209: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8180: 8174: 8172: 8166: 8164: 8158: 8156: 8150: 8148: 8142: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8126: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8102: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8065: 8059: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8027: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8011: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998:550 BC–AD 224 7996: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7954:Neo-Assyrian 7952: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7936: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7912: 7910: 7904: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7844: 7839: 7837: 7832: 7830: 7825: 7824: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7641: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7574: 7570: 7563: 7552: 7545: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7449: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7343:9780521528917 7340: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7292: 7285: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7168: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7113: 7112:9780226041476 7109: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7088:9780520255180 7085: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7047: 7031: 7025: 7014: 7007: 6999: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6980: 6978: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6884: 6878: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6749:(in Italian). 6748: 6741: 6734: 6732: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6705: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6662:(fall 1993). 6661: 6660:Hoodfar, Homa 6656: 6645:September 21, 6641:. Summer 2000 6640: 6634: 6618: 6617:العربیه فارسی 6614: 6608: 6600: 6594: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6553: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6518: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6364: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6300: 6296: 6294:9780415391788 6290: 6283: 6282: 6274: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6184:September 20, 6176: 6169: 6162: 6160: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6065: 6059: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5988: 5982: 5974: 5972:9780815632139 5968: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5784: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5762: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5700:September 23, 5695: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5671:September 29, 5666: 5659: 5651: 5649:9781441197344 5645: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5628: 5613: 5612: 5611:Radio Zamaneh 5607: 5601: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5538: 5532: 5521:September 29, 5516: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5496: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5434:0-8108-2994-0 5431: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5333: 5332:StadiumDB.com 5329: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5253: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5161:September 23, 5156: 5152: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5112: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4849: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4588:Foran, John. 4585: 4576: 4569: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4390: 4383: 4368: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4341: 4334: 4319: 4312: 4310: 4298:September 29, 4294: 4290: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4250: 4244: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4193: 4187: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3946:Academy Award 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3905:Elvis Presley 3902: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3834:Iranian music 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3814:(Mourners of 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3755: 3753: 3752:Kian Pirfalak 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626:Vida Movahedi 3622: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3269:Census Bureau 3263: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3130:Zahra Shojaei 3128: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2880:City Councils 2877: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2739:Azadi Stadium 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2646:Graduates (%) 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2495:civil service 2492: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2425:Kashf-e hijab 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2378:(1789–1925), 2377: 2376:Qajar dynasty 2372: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2335:Qajar Dynasty 2324: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2154:queen consort 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:women in Iran 2033: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2010: 2007: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1636:United States 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1206:FS Micronesia 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1004: 997: 996:Winter sports 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 872: 867: 866: 857: 854: 853: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 831:Film industry 829: 825: 822: 821: 820: 817: 816: 810: 809: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 736: 730: 727: 726: 722: 721: 714: 711: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 697: 694: 692: 691:Photographers 689: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 673: 670: 669: 668: 665: 663: 660: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 646: 643: 639: 636: 635: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 613: 611: 608: 607: 603: 602: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 580: 578: 575: 573: 572:Organizations 570: 564: 561: 560: 559: 556: 555: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 528: 526: 523: 522: 518: 517: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 499:Voting rights 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 431: 428: 427: 426: 425:Queen regnant 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 406: 403: 399: 396: 395: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 362: 357: 355: 352: 351: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324: 318: 315: 314: 308: 307: 303: 299: 298: 294: 293: 289: 288: 280: 276: 272: 268: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 224: 219: 215: 213: 209: 205: 200: 196: 191: 188:Women in Iran 185: 177: 174: 159: 149: 143: 141: 136: 131: 127: 122: 121: 112: 109: 101: 91: 87: 81: 80: 76: 70: 61: 60: 55: 53: 46: 45: 40: 39: 34: 29: 20: 19: 16: 10422:Dependencies 10352:Turkmenistan 10317:Saudi Arabia 10206: 10021:Other topics 10005: 9933:Persian name 9872:Islamization 9814: 9774:Architecture 9747: 9727:universities 9672:Zoroastrians 9667:Christianity 9657:Baháʼí Faith 9607:Azerbaijanis 9514:Demographics 9328:Construction 9316:Central Bank 9258:Space Agency 9153:Child labour 8988:Principlists 8968:Cyberwarfare 8916:Human rights 8881:Constitution 8676:Azerbaijanis 8645:Indo-Persian 8625:Greater Iran 8496:siege (1980) 8455:1979–present 8106:early modern 8104:Medieval and 7898:Kura-Araxes 7812: 7807: 7793: 7787: 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