1299:) garrison cache of money, arms and ammunition and assembled a force of 160 volunteers to the mountains surrounding the city. From there he visited many villages around the predominantly Muslim Albanian area to recruit for his band and warn of impending European intervention and Christian supremacy in Macedonia. Niyazi would highlight the government's (not the sultan) weakness and corruption as the reason for this crisis, and that a constitutional framework would deliver the systematic reform necessary to negate Western intervention. Niyazi's Muslim Albanian heritage worked to his advantage in this propaganda campaign which also involved settling clan rivalries. When touring Christian Bulgarian and Serbian villages, he highlighted that the constitution would bring about equality between Christians and Muslims, and was able to recruit Bulgarians into his force.
1338:
638:
351:
3080:
307:
290:
279:
184:
48:
267:
172:
1635:
1744:), reformist groups emulating the Young Turks ousted the conservative ruling elite and replaced them with a new reformist one. Social institutions like notable families and houses of worship lost influence to the burgeoning world of party politics. Political clubs, committees, and parties were now the main actors in politics. Though these non-Turkish nationalists cooperated with the Young Turks against the sultan, they would turn on each other during the Second Constitutional Era over the question of Ottomanism, and ultimately autonomy and separatism.
256:
247:
236:
225:
214:
203:
1233:
1457:
145:
1572:
160:
3033:
1868:
1472:. There after, a number of decrees are issued, which defined freedom of speech, press and organizations, the dismantlement of intelligence agencies, and a general amnesty to political prisoners. Importantly, the CUP did not overthrow the government and nominally committed itself to democratic ideals and constitutionalism. Between the revolution and the
1433:, one time enemies of each other and the government, took part in celebrations before ceremoniously turning in their firearms to the government. Niyazi, Enver, and the other Unionist revolutionaries were declared "heroes of liberty", and Ahmed Rıza, returning from his exile was declared "father of liberty".
1073:, the idea of national unity among the ethnic groups of the Ottoman Empire, they disagreed how far reform should go. The anti-Hamidians in the Ottoman Empire that joined the CUP were conservative liberal, imperialist, technocratists. To what extent they could have achieved praxis was initially dubious, as
1142:
Throughout this period, the
Ottoman Empire's weak economy and Abdul Hamid's distrust of the military meant the army was in constant pay arrears. The Sultan was weary of having the army train with live ammunition anyway, lest an uprising against the order occurred. This sentiment especially applied to
1061:
instead of royal arbitrary rule, they believed that a constitution also would negate any justification by the Great Powers to intervene in the Empire. Most of the Young Turks were exiled intelligentsia, however by 1906–1908 many officers and bureaucrats stationed in the
Balkans were inducted into the
1404:
The rapid momentum of the
Unionist's organization, intrigues within the military, discontent with Abdul Hamid's autocratic rule, and a desire for the Constitution meant the sultan and his ministers were compelled to capitulate. Under pressure of being deposed, on the night of 23–24 July 1908, Abdul
1649:
These developments caused the gradual creation of a new governing elite. No longer was power exercised by a small governing elite surrounding the Sultan, the
Sublime Porte's independence was restored and a new young clique of bureaucrats and officers gradually took control of politics for the CUP.
1171:
Following the 1902 Congress of
Ottoman Opposition, Ahmed Rıza's Unionists abandoned political evolution and formed a coalition with the Activists, which were political revolutionaries. With the fall of Prince Sabahaddin, Rıza's coalition was once again the leading Young Turk current. In 1907 a new
1357:) with two battalions to suppress the revolt in Macedonia. An ethnic Albanian, he also recruited a pro-government band of Albanians on the way. He informed the palace of his arrival in the city at the local telegraph station, and as he walked out of the building he was assassinated by a Unionist
1582:
While the Young Turk
Revolution had promised organizational improvement, once instituted, the government at first proved itself rather disorganized and ineffectual. Although these working-class citizens had little knowledge of how to control a government, they imposed their ideas on the Ottoman
1204:
for support. Using more sticks than carrots, the CUP walked away with a tenuous declaration of neutrality from the Greeks. The most resources were invested in attaining
Albanian support. Albanian feudal lords and notables enjoyed CUP patronage and while the Unionists were less successful in
1023:
which ended in 1878, he suspended enforcement of the constitution and prorogued parliament. After further consolidating his rule he governed as an absolutist monarch for the next three decades. This left a very small group of individuals able to partake in politics in the
Ottoman Empire.
1897:
states that the revolution had no popular support and was actually "a coup d'état by a small group of military officers and civilian activists in the
Balkans". Hanioğlu states the revolution a watershed moment in the late Ottoman Emire but it was not a popular constitutional movement.
1031:'s reign was the amount of social reform that occurred during this time period. The development of educational institutions in the Ottoman Empire strengthened also provided the grounds for the later rebellion. Abdul Hamid's political circle was close-knit and ever-changing.
1763:
The memory is so intense that to this day, I cannot think of it unmoved. I think of it as a final embrace of love between the simple peoples of Turkey before they should be led to exterminate each other for the political advantage of foreign powers or their own leaders
1183:
of the
Dashnak Committee pledged to overthrow the regime by all means necessary. In practice, this was a tactile alliance between the CUP and Dashnaks which was unpopular in both camps, and the Dashnaks did not play a significant role in the coming revolution.
954:
also contributed to Abdul Hamid's capitulation. Though the constitutional regime established after the revolution eventually succumbed to Unionist dictatorship by 1913, the Ottoman sultanate ceased to be the base of power of the empire after 1908.
1158:
officers didn't trust their loyalties. Those stationed in Macedonia were outraged against the sultan, and believed the only way to save Ottoman presence in the region to join revolutionary secret societies. Many Unionist officers of the
1827:. Violence in Macedonia ceased as rebels turned in their arms and celebrated with citizens. An area from Scutari to Basra was now acquainted with political parties, nationalist clubs, elections, constitutional rights, and civil rights.
1195:
support and neutrality from their right, but the Macedonian-Bulgarian committee's disunity and their late decision also meant no joint operations between the two groups during the revolution. The Unionists did not seriously court the
1653:
The post-revolution CUP undertook a consolidation of itself in order to define its ideology. Those intellectual Unionists that spent years in exile, such as Ahmed Rıza, would be sidelined in favor of the new professional organizers,
1614:-based legal system. On 13 April 1909, army units revolted, joined by masses of theological students and turbaned clerics shouting, "We want Sharia", and moving to restore the Sultan's absolute power. The CUP once again assembled
1138:
under Great Power supervision, offending Muslims living in Macedonia and especially army officers. In 1905, another intervention by the Great Powers for reform in Macedonia was greeted with dread amongst the Muslim population.
4710:
1287:
was drawn up by Unionists that was distributed to the European consuls which rejected foreign intervention and nationalist activism. They also called for constitutional government and equality amongst Ottoman citizens.
1371:, who was his son, were also CUP members. Tatar Osman Pasha, Şemsi's replacement, was captured soon after. On July 22, Monastir fell to the rebels, and Niyazi proclaimed the constitution to the citizens. That day
1850:
imitated the CUP oath administered to recruits of the organization. Discontent in the Greek military saw a secret revolutionary organization explicitly modeled from the CUP which overthrew the government in the
5787:
1699:, previously leading a guerilla resistance in the Eastern Anatolian countryside, became the main representatives of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire, replacing the urban centered pre-1908 Armenian
1724:, as was the Albanian Hamidian elite. Arab and Albanian elites, which were favored under the Hamidian regime, found many privileges lost under the CUP. The revolution continued to destabilize the subservient
1053:, an opposition movement which wished to see Abdul Hamid II's authoritarianism regime dismantled. Being imperialists, they believed Abdul Hamid was an illegitimate sultan for giving away territories in the
1256:
of Russia on 9–12 June 1908. Though these imperial powers had experienced relatively few major conflicts between themselves over the previous hundred years, an underlying rivalry, otherwise known as "
1082:
1414:
Celebrations were held intercommunally, as Muslims and Christians attended celebrations together in both churches and mosques. Parades were held throughout the Empire, with attendants shouting
1839:
1670:. The CUP would dominate Ottoman politics for the next ten years, save for brief interruption from 1912 to 1913. 5 of these years would be a dictatorship established in the aftermath of the
1099:
2942:
1650:
The parliament confirmed through popular sovereignty both old elites as well as new ones. In 1909 a purge in the army demoted many "Old Turks" while elevating "Young Turk" officers.
3936:
3744:
1526:
3664:
1118:. In 1908, workers began to strike in the capital, which kept the authorities on edge. There were also rumors that the Sultan was in poor health on the eve of the revolution.
6328:
1666:. The organization's home being Rumeli, delegations were sent to local chapters in Asia and Tripolitania to more firmly attach them to the organizations new headquarters in
3648:
6358:
2920:
2908:
674:
1150:
The defense of their empire was a matter of great honor within the Ottoman military, but the terrible conditions of their service deeply affected morale for the worse.
