XYY syndrome - Knowledge

58: 428:, seizure problems, and tremors. Some 47,XYY patients have been found to have genitourinary malformations. These include cryptorchidism, hypoplastic scrotum, microphallus, and hypospadias. These men could be diagnosed with infertility as a result of oligospermia or sperm chromosomal abnormalities. According to certain psychological studies, people with XYY syndrome may have problems with impulse control and emotional regulation. Increased testosterone levels were found to be correlated with an increased risk of aggressive behavior in incarcerated males with 47,XYY syndrome. 3615:

Getty did say that a chromosomal test was performed on Speck, before Speck's trial, by a geneticist from outside the Chicago area. He declined to identify the geneticist, and he said the results of the test never have been disclosed. "It was agreed," he said, "that the results would not be disclosed unless I wished them disclosed. And I still don't." In any case, Getty said, the results could not be used in an appeal—since they were not part of the trial evidence. If anything, he said, they could only be used in connection with a new trial.

432: 919:

behavior. In December 1974, the Harvard Standing Committee on Medical Research issued a report supporting the Boston XYY study, and in March 1975, the faculty voted 199–35 to allow continuation of the study. After April 1975, screening of newborns was discontinued—changes to informed consent procedures and pressure from additional advocacy groups, including the

1802:

small increased faction of 24,YY spermatozoa in the ejaculate of XYY men (Table 12-1). Thus it appears the vast majority of spermatocytes lose the extra Y before entering meiosis, a very few XYY primary spermatocytes are able to slip through and produce YY (and XY) spermatozoa. These cytogenetic findings parallel the observation that XYY men have no

1444:…it appears that XY pairing and recombination occur normally in 47,XYY, the extra Y chromosome being lost during spermatogenesis, so that many XYY men have fathered chromosomally normal children. It has generally been observed that reproductive risks for males with 47,XYY are no higher than for euploid males, despite the fact that 900:, envisioned a future where pregnant women would be required by the government to abort XYY "sex deviants". Mischaracterization of the XYY genetic condition was quickly incorporated into high school biology textbooks and medical school psychiatry textbooks, where misinformation still persists decades later. 911:

that he thought Walzer's Boston XYY study was unethical; Science for the People investigated the study and, regarding the study, filed an ethics complaint with Harvard Medical School in March 1974. In November 1974, Science for the People went public with their objections to the Boston XYY study in a

5892:

One of TV's most consistently rewarding series takes a grim and unforgettable detour into the bleak mindset of a teen-age sociopathic murderer. Is society to blame, or as his lawyer argues, is he genetically predisposed to violence, with an extra "Y" chromosome? … the boy's hopeless future seems all

3648:

Getty displayed a letter of Sept. 26, 1966, relating that photographic evidence of 18 cells from Speck's blood showed no chromosome abnormality. He also exhibited a letter of last July 3, indicating that 100 of 101 cells in a sample of Speck's blood studied after the original tests showed the normal

736:

published the first XYY review article—by Willam Michael Court Brown (1918–1969), director of the MRC Human Genetics Unit—which reported that he had found no overrepresentation of XYY males in nationwide chromosome surveys of prisons and hospitals for developmentally disabled and mentally ill people

5335:

A famous case of an "XYY" insanity defense is illustrated in Figure 4.4–1. Richard Speck. He was convicted in 1966 of slaying eight nurses in Chicago by stabbing and strangulation. His legal defense was based on his genetic makeup, which was "XYY". Individuals with these genes have been reported to

3679:

endocrinologist and geneticist Eric Engel, who performed two confidential chromosome analyses of Speck in September 1966 and June 1968. Based on mischaracterizations of XYY males as aggressive and violent criminals in the December 1965 and March 1966 preliminary reports by Jacobs, et al., Engel had

964:

from 1944 to 1947 for XXY and XYY karyotypes, and found an increased rate of minor criminal convictions for property crimes among sixteen XXY and twelve XYY men may be related to the lower intelligence of those with criminal convictions, but found no evidence that XXY or XYY men were inclined to be

435:

Diagram showing XYY syndrome formation. MI and MII are the stages of meiosis, while the blue and pink circles are male (sperm) and female (ovum) cells, respectively, and the blue and pink bars are Y- and X-chromosomes, respectively. The purple cell has 2 Y-chromosomes and 1 X-chromosome caused by

5599:

Rao, Ercole; Weiss, Birgit; Fukami, Maki; Rump, Andreas; Niesler, Beate; Mertz, Annelyse; Muroya, Koji; Binder, Gerhard; Kirsch, Stefan; Winkelmann, Martina; Nordsiek, Gabriele; Heinrich, Udo; Breuning, Martijn H.; Ranke, Michael B.; Rosenthal, André; Ogata, Tsutomu; Rappold, Gudrun A. (May 1997).

4891:

Arthur Robinson: When we stopped in 1974, we had done 40,000 analyses. From an epidemiological point of view, I would have preferred to have done 80,000... Why did we stop? Well, in the first place there was the informed consent problem. When we started in 1964 feelings about informed consent were

4884:

Stanley Walzer: On the issue of informed consent prior to newborn chromosome screening, Science for the People proved correct. They had predicted that the amount of information that had to be shared prior to screening was so extensive and complex that true informed consent was impossible to obtain

3614:

Dr. Pergament said he and Dr. Sato, a research fellow, had absolutely no connection with the Speck case and never examined Speck. The report was also denied by Speck's attorney, Public Defender Gerald W. Getty. "I never knew those doctors existed before I read about them in the paper," Getty said.

1806:

increase in risk to have children with a sex chromosome abnormality. A true increased risk of a fraction of a per cent could be distinguished only with the greatest of difficulty when the background population risk is of a similar order of magnitude. As for the autosomes, no convincing case exists

2149:

Follow-up studies on the total unselected group of prepubertal or early pubertal 47,XYY boys are remarkably similar despite different methods of following their progress and different policies of informing the parents. As with other forms of SCA there is great variability in the expression of the

1801:

From early meiotic studies, it was concluded that the extra Y was eliminated before the spermatocyte formed, with an X-Y bivalent usually seen at diakinesis, and more recent studies support this concept. However, FISH analyses of sperm, enabling hundreds of cells to be analyzed, have shown a very

404:

In prospective studies of 47,XYY boys identified by newborn screening programs, the IQ scores of 47,XYY boys were usually slightly lower than those of their siblings. In Edinburgh, fifteen 47,XYY boys with siblings identified in a newborn screening program had an average 104.0 verbal IQ and 106.7

982:

on the development of over 300 children and young adults with sex chromosome abnormalities identified in the screening of almost 200,000 consecutive births in hospitals in Denver, Edinburgh, New Haven, Toronto, Aarhus, Winnipeg, and Boston from 1964 to 1975. These seven studies—the only unbiased

483:

It is estimated that only 15–20% of children with 47,XYY syndrome are ever diagnosed. Of these, approximately 30% are diagnosed prenatally. For the rest of those diagnosed after birth, around half are diagnosed during childhood or adolescence after developmental delays are observed. The rest are

3396:

The XXY male has long been thought to display a constellation of symptoms that makes him diagnosable; that is, he has achieved syndrome status. It would seem that the XYY male is fast achieving similar status. His symptoms, as we and other laboratories tend to think of them, are: extremely tall

4843:

Bauer, Diane; Bayer, Ronald; Beckwith, Jonathan; Bermant, Gordon; Borgaonkar, Digamber S.; Callahan, Daniel; Caplan, Arthur; Conrad, John; Culver, Charles M.; Dworkin, Gerald; Edgar, Harold; Gaylin, Willard; Gerald, Park; Harris, Clarence; King, Johnathan; Macklin, Ruth; Mazur, Allan; Michels,

1766:

The addition of a Y chromosome to a normal male chromosome constitution does not produce a discernible phenotype. Males with 47,XYY cannot be characterized by discriminating physical or behavioral features. The first diagnosis of this condition, therefore, was a karyotypic and not a phenotypic

1047:

families), IQ scores available for six boys ranged from 100 to 147 with a mean of 120. For the eleven of fourteen boys with siblings, in nine instances their siblings were stronger academically, but in one case the subject was performing equal to, and in another case superior to, his siblings.

408:

Approximately half of 47,XYY boys identified by newborn screening programs had learning difficulties—a higher proportion than found among siblings and above-average-IQ control groups. In Edinburgh, 54% of 47,XYY boys (7 of 13) identified in a newborn screening program received remedial reading

3399:

On reading newspaper accounts of Richard Speck, who murdered eight Chicago student nurses in 1966, we noted all these traits and therefore concluded that Speck was a likely candidate for the XYY disorder. Independently, a cytogenetic laboratory in Chicago confirmed this hunch, reinforcing our

1531:

Kanaka-Gantenbein, Christina; Kitsiou, Sophia; Mavrou, Ariadni; Stamoyannou, Lela; Kolialexi, Aggeliki; Kekou, Kyriaki; Liakopoulou, Magda; Chrousos, George (April 2004). "Tall stature, insulin resistance, and disturbed behavior in a girl with the triple X syndrome harboring three SHOX genes:

918:

article alleging inadequate informed consent, a lack of benefit (since no specific treatment was available) but substantial risk (by stigmatization with a false stereotype) to the subjects, and that the unblinded experimental design could not produce meaningful results regarding the subjects'

5915:

There's nothing funny about the season finale. That episode is about a serial killer with "criminal" genes. "It's a real-life natural-born killer situation", executive producer Ann Donahue says. "Usually girls have XX chromosomes and boys have XY, but this killer is XYY, which means too much

652:

people —that found nine patients, ages 17 to 36, averaging almost 6 ft. in height (avg. 5'11", range: 5'7" to 6'2"), had a 47,XYY karyotype, and mischaracterized them as aggressive and violent criminals. Over the next decade, almost all published XYY studies were on height-selected,

1573:"Abnormal sex chromosome constitution and longitudinal growth: serum levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone in 109 males with 47,XXY, 47,XYY, or sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY)-positive 46,XX karyotypes" 3400:

inclination to believe that the XYY syndrome is really coming of age. It seems quite possible that in the XYY male, exemplified by Speck, biologists are describing in genetic terms a certain type of defective criminal who has long been explicitly recognized by the forensic psychiatrist.

755:, Telfer and her Elwyn Institute colleagues reported that case studies of the institutionalized XYY and XXY males they had found convinced them that XYY males had been falsely stigmatized and that their behavior may not be significantly different from chromosomally normal 46,XY males. 1450:

Population-based studies have demonstrated that intellectual abilities tend to be slightly lower than those of siblings and matched controls and that boys with an extra Y chromosome are more likely to require educational help. However, intelligence is usually well within the normal

5368:

Witkin, Herman A.; Mednick, Sarnoff A.; Schulsinger, Fini; Bakkestrøm, Eskild; Christiansen, Karl O.; Goodenough, Donald R.; Hirschhorn, Kurt; Lundsteen, Claes; Owen, David R.; Philip, John; Rubin, Donald B.; Stocking, Martha (August 13, 1976). "Criminality in XYY and XXY men".

2012:

19 XYY boys: average verbal IQ=100.2 (range 66–121), average performance IQ=104.3 (range 83–131), average full-scale IQ=102.3; 86 XY control boys matched by the 1970 Registrar General's Classification of Social Class based on their father's occupation: average full-scale

534:

human cells was 46—not 48, as had been believed for the preceding thirty years. In the wake of the establishment of the normal number of human chromosomes, 47,XYY was the last of the common sex chromosome aneuploidies to be discovered, two years after the discoveries of

701:—using Telfer as a main source—introduced the XYY genetic condition to the general public in a three-part series on consecutive days that began with a Sunday front-page story about the planned use of the condition as a mitigating factor in two murder trials in 420:

Developmental delays and behavioral problems are also found, but these characteristics vary widely among affected boys and men, are not unique to 47,XYY and are managed no differently from in 46,XY males. Aggression is not seen more frequently in 47,XYY males.

374:

scores of 47,XYY boys identified by newborn screening programs was not reduced compared to the general population. In a summary of six prospective studies of 47,XYY boys identified by newborn screening programmes, twenty-eight 47,XYY boys had an average 100.76

4848:; Powledge, Tabitha M.; Pyeritz, Reed E.; Robinson, Arthur; Scanlon, Thomas; Shah, Saleem A.; Shannon, Thomas A.; Steinfels, Margaret; Swazey, Judith P.; Wachtel, Paul; Walzer, Stanley (August 1980). "The XYY controversy: researching violence and genetics". 2104:

12 XYY men over 184 cm tall: average verbal IQ=99.9, average performance IQ=97.8, average full-scale IQ=99.1 (range: 77–124); 12 XY control men over 184 cm tall, matched by age, height, and social class based on their father's occupation: average full-scale

1453:

During school age, learning disabilities requiring educational intervention are present in approximately 50% and are as responsive to therapy as they are in children with normal chromosomes. Expressive and receptive language delays and reading disorders are

413:, USA 55% of 47,XYY boys (6 of 11) identified in a newborn screening program had learning difficulties and received part-time resource room help compared to 11% (1 of 9) in an above-average-IQ control group of 46,XY boys with familial balanced autosomal 4892:

very different. Try to imagine how one would go about getting truly informed consent from 40,000 people. With the implications of what we would find, in a sex chromosome variation, it would be an almost impossible task. That's one reason why we stopped.

