829:
365:
349:
164:
312:
academic community, the Han dynasty's annexation of parts of the Korean peninsula have been denied. Proponents of this revisionist theory claim that the Four
Commanderies of Han actually existed outside of the Korean peninsula, and place them somewhere in
324:
These hypotheses are authoritative in the academic community of North Korea, which is supported by the amateur historical enthusiasts in South Korea, but this theory is not recognized at all in the academic circles of the
1214:
1514:
1476:
1272:
1247:
1184:
1174:
1131:
1113:
1098:
964:
959:
1267:
1262:
1194:
1156:
1141:
1136:
949:
1325:
1209:
1199:
1108:
1257:
1204:
672:
250:(貊), a likely reference to Gaogouli. As a result, some of its previous counties had now to be abandoned or reassigned, seven of which were subject to
1242:
1189:
1509:
1179:
752:
765:
761:
511:
Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of
Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State Formation Theories
665:
645:
The Han
Commanderies in Early Korean History: A Reconsideration of the Han Commanderies from a Broader East Asian Perspective
474:
745:
624:
597:
570:
545:
1499:
658:
519:
364:
348:
738:
448:
285:
126:
288:
in 238, there remained only four counties in the new Xuantu
Commandery that had retreated west (present-day
464:
730:
218:. Xuantu moved its capital to Liaodong in 75 BC due to native resistance and the area formerly under the
238:
merged with Xuantu as a result. In 75 BCE, the Xuantu
Commandery was forced to move its seat from Fort
191:
681:
381:
199:
1504:
840:
614:
509:
1396:
587:
140:
535:
1376:
1310:
1290:
1017:
1012:
906:
901:
848:
317:, China instead. According to this theory, the Xuantu Commandery was said to be located in
8:
1406:
1333:
1305:
1093:
1050:
1045:
979:
803:
314:
1459:
1454:
1386:
1295:
1237:
1103:
1083:
1060:
1022:
1002:
969:
717:
408:
403:
396:
355:
207:
269:
records 45,006 households and 221,845 individuals in Xuantu
Commandery for year 2 CE.
1439:
1434:
1426:
1416:
1401:
1391:
1338:
1315:
1252:
1232:
1146:
1055:
1007:
921:
916:
798:
701:
693:
620:
593:
566:
541:
515:
470:
391:
386:
292:): Gaogouli, Gaoxian (高顯), Liaoyang (遼陽), and Wangping (望平). Xuantu was conquered by
251:
235:
223:
219:
1464:
1444:
1353:
1343:
1040:
984:
974:
931:
911:
858:
853:
793:
788:
203:
175:
59:
36:
1449:
1371:
1348:
1300:
954:
926:
896:
868:
818:
813:
265:
258:
257:
As a result of the change, only three counties remained under Xuantu
Commandery:
243:
183:
1381:
1224:
1088:
891:
863:
1493:
1282:
1151:
1123:
1075:
1065:
1032:
873:
780:
460:
326:
1363:
941:
650:
281:
215:
66:
760:
1166:
994:
883:
828:
769:
589:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the
Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
309:
305:
211:
195:
808:
318:
293:
277:
273:
254:, the so-called "seven counties beyond the eastern pass" (嶺東七縣).
289:
247:
89:
469:(illustrated ed.). Kegan Paul International. p. 22.
334:
330:
239:
163:
103:
234:
In 82 BCE, the Han dynasty reduced its commandery units;
533:
420:
459:
71:
514:, Harvard University Asia Center, pp. 127–129,
145:
131:
489:
1491:
563:Korea: Current Issues and Historical Background
226:. Xuantu was conquered by Goguryeo in 319 AD.
746:
666:
41:
680:
108:
94:
753:
739:
673:
659:
619:. Columbia University Press. p. 227.
1515:Commanderies of the Jin dynasty (266–420)
202:, established in 107 BCE in the northern
833:Han provinces and commanderies in 219 CE
592:. Indiana University Press. p. 18.
565:. Nova Science Publishers. p. 112.
449:Wikisource: the Book of Han, volume 28-2
308:academic community and some part of the
162:
261:, Shangyintai (上殷台) and Xigaima (西蓋馬).
1510:1st-century BC establishments in China
1492:
560:
540:. Nova Science Publishers. p. 6.
286:his military campaign against Liaodong
734:
654:
16:Commandery of the Chinese Han dynasty
642:
495:
438:《漢書·地理志》：“玄菟郡......, 縣三：高句驪、上殷台、西蓋馬”
426:
612:
585:
507:
13:
14:
1526:
616:Sourcebook of Korean Civilization
827:
370:Four Commanderies of Han in 3 AD
363:
347:
636:
606:
534:United States Congress (2016).