3069:
1514:
6348:
6333:
4695:
1556:. The large parliamentary group and the then lax laws on party affiliation eventually whittled the delegation into a smaller and more cohesive group of 60 MPs. The
1176:. Following its merger with the CUP, the former became the Internal Headquarters of the CUP, while Rıza's Paris branch became the External Headquarters of the CUP.
3728:
3696:
3463:
3170:
3004:
2947:
2937:
1407:
1163:
based in Salonika were motivated by the fear of a partition of Ottoman Macedonia. A desire to preserve the state, not destroy it, motivated the revolutionaries.
860:
612:
2975:
6584:
6262:
2645:
Unal, Hasan (1998). "Ottoman policy during the Bulgarian independence crisis, 1908–9: Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria at the outset of the Young Turk revolution".
1098:
By the 20th century, the Hamidian system seemed bankrupt. Crop failures caused a famine in 1905, and wage hikes could not keep up with inflation. This led to
5794:
5150:
4032:
1284:
2952:
1077:, the exiled CUP leader, denounced revolutionary violence. Some Young Turks wished for a federation of nations under an Ottoman monarch, as exemplified in
6823:
5724:
1389:, was threatened by the committee into a passive cooperation. At this point, the mutiny which originated in the Third Army in Salonica took hold of the
6686:
6676:
5804:
3632:
3335:
2779:
5594:
3824:
3271:
350:
6475:
6427:
1518:
1107:
5113:
5020:
3532:
2351:
1800:
which used to be de jure Ottoman territory but de facto occupied by Austria-Hungary. The fall of Abdul Hamid II foiled the rapprochement between
1498:
986:
481:
4705:
4272:
3062:
2517:
1721:
1602:) by stirring populist sentiment throughout the Empire. The Sultan's bid for a return to power gained traction when he promised to restore the
1206:
1187:
In the lead up to the revolution the CUP courted the many ethnic committees of the melting pot that was Macedonia. With the conclusion of the
6277:
17:
1501:. The several political currents expressed amongst the Young Turks lead to disagreements on what liberty meant. Among these the CUP and the
5836:
5177:
4720:
3680:
2419:
39:
637:
6559:
6480:
6162:
5923:
5624:
853:
605:
1291:
With no action taken by the Great Powers or the government, the revolt began in earnest in the first week of July 1908. On July 3 Major
6713:
6660:
5729:
5187:
1337:
2913:
6027:
5524:
5197:
4700:
4653:
4219:
3263:
3247:
3234:
3186:
3055:
1618:
in Macedonia to march on the capital and restored parliamentary rule after crushing the uprising on 24 April 1909. The deposition of
1598:
Abdul Hamid maintained his throne by conceding its existence as a symbolic position, but in April 1909 attempted to seize power (see
824:
507:
1717:. This served to elevate younger Armenian nationalists, overthrowing the previous communal domination by pro-imperialist Armenians.
5992:
5261:
4587:
3083:
5333:
5172:
1224:
the CUP set the date for their revolution to be sometime in August 1908, though a spontaneous one happened before August anyway.
6076:
5868:
5856:
5773:
5455:
5328:
5192:
4643:
2772:
1416:
1130:, as well as in Eastern Anatolia. Terrorist attacks by national liberation groups were regular occurrences. In response to the
1016:
906:
846:
598:
328:
109:
2925:
1552:
took place during November and December 1908. Due to its leading role in the revolution, the CUP won almost every seat in the
6533:
5987:
5281:
4296:
4196:
4128:
3242:
2607:
2485:
2429:
1789:
1265:
959:
686:
188:
119:
6307:
5465:
5440:
5409:
5084:
3399:
3367:
3215:
1553:
579:
429:
6808:
6767:
6730:
6720:
6549:
6393:
5251:
5072:
5013:
4618:
4393:
3672:
3143:
1214:
1012:
692:
403:
6572:
6121:
6081:
6055:
6009:
5750:
5497:
5145:
4845:
4582:
4479:
4276:
3960:
3944:
3848:
3792:
3114:
2970:
2535:
2285:
1131:
1008:
902:
557:
103:
6818:
6708:
6554:
6287:
5379:
5296:
5286:
5130:
4056:
4005:
2765:
2625:
2588:
2567:
2310:
1965:
1720:
The elite Bulgarian community of Istanbul were similarly displaced by a nationalist-intellectual class involved with
1696:
1115:
1103:
1020:
541:
523:
176:
6592:
5719:
4378:
2987:
2882:
2872:
1538:
1330:). In each post office the rebels came across, they transmitted their demands to the government in Constantinople (
1261:
710:
1276:. It was rumored that another reform package would be imposed on the Ottoman Empire which would detach Macedonia.
6496:
6257:
6185:
6155:
6017:
5982:
5888:
5846:
5140:
4961:
4597:
1986:
1063:
1044:
890:
549:
465:
148:
3511:
6777:
6363:
5841:
5667:
5608:
5214:
5006:
4969:
4662:
3624:
3560:
3311:
2824:
1729:
1522:
1502:
1126:
Starting in the 1890s, chronic intercommunal violence took hold of Ottoman Macedonia in what came known as the
358:
4489:
4104:
4096:
3576:
2877:
2867:
2849:
2844:
2829:
1671:
996:
6798:
6693:
6681:
6607:
6343:
6236:
6114:
6060:
5910:
5900:
5394:
5182:
5037:
4556:
4521:
3952:
3832:
3720:
3640:
3616:
1679:
1591:
proved fruitless when CUP soon censored him with a no-confidence vote in parliament, thus he was replaced by
1549:
1481:
1372:
1143:
the Ottoman navy; once the third largest fleet in 19th century Europe, it was rotting away locked inside the
940:, and other Unionist officers. They networked with local Albanians and utilized their connections within the
910:
337:
114:
6624:
6267:
6231:
5678:
5460:
5209:
4648:
3656:
3495:
3226:
1557:
1390:
1334:): reinstate the constitution and reconvene the parliament otherwise the rebels would march on the capital.
1197:
734:
3202:
6803:
6772:
6647:
6410:
6388:
6338:
6086:
6050:
6032:
5999:
5970:
5485:
3712:
3592:
3079:
2576:
1476:, the CUP's emerged victorious in a power struggle between the palace (Abdul Hamid II) and the liberated
1386:
1160:
945:
4463:
1737:
6833:
6323:
6282:
6148:
5745:
5050:
4592:
4551:
3896:
3568:
3106:
3095:
2981:
1934:"Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945"
1706:
1490:
1111:
565:
367:
47:
4413:
2440:
2358:
6828:
6463:
5135:
4941:
4931:
4823:
4793:
4418:
4189:
3984:
3880:
3840:
3808:
3688:
3608:
3327:
3122:
2932:
2903:
2898:
1469:
1442:
914:
533:
96:
4882:
2788:
6698:
6443:
6368:
5893:
5652:
5641:
5123:
4840:
4786:
4262:
4136:
4112:
3816:
3768:
3391:
3162:
1565:
1506:
1485:
782:
3194:
1885:, the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 fails, igniting a new revolution at the start of World War I.
1776:
Two European powers took advantage of the chaos by decreasing Ottoman sovereignty in the Balkans.
962:
from the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary's annexation of nominal Ottoman territory sparked the
662:
6654:
6640:
6226:
6128:
5634:
5477:
4803:
4741:
4526:
4494:
4443:
4358:
4316:
4088:
4072:
3920:
3784:
3776:
3584:
3519:
3487:
3407:
2559:
1949:
1691:
1510:
1173:
1054:
776:
746:
728:
722:
53:
3760:
3600:
3009:
2752:
1560:
reconvened for the first time in over 30 years on 17 December 1908 with the living members like
6750:
5702:
5303:
5089:
5065:
4919:
4746:
4566:
4546:
4373:
4152:
4120:
4048:
3992:
3864:
3552:
3423:
3319:
2141:
1701:
1350:
1296:
1273:
1154:
officers, graduates of the modern military schools, were bottlenecked for promotion, as senior
698:
650:
587:
390:
294:
5948:
4536:
3479:
3130:
1957:
1933:
1592:
6448:
6272:
6221:
5709:
5424:
5219:
4835:
4808:
4561:
4453:
4403:
4383:
4348:
4229:
3904:
3800:
3343:
2809:
1856:
1805:
1311:
937:
770:
229:
4877:
3375:
1205:
recruiting bourgeois nationalists to their cause they did cultivate a relationship with the
1135:
6813:
6567:
6241:
5933:
5918:
5662:
4987:
4818:
4531:
4182:
3888:
3752:
2635:
1714:
1675:
680:
668:
4160:
3154:
8:
6398:
6195:
5657:
5419:
5060:
4736:
4541:
4484:
4353:
4281:
4257:
3471:
3415:
3383:
2618:
The Ottoman Endgame: war, revolution, and the making of the modern Middle East, 1908–1923
1846:
were deeply influenced by the Young Turk Revolution and saw it as an example to emulate.