3388:

We were intrigued by Dr. Jacobs' contention that an extra Y chromosome results in tall stature, mild mental retardation, and severely disordered personality characterized by violent, aggressive behavior. We therefore planned to confirm and extend her

1025:

psychiatrist Michael Götz and colleagues that found an increased rate of criminal convictions among seventeen XYY men identified in the Edinburgh newborn screening study compared to an above-average-IQ control group of sixty XY men, which multiple

5818:

by Kenneth Royce (David McKay, $ 4.95). It leans so lightly on the theory that an extra Y chromosome produces a criminal that the reader can forget the biology and enjoy the fast footwork. Royce has simply manufactured a super cat burglar who is

2055:

11 XYY boys: average verbal IQ=103.96 (range=73–139), average performance IQ=106.64 (range=84–129), average full-scale IQ=105.45 (range=80–138); 9 XY familial balanced autosomal chromosome translocation control boys: average full-scale IQ=119.33

1809:

To our knowledge, there is no report of a discernibly increased risk for the XYY male to have chromosomally abnormal children. A slight increase in gonosomal imbalances in sperm (Table 12-1) might nevertheless lead some to choose prenatal

3397:

stature, long limbs and strikingly long arm span, facial acne, mild mental retardation, severe mental illness (including psychosis) and aggressive, antisocial behavior with a long history of arrests, frequently beginning at an early age.

3383:

Once in every 500 male births, for example, the sex chromosome complement is XXY rather than XY, thus erring in the direction of femaleness. The resulting individual, called a Klinefelter male, is usually retarded, unusually tall and

263:

or extra help with schoolwork, however outcomes are generally positive. The condition occurs in about 1 in 1,000 male births. Many people with the condition are unaware that they have it. The condition was first described in 1961.

709:—and falsely reported that Richard Speck was an XYY male and that the condition would be used in an appeal of his murder conviction. The series was echoed the following week by articles—again using Telfer as a main source—in 983:

studies of unselected individuals with sex chromosome abnormalities—have replaced the older, biased studies of institutionalized individuals in understanding the development of individuals with sex chromosome abnormalities.

5823:

into working for MI6. This tall (that chromosome), intelligent (that chromosome again), functionally nonviolent (that chromosome still again) fellow plays the damndest game with British internal security that ever filled a

932:

on November 14, 1974 entitled "XYY syndrome: a dangerous myth" found no link was found between having an extra Y chromosome and violent behavior. According to the paper, adolescents found to have an extra Y chromosome in a

2150:

genotype. The most consistent findings are height over the 50th percentile, normal IQ usually a little lower than that of sibling controls, delay in speech and language development, and the need for extra help in school.

452:

can result in sperm cells with an extra copy of the Y-chromosome. If one of these atypical sperm cells contributes to the genetic makeup of a child, the child will have an extra Y-chromosome in each of the body's cells.

5286:

Another abnormal condition results when a normal X-bearing egg is fertilized by a YY sperm, formed by non-disjunction during spermatogenesis. This produces an XYY male who is usually over six feet in height and very

2030:

Walzer, Stanley; Bashir, Anthony S; Silbert, Annette R. (1991). "Cognitive and behavioral factors in the learning disabilities of 47,XXY and 47,XYY boys". In Evans, Jane A; Hamerton, John L; Robinson, Arthur (eds.).

977:

sponsored five international conferences in June 1974, November 1977, May 1981, June 1984, and June 1989 and published articles from the conferences in book form in 1979, 1982, 1986, and 1991 from seven longitudinal

1941:

Males with XYY have average IQs, consistent with the one study showing normal brain volume on magnetic resonance imaging. In contrast, both XXY and XXX groups tend to have below-average verbal IQ and small cerebral

1435:

This sex chromosome aneuploidy is not characterized by distinct physical features and, because there does not appear to be recognizable pattern of neurodevelopment or behavioral characteristics, the use of the term

884:

reported fluorescent "male" sex chromatin bodies in the nuclei of interphase cells in buccal smears treated with quinacrine dihydrochloride, which could be used to screen for Y chromosome aneuploidies like 47,XYY.

2513:

Barr, Murray L.; Bertram, Ewart G. (April 30, 1949). "A morphological distinction between neurones of the male and female, and the behaviour of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis".

303:, eight 47,XYY boys born 1967–1972 and identified in a newborn screening programme had an average height of 188.1 cm (6 ft 2 in) at age 18—their fathers' average height was 174.1 cm (5 ft 5977: 5962: 4941: 3386:

Erring in the other direction, however, is the XYY complement resulting in the "supermale." He is also unusually tall and somewhat retarded, but appears to be highly, perhaps too highly, sexually motivated...

1526:

p. 2304: Table 561-1. Differential diagnosis of tall stature and overgrowth syndromes. Postnatal overgrowth leading to childhood tall stature—includes: Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), SHOX excess syndromes, XYY.

4727:

The Harvard Medical School faculty voted last night 199–35, to allow continuation of studies at Children's Hospital Medical Center and at Boston Hospital for Women on children with an extra sex chromosome.

1884:

Figure 8-3. Estimated full-scale IQ distributions for SCA and control children: 47,XXX (mean ~83), 45,X & Variant (mean ~85), 47,XXY (mean ~95), 47,XYY (mean ~100), Controls and SCA Mosaics (mean ~104)

1847:

While the IQ is in the normal range, it is usually lower than those of sibs or controls, and about half of XYY boys have a mild learning difficulty, and may display poor attention and impulsivity in the

1091:

featured an XYY boy expelled from school because his genetic condition led him to be falsely accused of nearly blinding another boy. A November 1993 episode of the American police procedural TV series

5858:

By the Pricking of My Thumbs ... written by Robin Chapman. Sixteen-year-old Stephen Franklin is expelled from school because, his father says, he has an obscure genetic defect—an extra "Y" chromosome.

578:

the first reported sex chromosome aneuploidy. An analogous technique to screen for Y-chromosome aneuploidies by noting supernumerary "male" sex chromatin bodies was not developed until 1970, a decade

2410:

Ford, Charles E.; Jones, Kenneth W.; Polani, Paul E.; de Almeida, José Carlos Cabral; Briggs, John H. (April 4, 1959). "A sex-chromosome anomaly in a case of gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's syndrome)".

3621: 1845:

The two other conditions, XXX and XYY, apparently have little effect on fertility; furthermore, they are not discernibly associated with any increased risk for chromosomally abnormal offspring.

391:

including two prospective studies of 47,XYY boys identified by newborn screening programs and one retrospective study of 47,XYY men identified by screening men over 184 cm (6 ft

1506:

Cohen, Pinchas; Shim, Melanie (2007). "Hyperpituitarism, tall stature, and overgrowth syndromes". In Kliegman, Robert M.; Behrman, Richard E.; Jenson, Hal B.; Stanton, Bonita F. (eds.).

3657: 2447:

Jacobs, Patricia A.; Baikie, Albert G.; Court Brown, W. Michael; MacGregor, Thomas N.; Harnden, David G. (September 26, 1959). "Evidence for the existence of the human "super female"".

2790:

Jacobs, Patricia A.; Brunton, Muriel; Melville, Marie M.; Brittain, Robert P.; McClemont, William F. (December 25, 1965). "Aggressive behavior, mental sub-normality and the XYY male".

1954:

Netley, Charles T. (1986). "Summary overview of behavioural development in individuals with neo-natally identified X and Y aneuploidy". In Ratcliffe, Shirley G.; Paul, Natalie (eds.).

4942:"Archive record: Dr Shirley Ratcliffe and the Edinburgh MRC Clinical and Population Cytogenetics Unit Study of Long Term Outcomes for Children Born with Sex Chromosome Abnormalities" 2165:

Bardsley, Martha Zeger; Kowal, Karen; Levy, Carly; Gosek, Ania; Ayari, Natalie; Tartaglia, Nicole; Lahlou, Najiba; Winder, Breanna; Grimes, Shannon; Ross, Judith L. (October 2013).

4055:

Pyeritz, Reed; Schreier, Herb; Madansky, Chuck; Miller, Larry; Beckwith, Jon (1977). "The XYY male: The making of a myth". In Ann Arbor Science for the Peopleial Collective (ed.).

1992:

Ratcliffe, Shirley G. (1994). "The psychological and psychiatric consequences of sex chromosome abnormalities in children, based on population studies". In Poustka, Fritz (ed.).

1448:

hybridization studies demonstrated a lower frequency of single Y-bearing sperm than expected and a variably higher rate of disomic XX, XY and YY spermatozoa in males with 47,XYY.

5791: 4123: 4080: 3482: 1690:

Ratcliffe, Shirley G.; Read, Graham; Pan, Huiqi; Fear, Claudine; Lindenbaum, Richard; Crossley, Jennifer (September 1994). "Prenatal testosterone levels in XXY and XYY males".

2117:

Robinson, Arthur; Bender, Bruce G.; Puck, Mary H.; Salbenblatt, James A. (1985). "Growth and development of children with a 47,XYY karyotype". In Sandberg, Avery A. (ed.).

1008:(45,X). It was subsequently postulated that the increased gene dosage of three SHOX genes leads to tall stature in the sex chromosome trisomies 47,XXX, 47,XXY, and 47,XYY. 6128: 5527:

The last active longitudinal prospective study ended in 2000 with the end of the 36-year Denver study following the death of pediatrician and geneticist Arthur Robinson.

1039:

published results from a longitudinal prospective cohort Denver Family Development Study led by pediatrician and geneticist Arthur Robinson, which found that in fourteen

4269:

Washington, Harriet A. (2004). "Born for evil? Stereotyping the karyotype: A case history in the genetics of aggressiveness". In Roelcke, Volker; Maio, Giovanni (eds.).

3532:

An Australian murder case that was reported to have been decided on the basis of the so-called XYY syndrome actually was not concerned with chromosome counts at all.

3298:

Telfer, Mary A.; Baker, David; Clark, Gerald R.; Richardson, Claude E. (March 15, 1968). "Incidence of gross chromosomal errors among tall criminal American males".

5645:

Götz, Michael J.; Johnstone, Eve C.; Ratcliffe, Shirley G. (July 1999). "Criminality and antisocial behaviour in unselected men with sex chromosome abnormalities".

1082:

recruited by British intelligence for dangerous assignments—and later adapted into a thirteen-episode British summer television series broadcast in 1976 and 1977.

5869: 1097:, "Born Bad", portrays a 14-year-old XYY sociopathic murderer. The May 2007 season finale episode, "Born To Kill", of the American police procedural TV series 2015:

15 XYY boys with siblings: average verbal IQ=104.0, average performance IQ=106.7; siblings of XYY boys: average verbal IQ=112.9, average performance IQ=114.6.

597:

in 1961. It was an incidental finding in a normal 44-year-old, 6 ft. tall man of average intelligence who was karyotyped because he had a daughter with

6872: 4704: 6852: 6848: 6086: 5417: 5044: 4799: 4600: 4511: 3631: 3509: 889: 2837:

Price, William H.; Strong, John A.; Whatmore, Peter B.; McClemont, William F. (March 12, 1966). "Criminal patients with XYY sex-chromosome complement".

604:

The XYY syndrome, if named after the discoverer, should rightly be termed Sandberg syndrome and not Jacobs syndrome although the British cytogeneticist

472:

47,XYY syndrome is not usually diagnosed until learning issues are present. The syndrome is diagnosed in an increasing number of children prenatally by

5079: 3917: 4734: 3545: 785:

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, screening of consecutive newborns for sex chromosome abnormalities was undertaken at seven centers worldwide: in

4223:

Borgaonkar, Diagamber S.; Shah, Saleem A. (1974). "The XYY chromosome male—or syndrome?". In Steinberg, Arthur Gerald; Bearn, Alexander G. (eds.).

1580: 4496: 3575: 4585: 5730:

Linden, Mary G.; Bender, Bruce G. (June 1, 2002). "Fifty-one prenatally diagnosed children and adolescents with sex chromosome abnormalities".

5510:

The five March of Dimes international conferences and four books also included reports on the findings of longitudinal prospective studies in

3932: 923:, having led to the discontinuation of the last active U.S. newborn screening programs for sex chromosome abnormalities in Boston and Denver. 5531:

Robinson, Arthur; Linden, Mary G.; Bender, Bruce G. (1998). "Prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosome abnormalities". In Milunsky, Aubrey (ed.).

5462: 3696: 3430: 1306: 688:

had been karyotyped, Telfer not only incorrectly assumed the acne-scarred Speck was XYY, but reached the false conclusion that Speck was the

558:

aneuploidies was possible before the advent of human chromosome analysis by noting the presence or absence of "female" sex chromatin bodies (

339:

genes has been postulated as a cause of the increased stature seen in all three sex chromosome trisomies: 47,XXX, 47,XXY, and 47,XYY. Severe

3416: 2357:

Jacobs, Patricia A.; Strong, John A. (January 31, 1959). "A case of human intersexuality having a possible XXY sex-determining mechanism".

343:

was noted in a very few early case reports, but dermatologists specializing in acne now doubt the existence of a relationship with 47,XYY.

4196:

Experimentation with human beings; the authority of the investigator, subject, professions, and state in the human experimentation process

6655: 4458: 3983: 3467: 252:, but most of those affected are not diagnosed within their lifetime. There are 47 chromosomes, instead of the usual 46, giving a 47,XYY 4665:

Beckwith, Jon; Elseviers, Dirk; Gorni, Luigi; Mandansky, Chuck; Csonka, Leslie; King, Jonathan (January 31, 1975). "Harvard XYY study".

1085:

In other fictional television works, a January 1971 episode "By the Pricking of My Thumbs ..." of the British science fiction TV series

5801: 4133: 4090: 3492: 941:

to attempt to maintain "normal behavior," despite this the paper found no major behavioral differences between XY and XYY individuals.

601:. Only a dozen isolated 47,XYY cases were reported in the medical literature in the four years following the first report by Sandberg. 5600:"Pseudoautosomal deletions encompassing a novel homeobox gene cause growth failure in idiopathic short stature and Turner syndrome". 3734: 684:, reached the erroneous conclusion that acne was a defining characteristic of XYY males. After learning that convicted mass murderer 3979:"Chromosome errors in men with antisocial behavior. Comparison of selected men with Klinefelter syndrome and XYY chromosome pattern" 3777:(47,XXX) patients—that individuals with sex chromosome abnormalities could be held in law to suffer from diminished responsibility. 2484:

Muldal, Sylfest; Ockey, Charles H. (August 27, 1960). "The "double male": a new chromosome constitution in Klinefelter's syndrome".

