5759:
6090:
3950:
4976:
4327:
6081:
1311. This resulted in anti-Mongol sentiment among
Muslims so some anti-Yuan rebels in the mid 14th century were joined by Muslims. In 1357–1367 the Yisibaxi Muslim Persian garrison started a revolt against the Yuan dynasty in Quanzhou and southern Fujian. Persian merchants Amin ud-Din (Amiliding) and Saif ud-Din Saifuding led the revolt. Persian official Yawuna assassinated both Amin ud-Din and Saif ud-Din in 1362 and took control of the Muslim rebel forces. For five years the Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou two times and failed to take it. Yuan provincial loyalist forces from Fuzhou defeated the Muslim rebels in 1367 after A Muslim rebel officer named Jin Ji defected from Yawuna.
5767:
6632:
6644:
1185:
4729:
5551:
3978:
6586:
5323:
6518:
4494:
6455:
6101:
15425:
6506:
2392:
6558:
4604:
6161:
6440:
6169:
4844:
6570:
6494:
5950:
3842:
5884:. The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, while the more they held out, the lower they were ranked. As a result, the Northern Chinese were ranked higher than the Southern Chinese, because the Song dynasty in southern China fought longer and surrendered later. Similarly, the Uighur and Karluk monarchs were ranked higher than the Korean monarch at court because they surrendered earlier while the Koreans surrendered later. The Uighurs in particular were noted to not have fought at all.
4596:
5335:
137:
6613:
6482:
6470:
6691:
3761:, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan. A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed Ariq Böke Great Khan, beginning a civil war. Kublai depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong.
671:
5183:
4258:
4190:(Emperor Wuzong) came to the throne after the death of Temür Khan. Unlike his predecessor, he did not continue Kublai's work, largely rejecting his objectives. Most significantly he introduced a policy called "New Deals", focused on monetary reforms. During his short reign (1307–11), the government fell into financial difficulties, partly due to bad decisions made by Külüg. By the time he died, China was in severe debt and the Yuan court faced popular discontent.
3896:; 'Great Capital') of the dynasty. The era name was changed to Zhiyuan to herald a new era of Chinese history. The adoption of a dynastic name legitimized Mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional Chinese political succession. Kublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration, while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes.
4247:
4769:
5471:
4482:
4855:
5161:
4627:. Arts and culture also greatly developed and flourished during the Yuan dynasty. There was a widespread introduction of blue and white painted porcelain, as well as a major change to Chinese painting. The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between East and West. The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange. The other cultures and peoples in the
4897:. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire. Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven, and according to the traditional Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be "the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power, the dream of many peoples, besides it there is nothing great or precious." In traditional
5671:
5420:
6546:
4807:), appeared about the year 1299. Some doubted the accuracy of Marco Polo's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China, chopsticks, tea houses – which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture – as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan. Recent studies however show that Polo's account is largely accurate and unique.
5443:. This seems to have begun in the early decades of the 14th century, and by the end of the dynasty was mature and well-established. Other major types of wares continued without a sharp break in their development, but there was a general trend to some larger size pieces, and more decoration. This is often seen as a decline from Song refinement. Exports expanded considerably, especially to the Islamic world.
4966:
15437:
4736:, wood, and paper from the Yuan dynasty. The Chinese were able to perfect a method of making lacquer. Decorating this plate are parrots and peonies. The parrot was a symbol of fidelity; because of its ability to mimic human speech, it was believed to be a suitable companion to a woman whose husband was away from home. The bird would be able to inform each person of the other's activities. The
4140:
4179:, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Temür Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as Vietnam, which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. However, the corruption in the Yuan dynasty began during the reign of Temür Khan.
5655:) at court. Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power. Furthermore, Mongol patronage of Buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of Buddhist art. Mongolian Buddhist translations, almost all from Tibetan originals, began on a large scale after 1300. Many Mongols of the upper class such as the
3119:-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" and the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant for the entire Mongol Empire when the dynasty was proclaimed. This usage is seen in the writings, including non-Chinese texts, produced during the time of the Yuan dynasty. In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is not commonly used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the
6060:) which means, amongst other definitions, both "barracks" and "thanks". Many Hui Muslims claim that because they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols, this surname was given in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them. During the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng. The Muslims in the
4831:, which was completely renovated. These commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout Asia and facilitated direct Chinese contacts with Europe. Chinese travelers to the West were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering. Contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop,
5720:, but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding. Some Muslim communities had the name in Chinese meaning "barracks" and also meaning "thanks"; many Hui Muslims claim it is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was named in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them.
4921:. Despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views (including the government of the Ming dynasty which overthrew the Yuan dynasty), there also exist Chinese people who did not consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but rather as a period of foreign domination. The latter believe that Han Chinese were treated as
4456:, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toqto'a seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled
5378:, Ögedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office. The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China. Local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books.
5391:, the paper money of the Yuan. Jiaochao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275. The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister
6530:
5712:
He issued a regulation to that effect ... all the
Muslims say: "if someone else slaughters we do not eat". Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman Huihui and Zhuhu Huihui, no matter who kills will eat and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.
4509:
as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.
