1288:) garrison cache of money, arms and ammunition and assembled a force of 160 volunteers to the mountains surrounding the city. From there he visited many villages around the predominantly Muslim Albanian area to recruit for his band and warn of impending European intervention and Christian supremacy in Macedonia. Niyazi would highlight the government's (not the sultan) weakness and corruption as the reason for this crisis, and that a constitutional framework would deliver the systematic reform necessary to negate Western intervention. Niyazi's Muslim Albanian heritage worked to his advantage in this propaganda campaign which also involved settling clan rivalries. When touring Christian Bulgarian and Serbian villages, he highlighted that the constitution would bring about equality between Christians and Muslims, and was able to recruit Bulgarians into his force.
1327:
627:
340:
3069:
296:
279:
268:
173:
37:
256:
161:
1624:
1733:), reformist groups emulating the Young Turks ousted the conservative ruling elite and replaced them with a new reformist one. Social institutions like notable families and houses of worship lost influence to the burgeoning world of party politics. Political clubs, committees, and parties were now the main actors in politics. Though these non-Turkish nationalists cooperated with the Young Turks against the sultan, they would turn on each other during the Second Constitutional Era over the question of Ottomanism, and ultimately autonomy and separatism.
245:
236:
225:
214:
203:
192:
1222:
1446:
134:
1561:
149:
3022:
1857:
1461:. There after, a number of decrees are issued, which defined freedom of speech, press and organizations, the dismantlement of intelligence agencies, and a general amnesty to political prisoners. Importantly, the CUP did not overthrow the government and nominally committed itself to democratic ideals and constitutionalism. Between the revolution and the
1422:, one time enemies of each other and the government, took part in celebrations before ceremoniously turning in their firearms to the government. Niyazi, Enver, and the other Unionist revolutionaries were declared "heroes of liberty", and Ahmed Rıza, returning from his exile was declared "father of liberty".
1062:, the idea of national unity among the ethnic groups of the Ottoman Empire, they disagreed how far reform should go. The anti-Hamidians in the Ottoman Empire that joined the CUP were conservative liberal, imperialist, technocratists. To what extent they could have achieved praxis was initially dubious, as
1131:
Throughout this period, the
Ottoman Empire's weak economy and Abdul Hamid's distrust of the military meant the army was in constant pay arrears. The Sultan was weary of having the army train with live ammunition anyway, lest an uprising against the order occurred. This sentiment especially applied to
1050:
instead of royal arbitrary rule, they believed that a constitution also would negate any justification by the Great Powers to intervene in the Empire. Most of the Young Turks were exiled intelligentsia, however by 1906–1908 many officers and bureaucrats stationed in the
Balkans were inducted into the
1393:
The rapid momentum of the
Unionist's organization, intrigues within the military, discontent with Abdul Hamid's autocratic rule, and a desire for the Constitution meant the sultan and his ministers were compelled to capitulate. Under pressure of being deposed, on the night of 23–24 July 1908, Abdul
1638:
These developments caused the gradual creation of a new governing elite. No longer was power exercised by a small governing elite surrounding the Sultan, the
Sublime Porte's independence was restored and a new young clique of bureaucrats and officers gradually took control of politics for the CUP.
1160:
Following the 1902 Congress of
Ottoman Opposition, Ahmed Rıza's Unionists abandoned political evolution and formed a coalition with the Activists, which were political revolutionaries. With the fall of Prince Sabahaddin, Rıza's coalition was once again the leading Young Turk current. In 1907 a new
1346:) with two battalions to suppress the revolt in Macedonia. An ethnic Albanian, he also recruited a pro-government band of Albanians on the way. He informed the palace of his arrival in the city at the local telegraph station, and as he walked out of the building he was assassinated by a Unionist
1571:
While the Young Turk
Revolution had promised organizational improvement, once instituted, the government at first proved itself rather disorganized and ineffectual. Although these working-class citizens had little knowledge of how to control a government, they imposed their ideas on the Ottoman
1193:
for support. Using more sticks than carrots, the CUP walked away with a tenuous declaration of neutrality from the Greeks. The most resources were invested in attaining
Albanian support. Albanian feudal lords and notables enjoyed CUP patronage and while the Unionists were less successful in
1012:
which ended in 1878, he suspended enforcement of the constitution and prorogued parliament. After further consolidating his rule he governed as an absolutist monarch for the next three decades. This left a very small group of individuals able to partake in politics in the
Ottoman Empire.
1886:
states that the revolution had no popular support and was actually "a coup d'état by a small group of military officers and civilian activists in the
Balkans". Hanioğlu states the revolution a watershed moment in the late Ottoman Emire but it was not a popular constitutional movement.
1020:'s reign was the amount of social reform that occurred during this time period. The development of educational institutions in the Ottoman Empire strengthened also provided the grounds for the later rebellion. Abdul Hamid's political circle was close-knit and ever-changing.
1752:
The memory is so intense that to this day, I cannot think of it unmoved. I think of it as a final embrace of love between the simple peoples of Turkey before they should be led to exterminate each other for the political advantage of foreign powers or their own leaders
1172:
of the
Dashnak Committee pledged to overthrow the regime by all means necessary. In practice, this was a tactile alliance between the CUP and Dashnaks which was unpopular in both camps, and the Dashnaks did not play a significant role in the coming revolution.
943:
also contributed to Abdul Hamid's capitulation. Though the constitutional regime established after the revolution eventually succumbed to Unionist dictatorship by 1913, the Ottoman sultanate ceased to be the base of power of the empire after 1908.
1147:
officers didn't trust their loyalties. Those stationed in Macedonia were outraged against the sultan, and believed the only way to save Ottoman presence in the region to join revolutionary secret societies. Many Unionist officers of the
1816:. Violence in Macedonia ceased as rebels turned in their arms and celebrated with citizens. An area from Scutari to Basra was now acquainted with political parties, nationalist clubs, elections, constitutional rights, and civil rights.
1184:
support and neutrality from their right, but the Macedonian-Bulgarian committee's disunity and their late decision also meant no joint operations between the two groups during the revolution. The Unionists did not seriously court the
1642:
The post-revolution CUP undertook a consolidation of itself in order to define its ideology. Those intellectual Unionists that spent years in exile, such as Ahmed Rıza, would be sidelined in favor of the new professional organizers,
1603:-based legal system. On 13 April 1909, army units revolted, joined by masses of theological students and turbaned clerics shouting, "We want Sharia", and moving to restore the Sultan's absolute power. The CUP once again assembled
1127:
under Great Power supervision, offending Muslims living in Macedonia and especially army officers. In 1905, another intervention by the Great Powers for reform in Macedonia was greeted with dread amongst the Muslim population.
4699:
1276:
was drawn up by Unionists that was distributed to the European consuls which rejected foreign intervention and nationalist activism. They also called for constitutional government and equality amongst Ottoman citizens.
1360:, who was his son, were also CUP members. Tatar Osman Pasha, Şemsi's replacement, was captured soon after. On July 22, Monastir fell to the rebels, and Niyazi proclaimed the constitution to the citizens. That day
1839:
imitated the CUP oath administered to recruits of the organization. Discontent in the Greek military saw a secret revolutionary organization explicitly modeled from the CUP which overthrew the government in the
5776:
1688:, previously leading a guerilla resistance in the Eastern Anatolian countryside, became the main representatives of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire, replacing the urban centered pre-1908 Armenian
1713:, as was the Albanian Hamidian elite. Arab and Albanian elites, which were favored under the Hamidian regime, found many privileges lost under the CUP. The revolution continued to destabilize the subservient
1042:, an opposition movement which wished to see Abdul Hamid II's authoritarianism regime dismantled. Being imperialists, they believed Abdul Hamid was an illegitimate sultan for giving away territories in the
1245:
of Russia on 9–12 June 1908. Though these imperial powers had experienced relatively few major conflicts between themselves over the previous hundred years, an underlying rivalry, otherwise known as "
1071:
1403:
Celebrations were held intercommunally, as Muslims and Christians attended celebrations together in both churches and mosques. Parades were held throughout the Empire, with attendants shouting
1828:
1659:. The CUP would dominate Ottoman politics for the next ten years, save for brief interruption from 1912 to 1913. 5 of these years would be a dictatorship established in the aftermath of the
1088:
2931:
1639:
The parliament confirmed through popular sovereignty both old elites as well as new ones. In 1909 a purge in the army demoted many "Old Turks" while elevating "Young Turk" officers.
