348:
357:
366:
66:
610:(Recommended Exposure Limits or REL), and Germany's influential MAK values are not just regulatory benchmarks; they are essential for learning about monitoring. Understanding these standards becomes a lens through which the monitoring process gains clarity and significance, promoting a universal language of occupational health. In essence, these standards aim to ensure that workplaces worldwide adhere to the highest safety standards through an interdependent relationship between regulations and careful observation. They show what different groups think is safe, using different considerations.
135:
356:
206:
233:. Handheld electronic monitors give instantaneous readouts, but can experience interference from similar compounds, and the user must be knowledgeable enough to calibrate the device, and interpret its results with the specific device's limitations in mind. Fixed air monitors do not require an operator and can be left on continuously. Electronic instruments may be designed to detect one or several gasses.
584:
worker’s health. One key aspect involves the comparison of exposure monitoring results with established health and safety guidelines. This analysis acts as a checkpoint, precisely aligning exposure levels with permissible limits and indicating when corrective measures are necessary. This combination of exposure monitoring with standards forms the backbone of a comprehensive approach to workplace safety.
891:
595:(ISEA), demonstrate the intersection of regulations and monitoring. The Safety Equipment Institute's third-party certification testing further solidifies this connection, ensuring the effectiveness and reliability of exposure monitoring equipment. It is through such standards that the monitoring process becomes a well-defined and reliable tool in supporting workplace safety.
365:
583:
Within the domain of workplace exposure monitoring, it is really important to follow certain standards and methods of doing things to make sure workers stay safe. Particularly, these standards are naturally linked to the monitoring process, forming a strong foundation for safeguarding and protecting
491:
device; as the air flow rate also affects size selection, pump calibration is important. Another size selection device is an impactor, where the air stream flows through a nozzle toward an impaction surface, where larger particles impact the surface, while smaller particles are deflected and remain
106:
A monitoring plan requires understanding of the work tasks being performed and by whom, and the hazards associated with them. It is important to monitor a statistically representative population. Workers are often divided into "similar exposure groups" with similar work assignments and contaminant
157:
or powered air pump for spot measurements, or by diffusion for long-term measurements. The chemical concentration is generally determined by the length of the color stain in the tube, although a few use a comparison of the intensity of the stain to a color chart. They are sensitive in the percent
347:
294:
Aerosol photometers utilize light scattering as a detection method, and generally are lighter, more rugged, and have continuous readout relative to other direct-reading aerosol monitors. Photometers generally cannot discriminate between different types of aerosol, and background dust and water
403:. The sampling method is often chosen to match the desired analysis method. Personal air-sampling pumps pull air into a charcoal tube or filter cassette for laboratory analysis. They are more accurate than other methods, but are bulkier to wear and require more specialized knowledge to use.
152:
Gas detector tubes are glass tubes filled with a solid granular material incorporating a chemical color change reagent. Detector tubes are available for over 300 gases, vapors, and aerosols in air, with each tube specific for one or a few chemicals. Air may be passed through the tube with a
102:
Instrumentation includes direct-reading instruments, sampling pumps, and stationary monitoring devices. Samples need to be sent to a laboratory for analysis, which requires a delay of hours or days. By contrast, direct-read instruments provide data immediately. Direct-read instruments are
534:, but must be analyzed in a laboratory, require collection of environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity, and are usually more expensive. Vapor monitor badges are available for a limited number of chemicals, but some that are available include
462:
materials are selected because their masses are less affected by changes in humidity. For microscopy, cellulose ester or polycarbonate membranes are preferred as the former can be rendered transparent, while the latter have a smooth collection surface. For
482:
Sampling usually distinguishes between total, inhalable, thoracic, and respirable dust. These categories correspond to how deep the particulates are deposited in the lung, with the respirable fraction being small enough to be deposited in its
492:
in the air stream. In some applications, impactors are simply used to remove larger particles before collection or characterization. For bioaerosols, they may also be used as collection devices themselves, as in an
Andersen impactor where
182:. Other chemical reactions may occur before the color change reaction. While fast and inexpensive, they generally only have accuracy within 20%, have the potential for interference with other chemicals, and may be temperature sensitive.
295:
droplets can overwhelm readings for the target aerosol. For quantitative measurements, it is necessary to calibrate with an aerosol similar in refractive index and particle size to the one being measured.
1014:
McCoy, Kimberly D.; Beekmann, Susan E.; Ferguson, Kristi J.; Vaughn, Thomas E.; Torner, James C.; Woolson, Robert F.; Doebbeling, Bradley N. (2001-02). "Monitoring adherence to
Standard Precautions".
