153:
Significant muscle pain and cramping may result from very minor exertions like holding a book and turning pages. It may become difficult to find a comfortable position for arms and legs with even the minor exertions associated with holding arms crossed causing significant pain similar to restless leg syndrome. Affected persons may notice trembling in the diaphragm while breathing, or the need to place hands in pockets, under legs while sitting or under pillows while sleeping to keep them still and to reduce pain. Trembling in the jaw may be felt and heard while lying down, and the constant movement to avoid pain may result in the grinding and wearing down of teeth, or symptoms similar to
161:
speed of about 10 Hz causing them to pulsate, tremble and contort. When called upon to perform an intentional activity, the muscles fatigue very quickly and some portions of the muscle groups do not respond (causing weakness) while other portions over-respond or become rigid (causing micro-tears under load). The symptoms worsen significantly with use, especially in the case of focal dystonia, and a "mirror effect" is often observed in other body parts: use of the right hand may cause pain and cramping in that hand as well as in the other hand and legs that were not being used. Stress, anxiety, lack of sleep, sustained use and cold temperatures can worsen symptoms.
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cited, though it is not helpful in all cases. Behavioral retraining attempts may include writing devices, switching hands, occupational therapy, biofeedback, constraint-induced motion therapy, and others. Some writing instruments allow variations of pressure application for use. None of these are effective in all cases, however. The work of Dr.
157:. The voice may crack frequently or become harsh, triggering frequent throat clearing. Swallowing can become difficult and accompanied by painful cramping. Patients may also present with varying degree of disability and symptoms, such as experiencing more difficulty writing down-stroke as compared to writing upstroke.
205:
Although dystonias may be induced by chemical exposure/ingestion, brain injury, or hereditary/genetic predisposition, the task-specific focal dystonias such as writer's cramp are a unique challenge to diagnose and treat. Some cases may respond to chemical injections - botulinum toxin (botox) is often
188:
Musician's cramp (a similar focal dystonia which affects less than 1% of instrumentalists) has historically been grouped together with writer's cramp because of this and their common task-specificity. Rosenkranz et al. have more recently identified significant differences between the two populations,
177:
Although the cause of writer's cramp is not well known, it was historically believed to be the result of excessive fine motor activity, possibly complicated by a tense or otherwise inappropriate writing technique. More recently, Karin
Rosenkranz et al. have suggested that this is not necessarily the
160:
Electrical sensors (EMG) inserted into affected muscle groups, while painful, can provide a definitive diagnosis by showing pulsating nerve signals being transmitted to the muscles even when they are at rest. The brain appears to signal portions of fibers within the affected muscle groups at a firing
126:
of the hand. 'Focal' refers to the symptoms being limited to one location (the hand in this case), and 'task-specific' means that symptoms first occur only when the individual engages in a particular activity. Writer's cramp first affects an individual by interfering with their ability to write,
168:
In some cases, symptoms may progress and then plateau for years, or stop progressing entirely. The progression may be delayed by treatment or adaptive lifestyle changes, while forced continued use may make symptoms progress more rapidly. In others, the symptoms may progress to total disability,
152:
More specifically, early symptoms may include loss of precision muscle coordination (sometimes first manifested in declining penmanship, frequent small injuries to the hands, dropped items and a noticeable increase in dropped or chipped dishes), cramping pain with sustained use and trembling.
164:
Direct symptoms may be accompanied by secondary effects of the continuous muscle and brain activity, including disturbed sleep patterns, exhaustion, mood swings, mental stress, difficulty concentrating, blurred vision, digestive problems and short temper. People with dystonia may also become
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depressed and find great difficulty adapting their activities and livelihood to a progressing disability. Side effects from treatment and medications can also present challenges in normal activities.
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of adult onset, characterized by abnormal posturing and movement of the hand and/or forearm during tasks requiring skilled hand use, such as writing. Overcontraction of affected muscles,
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Onset usually occurs between the ages of 30 and 50 years and often starts with a feeling of tension in fingers and forearms that interferes with writing fluency.