3925:
3733:
1515:
3653:
1107:. In 1908, workers began to strike in the capital, which kept the authorities on edge. There were also rumors that the Sultan was in poor health on the eve of the revolution.
6317:
1655:. The organization's home being Rumeli, delegations were sent to local chapters in Asia and Tripolitania to more firmly attach them to the organizations new headquarters in
3637:
6347:
2909:
2897:
663:
1139:
The defense of their empire was a matter of great honor within the Ottoman military, but the terrible conditions of their service deeply affected morale for the worse.
3058:
1503:
6337:
6322:
4684:
1545:. The large parliamentary group and the then lax laws on party affiliation eventually whittled the delegation into a smaller and more cohesive group of 60 MPs. The
1165:. Following its merger with the CUP, the former became the Internal Headquarters of the CUP, while Rıza's Paris branch became the External Headquarters of the CUP.
3717:
3685:
3452:
3159:
2993:
2936:
2926:
1396:
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based in Salonika were motivated by the fear of a partition of Ottoman Macedonia. A desire to preserve the state, not destroy it, motivated the revolutionaries.
849:
601:
2964:
6573:
6251:
2634:
Unal, Hasan (1998). "Ottoman policy during the Bulgarian independence crisis, 1908–9: Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria at the outset of the Young Turk revolution".
1087:
By the 20th century, the Hamidian system seemed bankrupt. Crop failures caused a famine in 1905, and wage hikes could not keep up with inflation. This led to
5783:
5139:
4021:
1273:
2941:
1066:, the exiled CUP leader, denounced revolutionary violence. Some Young Turks wished for a federation of nations under an Ottoman monarch, as exemplified in
6812:
5713:
1378:, was threatened by the committee into a passive cooperation. At this point, the mutiny which originated in the Third Army in Salonica took hold of the
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which used to be de jure Ottoman territory but de facto occupied by Austria-Hungary. The fall of Abdul Hamid II foiled the rapprochement between
1487:
975:
470:
4694:
4261:
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2506:
1710:
1591:) by stirring populist sentiment throughout the Empire. The Sultan's bid for a return to power gained traction when he promised to restore the
1195:
1176:
In the lead up to the revolution the CUP courted the many ethnic committees of the melting pot that was Macedonia. With the conclusion of the
6266:
1490:. The several political currents expressed amongst the Young Turks lead to disagreements on what liberty meant. Among these the CUP and the
5825:
5166:
4709:
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2408:
28:
626:
6548:
6469:
6151:
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1280:
With no action taken by the Great Powers or the government, the revolt began in earnest in the first week of July 1908. On July 3 Major
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1607:
in Macedonia to march on the capital and restored parliamentary rule after crushing the uprising on 24 April 1909. The deposition of
1587:
Abdul Hamid maintained his throne by conceding its existence as a symbolic position, but in April 1909 attempted to seize power (see
813:
496:
1706:. This served to elevate younger Armenian nationalists, overthrowing the previous communal domination by pro-imperialist Armenians.
5981:
5250:
4576:
3072:
5322:
5161:
1213:
the CUP set the date for their revolution to be sometime in August 1908, though a spontaneous one happened before August anyway.
6065:
5857:
5845:
5762:
5444:
5317:
5181:
4632:
2761:
1405:
1119:, as well as in Eastern Anatolia. Terrorist attacks by national liberation groups were regular occurrences. In response to the
1005:
895:
835:
587:
317:
98:
2914:
1541:
took place during November and December 1908. Due to its leading role in the revolution, the CUP won almost every seat in the
6522:
5976:
5270:
4285:
4185:
4117:
3231:
2596:
2474:
2418:
1778:
1254:
948:
675:
177:
108:
6296:
5454:
5429:
5398:
5073:
3388:
3356:
3204:
1542:
568:
418:
6797:
6756:
6719:
6709:
6538:
6382:
5240:
5061:
5002:
4607:
4382:
3661:
3132:
1203:
1001:
681:
392:
6561:
6110:
6070:
6044:
5998:
5739:
5486:
5134:
4834:
4571:
4468:
4265:
3949:
3933:
3837:
3781:
3103:
2959:
2524:
2274:
1120:
997:
891:
546:
92:
6807:
6697:
6543:
6276:
5368:
5285:
5275:
5119:
4045:
3994:
2754:
2614:
2577:
2556:
2299:
1954:
1709:
The elite Bulgarian community of Istanbul were similarly displaced by a nationalist-intellectual class involved with
1685:
1104:
1092:
1009:
530:
512:
165:
6581:
5708:
4367:
2976:
2871:
2861:
1527:
1319:). In each post office the rebels came across, they transmitted their demands to the government in Constantinople (
1250:
699:
1265:. It was rumored that another reform package would be imposed on the Ottoman Empire which would detach Macedonia.
6485:
6246:
6174:
6144:
6006:
5971:
5877:
5835:
5129:
4950:
4586:
1975:
1052:
1033:
879:
538:
454:
137:
3500:
6766:
6352:
5830:
5656:
5597:
5203:
4995:
4958:
4651:
3613:
3549:
3300:
2813:
1718:
1511:
1491:
1115:
Starting in the 1890s, chronic intercommunal violence took hold of Ottoman Macedonia in what came known as the
347:
4478:
4093:
4085:
3565:
2866:
2856:
2838:
2833:
2818:
1660:
985:
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6596:
6332:
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6103:
6049:
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5171:
5026:
4545:
4510:
3941:
3821:
3709:
3629:
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1668:
1580:
proved fruitless when CUP soon censored him with a no-confidence vote in parliament, thus he was replaced by
1538:
1470:
1361:
1132:
the Ottoman navy; once the third largest fleet in 19th century Europe, it was rotting away locked inside the
929:, and other Unionist officers. They networked with local Albanians and utilized their connections within the
899:
326:
103:
6613:
6256:
6220:
5667:
5449:
5198:
4637:
3645:
3484:
3215:
1546:
1379:
1323:): reinstate the constitution and reconvene the parliament otherwise the rebels would march on the capital.
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723:
3191:
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6327:
6075:
6039:
6021:
5988:
5959:
5474:
3701:
3581:
3068:
2565:
1465:, the CUP's emerged victorious in a power struggle between the palace (Abdul Hamid II) and the liberated
1375:
1149:
934:
4452:
1726:
6822:
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1923:"Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945"
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3869:
3829:
3797:
3677:
3597:
3316:
3111:
2921:
2892:
2887:
1458:
1431:
903:
522:
85:
4871:
2777:
6687:
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6357:
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5641:
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4125:
4101:
3805:
3757:
3380:
3151:
1554:
1495:
1474:
771:
3183:
1874:, the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 fails, igniting a new revolution at the start of World War I.
1765:
Two European powers took advantage of the chaos by decreasing Ottoman sovereignty in the Balkans.
951:
from the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary's annexation of nominal Ottoman territory sparked the
651:
6643:
6629:
6215:
6117:
5623:
5466:
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4515:
4483:
4432:
4347:
4305:
4077:
4061:
3909:
3773:
3765:
3573:
3508:
3476:
3396:
2548:
1938:
1680:
1499:
1162:
1043:
765:
735:
717:
711:
42:
3749:
3589:
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2741:
1549:
reconvened for the first time in over 30 years on 17 December 1908 with the living members like
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4908:
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4555:
4535:
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4141:
4109:
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3541:
3412:
3308:
2130:
1690:
1339:
1285:
1262:
1143:
officers, graduates of the modern military schools, were bottlenecked for promotion, as senior
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639:
576:
379:
283:
5937:
4525:
3468:
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1946:
1922:
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3332:
2798:
1845:
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1300:
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759:
218:
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1194:
recruiting bourgeois nationalists to their cause they did cultivate a relationship with the
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4171:
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3143:
8:
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6184:
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5408:
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The Ottoman Endgame: war, revolution, and the making of the modern Middle East, 1908–1923
1835:
were deeply influenced by the Young Turk Revolution and saw it as an example to emulate.