3560: 590: 492:

Around 1 in 1,000 boys are born with a 47,XYY karyotype. The incidence of 47,XYY is not known to be affected by the parents' ages.

1607: 766:. In December 1969, with a grant from the NIMH Center for Studies of Crime and Delinquency, cytogeneticist Digamber Borgaonkar at 6079: 3381:

Why do men commit crimes of violence? For some, the urge to violence may be inborn—traced to something called the Y chromosome...

409:

teaching compared to 18% (4 of 22) in an above-average-IQ control group of 46,XY boys matched by their father's social class. In

3769:

in 1988). In 1962, Court Brown had been the first to suggest—based on findings of antisocial behavior in some institutionalized

3684:

Gerald W. Getty, to confidentially karyotype Speck—which was repeated after false news reports in April 1968 that Speck was XYY.

1746:

Milunsky, Jeff M. (2010). "Prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosome abnormalities". In Milunsky, Aubrey; Milunsky, Jeff M. (eds.).

1415:

Gravholt, Claus Højbjerg (2013). "Sex chromosome abnormalities". In Pyeritz, Reed E.; Rimoin, David L.; Korf, Bruce R. (eds.).

5490:"A chromosome link to crime is doubted; Study in Denmark finds no data to back view that 'XYY' men are inclined to be violent" 829:) and was funded in part by grants from the NIMH Center for Studies of Crime and Delinquency. The Edinburgh study was led by 5851: 5780: 5544: 5328: 5279: 5117: 4432: 4405: 4378: 4351: 4313: 4282: 4259: 4232: 4213: 4064: 3899: 3248: 3202: 3158: 2298: 2271: 2134: 2048: 2005: 1971: 1877: 1838: 1794: 1759: 1674: 1519: 1428: 1364: 1347: 3757:

and cytogenetics, was published in December 1968. Court Brown had established the MRC Clinical Effects of Radiation Unit at

6899: 5732: 5692: 5560: 1035: 5489: 5094: 1440:

may be inappropriate. Males with an extra Y chromosome are phenotypically normal and most never come to medical attention.

6768: 4025: 759: 95: 4271:

Twentieth century ethics of human subjects research : historical perspectives on values, practices, and regulations

774:

institutions for delinquent, neglected, or mentally ill juveniles, which was suspended from February–May 1970 due to an

6072: 5080:"Final approval of abortion bill voted in Albany; Rockefeller to sign it over weekend despite appeal by Cooke for veto" 4714: 3646:

At the same time he made public reports from Vanderbilt University showing no abnormal makeup of Speck's chromosomes...

3118: 2695: 2658:

Sandberg, Avery A.; Koepf, George F.; Ishihara, Takaaki; Hauschka, Theodore S. (August 26, 1961). "An XYY human male".

6058: 5518:

on the development of children and with sex chromosome abnormalities identified in part by newborn screening programs.

6758: 5879: 5427: 5054: 4829: 4809: 4610: 4521: 3519: 3042:

Jacobs, Patricia A.; Price, William H.; Court Brown, W. Michael; Brittain, Robert P.; Whatmore, Peter B. (May 1968).

5916:

testosterone." Among other niceties, the killer who has ties to Boston… brands his female victims with the letter Y.

6341: 3887: 3765:

in 1956, which was renamed the MRC Clinical and Population Cytogenetics Unit in 1967 (and subsequently renamed the

1666: 752: 5350: 4537:

Culliton, Barbara J. (November 22, 1974). "Patients' rights: Harvard is site of battle over X and Y chromosomes".

4298:

Medical apartheid : the dark history of experimentation on black Americans from colonial times to the present

6740: 6683: 6273: 2689:

Hauschka, Theodore S.; Hasson, John E.; Goldstein, Milton N.; Koepf, George F.; Sandberg, Avery A. (March 1962).

1466:

Ratcliffe, Shirley G.; Pan, Huiqi; McKie, Mark (November–December 1992). "Growth during puberty in the XYY boy".

826: 436:

the ovum fusing with a sperm cell with two Y-chromosomes, which was due to division problems in MII of the male.

6734: 6673: 6611: 5536: 3937: 2446: 2070: 903:

In 1973, child psychiatrist Herbert Schreier at Children's Hospital told Harvard Medical School microbiologist

775: 350:

levels are normal in 47,XYY males. Most 47,XYY males have normal sexual development and have normal fertility.

3041: 2409: 2068:

Theilgaard, Alice (December 1984). "A psychological study of the personalities of XYY- and XXY-men. Results".

281:

have an increased growth rate from early childhood, with an average final height approximately 7 centimetres (

6228: 1901:"Neurocognitive outcomes of individuals with a sex chromosome trisomy: XXX, XYY, or XXY: a systematic review" 873: 818: 6677: 6669: 6625: 6317: 6257: 6192: 6170: 1530: 676:. Telfer found five tall, developmentally disabled XYY boys and men in hospitals and penal institutions in 424:

Patients with Jacobs syndrome have been shown to have a higher risk of developing certain diseases such as

401: in) in height, forty-two 47,XYY boys and men had an average 99.5 verbal IQ and 106.4 performance IQ. 4735:"Babies' screening is ended in Boston; extra chromosome study stirred controversy on its ethics and value" 3649:

46 chromosomes. The other cell had 45, regarded by the Vanderbilt investigators as having no significance.

6868: 6856: 6236: 6123: 3841: 3739: 3681: 3043: 2745: 997: 953: 732: 723: 336: 2688: 2657: 1899:

Leggett, Victoria; Jacobs, Patricia; Nation, Kate; Scerif, Gaia; Bishop, Dorothy V. M. (February 2010).

6615: 6313: 6309: 5336:

be tall, mentally retarded, have acne, and show aggressive behavior... (Courtesy of Wide World Photos.)

4965: 3267:

Telfer, Mary A.; Baker, David; Longtin, Lucien (January 13, 1968). "YY syndrome in an American Negro".

2836: 2789: 1692: 1534: 949: 920: 229:. There are usually few symptoms. These may include being taller than average and an increased risk of 6043: 4626:

Culliton, Barbara J. (December 27, 1974). "Briefing: Harvard faculty says XYY study should continue".

3114:"The William Allan Memorial Award address: human population cytogenetics: the first twenty-five years" 692:

XYY male—or "supermale" as Telfer referred to XYY males outside of peer-reviewed scientific journals.

6782: 6744: 6543: 6378: 4167: 4151: 4108: 3590: 477: 414: 4963:

Zech, Lore (December 1969). "Investigation of metaphase chromosomes with DNA-binding flurochromes".

4751:

Culliton, Barbara J. (June 27, 1975). "XYY: Harvard researcher under fire stops newborn screening".

2954:"Behaviour disorders and pattern of crime among XYY males identified at a maximum security hospital" 6232: 5992: 4417:

Children and young adults with sex chromosome aneuploidy: follow-up, clinical and molecular studies

3962: 3758: 3236: 3048: 2223: 2033:

Children and young adults with sex chromosome aneuploidy: follow-up, clinical and molecular studies

1152: 1123: 1022: 979: 745: 649: 625: 5472: 4497:"Scientists' group terms Boston study of children with extra sex chromosome unethical and harmful" 3706: 3440: 1314: 57: 6909: 6798: 6790: 6776: 6762: 6720: 6641: 6353: 5843: 4201: 3766: 1830: 1786: 1468: 737:

in Scotland, and concluded that studies confined to institutionalized XYY males may be guilty of

621: 536: 4205: 3976: 3297: 3240: 3194: 3182: 1869: 1861: 960:

and colleagues that screened the tallest 16% of men (over 184 cm (6'0") in height) born in

544: 484:

diagnosed after any of a variety of symptoms, including fertility problems (5%) have been seen.

6244: 6095: 5647: 4850: 4586:"Harvard backs genetic study; research involving young with XYY chromosome had been criticized" 3891: 3881: 1013: 993: 938: 908: 814: 767: 585:

The first published report of a man with a 47,XYY karyotype was by the American cytogeneticist

332: 150: 4992:

Pearson, Peter L.; Bobrow, Martin; Vosa, Canio G. (April 4, 1970). "Technique for identifying

4480: 4305: 4293: 4251: 4243: 2288: 1337: 405:

performance IQ, while their siblings had an average 112.9 verbal IQ and 114.6 performance IQ.

6904: 5772: 4301: 3676: 2261: 1532:

offspring of a father with mosaic Klinefelter syndrome but with two maternal X chromosomes".

842: 763: 571: 4745:

Dr. Walzer said that when he stopped screening on the study's fifth anniversary in April,...

3753:

The first XYY review article, by W. Michael Court Brown, a physician and world authority on

3576:"Chromosome test for flaws costly; 2 scientists cite scarcity of skilled aides for analyses" 1289: 6599: 6524: 6463: 6269: 5380: 5271: 5265: 5142: 5007: 4762: 4676: 4548: 4424: 4397: 4370: 4343: 4274: 3977:

Baker, David; Telfer, Mary A.; Richardson, Claude E.; Clark, Gerald R. (November 2, 1970).

3770: 3309: 3076: 2996: 2914: 2801: 2585: 2525: 2368: 2126: 2040: 1963: 1905: 1157: 1060:" is appropriate for this condition because many people with this karyotype appear normal. 1044: 881: 367: 249: 155: 20: 4822:

In May...Walzer nevertheless decided to cut short his XYY screening by about eight months.

3978: 1824: 608:

did indeed contribute meaningly to our knowledge of XYY. In December 1965 and March 1966,

8: 6772: 6585: 6219: 5981: 5796: 5321:

Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry : Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry

4834: 4128: 4085: 3487: 1689: 1027: 540: 230: 103: 5384: 5146: 5011: 4766: 4680: 4664: 4552: 3930: 3313: 2918: 2805: 2589: 2529: 2372: 1572: 1078:

spy novels whose fictional tall, intelligent, nonviolent XYY hero was a reformed expert

821:, was unique among the seven newborn screening studies in that it only screened newborn 668:

published the first U.S. reports of tall, institutionalized XYY males by Mary Telfer, a

6876: 6864: 6860: 6824: 6819: 6754: 6368: 6148: 5672: 5627: 5494: 5450: 5396: 5298: 5236: 5197: 5158: 5122: 5099: 5084: 5031: 4923: 4867: 4845: 4778: 4739: 4645: 4590: 4564: 4501: 4194: 4054: 3922: 3863: 3836: 3595: 3580: 3565: 3550: 3472: 3421: 3341: 3325: 3227: 3132: 3113: 3100: 3065: 3061: 3025: 2998: 2980: 2953: 2940: 2825: 2767: 2740: 2709: 2690: 2611: 2549: 2392: 2334: 2315: 2191: 2166: 2095: 2083: 1927: 1900: 1559: 1263: 1040: 1018: 1001: 770:

began a chromosome survey of (predominantly African-American) boys ages 8 to 18 in all

742: 697: 85: 5986: 5690:

Robinson, Arthur (April 1990). "Living history: an autobiography of Arthur Robinson".

3918:"A kind word said for the XYY men; Psychiatrist cites evidence many are good citizens" 3819: 3796: 3282: 2883: 2852: 2673: 2642: 2499: 2462: 2425: 1442:

Pubertal development, testicular histology, and spermatogenesis are most often normal.

1110:

The false stereotype of XYY boys and men as violent criminals has also been used as a

6838: 6455: 6374: 6329: 6297: 6285: 6003: 5847: 5776: 5749: 5709: 5664: 5619: 5579: 5574: 5555: 5540: 5404: 5371: 5324: 5304: 5275: 5244: 5219: 5205: 5180: 5166: 5133: 5023: 4978: 4927: 4875: 4786: 4753: 4692: 4667: 4653: 4628: 4572: 4539: 4472: 4428: 4401: 4374: 4347: 4309: 4278: 4255: 4228: 4209: 4191: 4060: 4029: 4000: 3954: 3895: 3868: 3823: 3774: 3754: 3666: 3606: 3514: 3370: 3333: 3300: 3286: 3244: 3198: 3154: 3137: 3077:

Court Brown, W. Michael; Price, William H.; Jacobs, Patricia A. (November 23, 1968).

3030: 2985: 2932: 2887: 2856: 2817: 2772: 2714: 2677: 2603: 2541: 2466: 2429: 2384: 2294: 2267: 2242: 2196: 2140: 2130: 2099: 2087: 2044: 2001: 1967: 1932: 1918: 1873: 1834: 1790: 1755: 1709: 1670: 1641: 1599: 1551: 1515: 1485: 1424: 1343: 830: 664: 594: 461: 440:

47,XYY is not inherited; it usually occurs as a random event during the formation of

388: 363: 222: 138: 73: 5676: 5631: 5095:"Abortions begun in state under liberal new law; Scores get abortions under new law" 4641: 3345: 3104: 3069: 2396: 1563: 762:(NIMH) Center for Studies of Crime and Delinquency held a two-day XYY conference in 6833: 6829: 6726: 6603: 6571: 6202: 5741: 5701: 5656: 5611: 5569: 5422: 5388: 5232: 5228: 5193: 5189: 5150: 5049: 5035: 5015: 4998: 4974: 4915: 4859: 4804: 4770: 4709: 4684: 4637: 4605: 4556: 4516: 3992: 3946: 3858: 3850: 3815: 3792: 3317: 3278: 3127: 3092: 3057: 3020: 3012: 2975: 2967: 2944: 2922: 2905: 2879: 2848: 2829: 2809: 2792: 2762: 2754: 2704: 2669: 2638: 2615: 2593: 2576: 2553: 2533: 2516: 2495: 2458: 2421: 2376: 2359: 2339: 2329: 2232: 2186: 2178: 2079: 1922: 1914: 1701: 1631: 1589: 1543: 1477: 1219: 897: 893: 779: 610: 548: 78: 3680:

made an unsolicited request in August 1966 to Speck's appointed defense attorney,

3321: 3078: 1384: 480:

in order to obtain a chromosome karyotype, where the abnormality can be observed.