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374:"Pathophysiology of writer's cramp: an exploratory study on task-specificity and non-motor symptoms using an extended fine-motor testing battery"
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component to focal hand dystonia (FHD). In fact, up to 20% of those with writer's cramp have a family member with some form of dystonia.
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however. No matter exactly how it arises, researchers generally agree that these types of focal dystonia are the result of a
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A. J. Lees, N. Turjanski, et al. "Treatment of cervical dystonia hand spasms and laryngeal dystonia with botulinum toxin."
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Intertwined. How to induce neuroplasticity. A new approach to rehabilitating dystonias"', Galene
Editions. Amsterdam 2012.
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Karin
Rosenkranz, Aaron Williamon, et al. "Pathophysiological difference between musician's dystonia and writer's cramp."
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studies report a prevalence of 7â69 per million population for writer's cramp, which explains its recognition as a
1923:
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Hans-Christian
Jabusch and Eckart Altenmuller. "Epidemiology, phenomenology, and therapy of musician's cramp" in
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2010:
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Rana, AQ, Saeed, U. "Diversity of responses to writer's dystonia - a condition resistant to treatment".
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Amouzandeh, Ali; Grossbach, Michael; Hermsdörfer, Joachim; AltenmĂŒller, Eckart (2017-08-08).
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1990:
1968:
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119:, and activation of muscles inappropriate to a task all impair use of the affected hand.
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348:"Dystonia Medical Research Foundation: Hand Dystonia/Writer's Cramp | Quick Facts"
108:
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making some of the more risky forms of treatment worth considering in the future.
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Sataloff, Robert Thayer, Alice G. Brandfonbrener, and
Richard J. Lederman, eds.
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1978:
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can be prescribed for off-label use, as some patients have had success.
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Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
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3354:
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2718:
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1995:
1733:
1658:
1019:
970:
958:
941:
873:
3630:
3117:
2987:
2521:
2191:
2158:
2084:
1494:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
1199:
1191:
1157:
1011:
914:
238:
182:
138:
678:
3416:
2239:
2054:
1238:
979:
946:
584:
2676:
2017:
319:
Reference Module in
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology
2190:
514:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006: 265-282.
2463:
210:
has shown that proprioceptive stimulation can induce
3329:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1608:
459:"Writer's Cramp - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
562:
181:
Recent studies point out that there appears to be a
3515:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
3300:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
2878:
1626:
3747:
3312:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
2035:
548:Dystonia. The Canadian Movement Disorder group.
3360:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
436:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
2808:
3324:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
3274:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
2864:
1594:
664:
493:
491:
293:
291:
289:
287:
16:Movement disorder of the hand and/or forearm
1383:
2968:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
2871:
2857:
2498:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
1765:
1601:
1587:
671:
657:
488:
267:Pearce, J. "A note on scrivener's palsy."
127:especially for prolonged periods of time.
