54:
286:
33:
523:. Territorial males defend their territories either by identifying intruding males through sight or recognizing the distinct odor the encroaching male emits from its mandibular glands. If the visitor is a female it is not chased out. Sometimes, if a reconstituted pheromonal secretion is treated to the female, it is dealt with as if it were a male and chased out of the territory.
539:
odor from her mandibular glands. This secretion is a signal to the male and he continues to hover over her until she leaves the flower. As the female flies off the flower, the male grasps her in the air, and they copulate while in flight. While copulating, the male is turned 60° to the female. Many times the male will follow the female after copulation.
564:
is laying on their dorsum with their face turned upward on top of a pollen slant. A female in the nest spends much of her time licking the walls of the nest tunnels or the walls where she is about to build a new nest. They also tap the walls of the tunnel with their abdomen, which secretes chemicals.
472:
to eat more of their food supply. While they do not normally fly around in the winter, the frequency of flights they take during the cold season results from how many warm winter days there are. When the weather starts getting warmer, they begin flying more frequently. During May, night temperatures
375:
can differ in how many female bees live in the nest for extended periods of time. If the nest only has one female living in it, the offspring of the founding mother take on some duties, such as guarding, after they are born and until they leave. Progeny normally leave about 1–2 weeks after emerging.
547:
Because males defend areas near nesting or flowering sites, female and/or resource defense polygyny is common. Resource defense polygyny is when males acquire females by taking control of limited resources such as food and nesting sites. Females can gain access to these resources by mating with the
374:
Nesting can either be metasocial or solitary. In a metasocial nest, there is more than one generation of bees occupying and cooperating within a nest. In solitary nesting, the founding bee forages, builds cells, lays the eggs, and guards; normally only one generation of bees live in the nest. Nests
421:
start out white and get darker with time. The gap in hatching between the youngest and oldest bees increases when the nest gets larger. After the bees hatch, they stay in the nest for some time. While in the nest, the bees do not harm the unhatched bees and are fed by the mother. Once all the bees
538:
males chase after anything that is approximately their own size. If it happens to be a female, the male will follow the female to the flower she is seeking. He will fly over her with his antennae outstretched above her abdomen. If the female wants to mate, she will spread her wings and release an
526:
Other territorial behaviors include the flight of males from one nest to another, aggregating in a mass around flowering trees where each male defends a small section of the area around the tree. Males also cruise and defend their own plant or plants. Another behavior includes a massive flight of
573:
Only minor cleanings are routinely done in the nest. Major nest cleanings take place during and right after tunnel excavation, and when all the offspring have hatched. Pupal skins, broken cell partitions, meconia, and the remnants of development cells are discarded. There is no need to remove
527:
males flying around the canes that females nest in. The territorial mechanism used depends on what is being defended and the location. For example, if flowers that females feed on are more dispersed and close to their nesting sites, males may defend their own flower or flowers as a strategy.
590:
increases in a region, competition also increases. This increase in competition results in an intensive guarding of nests, especially in the spring and summer when it is prime nesting season. Nest guarding can be against bees of the same species or against those of other species.
548:
males that defend these territories. Males can copulate with the best mate by defending the best resource because females are more attracted to these better resources. Therefore, the male will mate with multiple females that come to use the resources that the male is defending.
330:
construct their nests in diverse methods; for example, the female bee may cut a hole along the side of the nesting material, enter it, and then make the nest along the grain in one or both directions. They often burrow into substrate that needs little or no digging. Another way
569:
have also been found to walk around with their sting-chamber open; this behavior is attributed to having to do with the release of contents from glands that open from the chamber. The secretions coat the walls of the nest with a thin, transparent film.
325:
spp., or other suitable soft, wooden, tubular objects abandoned by human beings. The holes for their nest entrances are approximately 1.2 cm wide and the tunnels range from 1.2 to 1.6 cm wide and are at least 12 cm long.