1777:
1634:
1429:
1201:
1127:
1057:
and for not being confrontational enough to the Great Powers. In addition to a return to
925:
656:
382:
6042:
5094:
4956:
3047:
2203:
Quataert, Donald (July 1979). "The 1908 Young Turk Revolution: Old and New Approaches".
1364:
439:
6614:
6200:
5965:
5224:
5101:
5077:
4924:
4914:
4909:
4892:
4813:
4798:
4438:
4423:
4408:
4368:
4363:
4246:
4080:
4024:
3436:
2734:
2699:
2415:
2228:
2220:
2011:
2003:
1894:
1725:
1583:
Empire. The CUP had Said Pasha removed from the premiership in less than two weeks for
1576:
1375:
1342:
1268:
to the forefront by solidifying boundaries that identified their respective control in
1180:
758:
716:
455:
413:
283:
6526:
5490:
4715:
1663:
6602:
6295:
6190:
6171:
6096:
5938:
5291:
4936:
4902:
4781:
4506:
4428:
4388:
4311:
4301:
4040:
3912:
3872:
3736:
3295:
3287:
3178:
2839:
2738:
2703:
2621:
2603:
2584:
2563:
2531:
2511:
2481:
2425:
2306:
2281:
2232:
2015:
1961:
1813:
1801:
1710:
1683:
1603:
1599:
1561:
1473:
1446:
1379:
1354:
1078:
970:
812:
800:
752:
704:
4887:
1232:
6703:
6636:
6468:
6403:
6300:
5955:
5714:
5512:
5045:
4828:
4677:
4672:
4602:
4458:
4448:
4398:
4333:
3279:
2724:
2689:
2662:
2654:
2478:
Shattered Dreams of Revolution: From Liberty to Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire
2212:
2150:
1995:
1953:
1882:
1877:
1843:
1753:
1642:
1497:
Following the revolution, many organizations, some of them previously underground,
1456:
1292:
1260:", had exacerbated the situation to such an extent that resolution was sought. The
929:
878:
764:
740:
207:
5318:
4951:
4850:
2729:
2712:
2694:
2677:
2421:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide
2155:
2136:
1823:
Following the revolution a new found faith in Ottomanism was found in the various
144:
6725:
6458:
6435:
5960:
5814:
5755:
5517:
5276:
4776:
4766:
4667:
4252:
4224:
3704:
3455:
3359:
3351:
2495:
1793:
1534:
1302:
Other Unionists, following Niyazi's example, took to the mountains of Macedonia:
377:
312:
1678:'s assassination, during which they drive the empire to fight alongside Germany
1659:
1626:
followed, and the palace ceased to be a significant player in Ottoman politics.
1307:
1110:. Constitutionalist revolutions occurred in neighbors of the Ottoman Empire, in
973:
in favor of Abdul Hamid the following year, he was deposed and his half-brother
928:
and the increasing instability of the Hamidian regime. It began with CUP member
6755:
6210:
6022:
5975:
5029:
4946:
4857:
4433:
4291:
4239:
3976:
3968:
3856:
3087:
2796:
1999:
1907:
1847:
1831:
1830:
The revolution and CUP's work greatly impacted Muslims in other countries. The
1797:
1741:
1619:
1542:
1257:
1192:
1134:
in 1903, the Ottoman Empire capitulated to international pressure to implement
1028:
992:
963:
898:
886:
794:
491:
342:
306:
289:
278:
271:
183:
124:
77:
2658:
2216:
1584:
6792:
6521:
5943:
5883:
5697:
5368:
5355:
5323:
5313:
5308:
4973:
4771:
4321:
3928:
3303:
3037:
2819:
1945:
1809:
1571:
1477:
1209:. The CUP always held a close relationship with the non-Muslim groups of the
806:
298:
5580:
1411:, reinstating the Constitution and calling an election to great jubilation.
1244:
The event that triggered the revolution was a meeting in the Baltic port of
1191:'s left-wing congress in May–June 1908, the CUP reached a deal with for the
1074:
6597:
6511:
6501:
5829:
5799:
5689:
5529:
5507:
5414:
5106:
5055:
4756:
4751:
4267:
4064:
3503:
3447:
3017:
2814:
2804:
2757:
1667:
1655:
941:
583:
1728:
as several claimed the title until November 1908, when the CUP recognized
1517:. On the other end of the spectrum were the ethnic parties which included
1069:
While the Young Turks were in consensus that some reform was required for
6516:
6506:
6215:
5629:
5338:
5204:
4897:
4867:
4761:
4657:
4234:
4205:
4144:
3255:
1817:
1769:
1638:
1615:
1319:
1303:
1253:
1221:
1144:
1058:
1050:
1040:
933:
894:
830:
818:
629:
240:
218:
89:
2678:"Young Turk Governance in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War"
2224:
1705:
class, which had been composed of merchants, artisans, and clerics. The
6416:
5878:
5502:
4872:
4306:
2667:
2547:
The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1908
1852:
1269:
1249:
1070:
52:
Declaration of the Young Turk Revolution by the leaders of the Ottoman
5345:
2007:
6453:
6353:
5873:
5646:
5573:
5556:
5350:
1427:(Long live my emperor). Armed bands of Serbian, Bulgarian, and Greek
1000:
6140:
5229:
2169:
The Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition, 1983, page 788, Volume 13
1327:
948:
to instigate a large revolt. A string of assassinations by Unionist
5672:
5404:
5118:
4862:
2445:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1835:
1623:
1588:
1530:
1359:
1353:
arrived at Monastir. Abdul Hamid II dispatched him from Mitroviçe (
1331:
974:
950:
499:
5824:
5429:
1867:
1398:
1213:, their Christianity being an important propaganda asset, and the
1172:
anti-Hamidian secret society was founded in Salonica known as the
5819:
5589:
5563:
5244:
5239:
4998:
1607:
1323:
1004:
921:
5809:
1106:
took advantage of. In December 1907 the government put down the
6091:
5568:
5551:
5399:
3543:
3032:
2859:
1941:
1871:
Postcard for the new constitution in Ottoman Turkish and French
1611:
1527:
Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party in Palestine (Poale Zion)
1461:
1394:
1280:
1279:
With the newspaper reports of the meeting, the CUP's Monastir (
1210:
4174:
6760:
1315:
1245:
969:
After an attempted monarchist counterrevolution known as the
932:'s flight into the Albanian highlands. He was soon joined by
27:
1908 restoration of constitutional rule in the Ottoman Empire
2600:
Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide
5585:
2037:
1733:
1188:
1179:
In the CUP's December 1907 Congress, Rıza, Sabahaddin, and
995:
was brought to the throne in August 1876 after a series of
165:
2398:
2396:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2259:
2257:
2097:
2073:
1509:, were the major ones. There were smaller parties such as
1451:
1240:, meaning "Justice, Unity, Brotherhood, Equality, Freedom"
3077:
1979:
1977:
999:
by constitutionalist ministers overthrew first his uncle
2713:"The Young Turk revolution: comparisons and connections"
2581:
Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908
2137:"The Young Turk revolution: comparisons and connections"
2453:
2393:
2376:
2331:
2319:
2254:
2172:
2109:
1984:
Ahmad, Feroz (July 1968). "The Young Turk Revolution".
6263:
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
2085:
2061:
2049:
1974:
2475:
1808:
and the Ottoman Empire which set the stage for their
2528:
Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency
2278:
Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency
1747:
2438:
2544:
1938:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism
1695:elites which benefited from the Hamidian system.
1689:The revolution also served as a downfall for the
1166:
1121:
6790:
2500:Un grand rabbin sepharde en politique, 1892-1923
1595:who was more in-line with the committee's ways.
1397:) as well as Anatolian troops sent from Smyrna (
1326:), and Salahaddin Bey and Hasan Bey in Kırçova (
2602:, Princeton University Press (published 2018),
1927:
1925:
1923:
1587:. His quest to revive the Sublime Porte of the
987:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
2504:A great sephardic Rabbi in politics, 1892–1923
2028:
6156:
5014:
4190:
3063:
2773:
2545:Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (2017).
1519:People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)
1385:Elsewhere, Hayri Pasha, field marshal of the
1049:The origins of the revolution lie within the
854:
606:
2787:
2620:, New York, New York: Penguin Random House,
1920:
889:. Revolutionaries belonging to the Internal
885:) was a constitutionalist revolution in the
2424:. Princeton University Press. p. 155.