103:
sometimes used for screening before taking samples. Calibration and maintenance is an important function, especially if quality assurance standards are mandated for that workplace.
499:
Bulk samples of suspected contaminants may be taken to compare with air samples or for additional analysis that requires more material. Field blanks may be used as a
530:
Diffusive samplers, also known as passive monitors or badges, require no pump but are less accurate and sensitive. These vapor monitor badges are more accurate than
603:
288:
between the electrodes. Because of the low power requirements and small size, they can be used in personal monitors that have dosimeter and alarm functions.
607:
587:
An example of this collaboration lies in the ANSI/ISEA standard 102-1990, specifically addressing gas detection tubes. These standards, created by the
977:
Lindsley, William G.; Green, Brett J.; Blachere, Francoise M.; Martin, Stephen B.; Law, Brandon F.; Jensen, Paul A.; Schafer, Millie P. (2017-03-01).
310:(GC/MS) may be used. Portable GC/MS instruments are capable of detecting substances at the parts-per-billion to parts-per-trillion level, including
284:) or capillary system which allows the gas to diffuse into the cell containing the liquid or gel electrolyte and the electrodes, causing a change in
511:
For organic vapors and gases, solid sorbent sampling tubes may be used with charcoal and other sorbents as the sampling media and an active pump.
598:
As we delve into the complex landscape of workplace safety, the narrative extends globally, merging in internationally recognized organizations.
185:
For chemical warfare agents, specialized detection papers or kits, and colorimetric tubes can be used. For biological agents, protein paper and
45:
A wide array of methods and instrumentation are used in workplace exposure monitoring. Direct-read instruments give immediate data, and include
121:, some methods can determine if a suspect material is of biological origin without identifying it, while identification requires other methods.
107:
exposure profiles. Data must be validated, reported, and communicated. Exposure monitoring may be targeted to individual workers, or areas.
599:
592:
307:
1092:
908:
661:
588:
117:
that are below the sensitivity threshold for most typical monitoring methods, and often require specialized equipment. For
488:
375:
38:. Exposure monitoring analyzes hazardous substances in the air or on surfaces of a workplace, and is complementary to
784:
57:. In addition, samples may be collected and sent to a laboratory for slower but often more thorough analysis.
524:
230:
142:
70:
46:
303:
88:
35:
812:
479:
are also useful for bioaerosols as they collect samples in a liquid to avoid them losing their viability.
1087:
114:
83:, which are both electronic direct-read instruments; and two air-sampling pumps for filter-based analysis
503:
to determine if contamination occurred before analysis or during sample handling, shipping, or storage.
39:
944:
280:. Mercury vapor analyzers are also used. Electrochemical gas sensors use a porous membrane (normally
539:
299:
285:
194:
163:
214:
96:
420:
331:
318:, some instruments can indicate the presence of biological material, such as particle analyzers,
281:
189:
can indicate the presence of biological material, while identification can be done with handheld
327:
110:
740:
702:
870:
841:
419:(PVC) filters are often used for sample collection. Other membrane filter materials include
218:
65:
240:, explosibility sensors for combustible gas, and toxic gas sensors for substances including
455:
291:
Photoionization detectors can continuously monitor for chemicals but cannot identify them.
99:
costs, or belief in a right or responsibility to understand health risks in the workplace.
92:
158:
to parts-per-billion range. The color change reactions include production of molecular
8:
444:
31:
1097:
1042:
Portable
Colorimetric Tubes for Chemical Vapor Detection: Market Survey Report" (PDF).
557:
476:
448:
416:
379:
564:
collect samples in a fluid; they are especially useful in high humidity environments.
1057:
1027:
667:
657:
547:
171:
167:
27:
978:
575:, and nitrous oxide, as well as whole air samples for forensic-type investigations.
1023:
649:
512:
500:
315:
273:
261:
249:
245:
118:
87:
Exposure monitoring may be done for reasons of regulatory compliance, selection of
54:
572:
520:
428:
241:
134:
23:
785:"Portable Colorimetric Tubes for Chemical Vapor Detection: Market Survey Report"
645:
Industrial hygiene: improving worker health through an operational risk approach
314:, explosives, hazardous industrial chemicals, and chemical warfare agents. For
568:
543:
531:
436:
253:
146:
16:
Monitoring of substances in a workplace that are chemical or biological hazards
671:
1081:
1064:, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 2525–2570
895:
551:
472:
440:
237:
236:
Gas monitors may be single, dual, or multi-gas monitors. Some types include
643:
535:
484:
412:
396:
277:
257:
226:
222:
186:
179:
77:
50:
943:
McCammon, Charles S.; Woebkenberg, Mary Lynn; Ashley, Kevin (2016-04-01).