6843: 6432: 5997: 5602: 5511: 5467: 4560: 3701: 3626: 3435: 1860:

Bender, Bruce G.; Puck, Mary H.; Salbenblatt, James A.; Robinson, Arthur (1986).

1833:. pp. 9–10, 12, 36, 52, 221, 224, 230, 285–286, 293, 440–441, 477–480, 484. 1751: 1177: 1005: 988: 711: 605: 523: 245: 159: 143: 107: 5553: 5154: 2997:

Court Brown, W. Michael; Price, William H.; Jacobs, Patricia A. (May 11, 1968).

2182: 6517: 6483: 6478: 6153: 6008: 5530: 5323:(10th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 154. 4414: 4333: 3361:

Telfer, Mary A. (November–December 1968). "Are some criminals born that way?".

1570: 1420: 1172: 1093: 974: 738: 633: 586: 449: 380: 260: 181: 163: 5971: 5660: 5131:

Glass, Bentley (January 8, 1971). "Science: endless horizons or golden age?".

1481: 90:

None, being taller than the parents, Mildly unusual physical features, severe

6893: 6712: 6512: 6473: 6468: 6396: 6382: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6302: 6207: 6185: 6180: 6158: 5318: 4991: 4774: 4688: 4463: 3374: 3096: 1167: 1162: 1104: 1075: 957: 928: 914: 869: 685: 681: 598: 473: 384: 340: 5705: 3950: 3781:

Court Brown, W. Michael (September 8, 1962). "Sex chromosomes and the law".

3151:

First years of human chromosomes : the beginnings of human cytogenetics

3016: 2237: 2218: 2144: 1994:

Basic approaches to genetic and molecularbiological developmental psychiatry

1636: 1619: 620:

published the first preliminary reports by Jacobs and her colleagues at the

445: 6414: 6410: 6290: 6278: 6262: 6250: 6240: 6143: 6064: 5753: 5668: 5583: 5445: 5392: 5308: 5209: 5170: 4906:

Sapietis, Una; Butler, Gary (21 July 2014). "Obituary: Shirley Ratcliffe".

4790: 4696: 4657: 4576: 4476: 3996: 3931:

Clark, Gerald R.; Telfer, Mary A.; Baker, David; Rosen, Marvin (May 1970).

3546:"Genetic abnormality is linked to crime; Genetics linked to violent crimes" 2971: 2718: 2681: 2545: 2470: 2433: 2388: 2290:

Psychopathology of Childhood and Adolescence: A Neuropsychological Approach

2246: 2200: 1936: 1645: 1603: 1555: 992:

published the discovery by Ercole Rao and colleagues of the X/Y chromosome

904: 850: 677: 563: 555: 519: 515: 512: 441: 359: 347: 226: 5713: 5623: 5533:

Genetic disorders and the fetus : diagnosis, prevention and treatment

5248: 5027: 4879: 4106:

Bauer, Diane (January 22, 1970). "Maryland tests for criminal potential".

4033: 4004: 3958: 3872: 3827: 3670: 3337: 3290: 3266: 3141: 3034: 2989: 2936: 2891: 2860: 2821: 2776: 2607: 2091: 1780: 1713: 1489: 6529: 6500: 6495: 6392: 5408: 5217:

Glass, Bentley (July 9, 1971). "Reply to: What price the perfect baby?".

3622:"Getty tells Speck case plea basis; 10 issues are raised regarding trial" 3439:. Vol. 92, no. 17. October 25, 1968. p. 76. Archived from 2691:"An XYY man with progeny indicating familial tendency to non-disjunction" 1997: 1807:

for any increased risk for aneuploidy in the children of men with 47,XYY.

1594: 1115: 1111: 1079: 1070: 641: 456:

In some cases, the extra Y-chromosome results from nondisjunction during

31: 5903:

Hochman, David (May 7–13, 2007). "Horatio hunts a natural-born killer".

5471:. Vol. 108, no. 9. August 30, 1976. p. 58. Archived from 3854: 2758: 2259: 2119:

The Y chromosome: Part B. Clinical aspects of Y chromosome abnormalities

6649: 6645: 6451: 6197: 6175: 6165: 5745: 5454: 5400: 5240: 5201: 5162: 4871: 4782: 4649: 4568: 4222: 3806: 3783: 3329: 3269: 3183:"Media sensationalism and science: The case of the criminal chromosome" 2870: 2839: 2660: 2629: 2486: 2449: 2412: 2343: 2219:"The origin of the extra Y chromosome in males with a 47,XYY karyotype" 1825:

Gardner, R.J. McKinlay; Sutherland, Grant R.; Shaffer, Lisa G. (2012).

1099: 961: 865: 860:-rich distal half of the long arm of the Y chromosome in the nuclei of 673: 669: 658: 616: 567: 233:. The person is generally otherwise normal, including typical rates of 219: 5954: 5615: 5554:

Bender, Bruce G.; Linden, Mary G.; Harmon, Robert J. (May–June 2001).

4919: 4246:. In Cohen, Bernice H.; Lilienfield, Abraham M.; Huang, P. C. (eds.). 2813: 1705: 1547: 317: in), their mothers' average height was 162.8 cm (5 ft 6490: 6446: 6138: 6133: 6014: 5874: 5418:"Males with extra chromosomes not violence-prone, Danish study shows" 5178:

Glass, Bentley (April 9, 1971). "Reply to: Less than golden future".

5019: 3762: 3190: 2927: 2900: 2598: 2567: 2537: 2380: 2320: 2216: 1862:"Cognitive development of children with sex chromosome abnormalities" 1182: 1087: 1030:

analysis indicated was mediated mainly through lowered intelligence.

861: 846: 794: 790: 706: 689: 637: 629: 559: 507: 376: 296: 278: 253: 234: 192: 99: 65: 5299:

Freedman, Alfred M.; Kaplan, Harold I.; Sadock, Benjamin J. (1972).

4863: 3705:. Vol. 91, no. 18. May 3, 1968. p. 41. Archived from 1748:

Genetic disorders and the fetus: diagnosis, prevention and treatment

1571:

Aksglaede, Lise; Skakkebaek, Niels E.; Juul, Anders (January 2008).

6606: 6556: 6552: 6424: 6103: 6038: 5905: 5351:"XYY SYNDROME - A DANGEROUS MYTH | Office of Justice Programs" 4183: 3716: 2951: 2898: 1511: 1140: 1057: 934: 806: 771: 717: 645: 444:

cells. An incident in chromosome separation during anaphase II (of

300: 241: 185: 5367: 4415:

Evans, Jane A.; Hamerton, John L.; Robinson, Arthur, eds. (1991).

4387: 4334:

Robinson, Arthur; Lubs, Herbert A.; Bergsma, Daniel, eds. (1979).

4294:"The children's crusade: research targets young African Americans" 4192:

Katz, Jay; Capron, Alexander Morgan; Glass, Eleanor Swift (1972).

2356: 6659: 6442: 6115: 6019: 5928: 4089:. Associated Press. December 27, 1969. p. B7. Archived from 3883:

Human and mammalian cytogenetics : an historical perspective

2167:"47,XYY Syndrome: Clinical Phenotype and Timing of Ascertainment" 1769:

Pubertal development is normal and these men are usually fertile.

1380: 1376: 1135: 1129: 857: 854: 798: 457: 5831: 5556:"Life adaptation in 35 adults with sex chromosome abnormalities" 5303:(1st ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 711. 4024:. Public Health Service publication No. 2103. Chevy Chase, Md.: 2512: 2483: 833:

who focused her career on it and published the results in 1999.

5966: 5820: 5729: 5263: 1372: 877: 810: 802: 786: 531: 527: 431: 425: 410: 4390:

Prospective studies on children with sex chromosome aneuploidy

1956:

Prospective studies on children with sex chromosome aneuploidy

1660: 1617: 1417:

Emery and Rimoin's principles and practice of medical genetics

460:

in early embryonic development. This can produce 46,XY/47,XYY

6748: 6687: 6663: 6593: 5837: 5515: 4944:. Wellcome Library Western Manuscripts and Archives catalogue 4601:"Harvard Medical School panel rejects plea to end gene study" 2116: 1859: 702: 331: in). The increased gene dosage of three X/Y chromosome 4165:

Bauer, Diane (May 4, 1970). "Criminal-prone tests resumed".

2217:

Robinson, David O.; Jacobs, Patricia A. (November 1, 1999).

6794: 6786: 6730: 6716: 6691: 6619: 6589: 6579: 5449:. Vol. 110, no. 7. August 14, 1976. p. 103. 4456: 2899:

Price, William H.; Whatmore, Peter B. (February 25, 1967).

1505: 91: 16:

Genetic condition in which a male has an extra Y chromosome

4363:

Children with sex chromosome aneuploidy: follow-up studies

4336:

Sex chromosome aneuploidy: prospective studies on children

4187:. Vol. 75, no. 20. May 18, 1970. pp. 98–99. 3773:(47,XXY) patients and psychosis in some institutionalized 3044:"Chromosome studies on men in a maximum security hospital" 2313: 680:, and since four of the five had at least moderate facial 6575: 4842: 3417:"French murder jury rejects chromosome defect as defense" 3187:

Expository science: Forms and functions of popularisation

3083: 3003: 2958: 1898: 27: 5319:

Sadock, Benjamin James; Sadock, Virginia Alcott (2007).

4241: 3510:"Australia precedent for XYY syndrome case held dubious" 3233:

Making genes, making waves: A social activist in science

1789:. pp. 29–30, 42, 199, 207, 257, 263, 393, 424–430. 5301:

Modern Synopsis of Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry

2952:

Price, William H.; Whatmore, Peter B. (March 4, 1967).

371: 244:

but rather occurs as a result of a random event during

5644: 4291: 4268: 3655:

Engel, Eric (September 1972). "The making of an XYY".

2164: 5840:

The Sci-Fi Channel encyclopedia of TV science fiction

5838:

Fulton, Roger; Betancourt, John (1998). "Doomwatch".

3720:. Vol. 76, no. 19. May 6, 1968. p. 87. 3224: 2999:"Further information on the identity of 47,XYY males" 1781:

Gardner, R.J. McKinlay; Sutherland, Grant R. (2004).

5944: 4750: 4625: 4536: 4227:. New York: Grune & Stratton. pp. 135–222. 4149:

Bauer, Diane (February 13, 1970). "XYY tests stop".

3468:"Extra chromosome brings acquittal on murder charge" 1056:

Some medical geneticists question whether the term "

5257: 4388:Ratcliffe, Shirley G.; Paul, Natalie, eds. (1986). 3111: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2029: 1311:

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)

890:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

593:(then known as Roswell Park Memorial Institute) in 582:the first reported male sex chromosome aneuploidy. 551:had been discovered in 1960, a year before 47,XYY. 5598: 4360: 4193: 3226: 1953: 353: 4512:"Scientists oppose survey of chromosome disorder" 4329: 4327: 4244:"Cytogenic screening of community-dwelling males" 4121: 4059:. Minneapolis: Burgess Pub. Co. pp. 86–100. 3834: 3573: 3561:"Ultimate Speck appeal may cite a genetic defect" 3558: 3543: 2266:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 91. 2260:National Organization for Rare Disorders (2003). 1987: 1985: 1983: 1745: 1620:"Novel genetic aspects of Klinefelter's syndrome" 1465: 1362: 1133:in May 1992. The main character of the 2005 film 6891: 5789: 5689: 5270:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 5115: 4934: 4250:. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas. pp. 3732: 3630:. November 26, 1968. p. A16. Archived from 3480: 3457: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3149:Harper, Peter S. (2006). "The sex chromosomes". 3148: 2727: 2212: 2210: 2160: 2158: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 5292: 4598: 4457:Beckwith, Jon; King, Jonathan (November 1974). 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4019: 3414: 3360: 3262: 3260: 2868:editorial (March 12, 1966). "The YY syndrome". 2061: 1894: 1892: 1827:Chromosome abnormalities and genetic counseling 1820: 1818: 1783:Chromosome abnormalities and genetic counseling 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1268:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) 888:In December 1970, at the annual meeting of the 632:of a chromosome survey of 315 male patients at 358:In contrast to the other common sex chromosome 26:"Xyy" redirects here. For the color model, see 5902: 5766: 5725: 5723: 5487: 5216: 5177: 5130: 4905: 4800:"XYY battle is over, research ethic war isn't" 4732: 4583: 4494: 4324: 2025: 2023: 1980: 813:(Apr 1970–Nov 1974). The Boston study, led by 6834:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development 6080: 5683: 5415: 5042: 4827: 4797: 4509: 4028:Center for Studies of Crime and Delinquency. 3507: 3211: 3180: 3176: 3174: 3172: 2741:"Males with an XYY sex chromosome complement" 2651: 2207: 2155: 2110: 1720: 1459: 1335: 896:, cheered by the legalization of abortion in 778:(ACLU) lawsuit regarding the study's lack of 6094: 5896: 5118:"Growth to slow down, association head says" 5092: 5077: 4985: 4248:Genetic issues in public health and medicine 4164: 4148: 4105: 4041: 3926:. Associated Press. May 6, 1969. p. 93. 3483:"Genetic abnormality is basis for acquittal" 3405: 3257: 3185:. In Shinn, Terry; Whitley, Richard (eds.). 2560: 2293:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 586. 1889: 1815: 1774: 1391: 6656:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation 5867: 5720: 5361: 4713:. March 15, 1975. p. 7. Archived from 3780: 3654: 2738: 2314:Tjio, Joe Hin; Levan, Albert (April 1956). 2020: 1947: 1853: 1654: 1356: 892:(AAAS), its retiring president, geneticist 6087: 6073: 5264:Otto, James Howard; Towle, Albert (1973). 4962: 3879: 3537: 3169: 2067: 1868:. San Diego: College-Hill Press. pp. 1301: 1299: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 868:mustard. In April 1970, Peter Pearson and 751:In May 1969, at the annual meeting of the 295: in) above expected final height. In 56: 5638: 5573: 4996:chromosomes in human interphase nuclei". 4956: 4705:"Harvard vote backs child behavior study" 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4022:Report on the XYY chromosomal abnormality 3862: 3588: 3131: 3024: 2979: 2926: 2867: 2766: 2739:Court Brown, W. Michael (December 1968). 2708: 2597: 2506: 2333: 2236: 2190: 1991: 1926: 1661:Plewig, Gerd; Kligman, Albert M. (2000). 1635: 1618:Tüttelmann, Frank; Gromoll, Jörg (2010). 1593: 1342:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 682. 1336:Bostwick, David G.; Cheng, Liang (2014). 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1121:in February 1971 (dubbed into English as 748:studies of newborn XYY boys were needed. 530:that the normal number of chromosomes in 5861: 5592: 4419:. Birth defects original article series 4392:. Birth defects original article series 4365:. Birth defects original article series 4338:. Birth defects original article series 2035:. Birth defects original article series 1958:. Birth defects original article series 1414: 805:(Oct 1969–Jan 1974, Oct 1980–Jan 1989), 591:Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center 430: 5045:"Test may lead to choice in baby's sex" 4899: 4830:"Ending the test for extra chromosomes" 4225:Progress in medical genetics. Volume 10 3933:"Sex chromosomes, crime, and psychosis" 3463:Lawrence Hannell, Melbourne, Australia 1296: 1237: 6892: 5116:Sullivan, Walter (December 29, 1970). 4443: 4122:Cohen, Richard M. (February 7, 1970). 3112:Jacobs, Patricia A. (September 1982). 2121:. Progress and topics in cytogenetics 1501: 1499: 1195: 1051: 825:(non-private-ward newborn boys at the 648:'s only special security hospital for 6068: 5790:Kneeland, Harold (December 8, 1970). 5488:Brody, Jane E. (September 12, 1976). 4599:Bruzelius, Nils (December 15, 1974). 3733:Stock, Robert W. (October 20, 1968). 3481:Auerbach, Stuart (October 10, 1968). 3228:"The myth of the criminal chromosome" 2286: 1063: 817:child psychiatrist Stanley Walzer at 267: 5443:"XYY: No link to aggressive crime". 4828:Weiss, Philip (September 15, 1975). 4584:Brody, Jane E. (December 14, 1974). 4495:Brody, Jane E. (November 15, 1974). 4459:"The XYY syndrome: a dangerous myth" 4081:"Gene abnormality set for Md. study" 3574:Lyons, Richard D. (April 23, 1968). 3559:Lyons, Richard D. (April 22, 1968). 3544:Lyons, Richard D. (April 21, 1968). 3415:Garrison, Lloyd (October 15, 1968). 2901:"Criminal behavior and the XYY male" 1036:American Journal of Medical Genetics 6769:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor 4510:Knox, Richard (November 16, 1974). 2637:(7693): 275–276. February 6, 1971. 1496: 1004:of which leads to short stature in 841:In December 1969, Lore Zech at the 760:National Institute of Mental Health 547:in 1959. Even the much less common 19:Not to be confused with XXY (2 Xs, 13: 3508:Getze, George (February 3, 1969). 3153:. Bloxham: Scion. pp. 77–96. 3062:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1968.tb00566.x 2335:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1956.tb03010.x 2084:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb11065.x 1866:Genetics and learning disabilities 1339:Urologic Surgical Pathology E-Book 968: 272: 14: 6921: 5940: 5868:Roush, Matt (November 17, 1993). 5416:Knox, Richard (August 11, 1976). 5043:Knox, Richard (August 14, 1970). 4242:Borgaonkar, Diagamber S. (1978). 4175:Experimentation with human beings 4159:Experimentation with human beings 4116:Experimentation with human beings 3604:"Geneticist: Didn't test Speck". 1074:was published—the first of seven 574:, a technique developed a decade 6342:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome 5932:(film). Event occurs at 10m00s. 5792:"Books: Antiheroes and villains" 5575:10.1097/00125817-200105000-00007 4733:Brody, Jane E. (June 20, 1975). 4361:Stewart, Donald A., ed. (1982). 4038:June 19–20, 1969 XYY conference. 3835:Harnden, David G. (March 1969). 3814:(7584): 57–58. January 4, 1969. 1919:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03545.x 1613:from the original on 2022-10-09. 753:American Psychiatric Association 656:In January 1968 and March 1968, 30:. For the series of novels, see 6741:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 6684:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia 6612:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma 6274:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome 5919: 5767:Royce, Kenneth (June 1, 1970). 5760: 5521: 5504: 5343: 5109: 5078:Kovach, Bill (April 11, 1970). 5071: 4642:10.1126/science.186.4170.1189-b 4292:Washington, Harriet A. (2006). 4073: 4013: 3910: 3804:"William Michael Court Brown". 3747: 3726: 3689: 3476:. October 10, 1968. p. 94. 3354: 2783: 2477: 2440: 2403: 2350: 2307: 2287:Davis, Andrew S. (2012-12-20). 2280: 2253: 1683: 1510:(18th ed.). Philadelphia: 1143:who has an extra Y chromosome. 487: 354:Cognitive and behavioral traits 240:The condition is generally not 5537:Johns Hopkins University Press 5233:10.1126/science.173.3992.103-c 5194:10.1126/science.172.3979.111-c 4798:Knox, Richard (July 6, 1975). 3225:Beckwith, Jonathan R. (2002). 2316:"The chromosome number of man" 1864:. In Smith, Shelley D. (ed.). 1665:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: 1329: 1282: 776:American Civil Liberties Union 1: 6464:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) 6229:1q21.1 copy number variations 5878:. p. 12D. Archived from 5093:Kihss, Peter (July 2, 1970). 3820:10.1016/S0140-6736(69)91029-0 3797:10.1016/S0140-6736(62)90378-1 3431:"Criminal law: Question of Y" 3322:10.1126/science.159.3820.1249 3283:10.1016/S0140-6736(68)90107-4 2884:10.1016/S0140-6736(66)90771-9 2853:10.1016/S0140-6736(66)90760-4 2674:10.1016/S0140-6736(61)92459-X 2643:10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91008-7 2500:10.1016/S0140-6736(60)91624-X 2463:10.1016/S0140-6736(59)90415-5 2426:10.1016/S0140-6736(59)91893-8 1508:Nelson textbook of pediatrics 1188: 653:institutionalized XYY males. 225:in which a male has an extra 6670:Acute promyelocytic leukemia 6626:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 6318:17q12 microdeletion syndrome 6193:22q11.2 duplication syndrome 6171:16p11.2 duplication syndrome 5800:. p. B6. Archived from 5053:. p. 26. Archived from 4979:10.1016/0014-4827(69)90531-X 4808:. p. A4. Archived from 4561:10.1126/science.186.4165.715 4132:. p. B2. Archived from 3697:"Of chromosomes & crime" 3610:. April 23, 1968. p. 8. 3589:editorial (April 23, 1968). 3518:. p. C1. Archived from 3491:. p. A1. Archived from 3411:Daniel Hugon, Paris, France 2263:NORD Guide to Rare Disorders 876:Population Genetics Unit in 467: 7: 6900:Sex chromosome aneuploidies 6237:1q21.1 duplication syndrome 6124:1q21.1 duplication syndrome 5535:(4th ed.). Baltimore: 5426:. p. 5. Archived from 5155:10.1126/science.171.3966.23 4609:. p. 8. Archived from 4520:. p. 3. Archived from 3740:The New York Times Magazine 3682:Cook County Public Defender 3393:Syndrome Status for the XYY 2584:(5249): 897. June 6, 1970. 2183:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.05.037 1419:(6th ed.). San Diego: 1146: 954:Educational Testing Service 733:Journal of Medical Genetics 724:The New York Times Magazine 511:published the discovery by 10: 6926: 6057:Nielsen, Johannes (1998). 4173:reprinted in Katz (1972). 4157:reprinted in Katz (1972). 4124:"Genetic study is opposed" 4114:reprinted in Katz (1972). 4057:Biology as a social weapon 3735:"The XYY and the criminal" 2071:Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1363:Nielsen, Johannes (1998). 1103:depicts a 34-year-old XYY 980:prospective cohort studies 950:retrospective cohort study 721:, and six months later in 495: 133:Two Y chromosomes in males 25: 18: 6812: 6783:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma 6705: 6634: 6564: 6551: 6542: 6518:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY) 6484:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY) 6479:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY) 6441: 6423: 6409: 6218: 6111: 6102: 6059:XYY males. An orientation 6029: 5948: 5926:dir. Van Fischer (2005). 5661:10.1017/S0033291799008594 4181:"Congenital criminals?". 4168:The Washington Daily News 4152:The Washington Daily News 4109:The Washington Daily News 2171:The Journal of Pediatrics 1482:10.1080/03014469200002392 1369:XYY males. An orientation 827:Boston Hospital for Women 809:(Feb 1970–Sep 1973), and 478:chorionic villus sampling 415:chromosome translocations 201: 191: 177: 169: 149: 137: 129: 121: 113: 84: 72: 64: 55: 47: 42: 6258:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome 6233:1q21.1 deletion syndrome 6096:Chromosome abnormalities 4775:10.1126/science.11643276 4689:10.1126/science.11643259 4020:Shah, Saleem A. (1970). 3759:Western General Hospital 3237:Harvard University Press 3097:10.1136/bmj.4.5629.513-a 3049:Annals of Human Genetics 1829:(4th ed.). Oxford: 1785:(3rd ed.). Oxford: 1750:(6th ed.). Oxford: 1153:Sex chromosome anomalies 1023:Royal Edinburgh Hospital 926:In a paper published in 836: 672:, and colleagues at the 650:developmentally disabled 626:Western General Hospital 500: 6642:Philadelphia chromosome 6513:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY) 6474:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY) 6469:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY) 6354:22q13 deletion syndrome 6129:2q31.1 microduplication 5706:10.1002/ajmg.1320350406 4202:Russell Sage Foundation 3951:10.1176/ajp.126.11.1659 3767:MRC Human Genetics Unit 3017:10.1136/bmj.2.354.325-a 1831:Oxford University Press 1787:Oxford University Press 1581:J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1469:Annals of Human Biology 1421:Elsevier Academic Press 1365:"How is height growth?" 