1766:
1623:
1418:
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1116:
1046:
and for not being confrontational enough to the Great Powers. In addition to a return to
914:
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Quataert, Donald (July 1979). "The 1908 Young Turk Revolution: Old and New Approaches".
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4013:
3425:
2723:
2688:
2404:
2217:
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2000:
1992:
1883:
1714:
1572:
Empire. The CUP had Said Pasha removed from the premiership in less than two weeks for
1565:
1364:
1331:
1257:
to the forefront by solidifying boundaries that identified their respective control in
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444:
402:
272:
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6179:
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4770:
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4377:
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3725:
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3276:
3167:
2828:
2727:
2692:
2610:
2592:
2573:
2552:
2520:
2500:
2470:
2414:
2295:
2270:
2221:
2004:
1950:
1802:
1790:
1699:
1672:
1592:
1588:
1550:
1462:
1435:
1368:
1343:
1067:
959:
801:
789:
741:
693:
4876:
1221:
6692:
6625:
6457:
6392:
6289:
5944:
5703:
5501:
5034:
4817:
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4447:
4437:
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3268:
2713:
2678:
2651:
2643:
2467:
Shattered Dreams of Revolution: From Liberty to Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire
2201:
2139:
1984:
1942:
1871:
1866:
1832:
1742:
1631:
1486:
Following the revolution, many organizations, some of them previously underground,
1445:
1281:
1249:", had exacerbated the situation to such an extent that resolution was sought. The
918:
867:
753:
729:
196:
5307:
4940:
4839:
2718:
2701:
2683:
2666:
2410:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide
2144:
2125:
1812:
Following the revolution a new found faith in Ottomanism was found in the various
133:
6714:
6447:
6424:
5949:
5803:
5744:
5506:
5265:
4765:
4755:
4656:
4241:
4213:
3693:
3444:
3348:
3340:
2484:
1782:
1523:
1291:
Other Unionists, following Niyazi's example, took to the mountains of Macedonia:
366:
301:
1667:'s assassination, during which they drive the empire to fight alongside Germany
1648:
1615:
followed, and the palace ceased to be a significant player in Ottoman politics.
1296:
1099:. Constitutionalist revolutions occurred in neighbors of the Ottoman Empire, in
962:
in favor of Abdul Hamid the following year, he was deposed and his half-brother
917:
and the increasing instability of the Hamidian regime. It began with CUP member
6744:
6199:
6011:
5964:
5018:
4935:
4846:
4422:
4280:
4228:
3965:
3957:
3845:
3076:
2785:
1988:
1896:
1836:
1820:
1819:
The revolution and CUP's work greatly impacted Muslims in other countries. The
1786:
1730:
1608:
1531:
1246:
1181:
1123:
in 1903, the Ottoman Empire capitulated to international pressure to implement
1017:
981:
952:
887:
875:
783:
480:
331:
295:
278:
267:
260:
172:
113:
66:
2647:
2205:
1573:
6781:
6510:
5932:
5872:
5686:
5357:
5344:
5312:
5302:
5297:
4962:
4760:
4310:
3917:
3292:
3026:
2808:
1934:
1798:
1560:
1466:
1198:. The CUP always held a close relationship with the non-Muslim groups of the
795:
287:
5569:
1400:, reinstating the Constitution and calling an election to great jubilation.
1233:
The event that triggered the revolution was a meeting in the Baltic port of
1180:'s left-wing congress in May–June 1908, the CUP reached a deal with for the
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6500:
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5678:
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3436:
3006:
2803:
2793:
2746:
1656:
1644:
930:
572:
1717:
as several claimed the title until November 1908, when the CUP recognized
1506:. On the other end of the spectrum were the ethnic parties which included
1058:
While the Young Turks were in consensus that some reform was required for
6505:
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5193:
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4194:
4133:
3244:
1806:
1758:
1627:
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1242:
1210:
1133:
1047:
1039:
1029:
922:
883:
819:
807:
618:
229:
207:
78:
2667:"Young Turk Governance in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War"
2213:
1694:
class, which had been composed of merchants, artisans, and clerics. The
6405:
5867:
5491:
4861:
4295:
2656:
2536:
The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1908
1841:
1258:
1238:
1059:
41:
Declaration of the Young Turk Revolution by the leaders of the Ottoman
5334:
1996:
6442:
6342:
5862:
5635:
5562:
5545:
5339:
1416:(Long live my emperor). Armed bands of Serbian, Bulgarian, and Greek
989:
6129:
5218:
2158:
The Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition, 1983, page 788, Volume 13
1316:
937:
to instigate a large revolt. A string of assassinations by Unionist
5661:
5393:
5107:
4851:
2434:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1824:
1612:
1577:
1519:
1348:
1342:
arrived at Monastir. Abdul Hamid II dispatched him from Mitroviçe (
1320:
963:
939:
488:
5813:
5418:
1856:
1387:
1202:, their Christianity being an important propaganda asset, and the
1161:
anti-Hamidian secret society was founded in Salonica known as the
5808:
5578:
5552:
5233:
5228:
4987:
1596:
1312:
993:
910:
5798:
1095:
took advantage of. In December 1907 the government put down the
6080:
5557:
5540:
5388:
3532:
3021:
2848:
1930:
1860:
Postcard for the new constitution in Ottoman Turkish and French
1600:
1516:
Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party in Palestine (Poale Zion)
1450:
1383:
1269:
1268:
With the newspaper reports of the meeting, the CUP's Monastir (
1199:
4163:
6749:
1304:
1234:
958:
After an attempted monarchist counterrevolution known as the
921:'s flight into the Albanian highlands. He was soon joined by
16:
1908 restoration of constitutional rule in the Ottoman Empire
2589:
Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide
5574:
2026:
1722:
1177:
1168:
In the CUP's December 1907 Congress, Rıza, Sabahaddin, and
984:
was brought to the throne in August 1876 after a series of
154:
2387:
2385:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2248:
2246:
2086:
2062:
1498:, were the major ones. There were smaller parties such as
1440:
1229:, meaning "Justice, Unity, Brotherhood, Equality, Freedom"
3066:
1968:
1966:
988:
by constitutionalist ministers overthrew first his uncle
2702:"The Young Turk revolution: comparisons and connections"
2570:
Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908
2126:"The Young Turk revolution: comparisons and connections"
2442:
2382:
2365:
2320:
2308:
2243:
2161:
2098:
1973:
Ahmad, Feroz (July 1968). "The Young Turk Revolution".
6252:
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
2074:
2050:
2038:
1963:
2464:
1797:
and the Ottoman Empire which set the stage for their
2517:
Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency
2267:
Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency
1736:
2427:
2533:
1927:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism
1684:elites which benefited from the Hamidian system.
1678:The revolution also served as a downfall for the
1155:
1110:
6779:
2489:Un grand rabbin sepharde en politique, 1892-1923
1584:who was more in-line with the committee's ways.
1386:) as well as Anatolian troops sent from Smyrna (
1315:), and Salahaddin Bey and Hasan Bey in Kırçova (
2591:, Princeton University Press (published 2018),
1916:
1914:
1912:
1576:. His quest to revive the Sublime Porte of the
976:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
2493:A great sephardic Rabbi in politics, 1892–1923
2017:
6145:
5003:
4179:
3052:
2762:
2534:Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (2017).
