133:, the term "yardie" can be ambiguous, having multiple meanings depending on context. In the most innocuous sense, "yardie" can simply refer to a Jamaican national; as "yard" can mean "home" in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican expatriates who moved abroad to countries such as the U.K. and U.S. would often refer to themselves and other Jamaicans as "yardies". "Yardie" may also more specifically apply to those Jamaicans originating in the impoverished "government yards" or courtyards of Jamaican
137:, and the term was eventually applied to criminals and gang members originating from these "yards." As the term "yard" in Jamaican Patois can also refer to a territory, turf, or piece of land, "yardie" further gained gang or criminal connotations as Jamaican gangs or criminals claimed certain "territories" or "turf" and referred to such territory as their "yards." Subsequently, in the U.K. and, to a lesser extent,
234:", which came into effect in January 1949. This act introduced the status of "Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies" (CUKC), essentially putting all residents within Britain's colonies on an equal footing with existing residents of the British Isles and gave every person within the British commonwealth the right to move to the UK, if they so wished. Within the
359:
police are hesitant to categorize
British Yardie gangs as organized crime, since there appears to be no real structure or central leadership; affiliations between the various Yardie gangs in the UK can be described as loose at best. Academics have noted a tendency to over-label black British crime as
209:
By the 1980s, a drop in government budgets resulted in less money being paid by political parties to their gangs of armed supporters. These political Yardie gangs thus increasingly turned to apolitical criminal activity, such as drug trafficking, to bring in income. At the same time, the
Jamaican
242:
were sometimes referred to as "Yardies" due to reference of
Jamaica as "back a yard" (or "back home"). A large influx of inner city Jamaican immigration to Britain during the 1980s led to the rise of gang violence or behaviour on the part of Jamaicans which became known in wider
210:
government severely cracked down on Yardie gangs and political violence in general, leading many so-called Yardie gangsters to immigrate abroad and establish gangs in the U.K., U.S., and Canada. The establishment of Yardie gangs abroad coincided with the
197:
in addition to political violence and political intimidation. These gangs became known as "Yardies," "posses", or "crews". Accounts of the association between
Jamaican political factions and the rise of the Yardies are given in the factual books
141:, the term "Yardie" most frequently refers to gangsters or gangs of Jamaican origin, though these gang members themselves may refer to their gangs as "posses" or "crews." The term is especially common in the U.K. to describe Jamaican or
165:
developments employing large public courtyards, and the courtyard areas soon became the hub of social and recreational activity in the crowded housing of
Trenchtown. With increasing overcrowding and poverty, however,
178:
led to local politicians buying and selling patronage within the community and paying gangs and violent political supporters to intimidate voters and threaten, assault, or kill political opponents.
1177:
353:. In 2006, Rohan Chung, described as a Jamaican yard gangster was given three life sentences for the murders of Noel Patterson and his daughters, Connie and Lorna Morrison.
247:
as "Yardie culture" and the participants "Yardies". The terms "Yardie gang" or "Yardie gun violence" were largely used by the
British media to describe violent crimes in
185:
and politically-affiliated organized crime groups and street gangs became increasingly common in poorer areas of
Jamaica, with gangs often led by older bosses known as "
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groups and gangsters of
Jamaican origin, nationality, or ethnicity. In this sense, the term is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "posse" or "
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101:. Yardie gangs or Jamaican "posses" are involved in a wide array of criminal activity depending on their location, ranging from
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and inhabited by poorer
Jamaican residents, though "yard" can also refer to "home" or "turf" in general in Jamaican patois.
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in both North
America and the U.K., and Yardie and Posse gangs from Jamaica became heavily involved in the trafficking of
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developed within the yards. Crime, drug abuse, and violence overran the yards, while political corruption and
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Cocaine and Heroin Trafficking in the Caribbean: The Case of Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Guyana
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1101:
Organised Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond
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organized crime groups and gangs, while "posse" has become the more common term in North America.
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Some maintain that the supposed reach and influence in communities of these "Yardies" is a myth.
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origin, though its exact meaning changes depending on context. The term is derived from the
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255:. The gangs in London are specifically known to have occupied and operated in
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An Economic History of Organized Crime: A National and Transnational Approach
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A number of operations to combat Yardie gun crime have been set up, notably
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Empire's Crossroads: The Caribbean From Columbus to the Present Day
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Outside of Jamaica, "yardies" is often used to refer to Jamaican
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area. Yardies (or imitating) gangs also appear to be active in
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66:". The term may have specifically originated from the crowded "
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Underworld London: Crime and Punishment in the Capital City
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don) and participating in apolitical drug trafficking and
360:"Yardie"-related due to stereotype and social narrative.
1104:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 428–.
1139:
743:. Springfirld, Illinois: Charles C Thomas Publisher.
329:
Yardie gangs are notorious for their involvement in
1150:"No respect: the grim culture of 'Yardie' violence"
1098:Cyrille Fijnaut; Letizia Paoli (21 January 2007).
914:
976:British Nationality Act 1948 (legislation.gov.uk)
315:made his directorial debut with his feature film
1703:
1344:Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies
1091:
1018:
705:. Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press.