447:玄菟郡......, 戶四萬五千六。口二十二萬一千八百四十五。
579:
554:
527:
501:
453:
441:
432:
354:Four Commanderies of Han with
299:
146:
132:
72:
42:
1:
414:
537:North Korea: A Country Study
7:
375:
10:
1531:
825:
229:
1473:
1425:
1362:
1324:
1281:
1223:
1165:
1122:
1074:
1031:
993:
940:
882:
839:
779:
688:
643:Park, Jun-hyeong (2013),
561:Connor, Edgar V. (2003).
187:
179:
157:
139:
125:
120:
116:
109:
102:
95:
88:
83:
65:
58:
53:
49:
35:
30:
26:
21:
1500:Four Commanderies of Han
682:Four Commanderies of Han
382:Four Commanderies of Han
200:Four Commanderies of Han
167:Four Commanderies of Han
340:
222:was transferred to the
613:Lee, Peter H. (1993).
508:Pai, Hyung Il (2000),
168:
586:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
461:Charles Roger Tennant
166:
246:due to raids by the
127:Revised Romanization
315:Liaodong Commandery
720:(107 BCE — 82 BCE)
718:Zhenfan Commandery
712:(107 BCE — 302 CE)
704:(107 BCE — 82 BCE)
696:(108 BCE — 313 CE)
466:A history of Korea
429:, p. 203-204.
409:Canghai Commandery
404:Daifang commandery
397:Zhenfan Commandery
208:Liaodong Peninsula
169:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:(202 BC – 220 AD)
1326:Shuofang Province
834:
774:
728:
727:
710:Xuantu Commandery
702:Lintun Commandery
694:Lelang Commandery
476:978-0-7103-0532-9
392:Lintun Commandery
387:Lelang Commandery
252:Lelang Commandery
236:Lintun Commandery
224:Lelang Commandery
220:Lintun Commandery
172:Xuantu Commandery
161:
160:
153:
152:
141:McCune–Reischauer
79:
78:
60:Standard Mandarin
22:Xuantu Commandery
1522:
1480:
1427:Jiaozhi Province
832:
831:
772:
755:
748:
741:
732:
731:
721:
713:
705:
697:
675:
668:
661:
652:
651:
647:
631:
630:
610:
604:
603:
583:
577:
576:
558:
552:
551:
531:
525:
524:
505:
499:
493:
487:
486:
484:
483:
457:
451:
445:
439:
436:
430:
424:
367:
351:
206:and part of the
204:Korean Peninsula
198:. It was one of
189:
181:
149:
148:
135:
134:
118:
117:
112:
111:
98:
97:
75:
74:
51:
50:
45:
44:
19:
18:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1469:
1421:
1358:
1320:
1277:
1219:
1161:
1118:
1070:
1027:
989:
936:
878:
835:
823:
775:
759:
729:
724:
716:
708:
700:
692:
684:
679:
639:
634:
627:
611:
607:
600:
584:
580:
573:
559:
555:
548:
532:
528:
522:
506:
502:
494:
490:
481:
479:
477:
458:
454:
446:
442:
437:
433:
425:
421:
417:
378:
371:
368:
359:
352:
343:
302:
266:The Book of Han
259:Gaogouli County
244:Gaogouli County
232:
194:of the Chinese
17:
12:
11:
5:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:Three Kingdoms
1502:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1225:Liang Province
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
999:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
946:
944:
938:
937:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
888:
886:
880:
879:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
843:
837:
836:
826:
824:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
785:
783:
777:
776:
758:
757:
750:
743:
735:
726:
725:
723:
722:
714:
706:
698:
689:
686:
685:
678:
677:
670:
663:
655:
649:
648:
638:
635:
633:
632:
626:978-0231079129
625:
605:
599:978-0253000248
598:
578:
572:978-1590334430
571:
553:
547:978-1590334430
546:
526:
520:
500:
498:, p. 204.