653:
561:
383:
323:
319:
190:
487:
region. The particle size selection may be determined through use of a
516:
515:
is the most common sorbent used, with other typical sorbents including
493:
464:
459:
392:
49:
indicators such as gas detector tubes, and electronic devices such as
519:, porous polymers, synthetic carbonaceous sorbents, coated sorbents,
424:
265:
154:
42:, which instead analyzes toxicants or their effects within workers.
400:
311:
205:
374:
Three types of air sample collectors: left to right, a filter and
894:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
468:
269:
909:"Field Portable Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer Instruments"
747:. U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2014-02-11
709:. U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2014-02-11
642:
Alston, Frances; Millikin, Emily J.; Piispanen, William (2018).
431:. Additionally, quartz or glass fiber filters may be used for
159:
432:
175:
69:
Instruments typically used for monitoring of particulates: a
988:. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
954:. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
880:. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
851:. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
976:
945:"General considerations for sampling airborne contaminants"
454:
The analysis method affects the type of filter used. For
942:
22:
is the monitoring of substances in a workplace that are
641:
871:"Aerosol photometers for respirable dust measurements"
1062:
391:
Samples may be collected through a gas sampling bag,
213:
Electronic direct-read instruments for gases include
1058:"Diacetyl [MAK Value Documentation, 2015]"
225:. For dust and particulates, instruments include
1079:
813:"Dräger-Tubes & CMS-Handbook, 16th edition"
30:. It is performed in the context of workplace
979:"Sampling and characterization of bioaerosols"
496:are directly used as the impaction surfaces.
378:apparatus, a diffusive sampler badge, and an
1046:. 2014-05-12. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
209:A multi-gas monitor with an instruction card
741:"Technical Equipment: On-site Measurements"
578:
567:Gas sampling bags are often used to sample
593:International Safety Equipment Association
124:
842:"Portable electrochemical sensor methods"
471:filters ease transferring the samples to
703:"Personal Sampling for Air Contaminants"
204:
145:testing devices contain substances that
133:
64:
1055:
602:(Permissible exposure limits or PELs),
443:straight pore filters are suitable for
138:A colorimetric gas detector tube in use
1080:
1038:
1036:
1016:American Journal of Infection Control
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
972:
970:
968:
868:
589:American National Standards Institute
1044:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
938:
936:
934:
932:
916:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
792:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
308:gas chromatograph–mass spectrometers
839:
13:
1033:
999:
986:NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
965:
952:NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
878:NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
849:NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
606:(Threshold Limit Values or TLVs),
166:reactions of metal salts, various
14:
1109:
929:
758:
720:
678:
620:
889:
364:
355:
346:
1049:
406:
129:
1093:Occupational safety and health
901:
862:
833:
805:
306:, and van-mounted or portable
231:condensation particle counters
91:to implement, verification of
1:
869:Baron, Paul A. (1998-01-15).
648:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
613:
304:surface acoustic wave sensors
298:For chemical warfare agents,
200:
71:condensation particle counter
20:Workplace exposure monitoring
115:occupational exposure limits
7:
337:
60:
10:
1114:
1056:Hartwig, A. (2016-10-26),
1026::10.1067/mic.2001.111226.
794:. 2014-05-12. pp. 1–4
467:collected to be cultured,
300:ion-mobility spectrometers
147:change color upon exposure
286:electrochemical potential
215:photoionization detectors
195:polymerase chain reaction
149:to a certain substance.
579:Standards and regulation
506:
421:polytetrafluoroethylene
125:Direct-read instruments
111:Chemical warfare agents
822:. 2011. pp. 22–25
210:
139:
84:
745:OSHA Technical Manual
707:OSHA Technical Manual
654:10.1201/9781351131711
208:
137:
97:workers' compensation
68:
475:, but are fragile.
456:gravimetric analysis
93:engineering controls
81:(blue device at top)
445:electron microscopy
227:aerosol photometers
113:have extremely low
32:exposure assessment
1088:Industrial hygiene
525:thermal desorption
513:Activated charcoal
449:X-ray fluorescence
417:polyvinyl chloride
219:infrared analyzers
211:
193:and semi-portable
172:aromatic compounds
168:addition reactions
140:
85:
78:aerosol photometer
28:biological hazards
663:978-1-351-13169-8
316:biological agents
119:biological agents
55:particle counters
1105:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1012:
997:
996:
994:
993:
983:
974:
963:
962:
960:
959:
949:
940:
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926:
924:
923:
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905:
899:
893:
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888:
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885:
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866:
860:
859:
857:
856:
846:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
817:
809:
803:
802:
800:
799:
789:
781:
756:
755:
753:
752:
737:
718:
717:
715:
714:
699:
676:
675:
639:
521:molecular sieves
501:negative control
429:cellulose esters
368:
359:
350:
274:hydrogen cyanide
262:chlorine dioxide
250:nitrogen dioxide
246:hydrogen sulfide
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1065:
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1050:
1041:
1034:
1013:
1000:
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989:
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975:
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907:
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902:
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883:
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873:
867:
863:
854:
852:
844:
840:Woodfin, W. J.