1508:People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)
1374:Elsewhere, Hayri Pasha, field marshal of the
1038:The origins of the revolution lie within the
843:
595:
2776:
2609:, New York, New York: Penguin Random House,
1909:
878:. Revolutionaries belonging to the Internal
874:) was a constitutionalist revolution in the
2413:. Princeton University Press. p. 155.
2292:Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire
2173:
1284:began the revolution by raiding the Resne (
1227:Adalet, İttihat, Uhuvvet, Müsavat, Hürriyet
1091:in Eastern Anatolia, which the CUP and the
6152:
6138:
5010:
4996:
4186:
4172:
3059:
3045:
2769:
2755:
2505:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1721:as Emir. In some communities, such as the
1457:24 July 1908 started the Ottoman Empire's
1356:. His Albanian bodyguards and the pasha's
1055:, the preeminent Young Turk organization.
850:
836:
602:
588:
2717:
2682:
2655:
2143:
1023:
6305:
4577:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
2622:
2604:
2564:
2542:
2514:
2495:] (in French), Paris, pp. 27–28
2483:
2448:
2391:
2376:
2326:
2314:
2264:
2252:
2194:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin
2191:
2179:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
1920:
1855:
1622:
1559:
1444:
1325:
1220:
1016:Countering the conservative politics of
2699:
2664:
2123:
1947:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011
1727:Jews in Islamic Europe and North Africa
1473:, the CUP dominated the empire in what
1441:Impact on the Second Constitutional Era
302:
6780:
2586:
2338:
2234:
2167:
2124:Zürcher, Erik Jan (20 February 2019).
1781:on the 5th of October. The day after,
1406:Egalité! Liberté! Justice! Fraternité!
6159:
6133:
4991:
4167:
4118:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
3040:
2965:Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven
2750:
2742:Proclamation of the Young Turks, 1908
2289:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
1972:
1851:
1070:'s movement, though after his failed
6813:1900s coups d'état and coup attempts
2633:
2403:
2294:. The Scarecrow Press. p. 147.
1864:In the 2010 alternate history novel
1829:Iranian Union and Progress Committee
1330:Proclamation of the Constitution in
6757:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
6539:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
4705:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
4608:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
2623:Rakovsky, Christian (August 1908).
2587:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (26 June 2018),
1673:genocide against Ottoman Christians
1261:(eastern border of the Empire) and
13:
6562:National Armenian Relief Committee
5435:(reform and constitutional period)
5017:
3830:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867
3798:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854
3104:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
2428:Ronald Grigor Suny (26 May 2015).
2341:"The Influence of the Young Turks"
2269:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32.
2110:
2020:Sosyalist Açıdan Jön Türk Hareketi
1698:used the moment to oust Patriarch
1082:
947:Immediately after the revolution,
14:
6834:
6698:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
5323:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
5286:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
4209:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
2735:
1877:
1737:Cultural and international impact
1189:, but did reach out to the Greek
996:. Under duress, he promulgated a
5318:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
3067:
3020:
1522:, and Armenians organized under
1251:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
814:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
625:
338:
294:
277:
266:
254:
243:
234:
223:
212:
201:
190:
171:
159:
147:
132:
35:
6486:Committee of Union and Progress
6175:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
5399:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
4193:
2458:
2397:
2332:
2283:
2258:
2228:
2185:
2152:
1976:Journal of Contemporary History
1053:Committee of Union and Progress
1034:Committee of Union and Progress
880:Committee of Union and Progress
6190:Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)
5140:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
4695:Bulgarians deportation program
4266:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
3950:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
3934:1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion
2465:Bedross Der Matossian (2014).
2346:. W zap online. Archived from
2011:
1787:annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
1777:all but formally independent,
1512:Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs
1156:Preparation for the revolution
1121:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
1111:Situation in Ottoman Macedonia
949:Bulgaria declared independence
109:Bulgaria declares independence
29:collapse of the Ottoman Empire
1:
6597:Assassination of Talaat Pasha
6226:Ottoman Empire in World War I
4546:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
4046:Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)
3237:Expeditions against the Druze
3176:Expeditions against the Druze
2719:10.1080/00263206.2019.1566124
2684:10.1080/00263206.2019.1590820
2545:The Young Turks in Opposition
2469:. Stanford University Press.
2145:10.1080/00263206.2019.1566124
1902:
1618:
1539:1908 Ottoman general election
1488:established political parties
1453:in favour of the constitution
1216:
1074:his faction was discredited.
969:
909:The revolution took place in
6195:Young Turk Revolution (1908)
4638:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
3814:Mount Lebanon civil conflict
3253:Expedition against the Druze
3245:Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt
3224:Expedition against the Druze
3216:Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion
2809:1730 Patrona Halil rebellion
2290:Somel, Selçuk Akşin (2003).
2237:Jön Türkler ve 1908 İhtilali
1547:Senate of the Ottoman Empire
1425:
1010:unsuccessful war with Russia
992:, and then his half-brother
724:Anglo-German naval arms race
104:General elections are called
7:
6767:Hitler's Armenian reference
6762:Assassination of Hrant Dink
6637:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
5584:Vassal and tributary states
4633:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
2572:, Oxford University Press,
2543:Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (1995),
2018:Asatovic Petrosyan, Yuriy.
1925:. In Breuilly, John (ed.).
1890:
1272:) branch decided to act. A
471:Decline & Modernization
178:Ottoman Imperial Government
10:
6839:
6798:1908 in the Ottoman Empire
4652:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
3096:Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion
2987:Other incidents and trials
2971:Operation Cage Action Plan
2700:Zürcher, Erik Jan (2019).
2665:Zürcher, Erik Jan (2019).
1989:10.1177/002200946800300302
1740:
1696:Armenian National Assembly
1599:policies, and restore the
1429:
1241:of the United Kingdom and
1027:
973:
555:Abolition of the Caliphate
547:Abolition of the Sultanate
484:(late 18th and early 19th)
6732:
6666:Witnesses and testimonies
6658:
6612:
6572:
6531:
6478:
6415:
6370:
6239:
6167:
6098:
6058:
6030:
5997:
5898:
5853:
5844:
5761:
5727:
5677:
5605:
5596:
5533:
5465:
5427:
5366:
5355:
5258:
5249:
5157:
5150:
5103:Decline and modernization
5025:
4972:
4813:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
4718:
4677:
4625:
4616:
4600:
4564:
4503:
4492:
4461:
4330:
4319:
4252:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
4201:
4094:Raid on the Sublime Porte
3993:
3870:1878 Macedonian rebellion
3646:Priest Jovica's Rebellion
3598:Greek War of Independence
3550:Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion
3520:
3501:Koča's frontier rebellion
3424:
3203:
3192:Kalender Çelebi rebellion
3131:
3083:
3016:
2986:
2952:
2880:
2847:
2784:
2648:10.1080/00263209808701247
2515:Erickson, Edward (2013).
2265:Erickson, Edward (2013).
2206:10.1017/S002631840000691X
1779:declared its independence
1432:Second Constitutional Era
1255:British-Russian relations
1225:Flag of the Young Turks:
1163:Ottoman Freedom Committee
1077:
904:Second Constitutional Era
882:, an organization of the
300:Tatar Osman Pasha (
183:
126:
86:Second Constitutional Era
49:
34:
26:
21:
6808:20th-century revolutions
6388:Post-genocide population
5631:Six Divisions of Cavalry
5167:Foreign Affairs Ministry
4587:Treaty of Constantinople
4479:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
3846:Bulgarian April uprising
3758:Uprising of Dervish Cara
3606:Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt
3566:Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion
3152:Nur Ali Halife rebellion
2942:military asylum incident
2778:Military coups in Turkey
2538:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1921:Roshwald, Aviel (2013).
1634:from a postcard in 1908.