2303:Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire
2184:
1295:began the revolution by raiding the Resne (
1238:Adalet, İttihat, Uhuvvet, Müsavat, Hürriyet
1102:in Eastern Anatolia, which the CUP and the
6163:
6149:
5021:
5007:
4197:
4183:
3070:
3056:
2780:
2766:
2516:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1732:as Emir. In some communities, such as the
1468:24 July 1908 started the Ottoman Empire's
1367:. His Albanian bodyguards and the pasha's
1066:, the preeminent Young Turk organization.
861:
847:
613:
599:
2728:
2693:
2666:
2154:
1034:
6316:
4588:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
2633:
2615:
2575:
2553:
2525:
2506:] (in French), Paris, pp. 27–28
2494:
2459:
2402:
2387:
2337:
2325:
2275:
2263:
2205:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin
2202:
2190:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
1931:
1866:
1633:
1570:
1455:
1336:
1231:
1027:Countering the conservative politics of
2710:
2675:
2134:
1958:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011
1738:Jews in Islamic Europe and North Africa
1484:, the CUP dominated the empire in what
1452:Impact on the Second Constitutional Era
313:
14:
6791:
2597:
2349:
2245:
2178:
2135:Zürcher, Erik Jan (20 February 2019).
1792:on the 5th of October. The day after,
1417:Egalité! Liberté! Justice! Fraternité!
6170:
6144:
5002:
4178:
4129:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
3051:
2976:Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven
2761:
2753:Proclamation of the Young Turks, 1908
2300:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
1983:
1862:
1081:'s movement, though after his failed
6824:1900s coups d'état and coup attempts
2644:
2414:
2305:. The Scarecrow Press. p. 147.
1875:In the 2010 alternate history novel
1840:Iranian Union and Progress Committee
1341:Proclamation of the Constitution in
6768:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
6550:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
4716:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
4619:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
2634:Rakovsky, Christian (August 1908).
2598:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (26 June 2018),
1684:genocide against Ottoman Christians
1272:(eastern border of the Empire) and
24:
6573:National Armenian Relief Committee
5446:(reform and constitutional period)
5028:
3841:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867
3809:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854
3115:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
2439:Ronald Grigor Suny (26 May 2015).
2352:"The Influence of the Young Turks"
2280:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32.
2121:
2031:Sosyalist Açıdan Jön Türk Hareketi
1709:used the moment to oust Patriarch
1093:
958:Immediately after the revolution,
25:
6845:
6709:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
5334:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
5297:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
4220:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
2746:
1888:
1748:Cultural and international impact
1200:, but did reach out to the Greek
1007:. Under duress, he promulgated a
5329:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
3078:
3031:
1533:, and Armenians organized under
1262:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
825:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
636:
349:
305:
288:
277:
265:
254:
245:
234:
223:
212:
201:
182:
170:
158:
143:
46:
6497:Committee of Union and Progress
6186:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
5410:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
4204:
2469:
2408:
2343:
2294:
2269:
2239:
2196:
2163:
1987:Journal of Contemporary History
1064:Committee of Union and Progress
1045:Committee of Union and Progress
891:Committee of Union and Progress
6201:Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)
5151:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
4706:Bulgarians deportation program
4277:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
3961:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
3945:1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion
2476:Bedross Der Matossian (2014).
2357:. W zap online. Archived from
2022:
1798:annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
1788:all but formally independent,
1523:Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs
1167:Preparation for the revolution
1132:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
1122:Situation in Ottoman Macedonia
960:Bulgaria declared independence
120:Bulgaria declares independence
40:collapse of the Ottoman Empire
13:
1:
6608:Assassination of Talaat Pasha
6237:Ottoman Empire in World War I
4557:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
4057:Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)
3248:Expeditions against the Druze
3187:Expeditions against the Druze
2730:10.1080/00263206.2019.1566124
2695:10.1080/00263206.2019.1590820
2556:The Young Turks in Opposition
2480:. Stanford University Press.
2156:10.1080/00263206.2019.1566124
1913:
1629:
1550:1908 Ottoman general election
1499:established political parties
1464:in favour of the constitution
1227:
1085:his faction was discredited.
980:
920:The revolution took place in
18:Young Turk Revolution of 1908
6206:Young Turk Revolution (1908)
4649:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
3825:Mount Lebanon civil conflict
3264:Expedition against the Druze
3256:Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt
3235:Expedition against the Druze
3227:Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion
2820:1730 Patrona Halil rebellion
2301:Somel, Selçuk Akşin (2003).
2248:Jön Türkler ve 1908 İhtilali
1558:Senate of the Ottoman Empire
1436:
1021:unsuccessful war with Russia
1003:, and then his half-brother
735:Anglo-German naval arms race
115:General elections are called
7:
6778:Hitler's Armenian reference
6773:Assassination of Hrant Dink
6648:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
5595:Vassal and tributary states
4644:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
2583:, Oxford University Press,
2554:Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (1995),
2029:Asatovic Petrosyan, Yuriy.
1936:. In Breuilly, John (ed.).
1901:
1283:) branch decided to act. A
482:Decline & Modernization
189:Ottoman Imperial Government
10:
6850:
6809:1908 in the Ottoman Empire
4663:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
3107:Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion
2998:Other incidents and trials
2982:Operation Cage Action Plan
2711:Zürcher, Erik Jan (2019).
2676:Zürcher, Erik Jan (2019).
2000:10.1177/002200946800300302
1751:
1707:Armenian National Assembly
1610:policies, and restore the
1440:
1252:of the United Kingdom and
1038:
984:
566:Abolition of the Caliphate
558:Abolition of the Sultanate
495:(late 18th and early 19th)
6743:
6677:Witnesses and testimonies
6669:
6623:
6583:
6542:
6489:
6426:
6381:
6250:
6178:
6109:
6069:
6041:
6008:
5909:
5864:
5855:
5772:
5738:
5688:
5616:
5607:
5544:
5476:
5438:
5377:
5366:
5269:
5260:
5168:
5161:
5114:Decline and modernization
5036:
4983:
4824:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
4729:
4688:
4636:
4627:
4611:
4575:
4514:
4503:
4472:
4341:
4330:
4263:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
4212:
4105:Raid on the Sublime Porte
4004:
3881:1878 Macedonian rebellion
3657:Priest Jovica's Rebellion
3609:Greek War of Independence
3561:Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion
3531:
3512:Koča's frontier rebellion
3435:
3214:
3203:Kalender Çelebi rebellion
3142:
3094:
3027:
2997:
2963:
2891:
2858:
2795:
2659:10.1080/00263209808701247
2526:Erickson, Edward (2013).
2276:Erickson, Edward (2013).
2217:10.1017/S002631840000691X
1790:declared its independence
1443:Second Constitutional Era
1266:British-Russian relations
1236:Flag of the Young Turks:
1174:Ottoman Freedom Committee
1088:
915:Second Constitutional Era
893:, an organization of the
311:Tatar Osman Pasha (
194:
137:
97:Second Constitutional Era
60:
45:
37:
32:
6819:20th-century revolutions
6399:Post-genocide population
5642:Six Divisions of Cavalry
5178:Foreign Affairs Ministry
4598:Treaty of Constantinople
4490:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
3857:Bulgarian April uprising
3769:Uprising of Dervish Cara
3617:Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt
3577:Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion
3163:Nur Ali Halife rebellion
2953:military asylum incident
2789:Military coups in Turkey
2549:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1932:Roshwald, Aviel (2013).
1645:from a postcard in 1908.
1566:First Constitutional Era
1507:Freedom and Accord Party
897:movement, forced Sultan
783:Anglo-Russian Convention
663:Second Concert of Europe
6564:Foreign aid and relief
6389:Pre-genocide population
6227:1914 Greek deportations
5635:Agha of the Janissaries
5282:List of Ottoman sultans
4668:Balkans campaign of WWI
4317:Albanian revolt of 1912
4089:Albanian revolt of 1912
4073:Albanian revolt of 1910
3665:Second Mašići Rebellion
3585:Second Serbian Uprising
3520:Tripolitanian civil war
3488:Patrona Halil Rebellion
3408:Second Tarnovo Uprising
2948:international reactions
2616:McMeekin, Sean (2016),
2560:Oxford University Press
1950:Oxford University Press
1511:Ottoman Socialist Party
1470:Second Constitution Era
1460:Greek demonstration in
747:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
729:First Sino-Japanese War
723:Franco-Russian Alliance
693:Austro–Serbian Alliance
6751:Late Ottoman genocides
6543:International response
5837:Science and technology
5287:Roman succession claim
4942:Crown Prince Alexander
4920:Crown Prince Ferdinand
4883:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
4711:Massacres of Civilians
4701:Massacres of Albanians
4654:Sarajevo Assassination
4583:Greek–Serbian Alliance
4576:Diplomacy and politics
4473:Diplomacy and politics
4297:Bulgarian Independence
4049:Hauran Druze Rebellion
3897:Kresna–Razlog Uprising
3865:Razlovtsi insurrection
3721:Belogradchik Rebellion
3553:First Serbian Uprising
3464:The Great Insurrection
3320:First Tarnovo Uprising
3171:Nasir al-Din rebellion
3123:Skanderbeg's rebellion
3005:Nine Officers Incident
2717:Middle Eastern Studies
2682:Middle Eastern Studies
2647:Middle Eastern Studies
2637:The Turkish Revolution
2530:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2350:Zapotoczny, Walter S.