838:
834:
825:
823:
815:
811:
810:
806:
797:
795:
787:
783:
782:
759:
750:
748:
739:
738:
721:
712:
710:
701:
700:
679:
664:
640:
621:
616:
591:(ANSI) and the
581:
573:carbon monoxide
532:diffusion tubes
509:
409:
389:
388:
387:
386:
371:
370:
369:
361:
360:
352:
351:
340:
242:carbon monoxide
203:
178:reactions, and
132:
127:
89:hazard controls
63:
36:risk assessment
17:
12:
11:
5:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1074:
1073:
1048:
1032:
998:
964:
928:
900:
861:
832:
804:
757:
719:
677:
662:
618:
617:
615:
612:
580:
577:
569:carbon dioxide
544:ethylene oxide
540:organic vapors
508:
505:
437:diesel exhaust
408:
405:
373:
372:
363:
362:
354:
353:
345:
344:
343:
342:
341:
339:
336:
334:for proteins.
254:sulfur dioxide
238:oxygen sensors
202:
199:
131:
128:
126:
123:
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
987:
980:
973:
971:
969:
953:
946:
939:
937:
935:
933:
917:
910:
904:
897:
896:public domain
879:
872:
865:
850:
843:
836:
821:
820:Dräger Safety
814:
808:
793:
786:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
746:
742:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
708:
704:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
673:
669:
665:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
619:
611:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
585:
576:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
553:
552:nitrous oxide
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
486:
480:
478:
474:
473:culture media
470:
466:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
441:polycarbonate
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
404:
402:
398:
394:
385:
381:
377:
367:
358:
349:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
207:
198:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
180:pH indicators
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:precipitation
161:
156:
150:
148:
144:
136:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
82:
79:
75:
72:
67:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
40:biomonitoring
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1066:, retrieved
1061:
1051:
1043:
1022:(1): 24–31.
1019:
1015:
990:. Retrieved
985:
956:. Retrieved
951:
920:. Retrieved
918:. 2019-10-01
915:
903:
882:. Retrieved
877:
864:
853:. Retrieved
848:
835:
824:. Retrieved
819:
807:
796:. Retrieved
791:
749:. Retrieved
744:
711:. Retrieved
706:
644:
597:
586:
582:
566:
556:
536:formaldehyde
529:
510:
498:
494:Petri dishes
485:gas exchange
481:
453:
427:, and mixed
413:particulates
410:
407:Particulates
397:sorbent tube
390:
332:colorimeters
324:luminometers
320:fluorometers
297:
293:
290:
235:
223:gas monitors
212:
191:immunoassays
184:
151:
143:Colorimetric
141:
130:Colorimetric
109:
105:
101:
86:
80:
73:
53:and aerosol
51:gas monitors
47:colorimetric
44:
19:
18:
465:bioaerosols
460:hygroscopic
95:, reducing
1082:Categories
1068:2023-11-22
992:2021-04-06
958:2021-04-06
922:2021-04-17
884:2021-04-06
855:2021-04-06
826:2021-04-17
798:2021-04-17
751:2021-04-01
713:2021-04-01
672:1024312506
614:References
517:silica gel
451:analysis.
433:mercaptans
425:copolymers
201:Electronic
1098:Detectors
1030:0196-6553
558:Impingers
477:Impingers
322:for DNA,
312:narcotics
266:phosphine
197:systems.
155:hand pump
562:bubblers
423:(PTFE),
380:impinger
338:Sampling
278:hydrogen
258:chlorine
187:pH paper
61:Overview
24:chemical
548:mercury
527:tubes.
489:cyclone
469:gelatin
384:bubbler
376:cyclone
270:ammonia
670:
660:
550:, and
523:, and
458:, non-
439:, and
393:filter
330:, and
276:, and
221:, and
160:iodine
74:(left)
982:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
912:(PDF)
874:(PDF)
845:(PDF)
816:(PDF)
788:(PDF)
608:NIOSH
604:ACGIH
507:Gases
399:, or
176:redox
1028:ISSN
668:OCLC
658:ISBN
600:OSHA
560:and
447:and
435:and
411:For
401:wipe
382:and
326:for
282:PTFE
229:and
34:and
1024:doi
650:doi
328:ATP
170:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