1555:First Constitutional Era
1496:Freedom and Accord Party
886:movement, forced Sultan
772:Anglo-Russian Convention
652:Second Concert of Europe
6553:Foreign aid and relief
6378:Pre-genocide population
6216:1914 Greek deportations
5624:Agha of the Janissaries
5271:List of Ottoman sultans
4657:Balkans campaign of WWI
4306:Albanian revolt of 1912
4078:Albanian revolt of 1912
4062:Albanian revolt of 1910
3654:Second Mašići Rebellion
3574:Second Serbian Uprising
3509:Tripolitanian civil war
3477:Patrona Halil Rebellion
3397:Second Tarnovo Uprising
2937:international reactions
2605:McMeekin, Sean (2016),
2549:Oxford University Press
1939:Oxford University Press
1500:Ottoman Socialist Party
1459:Second Constitution Era
1449:Greek demonstration in
736:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
718:First Sino-Japanese War
712:Franco-Russian Alliance
682:Austro–Serbian Alliance
6740:Late Ottoman genocides
6532:International response
5826:Science and technology
5276:Roman succession claim
4931:Crown Prince Alexander
4909:Crown Prince Ferdinand
4872:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
4700:Massacres of Civilians
4690:Massacres of Albanians
4643:Sarajevo Assassination
4572:Greek–Serbian Alliance
4565:Diplomacy and politics
4462:Diplomacy and politics
4286:Bulgarian Independence
4038:Hauran Druze Rebellion
3886:Kresna–Razlog Uprising
3854:Razlovtsi insurrection
3710:Belogradchik Rebellion
3542:First Serbian Uprising
3453:The Great Insurrection
3309:First Tarnovo Uprising
3160:Nasir al-Din rebellion
3112:Skanderbeg's rebellion
2994:Nine Officers Incident
2706:Middle Eastern Studies
2671:Middle Eastern Studies
2636:Middle Eastern Studies
2626:The Turkish Revolution
2519:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2339:Zapotoczny, Walter S.
2131:Middle Eastern Studies
1861:
1833:Young Bukhara movement
1773:an Ottoman vassal but
1755:
1635:
1568:
1480:Comité de salut public
1454:
1335:
1230:
1024:Rise of the opposition
913:in the context of the
871:
796:Second Moroccan Crisis
640:Unification of Germany
523:2nd Constitutional Era
497:1st Constitutional Era
380:Fall of Constantinople
184:Commanders and leaders
91:Repromulgation of the
6262:20 Hunchakian gallows
6211:1914 Armenian reforms
6200:Adana massacre (1909)
5699:Dragoman of the Fleet
5414:Dragoman of the Porte
5204:Armenian Constitution
5091:Stagnation and reform
4957:Other Balkan states:
4798:Eleftherios Venizelos
4474:Albanian Independence
4276:Young Turk Revolution
4006:Young Turk Revolution
3662:Syrian Peasant Revolt
3184:Baba Zünnun Rebellion
2799:1622 janissary revolt
1859:
1846:Eleftherios Venizelos
1831:. The leaders of the
1750:
1719:Hussein bin Ali Pasha
1626:
1564:Demonstration in the
1563:
1448:
1410:Vive la constitution!
1382:based in Adrianople (
1329:
1224:
966:ascended the throne.
864:Young Turk Revolution
778:Young Turk Revolution
760:First Moroccan Crisis
97:Reinstatement of the
22:Young Turk Revolution
6788:Rebellions in Turkey
6557:Near East Foundation
6523:Special Organization
6281:Concentration camps
6231:Battle of Sarikamish
5419:Outer Palace Service
5335:Inner Palace Service
4808:Pavlos Kountouriotis
3974:Mesopotamia uprising
3838:Herzegovina Uprising
3782:Herzegovina Uprising
3702:Berkovitsa Rebellion
3670:Tripolitanian revolt
3389:Druze power struggle
3232:Revolts of 1565–1572
2235:E. Ramsaur, Ernest.
1941:. pp. 220–241.
1704:Matthew II Izmirlian
1665:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
1394:Hamid II issued the
1125:reforms in Macedonia
1105:Persia the next year
1072:coup attempt in 1903
1008:. However, with the
658:Great Eastern Crisis
6614:Cultural depictions
6465:Rescue of Armenians
6383:Genocide casualties
6221:Congress at Erzerum
6185:Turkish nationalism
5614:Classic period army
5455:Chamber of Deputies
5430:Imperial Government
4835:Crown Prince Danilo
4685:Carnegie Commission
4582:Treaty of Bucharest
4271:Macedonian Struggle
4247:Serbo-Bulgarian War
4126:Uprising in Karbala
4102:Euphrates rebellion
4022:Al-Bejat Revolution
3582:Wallachian Uprising
3469:Uprising in Vučitrn
3413:Karposh's rebellion
3405:Chiprovtsi uprising
3120:Buçuktepe rebellion
2430:"Armenian Genocide"
2405:Suny, Ronald Grigor
2035:, p. 207, 209.
1582:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
1543:Chamber of Deputies
1414:Padişahım çok yaşa!
1117:Macedonian struggle
1040:Young Turk movement
915:Macedonian Struggle
646:Franco-Prussian War
6793:Protests in Turkey
6604:Treaty of Lausanne
6470:Turkish opposition
5241:Translation Office
5125:2nd Constitutional
5113:1st Constitutional
5067:Sultanate of Women
4914:Alexandru Averescu
4882:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
4803:Panagiotis Danglis
4710:Places burned down
4236:Congress of Berlin
4070:Malissori uprising
4014:Hamawand rebellion
3678:Posavina Rebellion
3558:Jančić's Rebellion
3381:Abaza Hasan Revolt
3365:Atmeydanı Incident
3317:Thessaly Rebellion
2849:Republic of Turkey
2095:, p. 259–261.
2071:, p. 255–257.
1884:Ronald Grigor Suny
1862:
1852:In popular culture
1801:with Bulgaria and
1715:Sharifate of Mecca
1669:during World War I
1636:
1569:
1455:
1365:Mehmed Ferid Pasha
1336:
1332:Eleftherias Square
1231:
1170:Khachatur Malumian
898:, and schedule an
748:Russo-Japanese War
706:Reinsurance Treaty
664:Campaign in Bosnia
617:Events leading to
403:Sultanate of Women
273:Mehmed Ferid Pasha
6823:Conflicts in 1908
6775:
6774:
6703:100th anniversary
6592:Operation Nemesis
6366:
6365:
6180:Armenian question
6161:Armenian genocide
6127:
6126:
6094:
6093:
6086:Star and crescent
5757:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5592:
5591:
5529:
5528:
5281:Ottoman Caliphate
5162:Foreign relations
4985:
4984:
4892:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
4771:Stiliyan Kovachev
4496:Second Balkan War
4469:London Conference
4301:Italo-Turkish War
4291:31 March Incident
4161:
4160:
4150:Koçgiri rebellion
4142:Uprising in Hilla
4030:31 March Incident
3862:Kumanovo Uprising
3638:Shkodër Rebellion
3285:Uprising in Banat
3277:Celali rebellions
3168:Celali rebellions
3144:Şahkulu Rebellion
3034:
3033:
2977:Sledgehammer plan
2598:978-0-691-15762-7
2566:Hanioğlu, M Şükrü
2476:978-0-8047-9263-9
2420:978-1-4008-6558-1
1700:Malachia Ormanian
1589:31 March Incident
1551:Hasan Fehmi Pasha
1471:December election
1463:31 March Incident
1436:31 March Incident
1093:Dashnak Committee
1068:Prince Sabahaddin
960:31 March incident
902:. Thus began the
860:
859:
802:Italo-Turkish War
790:Racconigi Bargain
694:Berlin Conference
612:
611:
542:(1918–1922)
534:(1914–1918)
526:(1908–1920)
516:(1908–1922)
500:(1876–1878)
492:(1839–1876)
474:(1789–1908)
458:(1718–1730)
448:(1703–1789)
432:(1656–1703)
422:(1566–1703)
406:(1533–1656)
396:(1453–1566)
375:(1402–1413)
360:(1299–1453)
310:
309:
166:Dashnak Committee
122:
121:
6830:
6818:July 1908 events
6720:notable visitors
6693:Hidden Armenians
6622:Ravished Armenia
6544:Imperial Germany
6453:Shabin-Karahisar
6425:Armenian militia
6393:Hidden Armenians
6303:
6302:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6131:
6130:
5858:Social structure
5851:
5850:
5704:Imperial Arsenal
5603:
5602:
5437:
5376:
5374:(classic period)
5369:Imperial Council
5364:
5363:
5256:
5255:
5155:
5154:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4989:
4988:
4951:Božidar Janković
4946:Stepa Stepanović
4818:Viktor Dousmanis
4667:Macedonian front
4662:Serbian campaign
4592:Treaty of Athens
4541:Southern Dobruja
4484:Treaty of London
4323:First Balkan War
4188:
4181:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3910:Ulcinj rebellion
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3622:Bilmez Rebellion
3618:
3614:Bosnian uprising
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3525:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3461:Karamanli revolt
3457:
3449:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3349:Abaza rebellions
3345:
3337:
3329:
3325:Mamluk Rebellion
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3269:Beylerbeyi Event
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3228:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3088:
3071:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3024:
3002:
2918:
2906:
2829:1909 countercoup
2771:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2731:
2721:
2696:
2686:
2661:
2659:
2630:
2619:
2601:
2582:
2561:
2539:
2530:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2485:Benbassa, Esther
2480:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2424:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2170:, p. 53-54.