335:
constructs its nest is by cutting into a pre-existing cut surface or broken cross-section, which they use to gain entry into the substrate. After the structure of the nest has been formed, females linearly layer the walls with
455:. However, unrelated guards do not receive much genetic gain, as unrelated workers that help guard do not share any common genes with the queen whom is the breeder, and therefore cannot pass on genes they share in common.
184:
bees take part in social nesting and cooperative nesting. They are metasocial carpenter bees that nest in thin dead branches. One or more cooperating females build many brood cells. They have been extensively studied in
467:
to fly, they must first raise their muscular temperature to 37 °C. However, in order to maintain flight activity, they need to be at a threshold temperature of around 21 °C. Warmer days in the winter trigger
674:
collects nectar by settling on a flower and inserting their proboscises. They mix the gathered nectar and pollen at irregular intervals, which leads to a variability in bee bread sizes and different adult bee sizes.
606:
plants in the deserts around Sede-Boqer. Once the termites get into the nest, they take apart the walls and fill it with refuse. The bees may respond by stopping tunnel digging once they are aware of termite damage.
1115:
Velthuis, Hayo HW; Wolf, Yvonne; Gerling, D. (1984). "Provisioning and preparation of the brood cell in two carpenter bees, Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa and
Xylocopa pubescens Spinola(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)".
422:
have hatched, they clear the tunnel of all the broken-down partitions and meconia. The mother stays with her offspring until they are independent, after which she starts building new cells.
817:
Flores-Prado, Luis; Flores, Sergio V.; McAllister, Bryant F. (October 2010). "Phylogenetic relationships among tribes in
Xylocopinae (Apidae) and implications on nest structure evolution".
378:
In other nests, there is more than one female that lives in the nest. In this type of nesting, multiple females either share in the foraging and nest laying, or one female does all the
351:
The location of nests may vary from dead branches on the ground or cut wood that was hung above the ground; however, they are normally found in partially shaded areas.
511:
males are known to mark and defend their territories by secreting chemicals from their mandibular glands. Chemical analysis showed that the secretions are composed of
363:
may be matrifilial, where the line of descent is from mother to son, while others consist of sisters or unrelated females. Colonies may or may not have reproductive
253:
differs from other
Arabian carpenter bees. Females are distinguishable by the presence of black pubescence (short matted hairs) on the face and the back side of the
731:
Hefetz, Abraham (August 10, 1982). "Function of secretion of mandibular gland of male in territorial behavior of
Xylocopa sulcatipes (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)".
315:
are known to nest in cane or thin-branch nests. They use plants that are native to their region to build their nests; therefore, materials for nesting may vary.
272:
Males' bodies are covered in a dark to black pubescence except their faces. The middle section on their back is mostly light or pale. The first metasomal
393:
eggs are laid in closed cells that are prepared within 1–3 days. Preparation includes pollen gathering and bee-breading. When the eggs hatch, the small
997:
Stark, RE; Hefetz, A; Gerling, D; Velthuis, HHW (1990). "Reproductive competition involving oophagy in the socially nesting bee
Xylocopa sulcatipes".
792:
1249:
896:"The large carpenter bees of central Saudi Arabia, with notes on the biology of Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Xylocopinae)"
234:, composed of large carpenter bees, consists of about 469 species in 31–51 subgenera, and the species are found throughout the world.
441:. A benefit from partaking in such a behavior where the guards are related to the mother bee is that it increases the bee's indirect
265:, or middle thorax. The apical margin, the lower part of the abdomen, is rounded instead of squared off. They have a plate on their
1210:
1236:
796:
367:, which involves some of the reproductive females giving up reproducing in favor of the dominant female. This can occur after
1241:
1105:
Davies, Nicholas B., John R. Krebs, and Stuart A. West. An introduction to behavioural ecology. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
1308:
984:
Comparative behavioral biology of two Middle East species of carpenter bees (Xylocopa
Latreille)(Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
282:
eggs measure around 11 mm in length and 2.2 mm in diameter. Adults are approximately 22 mm in length.
495:
on warm days, which give them just enough nectar and energy to make more trips on warm days during this cold season.