58:
407:
389:
284:
2761:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
2357:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
3494:Immediately dangerous to life or health
485:. New York: Raven Press, 1991. (p. 197)
3748:
3681:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
2953:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
1460:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
1133:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
378:Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders
2852:
2807:
2675:
2610:
2462:
2189:
2034:
1944:
1764:
1625:
1582:
652:
550:http://cmdg.org/Dystonia/dystonia.htm
144:
3728:
3371:Working Environment Convention, 1977
1945:
1311:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
700:
483:Textbook of Performing Arts Medicine
453:
451:
312:
3540:Workers' right to access the toilet
2464:Physiological and physical behavior
512:Music, Motor Control, and the Brain
13:
3611:International Chemical Safety Card
2410:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
1804:Emotional and behavioral disorders
1542:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
122:Writer's cramp is a task-specific
14:
3772:
3621:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
3279:International Labour Organization
2590:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1245:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
1048:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
558:
448:
71:Mainly adult (30 to 50 years old)
3727:
3699:
3698:
1890:X-linked intellectual disability
1265:For more detailed coverage, see
1243:For more detailed coverage, see
1214:For more detailed coverage, see
1180:For more detailed coverage, see
1131:For more detailed coverage, see
1719:Intermittent explosive disorder
1644:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
542:
530:
517:
504:
3576:Environment, health and safety
3231:Occupational health psychology
2880:Occupational safety and health
2362:Dissociative identity disorder
1627:Adult personality and behavior
475:
424:
365:
340:
306:
261:
1:
3447:Personal protective equipment
3200:Workplace health surveillance
1558:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1443:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
1301:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
269:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
254:
3489:Standard operating procedure
3422:Hierarchy of hazard controls
3175:Hierarchy of hazard controls
2766:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
2303:Generalized anxiety disorder
2036:Neurological and symptomatic
1681:Sexual relationship disorder
1527:Progressive muscular atrophy
200:
117:agonist and antagonist pairs
7:
3626:NIOSH air filtration rating
3318:Health and Safety Executive
3226:Occupational health nursing
3190:Occupational exposure limit
3028:Hospital-acquired infection
2993:Exposure to human nail dust
2542:REM sleep behavior disorder
2011:Seasonal affective disorder
1809:Separation anxiety disorder
1037:Primary progressive aphasia
227:
87:7â69 per million population
79:Overuse of writing; genetic
10:
3777:
3686:Workplace health promotion
3591:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
3365:Worker Protection Standard
3068:Noise-induced hearing loss
2809:Symptoms and uncategorized
1910:developmental disabilities
1676:Sexual maturation disorder
1359:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
1065:Posterior cortical atrophy
886:Striatonigral degeneration
737:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
313:Karp, B. I. (2017-01-01),
271:. 2005 April; 76(4): 513.
197:malfunction in the brain.
137:, like all other forms of
3694:
3548:
3502:
3379:
3342:
3292:
3284:World Health Organization
3266:
3254:
3208:
3195:Occupational epidemiology
3180:Prevention through design
3131:
3038:Laboratory animal allergy
2963:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
2938:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
2886:
2814:
2803:
2779:
2771:Simple-type schizophrenia
2748:
2740:Schizophreniform disorder
2717:
2696:
2692:
2671:
2624:
2606:
2575:
2552:
2506:
2473:
2469:
2458:
2380:
2347:
2295:
2238:
2229:
2210:
2206:
2185:
2151:
2118:Mild cognitive impairment
2103:CreutzfeldtâJakob disease
2083:
2045:
2041:
2030:
2001:Major depressive disorder
1954:
1940:
1906:Psychological development
1905:
1880:
1777:
1773:
1760:
1689:
1636:
1632:
1621:
1465:Spinal muscular atrophies
1433:Primary lateral sclerosis
1415:
1392:
1376:
1331:
1291:Intracranial hypertension
1281:
1253:
1224:
1190:
1152:
1141:
1107:
1085:
1071:CreutzfeldtâJakob disease
1010:
820:
811:
797:
757:
691:
622:
566:
391:10.1186/s40734-017-0060-4
172:
83:
75:
67:
47:
34:Focal hand dystonia (FHD)
29:
24:
3601:Hostile work environment
3581:Environmental toxicology
3474:Redundancy (engineering)
3088:Repetitive strain injury
2819:Impulse-control disorder
2735:Schizoaffective disorder
2730:Brief reactive psychosis
2427:Mass psychogenic illness
2390:Body dysmorphic disorder
2169:Post-concussion syndrome
1779:Emotional and behavioral
1532:Progressive bulbar palsy
1323:Intracranial hypotension
1306:Choroid plexus papilloma
720:Herpesviral encephalitis
301:. 2012 Sep;61(6):650-1.