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2121:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1918:
1872:Scott Westerfeld
1761:
1504:Democratic Party
1397:İrade-i Hürriyet
1293:Ismail Enver Bey
1196:Bashkimi Society
1187:Serbian Chetniks
872:Jön Türk Devrimi
852:
845:
838:
754:Entente Cordiale
730:Fashoda Incident
700:Bulgarian Crisis
629:
614:
613:
604:
597:
590:
559:
551:
543:
535:
527:
517:
501:
493:
485:
475:
459:
449:
433:
423:
407:
397:
376:
361:
342:
312:
311:
304:
299:
298:
282:
281:
271:
270:
263:
259:
258:
257:
248:
247:
246:
239:
238:
237:
228:
227:
226:
217:
216:
215:
206:
205:
204:
195:
194:
193:
176:
175:
164:
163:
162:
152:
151:
150:
136:
51:
50:
39:
19:
18:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6728:
6715:Tsitsernakaberd
6654:
6608:
6568:
6527:
6516:Bahaeddin Şakir
6474:
6411:
6362:
6301:
6235:
6163:
6158:
6128:
6123:
6090:
6054:
6026:
5993:
5894:
5883:Ottoman Turkish
5840:
5749:
5723:
5673:
5668:Modernized army
5652:Sekban-i Djedid
5588:
5525:
5480:Shaykh al-Islām
5461:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5423:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5351:
5266:Ottoman dynasty
5245:
5146:
5021:
5016:
4986:
4981:
4968:
4766:Radko Dimitriev
4756:Vasil Kutinchev
4714:
4673:
4621:
4612:
4596:
4560:
4511:Kilkis–Lachanas
4499:
4488:
4457:
4326:
4315:
4242:Eastern Rumelia
4197:
4192:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4110:Bitlis uprising
4104:
4096:
4088:
4086:Savior Officers
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3982:Bitlis uprising
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3902:Thessaly Revolt
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3774:Albanian Revolt
3768:
3766:Albanian Revolt
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3734:Diber Rebellion
3728:
3720:
3718:Vlora Rebellion
3712:
3704:
3696:
3694:Pirot Rebellion
3688:
3686:Livno Rebellion
3680:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3445:Naousa uprising
3439:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3357:Druze rebellion
3351:
3343:
3341:Druze rebellion
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3261:Cairo Rebellion
3255:
3247:
3239:
3226:
3218:
3206:
3205:Transformation
3199:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3086:
3079:
3065:
3035:
3030:
3019:
3012:
2996:
2982:
2948:
2912:
2900:
2876:
2872:1997 memorandum
2862:1971 memorandum
2843:
2824:1908 revolution
2814:1807–1808 coups
2780:
2775:
2738:
2617:
2599:
2580:
2559:
2527:
2498:
2497:
2477:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2421:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2353:on 25 July 2011
2350:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2244:
2233:
2229:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2122:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2012:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1919:
1910:
1905:
1893:
1880:
1854:
1783:Austria-Hungary
1763:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1653:Bahaeddin Şakir
1621:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1367:was sacked for
1219:
1158:
1113:
1085:
1083:Economic issues
1080:
1036:
1028:Main articles:
1026:
1000:and called for
978:
972:
890:to restore the
856:
827:
688:Triple Alliance
608:
563:
562:
557:
549:
541:
533:
525:
518:
515:
505:
504:
499:
491:
483:
476:
473:
463:
462:
457:
450:
447:
437:
436:
431:
424:
421:
411:
410:
405:
398:
395:
385:
384:
374:
367:Beylik of Osman
362:
359:
330:
321:
293:
292:
276:
275:
265:
264:
255:
253:
252:
244:
242:
241:
235:
233:
232:
224:
222:
221:
213:
211:
210:
202:
200:
199:
191:
189:
170:
160:
158:
157:
148:
146:
145:
140:
69:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6836:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6745:Greek genocide
6742:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6668:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6589:
6584:
6582:Courts-martial
6578:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6551:
6549:Press coverage
6546:
6541:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6402:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6309:
6307:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6157:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5767:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5683:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5647:Nizam-i Djedid
5638:
5633:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5609:
5607:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5572:
5570:Mutasarrifates
5567:
5566:
5565:
5555:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5471:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5441:
5439:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5409:Reis ül-Küttab
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5367:
5361:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5345:Palace Schools
5342:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5293:Imperial Harem
5290:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5262:
5260:
5259:House of Osman
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5079:Decline thesis
5074:Transformation
5071:
5070:
5069:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5055:Constantinople
5052:
5047:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5019:Ottoman Empire
5015:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4936:Radomir Putnik
4933:
4928:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4877:Ali Rıza Pasha
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4847:Ottoman Empire
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4776:Georgi Todorov
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4654:
4649:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4453:Second Çatalca
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4281:Bosnian Crisis
4278:
4273:
4268:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4240:Annexation of
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3966:Theriso revolt
3963:
3958:Shoubak revolt
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3806:Doljani Revolt
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3373:Çınar Incident
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3140:
3138:
3133:Classical Age
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3077:Ottoman Empire
3064:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2786:Ottoman Empire
2782:
2781:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2736:External links
2734:
2733:
2732:
2712:(4): 481–498.
2697:
2677:(6): 897–913.
2662:
2642:(4): 135–176.
2631:
2620:
2615:
2602:
2597:
2584:
2578:
2562:
2557:
2540:
2531:
2526:978-1137362209
2525:
2512:
2481:
2475:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:, p. 312.
2441:
2439:
2438:
2419:
2396:
2394:, p. 317.
2381:
2379:, p. 315.
2364:
2331:
2329:, p. 287.
2319:
2317:, p. 285.
2307:
2300:
2282:
2276:978-1137362209
2275:
2257:
2255:, p. 280.
2242:
2227:
2184:
2182:, p. 274.
2172:
2160:
2151:
2138:(4): 481–498.
2109:
2107:, p. 262.
2097:
2085:
2083:, p. 259.
2073:
2061:
2059:, p. 252.
2049:
2047:, p. 247.