1224:Genetics Home Reference 1043:47,XYY boys (from high 965:aggressive or violent. 921:Children's Defense Fund 912:press conference and a 880:and Canino Vosa at the 849:first reported intense 622:MRC Human Genetics Unit 277:People with the 47,XYY 68:from a male with 47,XYY 6501:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX) 6433:Turner syndrome (45,X) 6314:Smith–Magenis syndrome 6310:Miller–Dieker syndrome 6245:1p36 deletion syndrome 5773:Hodder & Stoughton 5393:10.1126/science.959813 4844:Robert; Mone, Carola; 3997:10.1001/jama.214.5.869 3651: 3617: 3402: 3189:. Dordrecht, Holland: 3181:Green, Jeremy (1985). 2972:10.1136/bmj.1.5539.533 1514:. pp. 2303–2307. 1423:. pp. 1180–1211. 1375:Psychiatric Hospital, 1313:. 2017. Archived from 1014:Psychological Medicine 994:pseudoautosomal region 909:Science for the People 815:Harvard Medical School 768:Johns Hopkins Hospital 730:In December 1968, the 589:and his colleagues at 437: 333:pseudoautosomal region 259:Treatment may include 197:Normal life expectancy 151:Differential diagnosis 6508:XYY syndrome (47,XYY) 6496:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX) 6379:Prader–Willi syndrome 5814:The genetic fable is 3677:Vanderbilt University 3644: 3612: 3379: 2238:10.1093/hmg/8.12.2205 1637:10.1093/molehr/gaq019 1371:. The Turner Center, 1124:The Cat o' Nine Tails 939:chemically sterilized 801:(Oct 1967–Sep 1971), 797:(Oct 1967–Sep 1968), 793:(Apr 1967–Jun 1979), 764:Chevy Chase, Maryland 741:, and that long-term 434: 370:)—the average of the 231:learning disabilities 6600:Mantle cell lymphoma 6270:Cri du chat syndrome 5539:. pp. 249–285. 5463:"Medicine: Capsules" 4277:. pp. 319–334. 4275:Franz Steiner Verlag 3771:Klinefelter syndrome 3709:on October 29, 2010. 3591:"Nature or nurture?" 3235:. Cambridge, Mass.: 2129:. pp. 265–275. 1966:. pp. 293–306. 1906:Dev Med Child Neurol 1754:. pp. 273–312. 1595:10.1210/jc.2007-1426 1158:Klinefelter syndrome 1119:Il gatto a nove code 1045:socioeconomic status 1041:prenatally diagnosed 882:University of Oxford 843:Karolinska Institute 554:Screening for those 368:Klinefelter syndrome 250:chromosomal analysis 248:. Diagnosis is by a 156:Klinefelter syndrome 21:Klinefelter syndrome 6586:Follicular lymphoma 5882:on October 26, 2012 5804:on October 26, 2012 5797:The Washington Post 5430:on January 31, 2013 5385:1976Sci...193..547W 5147:1971Sci...171...23G 5057:on February 1, 2013 5012:1970Natur.226...78P 4846:Petchesky, Rosalind 4835:The Harvard Crimson 4812:on January 31, 2013 4767:1975Sci...188.1284C 4761:(4195): 1284–1285. 4717:on January 31, 2013 4681:1975Sci...187..298B 4636:(4170): 1188–1189. 4613:on January 31, 2013 4553:1974Sci...186..715C 4524:on January 31, 2013 4136:on October 26, 2012 4129:The Washington Post 4093:on October 26, 2012 4086:The Washington Post 3880:Hsu, T. C. (1979). 3855:10.1136/jmg.6.1.107 3634:on October 19, 2012 3522:on January 31, 2013 3495:on October 26, 2012 3488:The Washington Post 3314:1968Sci...159.1249T 2919:1967Natur.213..815P 2806:1965Natur.208.1351J 2759:10.1136/jmg.5.4.341 2590:1970Natur.226..897. 2568:"In pursuit of the 2530:1949Natur.163..676B 2373:1959Natur.183..302J 2000:. pp. 99–122. 1317:on 11 November 2017 1052:Society and culture 1028:logistic regression 864:cells treated with 819:Children's Hospital 6825:Uniparental disomy 6820:Fragile X syndrome 6755:Myxoid liposarcoma 6607:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH) 6491:Trisomy X (47,XXX) 6369:genomic imprinting 6149:Distal trisomy 10q 6030:External resources 5746:10.1002/ajmg.10394 5495:The New York Times 5475:on August 14, 2013 5123:The New York Times 5100:The New York Times 5085:The New York Times 4740:The New York Times 4591:The New York Times 4502:The New York Times 3923:The New York Times 3837:"W.M. Court Brown" 3596:The New York Times 3581:The New York Times 3566:The New York Times 3551:The New York Times 3473:The New York Times 3422:The New York Times 3191:D. Reidel Pub. Co. 2043:. pp. 45–58. 1307:"47, XYY syndrome" 1064:In popular culture 1033:In June 2002, the 1019:case-control study 1002:haploinsufficiency 758:In June 1969, the 698:The New York Times 438: 268:Signs and symptoms 6887: 6886: 6839:Marker chromosome 6808: 6807: 6701: 6700: 6538: 6537: 6405: 6404: 6375:Angelman syndrome 6330:DiGeorge syndrome 6298:Jacobsen syndrome 6286:Williams syndrome 6053: 6052: 5870:"Critic's corner" 5853:978-0-446-67478-2 5782:978-0-340-10694-5 5616:10.1038/ng0597-54 5546:978-0-8018-5801-7 5379:(4253): 547–555. 5330:978-0-7817-7327-0 5281:978-0-03-091337-2 5227:(3992): 103–104. 5188:(3979): 111–112. 4920:10.1136/bmj.g4716 4858:(4): Suppl 1–32. 4851:Hastings Cent Rep 4547:(4165): 715–717. 4434:978-0-471-56846-9 4407:978-0-8451-1062-1 4380:978-0-8451-1052-2 4353:978-0-8451-1024-9 4315:978-0-385-50993-0 4284:978-3-515-08455-0 4261:978-0-398-03659-1 4234:978-0-8089-0841-8 4215:978-0-87154-438-4 4066:978-0-8087-4534-1 3901:978-0-387-90364-4 3791:(7254): 508–509. 3775:Triple X syndrome 3755:radiation biology 3607:Chicago Sun-Times 3515:Los Angeles Times 3308:(3820): 1249–50. 3250:978-0-674-00928-8 3204:978-90-277-1831-0 3160:978-1-904842-24-8 2814:10.1038/2081351a0 2668:(7200): 488–489. 2524:(4148): 676–677. 2300:978-0-8261-0928-6 2273:978-0-7817-3063-1 2231:(12): 2205–2209. 2136:978-0-8451-2498-7 2050:978-0-471-56846-9 2007:978-3-86128-209-9 1973:978-0-8451-1062-1 1879:978-0-88744-141-7 1840:978-0-19-537533-6 1796:978-0-19-514960-9 1761:978-1-4051-9087-9 1706:10.1159/000184157 1676:978-3-540-66751-3 1548:10.1159/000076532 1521:978-1-4160-2450-7 1430:978-0-12-383834-6 1349:978-0-323-08619-6 1220:"47,XYY syndrome" 1127:in May 1971) and 937:institution were 831:Shirley Ratcliffe 789:(Jan 1964–1974), 595:Buffalo, New York 389:systematic review 246:sperm development 223:genetic condition 209: 208: 205:~1 in 1,000 males 139:Diagnostic method 96:poor coordination 37:Medical condition 6917: 6830:XX male syndrome 6727:Synovial sarcoma 6604:Multiple myeloma 6572:Burkitt lymphoma 6562: 6561: 6549: 6548: 6452:other karyotypes 6421: 6420: 6203:Cat-eye syndrome 6109: 6108: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6065: 5946: 5945: 5934: 5933: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5811: 5809: 5786: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5577: 5550: 5525: 5519: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5458: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5423:The Boston Globe 5412: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5315: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5213: 5174: 5127: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5089: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5050:The Boston Globe 5039: 5020:10.1038/226078a0 4989: 4983: 4982: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4839: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4805:The Boston Globe 4794: 4747: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4710:The Boston Globe 4700: 4661: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4606:The Boston Globe 4595: 4580: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4517:The Boston Globe 4506: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4479:. Archived from 4471:(923): 474–476. 4454: 4441: 4438: 4411: 4384: 4357: 4331: 4322: 4319: 4288: 4265: 4238: 4219: 4199: 4188: 4172: 4156: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4113: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4052: 4039: 4037: 4017: 4011: 4008: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3961:. Archived from 3927: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3876: 3866: 3831: 3800: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3710: 3693: 3687: 3674: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3611: 3600: 3585: 3570: 3555: 3541: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3477: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3443:on June 24, 2013 3426: 3409: 3403: 3378: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3294: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3230: 3222: 3209: 3208: 3178: 3167: 3164: 3145: 3135: 3108: 3073: 3038: 3028: 2993: 2983: 2948: 2930: 2928:10.1038/213815a0 2895: 2864: 2833: 2800:(5017): 1351–2. 2787: 2781: 2780: 2770: 2736: 2725: 2722: 2712: 2685: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2619: 2601: 2599:10.1038/226897a0 2564: 2558: 2557: 2538:10.1038/163676a0 2510: 2504: 2503: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2381:10.1038/183302a0 2354: 2348: 2347: 2337: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2240: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2194: 2177:(4): 1085–1094. 2162: 2153: 2152: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2056:(range=103–137). 2027: 2018: 2017: 1989: 1978: 1977: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1930: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1822: 1813: 1812: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1743: 1718: 1717: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1663:Acne and rosacea 1658: 1652: 1649: 1639: 1614: 1612: 1597: 1577: 1567: 1525: 1503: 1494: 1493: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1412: 1389: 1388: 1383:. Archived from 1360: 1354: 1353: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1303: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1260: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1216: 944:In August 1976, 894:H. Bentley Glass 780:informed consent 400: 399: 395: 330: 329: 325: 322: 316: 315: 311: 308: 294: 293: 289: 286: 214:, also known as 100:weak muscle tone 79:Medical genetics 60: 40: 39: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6844:Ring chromosome 6804: 6697: 6630: 6534: 6450: 6437: 6401: 6214: 6113: 6098: 6093: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6025: 6024: 5957: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5901: 5897: 5885: 5883: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5846:. p. 170. 5836: 5832: 5807: 5805: 5783: 5765: 5761: 5728: 5721: 5688: 5684: 5643: 5639: 5597: 5593: 5547: 5526: 5522: 5512:London, Ontario 5509: 5505: 5478: 5476: 5461: 5442: 5433: 5431: 5366: 5362: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5331: 5297: 5293: 5282: 5262: 5258: 5141:(3966): 23–29. 5114: 5110: 5076: 5072: 5060: 5058: 5006:(5240): 78–80. 4990: 4986: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4864:10.2307/3560454 4815: 4813: 4720: 4718: 4703: 4675:(4174): 298–9. 4616: 4614: 4527: 4525: 4486: 4484: 4455: 4444: 4435: 4423:(4). New York: 4408: 4396:(3). New York: 4381: 4369:(4). New York: 4354: 4342:(1). New York: 4332: 4325: 4316: 4285: 4262: 4235: 4216: 4180: 4139: 4137: 4096: 4094: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4053: 4042: 4018: 4014: 3968: 3966: 3945:(11): 1659–63. 3938:Am J Psychiatry 3916: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3888:Springer-Verlag 3803: 3752: 3748: 3743:. p. SM30. 3731: 3727: 3713: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3658:Am J Ment Defic 3647: 3637: 3635: 3627:Chicago Tribune 3620: 3603: 3542: 3538: 3525: 3523: 3498: 3496: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3446: 3444: 3429: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3359: 3355: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3223: 3212: 3205: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3011:(5601): 325–8. 2966:(5539): 533–6. 2878:(7437): 583–4. 2847:(7437): 565–6. 2788: 2784: 2737: 2728: 2656: 2652: 2622: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2511: 2507: 2494:(7147): 492–3. 2482: 2478: 2457:(7100): 423–5. 2445: 2441: 2420:(7075): 711–3. 2408: 2404: 2367:(4657): 302–3. 2355: 2351: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2258: 2254: 2215: 2208: 2163: 2156: 2137: 2115: 2111: 2078:(s315): 38–49. 2066: 2062: 2051: 2039:(4). New York: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2008: 1990: 1981: 1974: 1962:(3). New York: 1952: 1948: 1897: 1890: 1880: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1841: 1823: 1816: 1808: 1797: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1752:Wiley-Blackwell 1744: 1721: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1669:. p. 377. 