3728:) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ögedei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier (
5010:. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native
5711:
Among all the alien peoples only the Hui-hui say "we do not eat Mongol food". "By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?" He thereupon made them eat. "If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime."
5698:
Genghis Khan and the following Yuan emperors forbade
Islamic practices like Halal butchering, forcing Mongol methods of butchering animals on Muslims, and other restrictive degrees continued. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret. Genghis Khan directly called Muslims and Jews "slaves" and demanded
5069:
to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance.
4375:, and announced Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as
3811:
of the Yuan dynasty. Kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest. Li Tan, the son-in-law of a powerful official, instigated a revolt against Mongol rule in 1262. After successfully suppressing the revolt, Kublai curbed the influence of the Han advisers in his court. He feared that his dependence on
5526:
The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their
Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts
5295:
or Muslim medicine. The
Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court. Chinese physicians opposed Western
5263:
The
Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had "Four Great Schools" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine. Under the Mongols, the practice of Chinese medicine spread
4508:
The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the
Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China
4108:
Internal strife threatened Kublai within his empire. Kublai Khan suppressed rebellions challenging his rule in Tibet and the northeast. His favorite wife died in 1281 and so did his chosen heir in 1285. Kublai grew despondent and retreated from his duties as emperor. He fell ill in 1293, and died on
5410:
recognized that printing was a valuable technological breakthrough, and expressed regret that the Mongol experiment with printing paper money had failed in the Muslim world. Rashid-al-Din's view was not shared by other chroniclers in the Middle East, who were critical of the experiment's disruptive
6024:
also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the Yuan dynasty. In response to an objection against the use of "barbarians" in his government, the Yongle
Emperor answered: "Discrimination was used by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, who employed only "Mongols and Tartars" and discarded
5381:
Private printing businesses also flourished under the Yuan. They published a diverse range of works, and printed educational, literary, medical, religious, and historical texts. The volume of printed materials was vast. In 1312, 1,000 copies of a
Buddhist text commented by Cosgi Odsir were printed
4518:
resulted in Toghon Temür's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. He fled north to
3815:
Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his
Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the
6080:
laws had already been passed by the Yuan dynasty. In 1340 all marriages were forced to follow Confucian principles in marriage regulations, in 1329 all foreign holy men including Muslims had tax exemptions revoked, in 1328 the position of Muslim Qadi was abolished after its powers were limited in
5259:
doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the
5917:
and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Gongzhi. After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan, foreigners were chosen as administrators of gardens and fields in Samarqand while co-management with Chinese and Khitans was required
5531:
while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his
4517:
led by Song loyalists started and grew into a nationwide uprising and the Song loyalists established a renewed Song dynasty in 1351 with its capital at Kaifeng. In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghon Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This
5694:
At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Hans and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both
5238:
or possibly by the work of Arab astronomers. There are no explicit signs of Muslim influences in the Shoushi calendar, but Mongol rulers were known to be interested in Muslim calendars. Mathematical knowledge from the Middle East was introduced to China under the Mongols, and Muslim astronomers
6124:
wrote that the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed "degrees of privilege" to which they were entitled institutionally and
5514:
concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued to live as nomads at times. Tugh Temür was an example of a Yuan emperor who actively sponsored cultural activities; including in his imperial capacity and in his personal activities such as writing
4951:) title was used by the Ilkhanids due to heavy clout upon the Mongols of the Chinese system of politics. Seals with Chinese characters were created by the Ilkhanids themselves besides the seals they received from the Yuan dynasty which contain references to a Chinese government organization.
4072:
Kublai's government faced financial difficulties after 1279. Wars and construction projects had drained the Mongol treasury. Efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals. Mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems. Kublai's
4311:
Before Yesün Temür's reign, China had been relatively free from popular rebellions after the reign of Kublai. Yuan control, however, began to break down in those regions inhabited by ethnic minorities. The occurrence of these revolts and the subsequent suppression aggravated the financial
4362:
succeeded to the throne in Shangdu (商都) with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the
5863:
The ordering of the classes and the placement of people in them came down to how loyal and trustworthy to the Mongols they were. This was defined by the date they surrendered to the Mongols and had little to do with their ethnicity. Ethnic Han Chinese could be classified as either
6071:
The Muslim merchants in Quanzhou who engaged in maritime trade enriched their families which encompassed their political and trade activities as families. Historians see the violent Chinese backlash that happened at the end of the Yuan dynasty against the wealth of the Muslim and
4383:
to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world. However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty.
5099:
and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions. For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the
6025:
northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them." However, ordinary Mongol families fell into extreme poverty in both Mongolia and China proper, and elite positions were increasingly penetrated by ethnic Han.
6299:, were provincial-level administrative organizations or institutions, though they were not exactly provinces in modern sense. There were eleven "regular" provinces in Yuan dynasty, and their administrations were subordinated to the Central Secretariat.
5892:
The Mongols employed people from different regions to oversee different parts of their empire. Central Asian Muslims served as administrators in China while Han people and Khitans from China served as administrators over the Muslim population in
4936:'s dynastic element Earth. Although the Yuan did not openly announce it, its choice of white as its imperial color suggests that it considered Jin, another conquest dynasty, rather than the Han-Chinese Song dynasty, as its rightful predecessor.