2142:Middle Eastern Studies
1872:
1844:Young Bukhara movement
1784:an Ottoman vassal but
1766:
1646:
1579:
1491:Comité de salut public
1465:
1346:
1241:
1035:Rise of the opposition
924:in the context of the
882:
807:Second Moroccan Crisis
651:Unification of Germany
534:2nd Constitutional Era
508:1st Constitutional Era
391:Fall of Constantinople
195:Commanders and leaders
102:Repromulgation of the
6273:20 Hunchakian gallows
6222:1914 Armenian reforms
6211:Adana massacre (1909)
5710:Dragoman of the Fleet
5425:Dragoman of the Porte
5215:Armenian Constitution
5102:Stagnation and reform
4968:Other Balkan states:
4809:Eleftherios Venizelos
4485:Albanian Independence
4287:Young Turk Revolution
4017:Young Turk Revolution
3673:Syrian Peasant Revolt
3195:Baba Zünnun Rebellion
2810:1622 janissary revolt
1870:
1857:Eleftherios Venizelos
1842:. The leaders of the
1761:
1730:Hussein bin Ali Pasha
1637:
1575:Demonstration in the
1574:
1459:
1421:Vive la constitution!
1393:based in Adrianople (
1340:
1235:
977:ascended the throne.
875:Young Turk Revolution
789:Young Turk Revolution
771:First Moroccan Crisis
108:Reinstatement of the
33:Young Turk Revolution
6799:Rebellions in Turkey
6568:Near East Foundation
6534:Special Organization
6292:Concentration camps
6242:Battle of Sarikamish
5430:Outer Palace Service
5346:Inner Palace Service
4819:Pavlos Kountouriotis
3985:Mesopotamia uprising
3849:Herzegovina Uprising
3793:Herzegovina Uprising
3713:Berkovitsa Rebellion
3681:Tripolitanian revolt
3400:Druze power struggle
3243:Revolts of 1565–1572
2246:E. Ramsaur, Ernest.
1952:. pp. 220–241.
1715:Matthew II Izmirlian
1676:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
1405:Hamid II issued the
1136:reforms in Macedonia
1116:Persia the next year
1083:coup attempt in 1903
1019:. However, with the
669:Great Eastern Crisis
6625:Cultural depictions
6476:Rescue of Armenians
6394:Genocide casualties
6232:Congress at Erzerum
6196:Turkish nationalism
5625:Classic period army
5466:Chamber of Deputies
5441:Imperial Government
4846:Crown Prince Danilo
4696:Carnegie Commission
4593:Treaty of Bucharest
4282:Macedonian Struggle
4258:Serbo-Bulgarian War
4137:Uprising in Karbala
4113:Euphrates rebellion
4033:Al-Bejat Revolution
3593:Wallachian Uprising
3480:Uprising in Vučitrn
3424:Karposh's rebellion
3416:Chiprovtsi uprising
3131:Buçuktepe rebellion
2441:"Armenian Genocide"
2416:Suny, Ronald Grigor
2046:, p. 207, 209.
1593:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
1554:Chamber of Deputies
1425:Padişahım çok yaşa!
1128:Macedonian struggle
1051:Young Turk movement
926:Macedonian Struggle
657:Franco-Prussian War
6804:Protests in Turkey
6615:Treaty of Lausanne
6481:Turkish opposition
5252:Translation Office
5136:2nd Constitutional
5124:1st Constitutional
5078:Sultanate of Women
4925:Alexandru Averescu
4893:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
4814:Panagiotis Danglis
4721:Places burned down
4247:Congress of Berlin
4081:Malissori uprising
4025:Hamawand rebellion
3689:Posavina Rebellion
3569:Jančić's Rebellion
3392:Abaza Hasan Revolt
3376:Atmeydanı Incident
3328:Thessaly Rebellion
2860:Republic of Turkey
2106:, p. 259–261.
2082:, p. 255–257.
1895:Ronald Grigor Suny
1873:
1863:In popular culture
1812:with Bulgaria and
1726:Sharifate of Mecca
1680:during World War I
1647:
1580:
1466:
1376:Mehmed Ferid Pasha
1347:
1343:Eleftherias Square
1242:
1181:Khachatur Malumian
909:, and schedule an
759:Russo-Japanese War
717:Reinsurance Treaty
675:Campaign in Bosnia
628:Events leading to
414:Sultanate of Women
284:Mehmed Ferid Pasha
6834:Conflicts in 1908
6786:
6785:
6714:100th anniversary
6603:Operation Nemesis
6377:
6376:
6191:Armenian question
6172:Armenian genocide
6138:
6137:
6105:
6104:
6097:Star and crescent
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5603:
5602:
5540:
5539:
5292:Ottoman Caliphate
5173:Foreign relations
4996:
4995:
4903:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
4782:Stiliyan Kovachev
4507:Second Balkan War
4480:London Conference
4312:Italo-Turkish War
4302:31 March Incident
4172:
4171:
4161:Koçgiri rebellion
4153:Uprising in Hilla
4041:31 March Incident
3873:Kumanovo Uprising
3649:Shkodër Rebellion
3296:Uprising in Banat
3288:Celali rebellions
3179:Celali rebellions
3155:Şahkulu Rebellion
3045:
3044:
2988:Sledgehammer plan
2609:978-0-691-15762-7
2577:Hanioğlu, M Şükrü
2487:978-0-8047-9263-9
2431:978-1-4008-6558-1
1711:Malachia Ormanian
1600:31 March Incident
1562:Hasan Fehmi Pasha
1482:December election
1474:31 March Incident
1447:31 March Incident
1104:Dashnak Committee
1079:Prince Sabahaddin
971:31 March incident
913:. Thus began the
871:
870:
813:Italo-Turkish War
801:Racconigi Bargain
705:Berlin Conference
623:
622:
553:(1918–1922)
545:(1914–1918)
537:(1908–1920)
527:(1908–1922)
511:(1876–1878)
503:(1839–1876)
485:(1789–1908)
469:(1718–1730)
459:(1703–1789)
443:(1656–1703)
433:(1566–1703)
417:(1533–1656)
407:(1453–1566)
386:(1402–1413)
371:(1299–1453)
321:
320:
177:Dashnak Committee
133:
132:
16:(Redirected from
6841:
6829:July 1908 events
6731:notable visitors
6704:Hidden Armenians
6633:Ravished Armenia
6555:Imperial Germany
6464:Shabin-Karahisar
6436:Armenian militia
6404:Hidden Armenians
6314:
6313:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6142:
6141:
5869:Social structure
5862:
5861:
5715:Imperial Arsenal
5614:
5613:
5448:
5387:
5385:(classic period)
5380:Imperial Council
5375:
5374:
5267:
5266:
5166:
5165:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5000:
4999:
4962:Božidar Janković
4957:Stepa Stepanović
4829:Viktor Dousmanis
4678:Macedonian front
4673:Serbian campaign
4603:Treaty of Athens
4552:Southern Dobruja
4495:Treaty of London
4334:First Balkan War
4199:
4192:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3921:Ulcinj rebellion
3917:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3633:Bilmez Rebellion
3629:
3625:Bosnian uprising
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3536:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3472:Karamanli revolt
3468:
3460:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3360:Abaza rebellions
3356:
3348:
3340:
3336:Mamluk Rebellion
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3280:Beylerbeyi Event
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3239:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3099:
3082:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3035:
3013:
2929:
2917:
2840:1909 countercoup
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2742:
2732:
2707:
2697:
2672:
2670:
2641:
2630:
2612:
2593:
2572:
2550:
2541:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2496:Benbassa, Esther
2491:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2435:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2181:, p. 53-54.