277:10.1136/jnnp.2004.044743
3646:Quality of working life
3432:Administrative controls
2756:Childhood schizophrenia
2108:Frontotemporal dementia
2065:High-functioning autism
1882:Intellectual disability
1044:Frontotemporal dementia
730:Encephalitis lethargica
3241:Occupational therapist
3221:Industrial engineering
3013:Glassblower's cataract
2978:Decompression sickness
2273:Specific social phobia
2164:Organic brain syndrome
2006:Melancholic depression
1767:Childhood and learning
1349:Hepatic encephalopathy
234:Carpal tunnel syndrome
3761:Occupational diseases
3711:Occupational diseases
3676:Workers' compensation
3236:Occupational medicine
3098:Silo-filler's disease
3063:Mule spinners' cancer
2829:Psychomotor agitation
2619:and substance-related
2562:Postpartum depression
2442:Somatization disorder
2328:Acute stress reaction
2093:AIDS dementia complex
1407:Ataxiaâtelangiectasia
1364:Static encephalopathy
1087:Mitochondrial disease
925:Spasmodic torticollis
835:Basal ganglia disease
463:www.sciencedirect.com
3437:Engineering controls
3412:Emergency evacuation
3216:Environmental health
2983:De Quervain syndrome
2973:Concussions in sport
2824:KlĂŒverâBucy syndrome
2654:Substance dependence
2567:Postpartum psychosis
2113:Huntington's disease
1895:LujanâFryns syndrome
1744:Personality disorder
1354:Toxic encephalopathy
1060:Lewy bodies dementia
525:Journal of Neurology
3571:Effects of overtime
3454:Job safety analysis
3442:Hazard substitution
3407:Emergency procedure
3185:Exposure assessment
3170:Occupational stress
3163:Psychosocial hazard
3143:Occupational hazard
3008:Flock worker's lung
2704:Delusional disorder
2649:Stimulant psychosis
2639:Physical dependence
2493:Rumination syndrome
2395:Conversion disorder
2372:Psychogenic amnesia
2222:with depressed mood
2220:Adjustment disorder
2123:Parkinson's disease
2098:Alzheimer's disease
1991:Atypical depression
1827:Social functioning
1702:Munchausen syndrome
1697:Factitious disorder
1402:Friedreich's ataxia
785:Meningoencephalitis
725:Limbic encephalitis
195:sensorimotor cortex
98:focal hand dystonia
3756:Muscular disorders
3606:Indoor air quality
3510:Diving regulations
3427:Hazard elimination
3246:Safety engineering
2723:schizophrenia-like
2367:Dissociative fugue
1816:Movement disorders
1438:Pseudobulbar palsy
1176:Status epilepticus
1127:Multiple sclerosis
964:Myoclonic epilepsy
827:movement disorders
773:Acute disseminated
715:Viral encephalitis
637:Writer's cramp
623:External resources
145:Symptoms and signs
54:Orthopedic surgery
3743:
3742:
3656:Safety data sheet
3469:Operations manual
3350:Bangladesh Accord
3338:
3337:
3148:Biological hazard
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2667:
2666:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2343:
2342:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2138:Vascular dementia
2060:Asperger syndrome
2026:
2025:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1870:Tourette syndrome
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1576:
1575:
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1571:
1568:
1567:
1372:
1371:
1277:
1276:
1216:Template:Headache
1182:Template:Epilepsy
1103:
1102:
1077:Vascular dementia
920:Status dystonicus
793:
792:
768:Encephalomyelitis
646:
645:
328:978-0-12-809324-5
315:"Writer's Crampâ"
299:West Indian Med J
109:movement disorder
91:
90:
42:Scrivener's palsy
19:Medical condition
3768:
3731:
3730:
3702:
3701:
3397:Contingency plan
3392:Code of practice
3264:
3263:
3058:Metal fume fever
2873:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2805:
2804:
2694:
2693:
2673:
2672:
2608:
2607:
2483:Anorexia nervosa
2471:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2437:Psychogenic pain
2405:Globus pharyngis
2253:Childhood phobia
2236:
2235:
2208:
2207:
2187:
2186:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2031:
1942:
1941:
1841:Selective mutism
1792:Conduct disorder
1775:
1774:
1762:
1761:
1739:Trichotillomania
1714:Gender dysphoria
1709:Fear of intimacy
1666:Sexual anhedonia
1634:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1610:Mental disorders
1603:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1339:Brain herniation
1150:
1149:
990:Intention tremor
985:Essential tremor
850:Postencephalitic
818:
817:
809:
808:
698:
697:
679:Diseases of the
673:
666:
659:
650:
649:
564:
563:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
527:239 (1992): 1-4.