2037:
2025:
2010:
1962:
1955:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1897:Bosnian Crisis
1892:
1889:
1879:
1878:Historiography
1876:
1853:
1850:
1837:Indian Muslims
1747:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1731:Jews in Turkey
1620:
1617:
1609:Abdul Hamid II
1532:Dashnaktsutyun
1475:Şükrü Hanioğlu
1442:
1439:
1427:
1424:
1253:brought shaky
1247:the Great Game
1218:
1215:
1157:
1154:
1112:
1109:
1101:Russia in 1905
1097:Erzurum Revolt
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1025:
1022:
1018:Abdul Hamid II
982:Abdul Hamid II
974:Main article:
971:
968:
953:Bosnian Crisis
911:Ottoman Rumeli
888:Abdul Hamid II
876:Ottoman Empire
858:
857:
855:
854:
847:
840:
832:
829:
828:
826:
825:
824:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
784:Bosnian Crisis
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
634:
631:
630:
622:
621:
610:
609:
607:
606:
599:
592:
584:
581:
580:
569:Historiography
565:
564:
561:
560:
552:
544:
536:
528:
519:
511:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
494:
486:
481:Nizam-i Djedid
477:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
451:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
425:
419:Transformation
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
399:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
369:
363:
355:
354:
351:
350:
344:
343:
335:
334:
332:Ottoman Empire
323:
322:
315:
308:
307:
261:Abdul Hamid II
250:
240:Salahaddin Bey
186:
185:
181:
180:
168:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
114:Bosnian Crisis
111:
106:
101:
95:
89:
75:
71:
70:
67:Ottoman Empire
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6835:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6677:
6676:United States
6674:
6673:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6272:Forced labour
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6155:
6150:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5873:Ottoman court
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5714:Naval battles
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5687:Kapudan Pasha
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5642:Reform period
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5354:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:Haseki sultan
5301:
5299:
5298:Valide sultan
5296:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:United States
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5062:Classical Age
5060:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:Osman's Dream
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4941:Petar Bojović
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4840:Janko Vukotić
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:Constantine I
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:Nikola Ivanov
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:First Çatalca
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Pente Pigadia
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4311:Balkan League
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3992:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3942:Cretan Revolt
3940:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3926:Cretan Revolt
3924:
3919:
3918:Brsjak Revolt
3916:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3894:Epirus Revolt
3892:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3878:Cretan Revolt
3876:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3822:Cretan Revolt
3820:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3790:Epirus Revolt
3788:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3750:Niš Rebellion
3748:
3743:
3742:Cretan Revolt
3740:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3630:Laz rebellion
3628:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3590:Niš Rebellion
3588:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3519:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3485:Serb Uprising
3483:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3423:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3333:Epirus revolt
3331:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3301:Serb Uprising
3299:
3294:
3293:Himara Revolt
3291:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3027:Turkey Portal
3023:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:Alleged plans
2951:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:Coup attempts
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
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2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
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2797:
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2783:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2765:
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2753:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:9781594205323
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2579:0-19-513463-X
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:0-19-509115-9
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2449:Hanioğlu 1995
2445:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2393:
2392:Hanioğlu 1995
2388:
2386:
2378:
2377:Hanioğlu 1995
2373:
2371:
2369:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2327:Hanioğlu 1995
2323:
2316:
2315:Hanioğlu 1995
2311:
2303:
2301:0-8108-4332-3
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2253:Hanioğlu 1995
2249:
2247:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2180:Hanioğlu 2001
2176:
2169:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2105:Hanioğlu 2001
2101:
2094:
2093:Hanioğlu 2001
2089:
2082:
2081:Hanioğlu 2001
2077:
2070:
2069:Hanioğlu 2001
2065:
2058:
2057:Hanioğlu 2001
2053:
2046:
2045:Hanioğlu 2001
2041:
2034:
2033:Hanioğlu 2001
2029:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1956:9780191750304
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:community in
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:and later on
1493:
1492:Liberty Party
1489:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:Sublime Porte
1464:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1209:According to
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1044:Berlin Treaty
1041:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
967:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
945:
942:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
894:, recall the
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
834:
833:
831:
830:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
670:Dual Alliance
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
633:
632:
628:
624:
623:
620:
616:
615:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
586:
585:
583:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
566:
556:
553:
548:
545:
540:
537:
532:
529:
524:
521:
520:
514:
509:
508:
498:
495:
490:
487:
482:
479:
478:
472:
467:
466:
456:
453:
452:
446:
441:
440:
430:
427:
426:
420:
415:
414:
404:
401:
400:
394:
393:Classical Age
389:
388:
381:
378:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
358:
353:
352:
349:
346:
345:
341:
337:
336:
333:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
313:
305:
297:
291:
290:
285:
280:
274:
269:
262:
251:
231:
220:
209:
198:
188:
187:
182:
179:
174:
169:
167:
156:
153:Left-wing of
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:
125:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
96:
94:
90:
87:
84:
83:
82:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
6642:
6635:
6621:
6587:Malta exiles
6479:Perpetrators
6429:By location
6404:
6290:Ra's al-'Ayn
6267:Confiscation
6194:
6116:
6111:Bibliography
6109:
6102:
6071:Coat of arms
6045:Christianity
5999:Demographics
5982:of Armenians
5923:Illumination
5908:Architecture
5789:Central bank
5740:Conscription
5666:
5657:Mansure Army
5640:
5612:
5519:Hakham Bashi
5487:Christianity
5434:
5384:Grand Vizier
5373:
5225:Civil codes
5199:Constitution
5045:Ghaza thesis
4963:Ismail Kemal
4746:Mihail Savov
4741:Stoyan Danev
4719:Participants
4618:
4536:Kresna Gorge
4494:
4363:Kirk Kilisse
4321:
4275:
4257:Cretan State
4054:Karak revolt
4005:
3995:Dissolution
3726:Druze revolt
3535:in Belgrade
3493:Orlov Revolt
3437:Edirne event
3352:(1624, 1627)
3018:
3007:E-memorandum
2922:2016 attempt
2910:1971 attempt
2898:1969 attempt
2893:1963 attempt
2888:1962 attempt
2823:
2804:Edirne Event
2709:
2705:
2674:
2670:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2606:
2588:
2569:
2544:
2535:
2516:
2492:
2488:
2466:
2459:Bibliography
2444:
2433:
2409:
2399:
2355:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2334:
2322:
2310:
2291:
2285:
2266:
2260:
2236:
2230:
2200:(1): 22–29.
2197:
2193:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2154:
2135:
2129:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2019:
2013:
1983:(3): 19–36.
1980:
1974:
1926:
1881:
1865:
1863:
1827:founded the
1818:
1813:
1811:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1708:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1649:Doctor Nazım
1645:Mehmed Talât
1641:
1637:
1611:in favor of
1595:, eliminate
1586:
1570:
1536:
1485:
1478:
1469:. Until the
1456:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1373:
1362:Grand Vizier
1358:aide de camp
1357:
1347:
1337:
1311:in Grebene (
1290:
1282:Ahmed Niyazi
1279:
1267:
1232:
1226:
1211:Ismail Enver
1208:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1114:
1089:civil unrest
1086:
1057:
1037:
1015:
998:constitution
986:palace coups
979:
957:
946:
938:
923:İsmail Enver
919:Ahmed Niyazi
908:
892:Constitution
866:(July 1908;
863:
861:
777:
539:Partitioning
489:Tanzimat Era
288:
284:Shemsi Pasha
208:Ismail Enver
197:Ahmed Niyazi
142:Supported by
141:
127:Belligerents
93:Constitution
77:
27:Part of the
6803:Young Turks
6683:Reparations
6671:Recognition
6644:The Promise
6574:Prosecution
6297:Terminology
6285:Deir ez-Zor
6207:(1912–1913)
6205:Balkan Wars
5938:Shadow play
5784:Agriculture
5777:Reformation
5773:Enlargement
5619:Janissaries
5328:Kizlar Agha
5313:Hanımefendi
5308:Kadınefendi
5120:Dissolution
5050:Interregnum
4857:Nazim Pasha
4751:Ivan Fichev
4736:Ivan Geshov
4731:Ferdinand I
4647:World War I
4373:Lule Burgas
4338:Sarantaporo
4195:Balkan Wars
4134:Arab Revolt
3997:(1908–1922)
3673:(1835–1858)
3524:(1789–1908)
3512:(1793–1795)
3428:(1700–1789)
3426:Old Regime
3392:(1658–1667)
3384:(1658–1659)
3280:(1590–1610)
3240:(1574–1576)
3207:(1550–1700)
3179:(1523–1524)
3135:(1453–1550)
3087:(1299–1453)
3003:(1957–1958)
2997: [
2932:media purge
2913: [
2901: [
2657:11693/51943
2168:Kieser 2018
1844:, bringing
1807:Balkan Wars
1785:officially
1759:Halide Edip
1743:İyd-i Millî
1671:and commit
1574:Kâmil Pasha
1566:Sultanahmet
1380:Second Army
1354:Âtıf Kamçıl
1340:Şemsi Pasha
1338:On 7 July,
1309:Bekir Fikri
1263:Afghanistan
1243:Nicholas II
1134:Golden Horn
1048:rule of law
1030:Young Turks
1002:an election
884:Young Turks
820:July Crisis
808:Balkan Wars
619:World War I
531:World War I
513:Dissolution
429:Köprülü Era
372:Interregnum
230:Bekir Fikri
79:Young Turks
6782:Categories
6417:Resistance
6406:Vorpahavak
6371:Demography
6328:Diyarbekir
6257:Tehcir Law
6168:Background
5955:Literature
5868:Ottomanism
5563:Sanjakbeys
5546:Beylerbeys
5534:Provincial
5251:Government
5214:Family law
4867:Esad Pasha
4862:Zeki Pasha
4830:Nicholas I
4825:Montenegro
4678:Atrocities
4521:Bregalnica
4383:Adrianople
4296:Goudi coup
4202:Background
3073:Rebellions
1903:References
1882:Historian
1848:to power.