2176:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2132:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1929:
1883:Scott Westerfeld
1772:
1515:Democratic Party
1408:İrade-i Hürriyet
1304:Ismail Enver Bey
1207:Bashkimi Society
1198:Serbian Chetniks
883:Jön Türk Devrimi
863:
856:
849:
765:Entente Cordiale
741:Fashoda Incident
711:Bulgarian Crisis
640:
625:
624:
615:
608:
601:
570:
562:
554:
546:
538:
528:
512:
504:
496:
486:
470:
460:
444:
434:
418:
408:
387:
372:
353:
323:
322:
315:
310:
309:
293:
292:
282:
281:
274:
270:
269:
268:
259:
258:
257:
250:
249:
248:
239:
238:
237:
228:
227:
226:
217:
216:
215:
206:
205:
204:
187:
186:
175:
174:
173:
163:
162:
161:
147:
62:
61:
50:
30:
29:
21:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6739:
6726:Tsitsernakaberd
6665:
6619:
6579:
6538:
6527:Bahaeddin Şakir
6485:
6422:
6373:
6312:
6246:
6174:
6169:
6139:
6134:
6101:
6065:
6037:
6004:
5905:
5894:Ottoman Turkish
5851:
5760:
5734:
5684:
5679:Modernized army
5663:Sekban-i Djedid
5599:
5536:
5491:Shaykh al-Islām
5472:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5434:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5362:
5277:Ottoman dynasty
5256:
5157:
5032:
5027:
4997:
4992:
4979:
4777:Radko Dimitriev
4767:Vasil Kutinchev
4725:
4684:
4632:
4623:
4607:
4571:
4522:Kilkis–Lachanas
4510:
4499:
4468:
4337:
4326:
4253:Eastern Rumelia
4208:
4203:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4121:Bitlis uprising
4115:
4107:
4099:
4097:Savior Officers
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3993:Bitlis uprising
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3913:Thessaly Revolt
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3785:Albanian Revolt
3779:
3777:Albanian Revolt
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3745:Diber Rebellion
3739:
3731:
3729:Vlora Rebellion
3723:
3715:
3707:
3705:Pirot Rebellion
3699:
3697:Livno Rebellion
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3456:Naousa uprising
3450:
3438:
3431:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3368:Druze rebellion
3362:
3354:
3352:Druze rebellion
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3272:Cairo Rebellion
3266:
3258:
3250:
3237:
3229:
3217:
3216:Transformation
3210:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3097:
3090:
3076:
3046:
3041:
3030:
3023:
3007:
2993:
2959:
2923:
2911:
2887:
2883:1997 memorandum
2873:1971 memorandum
2854:
2835:1908 revolution
2825:1807–1808 coups
2791:
2786:
2749:
2628:
2610:
2591:
2570:
2538:
2509:
2508:
2488:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2432:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2364:on 25 July 2011
2361:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2244:
2240:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2133:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2027:
2023:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1930:
1921:
1916:
1904:
1891:
1865:
1794:Austria-Hungary
1774:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1664:Bahaeddin Şakir
1632:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1378:was sacked for
1230:
1169:
1124:
1096:
1094:Economic issues
1091:
1047:
1039:Main articles:
1037:
1011:and called for
989:
983:
901:to restore the
867:
838:
699:Triple Alliance
619:
574:
573:
568:
560:
552:
544:
536:
529:
526:
516:
515:
510:
502:
494:
487:
484:
474:
473:
468:
461:
458:
448:
447:
442:
435:
432:
422:
421:
416:
409:
406:
396:
395:
385:
378:Beylik of Osman
373:
370:
341:
332:
304:
303:
287:
286:
276:
275:
266:
264:
263:
255:
253:
252:
246:
244:
243:
235:
233:
232:
224:
222:
221:
213:
211:
210:
202:
200:
181:
171:
169:
168:
159:
157:
156:
151:
80:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6847:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6756:Greek genocide
6753:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6600:
6595:
6593:Courts-martial
6589:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6562:
6560:Press coverage
6557:
6552:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6396:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6168:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6145:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5915:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5778:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5658:Nizam-i Djedid
5649:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5620:
5618:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5583:
5581:Mutasarrifates
5578:
5577:
5576:
5566:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5452:
5450:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5420:Reis ül-Küttab
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5378:
5372:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5356:Palace Schools
5353:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5304:Imperial Harem
5301:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5273:
5271:
5270:House of Osman
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5090:Decline thesis
5085:Transformation
5082:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5066:Constantinople
5063:
5058:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5030:Ottoman Empire
5026:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4947:Radomir Putnik
4944:
4939:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4888:Ali Rıza Pasha
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4858:Ottoman Empire
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4787:Georgi Todorov
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4665:
4660:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4464:Second Çatalca
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4292:Bosnian Crisis
4289:
4284:
4279:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4251:Annexation of
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4013:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3977:Theriso revolt
3974:
3969:Shoubak revolt
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3817:Doljani Revolt
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3384:Çınar Incident
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3223:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3149:
3144:Classical Age
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3088:Ottoman Empire
3075:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2797:Ottoman Empire
2793:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2747:External links
2745:
2744:
2743:
2723:(4): 481–498.
2708:
2688:(6): 897–913.
2673:
2653:(4): 135–176.
2642:
2631:
2626:
2613:
2608:
2595:
2589:
2573:
2568:
2551:
2542:
2537:978-1137362209
2536:
2523:
2492:
2486:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:, p. 312.
2452:
2450:
2449:
2430:
2407:
2405:, p. 317.
2392:
2390:, p. 315.
2375:
2342:
2340:, p. 287.
2330:
2328:, p. 285.
2318:
2311:
2293:
2287:978-1137362209
2286:
2268:
2266:, p. 280.
2253:
2238:
2195:
2193:, p. 274.
2183:
2171:
2162:
2149:(4): 481–498.
2120:
2118:, p. 262.
2108:
2096:
2094:, p. 259.
2084:
2072:
2070:, p. 252.
2060:
2058:, p. 247.
2048:
2036:
2021:
1973:
1966:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1908:Bosnian Crisis
1903:
1900:
1890:
1889:Historiography
1887:
1864:
1861:
1848:Indian Muslims
1758:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1742:Jews in Turkey
1631:
1628:
1620:Abdul Hamid II
1543:Dashnaktsutyun
1486:Şükrü Hanioğlu
1453:
1450:
1438:
1435:
1264:brought shaky
1258:the Great Game
1229:
1226:
1168:
1165:
1123:
1120:
1112:Russia in 1905
1108:Erzurum Revolt
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1036:
1033:
1029:Abdul Hamid II
993:Abdul Hamid II
985:Main article:
982:
979:
964:Bosnian Crisis
922:Ottoman Rumeli
899:Abdul Hamid II
887:Ottoman Empire
869:
868:
866:
865:
858:
851:
843:
840:
839:
837:
836:
835:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
795:Bosnian Crisis
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
645:
642:
641:
633:
632:
621:
620:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
592:
591:
580:Historiography
576:
575:
572:
571:
563:
555:
547:
539:
530:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
505:
497:
492:Nizam-i Djedid
488:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
462:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
436:
430:Transformation
428:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
410:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
388:
380:
374:
366:
365:
362:
361:
355:
354:
346:
345:
343:Ottoman Empire
334:
333:
326:
319:
318:
272:Abdul Hamid II
261:
251:Salahaddin Bey
197:
196:
192:
191:
179:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:
128:
125:Bosnian Crisis
122:
117:
112:
106:
100:
86:
82:
81:
78:Ottoman Empire
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6846:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6687:United States
6685:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:Forced labour
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6161:
6159:
6154:
6152:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:Ottoman court
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5725:Naval battles
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5698:Kapudan Pasha
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5653:Reform period
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5365:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:Haseki sultan
5312:
5310:
5309:Valide sultan
5307:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:United States
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5073:Classical Age
5071:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Osman's Dream
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4952:Petar Bojović
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4851:Janko Vukotić
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Constantine I
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:Nikola Ivanov
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:First Çatalca
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Pente Pigadia