488:
475:
452:
440:
431:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
406:
401:
400:
399:
394:
389:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
362:
360:
353:
346:
342:
339:
301:
298:
231:
228:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
143:
137:
136:
129:
123:
122:
121:Transcriptions
114:
113:
106:
100:
99:
92:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
69:
63:
62:
56:
55:
54:Transcriptions
47:
46:
39:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1527:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1283:Bing Province
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1124:Yang Province
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1076:Jing Province
1073:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1033:Qing Province
1030:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
943:
939:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
887:
885:
881:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
844:
842:
838:
830:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
784:
782:
778:
771:
767:
763:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
736:
733:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
687:
683:
676:
671:
669:
664:
662:
657:
656:
653:
646:
641:
640:
628:
622:
618:
617:
609:
601:
595:
591:
590:
582:
574:
568:
564:
557:
549:
543:
539:
538:
530:
523:
521:9780674002449
517:
513:
512:
504:
497:
492:
478:
472:
468:
467:
462:
456:
450:
444:
435:
428:
423:
419:
410:
407:
405:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
379:
366:
361:
357:
350:
345:
344:
338:
336:
332:
328:
327:United States
322:
320:
316:
311:
307:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:When General
270:
268:
267:
262:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
177:
173:
165:
156:
144:
142:
138:
130:
128:
124:
119:
115:
107:
105:
101:
93:
91:
87:
82:
70:
68:
64:
61:
57:
52:
48:
40:
38:
34:
29:
25:
20:
1475:
1411:
1364:You Province
942:Yan Province
766:commanderies
709:
644:
637:Bibliography
615:
608:
588:
581:
562:
556:
536:
529:
510:
503:
491:
480:. Retrieved
465:
455:
443:
434:
422:
323:
310:South Korean
306:North Korean
303:
282:Gongsun Yuan
271:
264:
263:
256:
233:
216:Wiman Joseon
210:, after the
171:
170:
67:Hanyu Pinyin
31:Chinese name
1167:Yi Province
995:Xu Province
884:Ji Province
841:Yu Province
770:Han dynasty
300:Revisionism
296:in 319 AD.
248:Maek tribes
212:Han dynasty
196:Han dynasty
133:Hyeondo-gun
84:Korean name
1494:Categories
1397:Youbeiping
482:2012-02-09
415:References
280:conquered
214:conquered
192:commandery
147:Hyŏndo-kun
73:Xuántú Jùn
1477:Full list
1377:Guangyang
1311:Dingxiang
1291:Shangdang
1215:Yongchang
1018:Guangling
1013:Pengcheng
907:Zhongshan
902:Changshan
849:Yingchuan
819:Youfufeng
814:Zuopingyi
762:Provinces
496:Park 2013
427:Park 2013
358:in 106 BC
242:(沃沮城) to
1407:Liaodong
1334:Shuofang
1306:Yunzhong
1273:Dunhuang
1248:Jincheng
1185:Guanghan
1175:Hanzhong
1132:Jiujiang
1114:Changsha
1099:Lingling
1094:Jiangxia
1046:Pingyuan
980:Shanyang
965:Rencheng
960:Dongping
809:Jingzhao
804:Hongnong
773:(140 AD)
463:(1996).
376:See also
319:Shenyang
294:Goguryeo
190:) was a
1460:Jiuzhen
1455:Jiaozhi
1387:Shanggu
1296:Taiyuan
1268:Jiuquan
1263:Zhangye
1238:Hanyang
1195:Jianwei
1157:Yuzhang
1142:Lujiang
1137:Danyang
1104:Guiyang
1084:Nanyang
1061:Donglai
1023:Linhuai
1003:Donghai
970:Taishan
950:Chenliu
768:of the
304:In the
278:Cao Wei
274:Sima Yi
230:History
176:Chinese
37:Chinese
1440:Cangwu
1435:Nanhai
1417:Lelang
1412:Xuantu
1402:Liaoxi
1392:Yuyang
1339:Wuyuan
1316:Yanmen
1253:Anding
1233:Longxi
1210:Yizhou
1200:Zangke
1147:Kuaiji
1109:Wuling
1056:Beihai
1008:Langya
927:Handan
922:Qinghe
917:Hejian
799:Hedong
623:
596:
569:
544:
518:
473:
290:Fushun
184:Korean
178::
90:Hangul
1465:Rinan
1445:Yulin
1354:Beidi
1344:Shang
1258:Wuwei
1205:Yuexi
1051:Le'an
1041:Jinan
985:Jiyin
975:Jibei
932:Bohai
912:Xindu
859:Liang
854:Runan
794:Henei
789:Henan
335:Japan
331:China
240:Okjeo
104:Hanja
1450:Hepu
1372:Zhuo
1349:Xihe
1301:Xihe
1243:Wudu
955:Dong
897:Julu
869:Chen
781:Sili
764:and
621:ISBN
594:ISBN
567:ISBN
542:ISBN
516:ISBN
471:ISBN
341:Maps
333:and
1382:Dai
1190:Shu
1089:Nan
892:Wei
864:Pei
356:Jin
321:.
284:in
276:of
188:현도군
180:玄菟郡
110:玄菟郡
96:현도군
43:玄菟郡
1496::
1180:Ba
1152:Wu
1066:Qi
874:Lu
337:.
329:,
186::
182:;
754:e
747:t
740:v
674:e
667:t
660:v
629:.
602:.
575:.
550:.
485:.
174:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