1842:Goudi Coup
1795:Montenegro
1741:See also:
1632:Niyazi Bey
1619:New elites
1528:Hunchakian
1430:See also:
1376:Third Army
1369:Said Pasha
1334:, Salonica
1301:Eyub Sabri
1274:memorandum
1239:Edward VII
1217:Revolution
1150:Third Army
1064:Ahmet Rıza
1060:Ottomanism
1006:parliament
990:Abdul Aziz
970:Background
935:Third Army
927:Eyub Sabri
896:parliament
445:Old Regime
219:Eyub Sabri
99:Parliament
6710:Memorials
6659:Aftermath
6443:Musa Dagh
6400:Survivors
6353:Trebizond
6306:By region
6277:Mass rape
6007:Armenians
5972:Education
5928:Miniature
5878:Languages
5863:Devshirme
5836:Transport
5636:Timariots
5502:Bulgarian
5394:Kazaskers
5356:Central (
5340:Kapi Agha
5209:Electoral
5135:Abolition
5130:Partition
4887:Enver Bey
4626:Aftermath
4531:Kalimanci
4526:Knjaževac
4343:Kardzhali
4219:Bulgarian
4137:(1916–18)
4121:(1914–18)
4017:(1908–10)
3945:(1897–98)
3937:(1896–97)
3929:(1896–97)
3921:(1880–81)
3889:(1878–79)
3841:(1875–77)
3833:(1866–67)
3825:(1866–69)
3785:(1852–62)
3761:(1843–44)
3737:(1838–39)
3665:(1834-35)
3633:(1832–34)
3625:(1832–33)
3617:(1831–33)
3601:(1821–29)
3577:(1815-17)
3545:(1804–13)
3537:(1801–04)
3488:(1737–39)
3456:(1707–11)
3304:(1596–97)
3219:(1564–65)
3115:(1443–68)
3107:(1404–18)
3099:(1416–20)
2867:1980 coup
2857:1960 coup
2839:1913 coup
2834:1912 coup
2819:1876 coup
2794:1512 coup
2728:151308653
2693:150573160
2357:11 August
2222:157617325
2005:150443567
1661:1913 coup
1628:Enver Bey
1593:caliphate
1553:from the
1524:Armenakan
1477:deemed a
1426:Aftermath
1344:Mitrovica
1303:in Ohri (
1103:, and in
810:1912–1913
804:1911–1912
786:1908–1909
768:1906–1908
762:1905–1906
750:1904–1905
726:1898–1912
720:1894–1895
708:1887–1890
702:1885–1888
684:1881–1903
678:1880–1902
676:Boer Wars
660:1875–1878
648:1870–1871
642:1866–1871
455:Tulip Era
249:Hasan Bey
57:July 1908
6240:Genocide
6118:Category
6032:Religion
5945:Clothing
5831:Taxation
5794:Currency
5735:Aviation
5709:Admirals
5662:Hamidieh
5598:Military
5579:Kadiluks
5553:Vilayets
5507:Armenian
5445:Assembly
5182:Treaties
5151:Politics
5108:Tanzimat
4977:Category
4852:Mehmed V
4788:George I
4726:Bulgaria
4413:Merhamli
4408:Kaliakra
4398:Monastir
4358:Kumanovo
4353:Sorovich
4214:Albanian
3522:Decline
2568:(2001),
2501:citation
2487:(1990),
2407:(2015).
2214:41890046
1935:New York
1891:See also
1867:Behemoth
1825:Istanbul
1799:alliance
1775:de facto
1767:Bulgaria
1686:Dashnaks
1657:Salonica
1613:Mehmed V
1578:Tanzimat
1520:Al-Fatat
1502:and the
1451:Monastir
1321:Istanbul
1237:between
1141:Mektebli
964:Mehmed V
931:Salonica
900:election
742:May Coup
348:Timeline
318:a series
316:Part of
81:victory
62:Location
6733:Related
6506:Djevdet
6333:Erzurum
6104:Outline
6059:Symbols
6050:Judaism
5977:Schools
5950:Cuisine
5913:Mosques
5900:Culture
5890:Slavery
5846:Society
5809:Sultani
5770:By era
5763:Economy
5745:Weapons
5558:Sanjaks
5541:Eyalets
5514:Judaism
5467:Millets
5404:Nişancı
5389:Viziers
5234:Halakha
5229:Mecelle
5172:Safavid
5084:Köprülü
5027:History
4959:Albania
4926:Peter I
4904:Carol I
4899:Romania
4619:General
4504:Battles
4428:Korytsa
4418:Driskos
4378:Yenidje
4368:Scutari
4331:Battles
4229:Serbian
3075:in the
2979:(2010s)
1821:Persian
1814:millets
1805:in the
1771:de jure
1748:Memoirs
1605:a force
1597:secular
1313:Grevena
994:Murad V
980:Sultan
868:Turkish
766:Pig War
577:Decline
327:History
45:in 1908
43:millets
6688:Denial
6650:others
6511:Reshid
6501:Djemal
6491:Talaat
6433:Zeitun
6338:Harput
6323:Bitlis
6318:Aleppo
6247:Causes
6081:Tughra
6066:Anthem
6012:Greeks
5965:Poetry
5450:Senate
5219:Düstur
4921:Serbia
4783:Greece
4516:Doiran
4448:Bizani
4443:Şarköy
4438:Bulair
4433:Lemnos
4393:Himara
4388:Prilep
4264:&
4153:(1921)
4145:(1916)
4129:(1915)
4113:(1914)
4105:(1913)
4097:(1913)
4089:(1912)
4081:(1912)
4073:(1911)
4065:(1910)
4057:(1910)
4049:(1910)
4041:(1909)
4033:(1909)
4025:(1909)
4009:(1908)
3985:(1907)
3977:(1906)
3969:(1905)
3961:(1905)
3953:(1903)
3913:(1878)
3905:(1878)
3897:(1878)
3881:(1878)
3873:(1878)
3865:(1878)
3857:(1876)
3849:(1876)
3817:(1860)
3809:(1858)
3801:(1854)
3793:(1854)
3777:(1847)
3769:(1845)
3753:(1841)
3745:(1841)
3729:(1838)
3721:(1836)
3713:(1836)
3705:(1836)
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2927:purges
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1995:
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550:(1922)
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