97:and "Yardies" being used more frequently in the
46:) is a term often used, particularly within the
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230:In 1948 the Labour government introduced the "
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149:Origins of "Yardie" organized crime groups
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305:wrote a bestselling 1992 novel entitled
1140:Yawdie Online World - Who is a "Yawdie"
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703:New Register of Caribbean English Usage
14:
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1457:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
1445:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
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631:Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories
124:
1159:
1047:"Yardie convicted over triple murder"
1025:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 407–.
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286:Yardie activity has been reported in
34:Slang term for a Jamaican street gang
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1002:More raids in hunt for Yardie gangs
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1752:Organised crime groups in Scotland
822:
25:
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1742:Organized crime groups in Jamaica
1133:
913:Hobson, Will (31 December 1995).
740:Street Gangs Throughout the World
482:Triads, Yardies and Onion Bhajees
225:
1317:Organized crime groups in Canada
1125:"Police tackle London's Yardies"
1019:Catharine Arnold (5 July 2012).
218:and other drugs, in addition to
1757:Organised crime groups in Wales
1747:Organised crime gangs of London
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1065:
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995:
980:
969:
927:from the original on 7 May 2022
775:McCarthy, Dennis M. P. (2011).
1548:Independent Cartel of Acapulco
906:
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657:Mercenaries 2: World in Flames
583:
13:
1:
1737:Transnational organized crime
1553:Jalisco New Generation Cartel
688:
301:Jamaican-born British writer
296:county lines drug trafficking
238:community, new arrivals from
222:and other criminal activity.
865:. Routledge. pp. 211–.
859:Alan Wright (17 June 2013).
232:British Nationality Act 1948
7:
1286:Primeiro Comando da Capital
668:
403:Films and television series
321:, based on Headley's book.
121:in the US, Canada, and UK.
10:
1773:
1494:Beltrán-Leyva Organization
1152:, BBC News, 28 August 2002
949:Abadinsky, Howard (2012).
802:Figueira, Daurius (2004).
26:
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1585:Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel
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1261:Brazilian police militias
1246:
1220:
1194:
1127:, BBC News, 20 July 1999.
615:The Getaway: Black Monday
311:. In 2018, British actor
161:, the government created
1398:Libertadores del Vichada
835:. BBC News. 19 June 1999
701:Allsop, Richard (2010).
623:Grand Theft Auto Advance
391:but to a lesser extent.
181:By the 1970s and 1980s,
74:concrete homes found in
54:, to refer to people of
1413:Muerte a Secuestradores
987:Yardies' menace spreads
886:Gibson, Carrie (2014).
737:Covey, Herbert (2010).
664:is based on the Yardies
189:" (in reference to the
29:Yardie (disambiguation)
1570:Knights Templar Cartel
1425:Norte del Valle Cartel
1189:groups in the Americas
1073:"Who are the Yardies?"
833:"Who are the Yardies?"
490:Rollin' with the Nines
1516:La Familia Michoacana
1296:Terceiro Comando Puro
212:rise of crack cocaine
1627:South Pacific Cartel
955:. Cengage Learning.
599:Grand Theft Auto III
576:Bob Marley: One Love
410:The Harder They Come
103:political corruption
27:For other uses, see
1722:Politics of Jamaica
1435:Oficina de Envigado
1281:Guardiões do Estado
1145:London Street Gangs
916:"Extreme prejudice"
649:Grand Theft Auto IV
442:Rumble in the Bronx
202:by Geoff Small and
125:Etymology and usage
1717:Culture of Jamaica
1691:Mafia bibliography
1673:Cartel of the Suns
1521:Guadalajara Cartel
1430:North Coast Cartel
1009:(14 November 2002)
506:Ross Kemp on Gangs
398:In popular culture
335:illegal drug trade
183:political violence
107:political violence
1732:Jamaican diaspora
1727:Kingston, Jamaica
1699:
1698:
1600:Artistas Asesinos
1408:The Extraditables
1332:No Limit Soldiers
1256:Amigos dos Amigos
1238:Santa Cruz Cartel
1111:978-1-4020-2765-9
1053:. 17 January 2006
1032:978-0-85720-117-1
1006:South Wales Argus
892:. Pan Macmillan.
872:978-1-134-01890-1
712:978-976-640-298-3
365:Operation Trident
325:Criminal activity
206:by Laurie Gunst.
159:Kingston, Jamaica
72:government-funded
52:Jamaican diaspora
16:(Redirected from
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1291:Terceiro Comando
1276:Família do Norte
1271:Comando Vermelho
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458:Caught Up (film)
426:Marked for Death
418:Live and Let Die
220:illegal gambling
153:In the 1950s in
143:British Jamaican
115:drug trafficking
70:" of two-storey
68:government yards
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245:British society
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584:Video games
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1706:Categories
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1531:Los Metros
1504:Los Negros
1301:Zwi Migdal
1212:Zwi Migdal
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689:References
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155:Trenchtown
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236:Caribbean
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1371:Colombia
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669:See also
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381:Aberdeen
333:and the
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1656:See:
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