521:
515:
508:
502:
501:(2005): 918-931.
495:
486:
479:
473:
472:
470:
469:
455:
446:
445:
443:
442:
428:
422:
421:
411:
393:
369:
363:
362:
360:
359:
350:. Archived from
344:
338:
337:
336:
335:
310:
304:
295:
282:
265:
218:Anticholinergics
63:
62:
22:
21:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3690:
3671:Toxic workplace
3651:Risk management
3544:
3498:
3479:Risk assessment
3375:
3334:
3288:
3259:
3250:
3204:
3158:Physical hazard
3153:Chemical hazard
3134:
3127:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2847:
2838:
2810:
2791:
2775:
2744:
2722:
2713:
2688:
2663:
2620:
2617:substance abuse
2594:
2571:
2548:
2502:
2488:Bulimia nervosa
2465:
2446:
2422:Hypochondriasis
2417:False pregnancy
2400:Ganser syndrome
2382:Somatic symptom
2376:
2339:
2291:
2280:Specific phobia
2225:
2202:
2173:
2147:
2079:
2075:Savant syndrome
2047:Autism spectrum
2037:
2022:
1950:
1928:
1907:
1901:
1876:
1769:
1748:
1724:Dermatillomania
1685:
1671:Sexual anorexia
1628:
1617:
1607:
1577:
1564:
1490:Congenital DSMA
1411:
1368:
1327:
1273:
1261:Sleep disorders
1249:
1226:Cerebrovascular
1220:
1186:
1143:
1137:
1099:
1081:
1006:
952:Choreoathetosis
825:
802:
789:
753:
687:
677:
647:
642:
641:
618:
617:
575:
561:
556:
555:
547:
543:
535:
531:
522:
518:
509:
505:
496:
489:
480:
476:
467:
465:
457:
456:
449:
440:
438:
430:
429:
425:
370:
366:
357:
355:
346:
345:
341:
333:
331:
329:
311:
307:
296:
285:
266:
262:
257:
230:
212:neuroplasticity
203:
175:
147:
57:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Source control
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:Process safety
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3596:Health physics
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Safety culture
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:Permit To Work
3461:
3459:Lockout-tagout
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3123:Writer's cramp
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3078:Pneumoconiosis
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Lead poisoning
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Golfer's elbow
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Fiddler's neck
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Chronic stress
2955:
2950:
2945:
2943:Cardiovascular
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Rebound effect
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2585:Hypersexuality
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2318:Panic disorder
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2285:Claustrophobia
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2268:Anthropophobia
2260:
2258:Social anxiety
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:Pick's disease
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1614:Classification
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1318:Cerebral edema
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:Template:Sleep
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1095:Leigh syndrome
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
992:
987:
976:
975:
974:
973:
968:
967:
966:
956:
955:
954:
944:
939:
938:
937:
932:
927:
922:
906:
905:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
882:
881:
871:
870:
869:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
831:
829:
822:Extrapyramidal
815:
806:
804:encephalopathy
795:
794:
791:
790:
788:
787:
782:
777:
776:
775:
764:
762:
755:
754:
752:
751:
750:
749:
739:
734:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
706:
704:
695:
689:
688:
681:nervous system
676:
675:
668:
661:
653:
644:
643:
640:
639:
627:
626:
624:
620:
619:
616:
615:
596:
576:
571:
570:
568:
567:Classification
560:
559:External links
557:
554:
553:
541:
529:
516:
503:
487:
474:
447:
423:
364:
339:
327:
305:
283:
259:
258:
256:
253:
252:
251:
246:
244:Focal dystonia
241:
236:
229:
226:
208:Joaquin Farias
202:
199:
174:
171:
146:
143:
124:focal dystonia
94:Writer's cramp
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
51:
45:
44:
31:
27:
26:
25:Writer's cramp
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3773:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3736:
3735:
3726:
3722:
3721:Organizations
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Public health
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3534:United States
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:United States
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:Diving safety
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:International
3265:
3262:
3260:organizations
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3133:Occupational
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Sports injury
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Low back pain
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Farmer's lung
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2888:Occupational
2885:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:Schizophrenia
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:Schizophrenia
2674:
2670:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Drug overdose
2627:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2577:Sexual desire
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:Social phobia
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:-related and
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
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1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Reye syndrome
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Hydrocephalus
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1109:Demyelinating
1106:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Restless legs
995:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
977:
972:
969:
965:
962:
961:
960:
957:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
943:
940:
936:
935:Blepharospasm
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
912:
911:
908:
907:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
891:Hemiballismus
889:
887:
884:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
837:
836:
833:
832:
830:
828:
823:
819:
816:
814:
810:
807:
805:
800:
796:
786:
783:
781:
778:
774:
771:
770:
769:
766:
765:
763:
761:
756:
748:
745:
744:
743:
742:Brain abscess
740:
738:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
708:
707:
705:
703:
699:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
654:
651:
638:
634:
633:
629:
628:
625:
621:
614:
610:
606:
605:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
586:
582:
578:
577:
574:
569:
565:
551:
545:
539:
533:
526:
520:
513:
507:
500:
494:
492:
484:
478:
464:
460:
454:
452:
437:
433:
427:
419:
415:
410:
405:
401:
397:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
368:
354:on 2018-11-22
353:
349:
343:
330:
324:
320:
316:
309:
303:
300:
294:
292:
290:
288:
281:
278:
274:
270:
264:
260:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
225:
223:
219:
215:
213:
209:
198:
196:
192:
191:basal ganglia
186:
184:
179:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
150:
142:
140:
136:
132:
131:Epidemiologic
128:
125:
120:
118:
114:
113:cocontraction
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
55:
52:
50:
46:
43:
39:
35:
32:
28:
23:
3732:
3703:
3530:Right to sit
3520:Potty parity
3122:
3113:Tennis elbow
3108:Surfer's ear
3053:Mesothelioma
3023:Hearing loss
2709:Folie Ă deux
2634:Intoxication
2615:substances,
2613:Psychoactive
2532:Night terror
2349:Dissociative
2313:Panic attack
1865:Tic disorder
1552:
1451:
1424:
1385:Degenerative
1122:Inflammatory
1069:
1002:Stiff-person
840:Parkinsonism
813:Degenerative
710:Encephalitis
693:Inflammation
683:, primarily
630:
598:
579:
544:
537:
532:
524:
519:
511:
506:
498:
482:
477:
466:. Retrieved
462:
439:. Retrieved
435:
426:
381:
377:
367:
356:. Retrieved
352:the original
342:
332:, retrieved
321:, Elsevier,
318:
308:
298:
268:
263:
216:
204:
187:
180:
176:
167:
163:
159:
151:
148:
135:rare disease
129:
121:
101:
97:
93:
92:
41:
37:
33:
3566:Drug policy
3503:Legislation
3209:Professions
3033:Indium lung
2928:Brucellosis
2923:Berylliosis
2682:schizotypal
2517:Hypersomnia
2507:Nonorganic
2248:Agoraphobia
1979:Cyclothymia
1974:Bipolar NOS
1949:(affective)
1821:Stereotypic
1729:Kleptomania
1537:FazioâLonde
1377:Both/either
1171:Generalised
1030:Early-onset
1025:Alzheimer's
760:spinal cord
536:Farias J.