1667:Springer-Verlag 1659: 1655: 1610: 1575: 1522: 1504: 1497: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1431: 1413: 1392: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1334: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1273: 1271: 1262: 1261: 1238: 1229: 1227: 1218: 1217: 1196: 1191: 1178:Turner syndrome 1149: 1094:Law & Order 1066: 1054: 1006:Turner syndrome 989:Nature Genetics 971: 969:1980s and later 839: 695:In April 1968, 674:Elwyn Institute 606:Patricia Jacobs 524:Lund University 513:cytogeneticists 505:In April 1956, 503: 498: 490: 470: 397: 393: 392: 356: 327: 323: 320: 318: 313: 309: 306: 304: 291: 287: 284: 282: 275: 273:Physical traits 270: 216:Jacobs syndrome 160:Marfan syndrome 144:Genetic testing 108:speech problems 38: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6923: 6913: 6912: 6910:Rare syndromes 6907: 6902: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6841: 6836: 6827: 6822: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6780: 6766: 6752: 6738: 6724: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6681: 6667: 6653: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6609: 6597: 6583: 6568: 6566: 6559: 6546: 6544:Translocations 6540: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6418: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6224: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6154:Patau syndrome 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6092: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6011: 6000: 5989: 5974: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949:Classification 5942: 5941:External links 5939: 5936: 5935: 5918: 5895: 5860: 5852: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5781: 5759: 5733:Am J Med Genet 5719: 5700:(4): 475–480. 5693:Am J Med Genet 5682: 5655:(4): 953–962. 5637: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5568:(3): 187–191. 5551: 5545: 5520: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5485: 5459: 5440: 5360: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5291: 5280: 5267:Modern biology 5256: 5254: 5253: 5214: 5175: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5070: 5068: 5067: 4984: 4955: 4933: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4840: 4825: 4795: 4748: 4730: 4701: 4662: 4623: 4596: 4581: 4534: 4507: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4433: 4412: 4406: 4385: 4379: 4352: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4314: 4289: 4283: 4266: 4260: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4214: 4189: 4178: 4162: 4161:, pp. 343–344. 4146: 4119: 4118:, pp. 342–343. 4072: 4065: 4040: 4012: 4010: 4009: 3974: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3877: 3849:(1): 107–108. 3832: 3801: 3746: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3652: 3618: 3601: 3586: 3571: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3505: 3478: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3427: 3404: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3256: 3249: 3210: 3203: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3146: 3119:Am J Hum Genet 3109: 3079:"The XYY male" 3074: 3039: 2994: 2949: 2896: 2865: 2782: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2696:Am J Hum Genet 2650: 2648: 2647: 2559: 2505: 2476: 2439: 2402: 2349: 2306: 2299: 2279: 2272: 2252: 2206: 2154: 2135: 2109: 2060: 2049: 2019: 2006: 1979: 1972: 1946: 1913:(2): 119–129. 1888: 1878: 1852: 1839: 1814: 1795: 1773: 1760: 1719: 1700:(3): 106–109. 1682: 1675: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1624:Mol Hum Reprod 1615: 1588:(1): 169–176. 1568: 1542:(5): 205–210. 1520: 1495: 1476:(6): 579–587. 1458: 1429: 1390: 1387:on 2010-03-07. 1355: 1348: 1328: 1295: 1290:"XYY Syndrome" 1281: 1264:"XYY Syndrome" 1236: 1226:. January 2009 1193: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1173:XYYYY syndrome 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1148: 1145: 1068:In June 1970, 1065: 1062: 1053: 1050: 1011:In July 1999, 975:March of Dimes 970: 967: 838: 835: 739:selection bias 634:State Hospital 587:Avery Sandberg 502: 499: 497: 494: 489: 486: 469: 466: 450:nondisjunction 381:performance IQ 355: 352: 274: 271: 269: 266: 261:speech therapy 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 195: 189: 188: 182:Speech therapy 179: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 164:Sotos syndrome 153: 147: 146: 141: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 88: 82: 81: 76: 70: 69: 62: 61: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6922: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6713:Ewing sarcoma 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6398: 6397:Proximal 18q- 6394: 6391: 6390: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6181:Down syndrome 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6112:Duplications, 6110: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5931: 5930: 5922: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5899: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5825: 5822: 5817: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5726: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5595: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5498:. p. 18. 5497: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5260: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126:. p. 14. 5125: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4893: 4888: 4887:at that point 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4743:. p. 6. 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4728: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4624: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4594:. p. 20. 4593: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4505:. p. 93. 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4483:on 2023-01-11 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4464:New Scientist 4460: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4273:. Stuttgart: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4197: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4147: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3991:(5): 869–78. 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3965:on 2011-06-12 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3719: 3718: 3714:"Born bad?". 3712: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3599:. p. 46. 3598: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3584:. p. 27. 3583: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3569:. p. 43. 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3126:(5): 689–98. 3125: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091:(5629): 513. 3090: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056:(4): 339–58. 3055: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2913:(5078): 815. 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753:(4): 341–59. 2752: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2627:chromosome". 2626: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2283: 2275: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2224:Hum Mol Genet 2220: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2024: 2016: 2009: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1975: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1811: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1630:(6): 386–95. 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1500: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1462: 1455: 1447: 1439: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1351: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1332: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1291: 1285: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1168:XYYY syndrome 1166: 1164: 1163:XXYY syndrome 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1105:serial killer 1102: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1076:Kenneth Royce 1073: 1072: 1061: 1059: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990: 986:In May 1997, 984: 981: 976: 966: 963: 959: 958:Herman Witkin 956:psychologist 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 931: 930: 929:New Scientist 924: 922: 917: 916: 915:New Scientist 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 886: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870:Martin Bobrow 867: 863: 859: 856: 852: 848: 844: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 756: 754: 749: 747: 744: 740: 735: 734: 728: 726: 725: 720: 719: 714: 713: 708: 704: 700: 699: 693: 691: 687: 686:Richard Speck 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666: 661: 660: 654: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618: 613: 612: 607: 602: 600: 599:Down syndrome 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 572:buccal smears 569: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 514: 510: 509: 493: 485: 481: 479: 475: 474:amniocentesis 465: 463: 459: 454: 451: 447: 443: 433: 429: 427: 422: 418: 416: 412: 406: 402: 390: 386: 385:full-scale IQ 383:, and 105.00 382: 378: 373: 369: 365: 361: 351: 349: 344: 342: 338: 334: 302: 298: 280: 265: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 221: 217: 213: 204: 200: 196: 194: 190: 187: 183: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 154: 152: 148: 145: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117:At conception 116: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 87: 83: 80: 77: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 54: 50: 46: 41: 33: 29: 22: 6905:Y chromosome 6507: 6367: 6241:TAR syndrome 6144:Tetrasomy 9p 6037: 6013: 6002: 5991: 5976: 5961: 5927: 5921: 5913:(19): 34–36. 5910: 5904: 5898: 5893:too evident. 5884:. Retrieved 5880:the original 5873: 5863: 5842:. New York: 5839: 5833: 5815: 5813: 5806:. Retrieved 5802:the original 5795: 5768: 5762: 5740:(1): 11–18. 5737: 5731: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5610:(1): 54–63. 5607: 5601: 5594: 5565: 5559: 5532: 5523: 5506: 5493: 5477:. Retrieved 5473:the original 5466: 5444: 5432:. Retrieved 5428:the original 5421: 5376: 5370: 5363: 5354: 5345: 5334: 5320: 5312: 5300: 5294: 5285: 5266: 5259: 5224: 5218: 5185: 5179: 5138: 5132: 5121: 5111: 5103:. p. 1. 5098: 5088:. p. 1. 5083: 5073: 5059:. Retrieved 5055:the original 5048: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4973:(2–3): 463. 4970: 4966:Exp Cell Res 4964: 4958: 4946:. Retrieved 4936: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4886: 4883: 4855: 4849: 4833: 4821: 4814:. Retrieved 4810:the original 4803: 4758: 4752: 4744: 4738: 4726: 4719:. Retrieved 4715:the original 4708: 4672: 4666: 4633: 4627: 4615:. Retrieved 4611:the original 4604: 4589: 4544: 4538: 4526:. Retrieved 4522:the original 4515: 4500: 4485:. Retrieved 4481:the original 4468: 4462: 4420: 4416: 4398:Alan R. Liss 4393: 4389: 4371:Alan R. Liss 4366: 4362: 4344:Alan R. Liss 4339: 4335: 4300:. New York: 4297: 4270: 4247: 4224: 4200:. New York: 4195: 4182: 4174: 4171:. p. 1. 4166: 4158: 4155:. p. 5. 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4134:the original 4127: 4115: 4112:. p. 7. 4107: 4095:. Retrieved 4091:the original 4084: 4075: 4056: 4021: 4015: 3988: 3982: 3967:. Retrieved 3963:the original 3942: 3936: 3921: 3912: 3886:. New York: 3882: 3846: 3840: 3811: 3805: 3788: 3782: 3749: 3738: 3728: 3715: 3707:the original 3700: 3691: 3675:—article by 3665:(2): 123–7. 3662: 3656: 3645: 3636:. Retrieved 3632:the original 3625: 3613: 3605: 3594: 3579: 3564: 3554:. p. 1. 3549: 3539: 3524:. Retrieved 3520:the original 3513: 3497:. Retrieved 3493:the original 3486: 3471: 3459: 3445:. Retrieved 3441:the original 3434: 3425:. p. 5. 3420: 3407: 3392: 3380: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3305: 3299: 3277:(7533): 95. 3274: 3268: 3232: 3186: 3150: 3123: 3117: 3088: 3082: 3053: 3047: 3008: 3002: 2963: 2957: 2910: 2904: 2875: 2869: 2844: 2838: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2750: 2744: 2703:(1): 22–30. 2700: 2694: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2623:"Dyeing the 2581: 2575: 2569: 2562: 2521: 2515: 2508: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2325: 2319: 2309: 2289: 2282: 2262: 2255: 2228: 2222: 2174: 2170: 2148: 2127:Alan R. Liss 2125:. New York: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2103: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2054: 2036: 2032: 2011: 1993: 1964:Alan R. Liss 1959: 1955: 1949: 1940: 1910: 1904: 1883: 1865: 1855: 1844: 1826: 1803: 1800: 1782: 1776: 1765: 1747: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1662: 1656: 1627: 1623: 1585: 1579: 1539: 1533: 1507: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1445: 1437: 1434: 1416: 1385:the original 1368: 1358: 1338: 1331: 1319:. Retrieved 1315:the original 1310: 1284: 1272:. Retrieved 1267: 1228:. Retrieved 1223: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1118: 1116:horror films 1109: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1069: 1067: 1055: 1034: 1032: 1017:published a 1012: 1010: 987: 985: 972: 948:published a 945: 943: 927: 925: 913: 905:Jon Beckwith 902: 887: 851:fluorescence 840: 822: 784: 757: 750: 743:longitudinal 731: 729: 722: 716: 710: 696: 694: 690:archetypical 678:Pennsylvania 663: 657: 655: 615: 609: 603: 584: 579: 575: 556:X chromosome 553: 520:Albert Levan 516:Joe Hin Tjio 506: 504: 491: 488:Epidemiology 482: 471: 455: 439: 423: 419: 407: 403: 366:and 47,XXY ( 360:aneuploidies 357: 348:testosterone 345: 276: 258: 239: 227:Y chromosome 215: 212:XYY syndrome 211: 210: 43:XYY syndrome 6530:46,XX/46,XY 6447:tetrasomies 6393:Distal 18q- 5816:The XYY Man 5769:The XYY Man 5648:Psychol Med 5479:February 8, 5355:www.ojp.gov 5313:Figure 43.2 5287:aggressive. 