413:
and exhaustion of the bee-bread supply. Next, the pre-pupal stage starts. This stage lasts several days and ends in
1254:
445:
when they help kin because that helps propagate some small portion of the bee's genes. The guarding behavior of
1175:
1075:"Comparison of social and solitary nesting carpenter bees in sympatry reveals no advantage to social nesting"
359:
The nesting season starts early in the spring when males are looking for females to mate with. Some nests of
401:
while remaining in the same position. A few days afterwards, the larvae begin to move and molt. This second
491:
months and expend less energy to sustain life. During the winter months, the bees fly around in search of
662:
are native plants most commonly visited. Certain plants are preferred in different seasons. For example,
583:
777:
Guershon, M.; Hirsch, A. I. (2012). "A review of the
Xylocopa species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of Israel".
258:
437:
behavior. These behaviors may be attributed to guarding and the concessions received from undisturbed
574:
defecation from adult bees because this takes place outside the entrance hole or away from the nest.
53:
305:
is a large
Arabian carpenter bee. They have been found in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Israel, Egypt, and
1137:
699:
621:
148:
1280:
1197:
1006:
903:
8:
306:
1010:
907:
1022:
926:
895:
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705:
646:
451:
48:
1303:
1275:
1184:
931:
874:
853:
834:
748:
442:
364:
1026:
854:"Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the large carpenter bees, genus
760:
1189:
1086:
1053:
1014:
921:
911:
869:
826:
740:
1262:
830:
1160:
689:
477:
can start flying out at dawn. They typically stop flying shortly after sunset.
276:, or back, with subhorizontal dorsal surface rounds into the anterior surface.
1297:
916:
177:
125:
935:
838:
752:
641:
186:
181:
1267:
1058:
1041:
285:
1223:
1169:
205:
105:
42:
13 - Lateral view, female 14 - Dorsal view, male 15 - Lateral view, male
602:
nests have been found to be invaded by termites, in particular nests on
1215:
1018:
744:
683:
Plant species cultivated for human consumption are commonly visited by
434:
398:
225:
221:
217:
213:
1228:
1091:
1074:
986:. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. Smithsonian Institution Press.
32:
438:
262:
85:
65:
1131:
1154:
520:
516:
512:
414:
410:
379:
266:
254:
230:
666:
only gives nectar to the bees and blooms from March to
September.
368:
1202:
687:
for their nectar and pollen. In the Arava Valley, these include
670:
blooms for only a short period of time between March and April.
492:
488:
484:
402:
341:
337:
321:
273:
209:
190:
115:
95:
75:
319:
nests utilize dead branches, sticks, dead flowering stalks of
418:
394:
816:
640:
visit flowers for both pollen and nectar collection. In the
406:
996:
345:
261:, or female middle body shield, does not extend over the
982:
Gerling, Dan; Hurd, Paul David; Hefetz, Abraham (1983).
893:
894:
Hannan, MA; Alqarni, AS; Owayss, AA; Engel, MS (2012).
405:
takes various positions on the bee-bread. The second
348:
into the food mass. Finally, the nest is sealed off.
560:
are asleep at night. A common sleeping position for
1114:
852:Leys, R.; Cooper, S. J. B.; Schwarz, M. P. (2002).
1042:"Large carpenter bees as agricultural pollinators"
981:
851:
245:
1295:
586:females for nesting sites. As the population of
382:and nest laying, while the other females guard.
371:, which results from reproductive competition.
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772:
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963:
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947:
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582:In nest defense, there is competition among
542:
990:
767:
726:
724:
722:
678:
297:
212:. Xylocopinae is divided into four tribes:
942:
625:) was observed catching and eating a male
487:. They are normally not active during the
483:nest and lay their eggs in the spring and
31:
1090:
1079:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1057:
925:
915:
873:
862:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
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889:
887:
885:
719:
619:; for example, a female praying mantis (
615:Other insects may also pose a threat to
284:
797:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
503:
1296:
1072:
1039:
730:
1136:
1135:
882:
819:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
269:, their lowermost abdominal section.