68:Usual onset
38:Mogigraphia
30:Other names
3750:Categories
3666:Toxic tort
3616:Job strain
3586:Ergonomics
3561:Break room
3083:Radium jaw
3073:Phossy jaw
2948:Chalicosis
2918:Barotrauma
2908:Asbestosis
2834:Stereotypy
2697:Delusional
2686:delusional
2659:Withdrawal
2527:Parasomnia
2432:Nosophobia
2212:Adjustment
2200:somatoform
2133:Sundowning
1986:Depression
1969:Bipolar II
1858:Stuttering
1853:Cluttering
1649:Paraphilia
1145:paroxysmal
1117:Autoimmune
910:Dyskinesia
780:Meningitis
758:Brain and
632:Patient UK
468:2020-08-24
441:2020-08-24
432:"Dystonia"
358:2017-03-26
334:2020-08-24
255:References
249:Stuttering
106:idiopathic
3387:Checklist
3355:ISO 45001
3343:Standards
3093:Silicosis
2903:Acrodynia
2787:Catatonia
2719:Psychosis
2554:Postnatal
2537:Nightmare
2143:Wandering
1996:Dysthymia
1964:Bipolar I
1919:Pervasive
1734:Pyromania
1659:Voyeurism
1654:Fetishism
1142:Episodic/
1020:Tauopathy
971:Akathisia
959:Myoclonus
942:Athetosis
874:Tauopathy
499:Brain 128
400:2054-7072
220:such as
201:Treatment
84:Frequency
49:Specialty
3716:Journals
3705:Category
3631:Overwork
3549:See also
3302:(Canada)
3293:National
3256:Agencies
3118:Tinnitus
2988:Erethism
2895:injuries
2890:diseases
2522:Insomnia
2192:Neurotic
2159:Delirium
2085:Dementia
1924:Specific
1508:SMALED2B
1503:SMALED2A
1200:Migraine
1192:Headache
1158:epilepsy
1154:Seizures
1012:Dementia
915:Dystonia
418:28794890
239:Dystonia
228:See also
139:dystonia
104:) is an
3734:Commons
3314:(Spain)
3308:(Italy)
3135:hygiene
2933:Burnout
2231:Anxiety
2070:PDD-NOS
1959:Bipolar
1612: (
1520:SMA-PME
1515:SMA-PCH
1498:SMALED1
1210:Tension
1205:Cluster
930:Meige's
747:Amoebic
409:5547537
193:and/or
183:genetic
3417:Hazard
3380:Safety
2913:Asthma
2475:Eating
2323:Stress
2240:Phobia
2196:stress
2055:Autism
1848:Speech
1637:Sexual
1239:Stroke
1053:Pick's
980:Tremor
947:Chorea
613:333.84
609:300.89
416:
406:
398:
384:: 13.
325:
222:Artane
178:case.
173:Causes
76:Causes
56:
3556:Break
2780:Other
2509:sleep
2296:Other
2152:Other
2018:Mania
1690:Other
1553:both:
1485:DSMA1
1480:SMAX2
1475:SMAX1
1455:only:
1428:only:
1332:Other
1254:Other
1166:Focal
799:Brain
702:Brain
594:G25.8
590:F48.8
3367:(US)
3331:(US)
3320:(UK)
3258:and
2893:and
2684:and
2333:PTSD
1947:Mood
1787:ADHD
1156:and
867:PKAN
862:NBIA
604:9-CM
414:PMID
396:ISSN
323:ISBN
40:and
2721:and
2308:OCD
1836:RAD
1831:DAD
1797:ODD
1470:SMA
1453:LMN
1426:UMN
1417:MND
1283:CSF
1234:TIA
879:PSP
855:NMS
824:and
685:CNS
600:ICD
581:ICD
404:PMC
386:doi
273:doi
155:TMD
115:of
102:FHD
96:or
3752::
2680:,
2194:,
1394:SA
901:OA
896:HD
845:PD
635::
611:,
607::
592:,
588::
585:10
490:^
461:.
450:^
434:.
412:.
402:.
394:.
380:.
376:.
317:,
286:^
279:.
141:.
36:,
3536:)
3532:(
3526:)
3522:(
2872:e
2865:t
2858:v
1912:)
1908:(
1616:)
1602:e
1595:t
1588:v
1046:/
801:/
672:e
665:t
658:v
602:-
583:-
573:D
471:.
444:.
420:.
388::
382:4
361:.
275::
100:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