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4322:Balkan League
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4003:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3953:Cretan Revolt
3951:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3937:Cretan Revolt
3935:
3930:
3929:Brsjak Revolt
3927:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3905:Epirus Revolt
3903:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3889:Cretan Revolt
3887:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3833:Cretan Revolt
3831:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3801:Epirus Revolt
3799:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3761:Niš Rebellion
3759:
3754:
3753:Cretan Revolt
3751:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3641:Laz rebellion
3639:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3601:Niš Rebellion
3599:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3496:Serb Uprising
3494:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3344:Epirus revolt
3342:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3312:Serb Uprising
3310:
3305:
3304:Himara Revolt
3302:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3038:Turkey Portal
3034:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:Alleged plans
2962:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:Coup attempts
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:9781594205323
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2590:0-19-513463-X
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:0-19-509115-9
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:Hanioğlu 1995
2456:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2403:Hanioğlu 1995
2399:
2397:
2389:
2388:Hanioğlu 1995
2384:
2382:
2380:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2338:Hanioğlu 1995
2334:
2327:
2326:Hanioğlu 1995
2322:
2314:
2312:0-8108-4332-3
2308:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2264:Hanioğlu 1995
2260:
2258:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2191:Hanioğlu 2001
2187:
2180:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2116:Hanioğlu 2001
2112:
2105:
2104:Hanioğlu 2001
2100:
2093:
2092:Hanioğlu 2001
2088:
2081:
2080:Hanioğlu 2001
2076:
2069:
2068:Hanioğlu 2001
2064:
2057:
2056:Hanioğlu 2001
2052:
2045:
2044:Hanioğlu 2001
2040:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1967:9780191750304
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:community in
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:and later on
1504:
1503:Liberty Party
1500:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:Sublime Porte
1475:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1220:According to
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1055:Berlin Treaty
1052:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
978:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
956:
953:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
905:, recall the
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
845:
844:
842:
841:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:Dual Alliance
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
648:
647:
646:
644:
643:
639:
635:
634:
631:
627:
626:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
594:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:
577:
567:
564:
559:
556:
551:
548:
543:
540:
535:
532:
531:
525:
520:
519:
509:
506:
501:
498:
493:
490:
489:
483:
478:
477:
467:
464:
463:
457:
452:
451:
441:
438:
437:
431:
426:
425:
415:
412:
411:
405:
404:Classical Age
400:
399:
392:
389:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
369:
364:
363:
360:
357:
356:
352:
348:
347:
344:
339:
336:
335:
330:
325:
324:
316:
308:
302:
301:
296:
291:
285:
280:
273:
262:
242:
231:
220:
209:
199:
198:
193:
190:
185:
180:
178:
167:
164:Left-wing of
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
136:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
94:
93:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
6653:
6646:
6632:
6598:Malta exiles
6490:Perpetrators
6440:By location
6415:
6301:Ra's al-'Ayn
6278:Confiscation
6205:
6127:
6122:Bibliography
6120:
6113:
6082:Coat of arms
6056:Christianity
6010:Demographics
5993:of Armenians
5934:Illumination
5919:Architecture
5800:Central bank
5751:Conscription
5677:
5668:Mansure Army
5651:
5623:
5530:Hakham Bashi
5498:Christianity
5445:
5395:Grand Vizier
5384:
5236:Civil codes
5210:Constitution
5056:Ghaza thesis
4974:Ismail Kemal
4757:Mihail Savov
4752:Stoyan Danev
4730:Participants
4629:
4547:Kresna Gorge
4505:
4374:Kirk Kilisse
4332:
4286:
4268:Cretan State
4065:Karak revolt
4016:
4006:Dissolution
3737:Druze revolt
3546:in Belgrade
3504:Orlov Revolt
3448:Edirne event
3363:(1624, 1627)
3029:
3018:E-memorandum
2933:2016 attempt
2921:1971 attempt
2909:1969 attempt
2904:1963 attempt
2899:1962 attempt
2834:
2815:Edirne Event
2720:
2716:
2685:
2681:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2617:
2599:
2580:
2555:
2546:
2527:
2503:
2499:
2477:
2470:Bibliography
2455:
2444:
2420:
2410:
2366:. Retrieved
2359:the original
2345:
2333:
2321:
2302:
2296:
2277:
2271:
2247:
2241:
2211:(1): 22–29.
2208:
2204:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2030:
2024:
1994:(3): 19–36.
1991:
1985:
1937:
1892:
1876:
1874:
1838:founded the
1829:
1824:
1822:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1719:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1660:Doctor Nazım
1656:Mehmed Talât
1652:
1648:
1622:in favor of
1606:, eliminate
1597:
1581:
1547:
1496:
1489:
1480:. Until the
1467:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1384:
1373:Grand Vizier
1369:aide de camp
1368:
1358:
1348:
1322:in Grebene (
1301:
1293:Ahmed Niyazi
1290:
1278:
1243:
1237:
1222:Ismail Enver
1219:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1125:
1100:civil unrest
1097:
1068:
1048:
1026:
1009:constitution
997:palace coups
990:
968:
957:
949:
934:İsmail Enver
930:Ahmed Niyazi
919:
903:Constitution
877:(July 1908;
874:
872:
788:
550:Partitioning
500:Tanzimat Era
299:
295:Shemsi Pasha
219:Ismail Enver
208:Ahmed Niyazi
153:Supported by
152:
138:Belligerents
104:Constitution
88:
38:Part of the
6814:Young Turks
6694:Reparations
6682:Recognition
6655:The Promise
6585:Prosecution
6308:Terminology
6296:Deir ez-Zor
6218:(1912–1913)
6216:Balkan Wars
5949:Shadow play
5795:Agriculture
5788:Reformation
5784:Enlargement
5630:Janissaries
5339:Kizlar Agha
5324:Hanımefendi
5319:Kadınefendi
5131:Dissolution
5061:Interregnum
4868:Nazim Pasha
4762:Ivan Fichev
4747:Ivan Geshov
4742:Ferdinand I
4658:World War I
4384:Lule Burgas
4349:Sarantaporo
4206:Balkan Wars
4145:Arab Revolt
4008:(1908–1922)
3684:(1835–1858)
3535:(1789–1908)
3523:(1793–1795)
3439:(1700–1789)
3437:Old Regime
3403:(1658–1667)
3395:(1658–1659)
3291:(1590–1610)
3251:(1574–1576)
3218:(1550–1700)
3190:(1523–1524)
3146:(1453–1550)
3098:(1299–1453)
3014:(1957–1958)
3008: [
2943:media purge
2924: [
2912: [
2668:11693/51943
2179:Kieser 2018
1855:, bringing
1818:Balkan Wars
1796:officially
1770:Halide Edip
1754:İyd-i Millî
1682:and commit
1585:Kâmil Pasha
1577:Sultanahmet
1391:Second Army
1365:Âtıf Kamçıl
1351:Şemsi Pasha
1349:On 7 July,
1320:Bekir Fikri
1274:Afghanistan
1254:Nicholas II
1145:Golden Horn
1059:rule of law
1041:Young Turks
1013:an election
895:Young Turks
831:July Crisis
819:Balkan Wars
630:World War I
542:World War I
524:Dissolution
440:Köprülü Era
383:Interregnum
241:Bekir Fikri
90:Young Turks
6793:Categories
6428:Resistance
6417:Vorpahavak
6382:Demography
6339:Diyarbekir
6268:Tehcir Law
6179:Background
5966:Literature
5879:Ottomanism
5574:Sanjakbeys
5557:Beylerbeys
5545:Provincial
5262:Government
5225:Family law
4878:Esad Pasha
4873:Zeki Pasha
4841:Nicholas I
4836:Montenegro
4689:Atrocities
4532:Bregalnica
4394:Adrianople
4307:Goudi coup
4213:Background
3084:Rebellions
1914:References
1893:Historian
1859:to power.
1853:Goudi Coup
1806:Montenegro
1752:See also:
1643:Niyazi Bey
1630:New elites
1539:Hunchakian
1441:See also:
1387:Third Army
1380:Said Pasha
1345:, Salonica
1312:Eyub Sabri
1285:memorandum
1250:Edward VII
1228:Revolution
1161:Third Army
1075:Ahmet Rıza
1071:Ottomanism
1017:parliament
1001:Abdul Aziz
981:Background
946:Third Army
938:Eyub Sabri
907:parliament
456:Old Regime
230:Eyub Sabri
110:Parliament
6721:Memorials
6670:Aftermath
6454:Musa Dagh
6411:Survivors
6364:Trebizond
6317:By region
6288:Mass rape
6018:Armenians
5983:Education
5939:Miniature
5889:Languages
5874:Devshirme
5847:Transport
5647:Timariots
5513:Bulgarian
5405:Kazaskers
5367:Central (
5351:Kapi Agha
5220:Electoral
5146:Abolition
5141:Partition
4898:Enver Bey
4637:Aftermath
4542:Kalimanci
4537:Knjaževac
4354:Kardzhali
4230:Bulgarian
4148:(1916–18)
4132:(1914–18)
4028:(1908–10)
3956:(1897–98)
3948:(1896–97)
3940:(1896–97)
3932:(1880–81)
3900:(1878–79)
3852:(1875–77)
3844:(1866–67)
3836:(1866–69)
3796:(1852–62)
3772:(1843–44)
3748:(1838–39)
3676:(1834-35)
3644:(1832–34)
3636:(1832–33)
3628:(1831–33)
3612:(1821–29)
3588:(1815-17)
3556:(1804–13)
3548:(1801–04)
3499:(1737–39)
3467:(1707–11)
3315:(1596–97)
3230:(1564–65)
3126:(1443–68)
3118:(1404–18)
3110:(1416–20)
2878:1980 coup
2868:1960 coup
2850:1913 coup
2845:1912 coup
2830:1876 coup
2805:1512 coup
2739:151308653
2704:150573160
2368:11 August
2233:157617325
2016:150443567
1672:1913 coup
1639:Enver Bey
1604:caliphate
1564:from the
1535:Armenakan
1488:deemed a
1437:Aftermath
1355:Mitrovica
1314:in Ohri (
1114:, and in
821:1912–1913
815:1911–1912
797:1908–1909
779:1906–1908
773:1905–1906
761:1904–1905
737:1898–1912
731:1894–1895
719:1887–1890
713:1885–1888
695:1881–1903
689:1880–1902
687:Boer Wars
671:1875–1878
659:1870–1871
653:1866–1871
466:Tulip Era
260:Hasan Bey
68:July 1908
6251:Genocide
6129:Category
6043:Religion
5956:Clothing
5842:Taxation
5805:Currency
5746:Aviation
5720:Admirals
5673:Hamidieh
5609:Military
5590:Kadiluks
5564:Vilayets
5518:Armenian
5456:Assembly
5193:Treaties
5162:Politics
5119:Tanzimat
4988:Category
4863:Mehmed V
4799:George I
4737:Bulgaria
4424:Merhamli
4419:Kaliakra
4409:Monastir
4369:Kumanovo
4364:Sorovich
4225:Albanian
3533:Decline
2579:(2001),
2512:citation
2498:(1990),
2418:(2015).