458:
551:
13:
530:
14:
1320:
409:is followed by the deposition of
875:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00108.x
425:
52:
1108:
1099:
1066:
1046:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
354:
293:female (left) and male (right)
208:within the hymenopteran family
1033:
845:
810:
785:
246:Description and identification
1:
712:
1118:Israel Journal of Entomology
779:Israel Journal of Entomology
610:
594:
7:
831:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.06.019
733:Journal of Chemical Ecology
498:
385:
10:
1325:
577:
433:are known to take part in
1309:Insects described in 1970
1144:
543:Resource defense polygyny
204:is part of the subfamily
154:
147:
49:Scientific classification
47:
40:12 - Dorsal view, female
39:
30:
23:
1073:Prager, Sean M. (2014).
917:10.3897/zookeys.201.3246
679:Interactions with humans
298:Distribution and habitat
238:is part of the subgenus
632:
1040:Keasar, Tamar (2010).
858:(Hymenoptera: Apidae)"
700:Solanum elaeagnifolium
449:is similar to that of
294:
197:Taxonomy and phylogeny
793:"Xylocopa sulcatipes"
622:Sphodromantis viridis
288:
504:Territorial behavior
473:reach 21 °C so
344:before inserting an
1176:Xylocopa sulcatipes
1146:Xylocopa sulcatipes
1059:10.1155/2010/927463
1011:1990NW.....77...38S
999:Naturwissenschaften
908:2012ZooK..201....1H
176:is a large Arabian
173:Xylocopa sulcatipes
158:Xylocopa sulcatipes
25:Xylocopa sulcatipes
1019:10.1007/bf01131797
745:10.1007/bf00987815
706:Vitex agnus-castus
647:Calotropis procera
452:Xylocopa pubescens
295:
140:X. sulcatipes
1291:
1290:
1276:Open Tree of Life
1138:Taxon identifiers
1092:10.1111/bij.12395
781:. 41–42: 145–163.
459:Seasonal activity
365:division of labor
169:
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1284:
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1271:
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1257:
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1206:
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1125:
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1103:
1097:
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552:Nesting behavior
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57:
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35:
21:
20:
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1263:Observation.org
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1173:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1085:(4): 998–1010.
1071:
1067:
1038:
1034:
995:
991:
980:
943:
892:
883:
850:
846:
815:
811:
801:
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681:
656:Acacia tortilis
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531:Mating behavior
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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1148:
1142:
1141:
1128:
1127:
1107:
1098:
1065:
1032:
989:
941:
881:
868:(2): 249–266.
844:
825:(1): 237–244.
809:
784:
766:
739:(7): 923–930.
717:
716:
714:
711:
695:Lucaena glauca
680:
677:
634:
631:
612:
609:
596:
593:
579:
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78:
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69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Species of bee
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1321:
1310:
1307:
1305:
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1230:
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1217:
1212:
1208:
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1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
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1177:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1156:
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1149:
1147:
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1123:
1119:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1088:
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1080:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
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993:
985:
978:
976:
974:
972:
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968:
966:
964:
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958:
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954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
937:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
909:
905:
902:(201): 1–14.
901:
897:
890:
888:
886:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
857:
848:
840:
836:
832:
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727:
725:
723:
718:
710:
708:
707:
702:
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696:
692:
691:
686:
685:X. sulcatipes
676:
673:
672:X. sulcatipes
669:
668:Retama raetam
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Retama raetam
649:
648:
643:
639:
638:X. sulcatipes
630:
628:
627:X. sulcatipes
624:
623:
618:
617:X. sulcatipes
608:
605:
601:
600:X. sulcatipes
592:
589:
588:X. sulcatipes
585:
575:
571:
568:
567:X. sulcatipes
563:
562:X. sulcatipes
559:
558:X. sulcatipes
549:
540:
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536:X. sulcatipes
528:
524:
522:
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514:
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509:X. sulcatipes
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:X. sulcatipes
478:
476:
475:X. sulcatipes
471:
470:X. sulcatipes
466:
465:X. sulcatipes
463:In order for
456:
454:
453:
448:
447:X. sulcatipes
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:X. sulcatipes
426:Kin selection
423:
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391:X. sulcatipes
383:
381:
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361:X. sulcatipes
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333:X. sulcatipes
329:
328:X. sulcatipes
324:
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318:
317:X. sulcatipes
314:
313:X. sulcatipes
310:
308:
304:
303:X. sulcatipes
292:
291:X. sulcatipes
289:Faces of the
287:
283:
281:
280:X. sulcatipes
277:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
259:mesoscutellum
256:
252:
251:X. sulcatipes
243:
241:
240:Ctenoxylocopa
237:
236:X. sulcatipes
233:
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227:
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202:X. sulcatipes
194:
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178:carpenter bee
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149:Binomial name
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1035:
1005:(1): 38–40.