4948:27 February 4304:. pp. 4204:. pp. 3890:. pp. 3842:J Med Genet 3369:(6): 24–8. 3239:. pp. 2746:J Med Genet 2572:chromosome" 2344:10261/15776 1998:Quintessenz 1804:discernible 1321:11 November 1274:11 November 1112:plot device 1080:cat burglar 1071:The XYY Man 746:prospective 642:Lanarkshire 560:Barr bodies 114:Usual onset 48:Other names 32:The XYY Man 6894:Categories 6525:45,X/46,XY 6425:Monosomies 6198:Trisomy 22 6176:Trisomy 18 6166:Trisomy 16 6114:including 6004:DiseasesDB 5824:dossier... 5771:. London: 4487:2015-07-02 4425:Wiley-Liss 3969:2010-04-16 2328:(1): 1–6. 2041:Wiley-Liss 1996:. Berlin: 1848:classroom. 1810:diagnosis. 1767:discovery. 1230:2017-03-19 1189:References 1100:CSI: Miami 962:Copenhagen 866:quinacrine 670:biochemist 659:The Lancet 617:The Lancet 568:interphase 446:meiosis II 170:Prevention 6443:Trisomies 6220:Deletions 6139:Trisomy 9 6134:Trisomy 8 6116:trisomies 6104:Autosomal 6015:SNOMED CT 5875:USA Today 5603:Nat Genet 5561:Genet Med 4928:220108224 4914:: g4716. 4302:Doubleday 4177:, p. 344. 3763:Edinburgh 3447:April 21, 3375:0040-6112 3193:pp. 2321:Hereditas 2100:221445990 2013:IQ=116.1; 1183:Trisomy X 1088:Doomwatch 862:metaphase 847:Stockholm 795:New Haven 791:Edinburgh 707:Melbourne 638:Carstairs 630:Edinburgh 570:cells in 562:) in the 508:Hereditas 468:Diagnosis 448:) called 379:, 108.79 377:verbal IQ 346:Prenatal 297:Edinburgh 279:karyotype 254:karyotype 242:inherited 235:fertility 220:aneuploid 202:Frequency 193:Prognosis 178:Treatment 74:Specialty 66:Karyotype 6565:Lymphoid 6557:lymphoma 6553:Leukemia 6039:Orphanet 6020:50749006 5906:TV Guide 5821:euchered 5754:12116265 5677:23208917 5669:10473322 5632:26248561 5584:11388759 5446:Sci News 5210:17735208 5171:17737984 4791:11643276 4697:11643259 4658:17833922 4577:11643569 4477:11664346 4184:Newsweek 3717:Newsweek 3389:studies. 3384:sterile. 3346:27416349 3105:62593088 3084:Br Med J 3070:83969793 3004:Br Med J 2959:Br Med J 2719:13905424 2682:13746118 2546:18120749 2471:14406377 2434:13642858 2397:38349997 2389:13632697 2247:10545600 2201:23810129 2145:12557546 2105:IQ=119.4 1937:20059514 1693:Horm Res 1646:20228051 1608:Archived 1604:17940117 1564:41958098 1556:14752208 1535:Horm Res 1512:Saunders 1438:syndrome 1147:See also 1141:neo-nazi 1058:syndrome 935:Maryland 898:New York 807:Winnipeg 772:Maryland 718:Newsweek 646:Scotland 301:Scotland 218:, is an 186:tutoring 125:Lifelong 122:Duration 104:learning 86:Symptoms 6793:) t (1 6660:RUNX1T1 6635:Myeloid 6456:mosaics 5998:D014997 5929:Neo Ned 5886:July 7, 5808:July 7, 5714:2185631 5624:9140395 5455:3961261 5434:July 7, 5401:1742747 5381:Bibcode 5372:Science 5309:1232929 5249:5104145 5241:1732191 5220:Science 5202:1730891 5181:Science 5163:1731074 5143:Bibcode 5134:Science 5061:July 7, 5036:4013867 5028:4190810 5008:Bibcode 4880:7399889 4872:3560454 4816:July 7, 4783:1741001 4763:Bibcode 4754:Science 4721:July 7, 4677:Bibcode 4668:Science 4650:1739250 4629:Science 4617:July 7, 4569:1739961 4549:Bibcode 4540:Science 4528:July 7, 4306:279–283 4252:215–234 4206:342–346 4140:July 7, 4097:July 7, 4005:4248395 3959:5443650 3873:4890463 3864:1468708 3828:4178806 3671:5081078 3638:July 7, 3526:July 7, 3499:July 7, 3338:5715587 3330:1723887 3310:Bibcode 3301:Science 3291:4169701 3241:116–134 3195:139–161 3142:6751075 3133:1685430 3035:5689727 3026:1985597 2990:6017153 2981:1841401 2945:4158233 2937:6031815 2915:Bibcode 2892:4159658 2861:4159988 2830:4145850 2822:5870205 2802:Bibcode 2777:4890326 2768:1468679 2710:1932182 2616:4169027 2608:4192294 2586:Bibcode 2554:4093883 2526:Bibcode 2369:Bibcode 2192:4097881 2092:6595938 1942:volume. 1928:2820350 1870:175–201 1714:7995613 1490:1476413 1454:common. 1446:in situ 1381:Denmark 1377:Risskov 1136:Neo Ned 1130:Alien 3 1114:in the 996:(PAR1) 946:Science 872:at the 853:of the 799:Toronto 665:Science 549:48,XXYY 532:diploid 496:History 462:mosaics 458:mitosis 396:⁄ 387:. In a 335:(PAR1) 326:⁄ 312:⁄ 290:⁄ 6745:COL1A1 6417:linked 5850: 5844:Aspect 5779: 5752: 5712: 5675: 5667: 5630: 5622: 5582: 5543: 5453: 5409:959813 5407: 5399: 5327: 5307: 5278: 5247: 5239: 5208: 5200: 5169: 5161: 5034: 5026: 4999:Nature 4926: 4878: 4870: 4789: 4781: 4695: 4656: 4648: 4575: 4567: 4475: 4431: 4404: 4377: 4350: 4312: 4281: 4258: 4231: 4212: 4063: 4034:235264 4032: 4003: 3957: 3898: 3871: 3861: 3826: 3807:Lancet 3784:Lancet 3669: 3373: 3344: 3336: 3328: 3289: 3270:Lancet 3247: 3201: 3157: 3140: 3130: 3103: 3068: 3033: 3023: 2988: 2978: 2943: 2935: 2906:Nature 2890: 2871:Lancet 2859: 2840:Lancet 2828: 2820: 2793:Nature 2775: 2765: 2717: 2707: 2680: 2661:Lancet 2630:Lancet 2614: 2606: 2577:Nature 2552: 2544: 2517:Nature 2487:Lancet 2469: 2450:Lancet 2432: 2413:Lancet 2395: 2387: 2360:Nature 2297: 2270: 2245: 2199: 2189: 2143: 2133: 2098: 2090: 2047: 2004: 1970: 1935: 1925: 1876: 1837: 1793: 1758: 1712: 1673: 1644: 1602: 1562: 1554: 1518: 1488: 1451:range. 1427: 1373:Aarhus 1346: 1270:. 2012 1000:gene, 878:Oxford 811:Boston 803:Aarhus 787:Denver 611:Nature 576:before 564:nuclei 545:47,XXX 537:47,XXY 528:Sweden 426:asthma 411:Boston 364:47,XXX 130:Causes 51:47,XYY 6813:Other 6799:FOXO1 6797:; 13 6791:FOXO1 6789:; 13 6775:; 22 6771:t(11 6761:; 16 6759:DDIT3 6757:t(12 6749:PDGFB 6743:t(17 6719:; 22 6715:t(11 6706:Other 6688:RBM15 6672:t(15 6664:RUNX1 6648:; 22 6588:t(14 6009:33038 5987:758.8 5972:Q98.5 5673:S2CID 5628:S2CID 5516:Tokyo 5451:JSTOR 5397:JSTOR 5237:JSTOR 5198:JSTOR 5159:JSTOR 5032:S2CID 4924:S2CID 4868:JSTOR 4779:JSTOR 4646:JSTOR 4565:JSTOR 3892:41–42 3363:Think 3342:S2CID 3326:JSTOR 3101:S2CID 3066:S2CID 2941:S2CID 2826:S2CID 2612:S2CID 2550:S2CID 2393:S2CID 2096:S2CID 1611:(PDF) 1576:(PDF) 1560:S2CID 1139:is a 837:1970s 703:Paris 580:after 501:1960s 442:sperm 6795:PAX7 6787:PAX3 6785:t(2 6747:;22 6733:;18 6729:t(x 6717:FLI1 6692:MKL1 6690:;22 6686:t(1 6678:RARA 6676:,17 6662:;21 6658:t(8 6644:t(9 6620:NPM1 6614:t(2 6594:BCL2 6592:;18 6578:;14 6574:t(8 5993:MeSH 5982:9-CM 5888:2017 5848:ISBN 5810:2017 5777:ISBN 5750:PMID 5710:PMID 5665:PMID 5620:PMID 5580:PMID 5541:ISBN 5514:and 5481:2012 5468:Time 5436:2017 5405:PMID 5325:ISBN 5305:OCLC 5276:ISBN 5245:PMID 5206:PMID 5167:PMID 5063:2017 5024:PMID 4950:2018 4876:PMID 4818:2017 4787:PMID 4723:2017 4693:PMID 4654:PMID 4619:2017 4573:PMID 4530:2017 4473:PMID 4429:ISBN 4402:ISBN 4375:ISBN 4348:ISBN 4310:ISBN 4279:ISBN 4256:ISBN 4229:ISBN 4210:ISBN 4142:2017 4099:2017 4061:ISBN 4030:OCLC 4026:NIMH 4001:PMID 3984:JAMA 3955:PMID 3896:ISBN 3869:PMID 3824:PMID 3702:Time 3667:PMID 3640:2017 3528:2017 3501:2017 3449:2010 3436:Time 3371:ISSN 3334:PMID 3287:PMID 3245:ISBN 3199:ISBN 3155:ISBN 3138:PMID 3031:PMID 2986:PMID 2933:PMID 2888:PMID 2857:PMID 2818:PMID 2773:PMID 2715:PMID 2678:PMID 2604:PMID 2542:PMID 2467:PMID 2430:PMID 2385:PMID 2295:ISBN 2268:ISBN 2243:PMID 2197:PMID 2141:OCLC 2131:ISBN 2088:PMID 2045:ISBN 2002:ISBN 1968:ISBN 1933:PMID 1874:ISBN 1835:ISBN 1791:ISBN 1756:ISBN 1710:PMID 1671:ISBN 1642:PMID 1600:PMID 1552:PMID 1516:ISBN 1486:PMID 1425:ISBN 1344:ISBN 1323:2017 1276:2017 998:SHOX 973:The 823:boys 715:and 712:Time 705:and 682:acne 662:and 614:and 543:and 541:45,X 518:and 476:and 341:acne 337:SHOX 173:None 106:and 92:acne 6777:EWS 6773:WT1 6763:FUS 6735:SSX 6731:SYT 6721:EWS 6674:PML 6650:BCR 6646:ABL 6618:;5 6616:ALK 6590:IGH 6580:IGH 6576:MYC 5978:ICD 5963:ICD 5742:doi 5738:110 5702:doi 5657:doi 5612:doi 5570:doi 5389:doi 5377:193 5272:185 5229:doi 5225:173 5190:doi 5186:172 5151:doi 5139:171 5016:doi 5004:226 4975:doi 4916:doi 4912:349 4908:BMJ 4860:doi 4771:doi 4759:188 4685:doi 4673:187 4638:doi 4634:186 4557:doi 4545:186 3993:doi 3989:214 3947:doi 3943:126 3859:PMC 3851:doi 3816:doi 3812:293 3793:doi 3789:280 3761:in 3318:doi 3306:159 3279:doi 3275:291 3128:PMC 3093:doi 3058:doi 3021:PMC 3013:doi 2976:PMC 2968:doi 2923:doi 2911:213 2880:doi 2876:287 2849:doi 2845:287 2810:doi 2798:208 2763:PMC 2755:doi 2705:PMC 2670:doi 2666:278 2639:doi 2635:297 2594:doi 2582:226 2534:doi 2522:163 2496:doi 2492:276 2459:doi 2455:274 2422:doi 2418:273 2377:doi 2365:183 2340:hdl 2330:doi 2233:doi 2187:PMC 2179:doi 2175:163 2080:doi 1923:PMC 1915:doi 1702:doi 1632:doi 1590:doi 1544:doi 1478:doi 1021:by 952:by 907:of 874:MRC 845:in 636:in 628:in 624:at 566:of 526:in 522:at 28:XyY 6896:: 6877:22 6875:, 6873:21 6871:; 6869:20 6867:; 6865:18 6863:; 6861:15 6859:; 6857:14 6855:; 6851:; 6383:15 6359:22 6347:22 6335:22 6323:17 6303:11 6247:) 6208:22 6186:21 6159:13 6042:: 6018:: 6007:: 5996:: 5985:: 5970:: 5967:10 5911:55 5909:. 5872:. 5812:. 5794:. 5775:. 5748:. 5736:. 5722:^ 5708:. 5698:35 5696:. 5671:. 5663:. 5653:29 5651:. 5626:. 5618:. 5608:16 5606:. 5578:. 5564:. 5558:. 5492:. 5465:. 5420:. 5403:. 5395:. 5387:. 5375:. 5353:. 5333:. 5311:. 5284:. 5274:. 5243:. 5235:. 5223:. 5204:. 5196:. 5184:. 5165:. 5157:. 5149:. 5137:. 5120:. 5097:. 5082:. 5047:. 5030:. 5022:. 5014:. 5002:. 4971:58 4969:. 4922:. 4910:. 4882:. 4874:. 4866:. 4856:10 4854:. 4832:. 4820:. 4802:. 4785:. 4777:. 4769:. 4757:. 4737:. 4725:. 4707:. 4691:. 4683:. 4671:. 4652:. 4644:. 4632:. 4603:. 4588:. 4571:. 4563:. 4555:. 4543:. 4514:. 4499:. 4469:64 4467:. 4461:. 4445:^ 4427:. 4421:26 4400:. 4394:22 4373:. 4367:18 4346:. 4340:15 4326:^ 4308:. 4296:. 4254:. 4208:. 4126:. 4083:. 4043:^ 3999:. 3987:. 3981:. 3953:. 3941:. 3935:. 3920:. 3894:. 3867:. 3857:. 3845:. 3839:. 3822:. 3810:. 3787:. 3737:. 3699:. 3663:77 3661:. 3624:. 3593:. 3578:. 3563:. 3548:. 3512:. 3485:. 3470:. 3433:. 3419:. 3367:34 3365:. 3340:. 3332:. 3324:. 3316:. 3304:. 3285:. 3273:. 3259:^ 3243:. 3231:. 3213:^ 3197:. 3171:^ 3136:. 3124:34 3122:. 3116:. 3099:. 3087:. 3081:. 3064:. 3054:31 3052:. 3046:. 3029:. 3019:. 3007:. 3001:. 2984:. 2974:. 2962:. 2956:. 2939:. 2931:. 2921:. 2909:. 2903:. 2886:. 2874:. 2855:. 2843:. 2824:. 2816:. 2808:. 2796:. 2771:. 2761:. 2749:. 2743:. 2729:^ 2713:. 2701:14 2699:. 2693:. 2676:. 2664:. 2633:. 2610:. 2602:. 2592:. 2580:. 2574:. 2548:. 2540:. 2532:. 2520:. 2490:. 2465:. 2453:. 2428:. 2416:. 2391:. 2383:. 2375:. 2363:. 2338:. 2326:42 2324:. 2318:. 2241:. 2227:. 2221:. 2209:^ 2195:. 2185:. 2173:. 2169:. 2157:^ 2147:. 2139:. 2102:. 2094:. 2086:. 2076:70 2074:. 2053:. 2037:26 2022:^ 2010:. 1982:^ 1960:22 1939:. 1931:. 1921:. 1911:52 1909:. 1903:. 1891:^ 1882:. 1872:. 1843:. 1817:^ 1799:. 1764:. 1722:^ 1708:. 1698:42 1696:. 1640:. 1628:16 1626:. 1622:. 1606:. 1598:. 1586:93 1584:. 1578:. 1558:. 1550:. 1540:61 1538:. 1498:^ 1484:. 1474:19 1472:. 1433:. 1393:^ 1379:, 1367:. 1309:. 1298:^ 1266:. 1239:^ 1222:. 1197:^ 1107:. 782:. 727:. 640:, 539:, 464:. 417:. 372:IQ 299:, 256:. 237:. 184:, 162:, 158:, 102:, 98:, 94:, 23:). 6853:9 6849:6 6832:/ 6801:) 6779:) 6765:) 6751:) 6737:) 6723:) 6694:) 6680:) 6666:) 6652:) 6622:) 6602:/ 6596:) 6582:) 6555:/ 6454:/ 6449:, 6445:/ 6415:Y 6413:/ 6411:X 6395:/ 6385:) 6381:( 6377:/ 6316:/ 6312:/ 6291:7 6279:5 6272:/ 6263:4 6251:1 6243:/ 6239:/ 6235:/ 6231:/ 6227:( 6088:e 6081:t 6074:v 6061:. 6044:8 5980:- 5965:- 5955:D 5890:. 5856:. 5785:. 5756:. 5744:: 5716:. 5704:: 5679:. 5659:: 5634:. 5614:: 5586:. 5572:: 5566:3 5549:. 5483:. 5457:. 5438:. 5411:. 5391:: 5383:: 5357:. 5251:. 5231:: 5212:. 5192:: 5173:. 5153:: 5145:: 5065:. 5038:. 5018:: 5010:: 4994:Y 4981:. 4977:: 4952:. 4930:. 4918:: 4889:. 4862:: 4838:. 4793:. 4773:: 4765:: 4699:. 4687:: 4679:: 4660:. 4640:: 4621:. 4579:. 4559:: 4551:: 4532:. 4490:. 4437:. 4410:. 4383:. 4356:. 4318:. 4287:. 4264:. 4237:. 4218:. 4144:. 4101:. 4069:. 4036:. 4007:. 3995:: 3972:. 3949:: 3904:. 3875:. 3853:: 3847:6 3830:. 3818:: 3799:. 3795:: 3673:. 3642:. 3530:. 3503:. 3451:. 3377:. 3348:. 3320:: 3312:: 3293:. 3281:: 3253:. 3207:. 3163:. 3144:. 3107:. 3095:: 3089:4 3072:. 3060:: 3037:. 3015:: 3009:2 2992:. 2970:: 2964:1 2947:. 2925:: 2917:: 2894:. 2882:: 2863:. 2851:: 2832:. 2812:: 2804:: 2779:. 2757:: 2751:5 2721:. 2684:. 2672:: 2645:. 2641:: 2625:Y 2618:. 2596:: 2588:: 2570:Y 2556:. 2536:: 2528:: 2502:. 2498:: 2473:. 2461:: 2436:. 2424:: 2399:. 2379:: 2371:: 2346:. 2342:: 2332:: 2303:. 2276:. 2249:. 2235:: 2229:8 2203:. 2181:: 2123:6 2082:: 1976:. 1917:: 1716:. 1704:: 1679:. 1648:. 1634:: 1592:: 1566:. 1546:: 1524:. 1492:. 1480:: 1352:. 1325:. 1292:. 1278:. 1233:. 858:T 855:A 644:— 398:2 394:1 362:— 328:8 324:1 321:+ 319:4 314:2 310:1 307:+ 305:8 292:4 288:3 285:+ 283:2 34:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index