2225:41890046
1946:New York
1902:See also
1878:Behemoth
1836:Istanbul
1810:alliance
1786:de facto
1778:Bulgaria
1697:Dashnaks
1668:Salonica
1624:Mehmed V
1589:Tanzimat
1531:Al-Fatat
1513:and the
1462:Monastir
1332:Istanbul
1248:between
1152:Mektebli
975:Mehmed V
942:Salonica
911:election
753:May Coup
359:Timeline
329:a series
327:Part of
92:victory
73:Location
6744:Related
6517:Djevdet
6344:Erzurum
6115:Outline
6070:Symbols
6061:Judaism
5988:Schools
5961:Cuisine
5924:Mosques
5911:Culture
5901:Slavery
5857:Society
5820:Sultani
5781:By era
5774:Economy
5756:Weapons
5569:Sanjaks
5552:Eyalets
5525:Judaism
5478:Millets
5415:Nişancı
5400:Viziers
5245:Halakha
5240:Mecelle
5183:Safavid
5095:Köprülü
5038:History
4970:Albania
4937:Peter I
4915:Carol I
4910:Romania
4630:General
4515:Battles
4439:Korytsa
4429:Driskos
4389:Yenidje
4379:Scutari
4342:Battles
4240:Serbian
3086:in the
2990:(2010s)
1832:Persian
1825:millets
1816:in the
1782:de jure
1759:Memoirs
1616:a force
1608:secular
1324:Grevena
1005:Murad V
991:Sultan
879:Turkish
777:Pig War
588:Decline
338:History
56:in 1908
54:millets
6699:Denial
6661:others
6522:Reshid
6512:Djemal
6502:Talaat
6444:Zeitun
6349:Harput
6334:Bitlis
6329:Aleppo
6258:Causes
6092:Tughra
6077:Anthem
6023:Greeks
5976:Poetry
5461:Senate
5230:Düstur
4932:Serbia
4794:Greece
4527:Doiran
4459:Bizani
4454:Şarköy
4449:Bulair
4444:Lemnos
4404:Himara
4399:Prilep
4275:&
4164:(1921)
4156:(1916)
4140:(1915)
4124:(1914)
4116:(1913)
4108:(1913)
4100:(1912)
4092:(1912)
4084:(1911)
4076:(1910)
4068:(1910)
4060:(1910)
4052:(1909)
4044:(1909)
4036:(1909)
4020:(1908)
3996:(1907)
3988:(1906)
3980:(1905)
3972:(1905)
3964:(1903)
3924:(1878)
3916:(1878)
3908:(1878)
3892:(1878)
3884:(1878)
3876:(1878)
3868:(1876)
3860:(1876)
3828:(1860)
3820:(1858)
3812:(1854)
3804:(1854)
3788:(1847)
3780:(1845)
3764:(1841)
3756:(1841)
3740:(1838)
3732:(1836)
3724:(1836)
3716:(1836)
3708:(1836)
3700:(1836)
3692:(1836)
3668:(1834)
3660:(1834)
3652:(1833)
3620:(1830)
3604:(1821)
3596:(1821)
3580:(1814)
3572:(1809)
3564:(1807)
3544:Dahije
3515:(1788)
3507:(1770)
3491:(1730)
3483:(1717)
3475:(1711)
3459:(1705)
3451:(1703)
3427:(1689)
3419:(1688)
3411:(1686)
3387:(1656)
3379:(1648)
3371:(1642)
3355:(1623)
3347:(1611)
3339:(1609)
3331:(1600)
3323:(1598)
3307:(1596)
3299:(1594)
3283:(1589)
3275:(1586)
3267:(1585)
3259:(1585)
3238:(1565)
3206:(1527)
3198:(1526)
3182:(1519)
3174:(1518)
3166:(1512)
3158:(1511)
3134:(1446)
3020:(2007)
2984:(2009)
2978:(2004)
2938:purges
2737:
2702:
2624:
2606:
2587:
2566:
2534:
2484:
2428:
2309:
2284:
2231:
2223:
2014:
2008:259696
2006:
1964:
1942:Oxford
1814:Greece
1802:Serbia
1692:millet
1662:, and
1612:Sharia
1430:chetas
1395:Edirne
1328:Kičevo
1308:Tikveş
1281:Bitola
1270:Persia
1211:Vlachs
1193:left's
1156:alaylı
1089:Causes
1015:for a
944:based
569:(1924)
561:(1922)
340:of the
331:on the
297:
127:begins
99:begins
85:Result
6761:Sayfo
6507:Enver
6469:Azakh
6359:Sivas
6324:Adana
6051:Islam
6033:Women
6000:Media
5971:Prose
5944:Music
5825:Kuruş
5739:Other
5730:Ships
5586:Kazas
5508:Ullah
5486:Islam
5369:Porte
5107:Tulip
4612:Other
4567:Pirot
4562:Vidin
4235:Greek
3096:Rise
3012:]
2928:]
2916:]
2735:S2CID
2700:S2CID
2502:[
2362:(PDF)
2355:(PDF)
2229:S2CID
2221:JSTOR
2012:S2CID
2004:JSTOR
1736:(cf.
1702:amira
1399:Izmir
1360:fedai
1316:Ohrid
1297:Resen
1246:Reval
1202:bands
951:Fedai
584:Ghaza
6641:film
6637:book
6459:Urfa
6087:Flag
6028:Jews
5930:Art
5830:Lira
5815:Para
5810:Akçe
5703:List
5690:Navy
5617:Army
5198:Wars
5051:Rise
4656:and
4434:Elli
4273:IMRO
2971:1993
2622:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2518:link
2482:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2370:2011
2307:ISBN
2282:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1944:and
1804:and
1740:and
1734:Jews
1722:IMRO
1713:for
1674:and
1641:and
1548:The
1541:and
1445:and
1423:and
1215:Jews
1189:IMRO
1043:and
873:The
833:1914
827:1914
809:1911
803:1909
791:1908
785:1907
767:1904
755:1903
749:1902
743:1898
725:1894
707:1884
701:1882
683:1879
677:1878
665:1871
368:Rise
166:IMRO
65:Date
6449:Van
6369:Van
6354:Muş
5503:Rūm
5205:Law
2725:doi
2690:doi
2663:hdl
2655:doi
2213:doi
2151:doi
1996:doi
1954:doi
1881:by
1401:).
1318:),
1306:in
314:POW
149:CUP
6795::
6639:,
5656::
5628::
3010:tr
2926:tr
2914:tr
2733:.
2721:55
2719:.
2715:.
2698:.
2686:55
2684:.
2680:.
2661:.
2651:34
2649:.
2562:,
2558:,
2514:}}
2510:{{
2443:.
2395:^
2378:^
2256:^
2227:.
2219:.
2209:13
2207:.
2147:55
2145:.
2139:.
2123:^
2010:.
2002:.
1990:.
1976:^
1960:.
1948::
1940:.
1922:^
1820:.
1780:,
1686:.
1658:,
1568:.
1545:.
1537:,
1529:,
1525:,
1521:,
1382:.
1363:,
1310:,
1217:.
1147:.
966:.
936:,
917:.
881::
586:,
6643:)
6635:(
6164:e
6157:t
6150:v
5588:/
5371:)
5022:e
5015:t
5008:v
4976:)
4972:(
4198:e
4191:t
4184:v
3071:e
3064:t
3057:v
2781:e
2774:t
2767:v
2741:.
2727::
2706:.
2692::
2671:.
2665::
2657::
2640:.
2594:.
2540:.
2522:.
2520:)
2490:.
2447:.
2434:.
2372:.
2315:.
2290:.
2250:.
2235:.
2215::
2159:.
2153::
2033:.
2018:.
1998::
1992:3
1970:.
1956::
1493:.
862:e
855:t
848:v
614:e
607:t
600:v
590:)
582:(
317:)
300:X
155::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