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992:
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802:27 September
800:. Retrieved
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660:A. raddianna
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642:Arava Valley
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464:
462:
450:
446:
430:
429:
397:feed on the
390:
389:
377:
373:
360:
358:
355:Colony cycle
350:
332:
327:
320:
316:
312:
311:
302:
301:
290:
279:
278:
271:
250:
249:
239:
235:
229:
228:. The genus
201:
200:
187:Saudi Arabia
182:multivoltine
172:
171:
170:
157:
155:
139:
138:
126:
41:
24:
18:
1224:iNaturalist
1170:Wikispecies
1124:(1): 39–51.
584:conspecific
307:Transcaspia
206:Xylocopinae
106:Hymenoptera
1298:Categories
713:References
664:C. procera
435:altruistic
226:Manueliini
222:Xylocopini
218:Ceratinini
214:Allodapini
86:Arthropoda
611:Predators
595:Parasites
399:bee-bread
263:metanotum
134:Species:
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1304:Xylocopa
1161:Q2470559
1155:Wikidata
1027:35804106
936:22768000
856:Xylocopa
839:20599514
761:21023848
753:24407763
521:vanillin
517:guaiacol
513:p-cresol
499:Behavior
415:pupation
386:Ontogeny
380:foraging
267:pygidium
255:mesosoma
231:Xylocopa
180:. These
164:Maa 1970
127:Xylocopa
112:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
1216:1342060
1203:2760124
1052:: 1–7.
1007:Bibcode
927:3385845
904:Bibcode
900:ZooKeys
578:Defense
443:fitness
411:meconia
369:oophagy
122:Genus:
102:Order:
96:Insecta
92:Class:
1281:142409
1268:169581
1255:135673
1242:766903
1229:712459
1025:
934:
924:
837:
759:
751:
703:, and
693:spp.,
690:Cassia
658:, and
604:Ferula
519:, and
493:nectar
489:winter
485:summer
439:broods
417:. The
403:instar
395:larvae
342:nectar
338:pollen
322:Ferula
274:tergum
257:. The
224:, and
210:Apidae
191:Israel
116:Apidae
1190:5CL22
1023:S2CID
757:S2CID
556:Most
419:pupae
1250:NCBI
1237:ITIS
1211:GBIF
1050:2010
932:PMID
835:PMID
804:2015
749:PMID
633:Diet
407:molt
340:and
189:and
1198:EoL
1185:CoL
1087:doi
1083:113
1054:doi
1015:doi
922:PMC
912:doi
870:doi
827:doi
741:doi
346:egg
1300::
1278::
1265::
1252::
1239::
1226::
1213::
1200::
1187::
1172::
1157::
1122:18
1120:.
1081:.
1077:.
1048:.
1044:.
1021:.
1013:.
1003:77
1001:.
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930:.
920:.
910:.
898:.
884:^
866:77
864:.
860:.
833:.
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821:.
795:.
769:^
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747:.
735:.
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709:.
697:,
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650:,
644:,
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515:,
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242:.
220:,
216:,
193:.
1095:.
1089::
1062:.
1056::
1029:.
1017::
1009::
938:.
914::
906::
878:.
872::
841:.
829::
806:.
763:.
743::
737:9
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