6643:
5527:
of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly
4512:
From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the
5774:
The Mongols had employed foreigners long before the reign of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty. But during Kublai's reign a hierarchy of reliability was introduced in China. The population was divided into the following classes:
3987:
After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south. Kublai besieged
12062:"Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan". 1987. "Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan". Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies, no. 19. Society for Song, Yuan, and Conquest Dynasty Studies: 224–54.
3134:
sometimes being referred to as the "Manchu dynasty" or "Manchu Dynasty of China". Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the "Empire of the Great Khan" or "Khanate of the Great Khan", since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of
3798:
refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the western frontier of Kublai's domain. The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south. Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince
5221:
applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry. Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations. His calendar, the
4717:, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature,
3807:(Korea), making it a Mongol tributary state. Kublai betrothed one of his daughters to the prince to solidify the relationship between the two houses. Korean women were sent to the Yuan court as tribute and one concubine became the
4826:
were ordered built throughout the empire. The city of Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks. During the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the
3832:
and its people, who made up the fourth class, the Southern Chinese. Kublai's Chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government, sometimes more than high officials, but their official rank was nebulous.
4284:, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand
5070:
Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style
3139:; these appeared on some Yuan maps. However, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271.
4987:(1260–1294). While some changes took place such as the functions of certain institutions, the essential components of the government bureaucracy remained intact from the beginning to the end of the dynasty in 1368.
5985:
were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native Chinese dynasties. Although the traditional Chinese elite were not given their share of power, the Mongols and the
4167:. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. Kublai originally named his eldest son,
2257:
for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Han style, and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the
4232:
were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works.
5587:
in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, favored Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants. As a result,
4764:
became popular in China. The Yuan exercised a profound influence on the Chinese Ming dynasty. The Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (1368–97) admired the Mongols' unification of China and adopted its garrison system.
5034:
gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite
4451:
became as powerful an official as El Temür had been in the beginning of his long reign. As Toghon Temür grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with Bayan's nephew
4472:
dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toqto'a resigned his office with the approval of Toghon Temür, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349.
5110:, who had separate courts of justice. Cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance of the
6037:
Despite the high position given to Muslims, some policies of the Yuan emperors severely discriminated against them, restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as
6601:
4296:; ''Comprehensive Institutions of the Great Yuan''), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a
10987:
Endicott, Elizabeth (2005). "The Mongols and China: Cultural Contacts and the Changing Nature of Pastoral Nomadism (Twelfth to Early Twentieth Centuries)". In Reuven Amitai; Michal Biran (eds.).
9731:
2360:. However, even though the claim of supremacy by the Yuan emperors was recognized by the western khans in 1304, their subservience was nominal and each continued its own separate development.
6136:
Japanese historians like Uematsu, Sugiyama and Morita criticized the perception that a four-class system existed under Mongol rule and Funada Yoshiyuki questioned the very existence of the
6012:
in the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the
10703:
Natsagdorj, S., and C. Dalai. 2003. "Yuan gürnii üyeiin Mongol oron." In Mongol Ulsiin Tuukh, vol. 2: XII-XIV Zuunii Dund üy, edited by C. Dalai and T. Ishdorj. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, p. 225
4015:. The Luo clan in Shuixi led by Ahua were recognized by the Yuan emperors, as they were by the Song emperors when led by Pugui and Tang emperors when led by Apei. They descended from the
3181:
8345:
Ronald Findlay; Mats Lundahl (2006). "The First Globalization Episode: The Creation of the Mongol Empire, or the Economics of Chinggis Khan". In Göran Therborn; Habibul Khondker (eds.).
6125:
legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and
5758:
4399:), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment" (
11151:. International Roundtable Entitled "The Nature of the Mongol Empire and Its Legacy". Centre for Studies in Asian Cultures and Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna
3753:
in southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a successor at the
4631:
also very much influenced China. It had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia until its decline; the communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in
4058:
in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.
5276:, and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire. Several medical advances were made in the Yuan period. The physician
4007:
chieftains and local tribe leaders and kingdoms in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan submitted to Yuan rule and were allowed to keep their titles. The Han Chinese Yang family ruling the
4530:
in the south. Zhu Yuanzhang was a former Duke and commander in the army of the Red Turban Song dynasty and assumed power as Emperor after the death of the Red Turban Song Emperor
5260:
education of new doctors. Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.
4000:(大理) in Yunnan submitted to the Yuan dynasty as vassals and were allowed to keep their throne, militarily assisting the Yuan dynasty against the Song dynasty in southern China.
9027:
3824:. He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged. However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian
4312:
difficulties of the Yuan government. The government had to adopt some measure to increase revenue, such as selling offices, as well as curtailing its spending on some items.
2305:. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty and accorded him the
5264:
to other parts of the empire. Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west. Chinese medical techniques such as
5304:
and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to
5230:; ''Time Granting Calendar''), was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty. The calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of
10521:
643:
629:
615:
590:
576:
3933:
from southern China to Daidu in the north. Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan. He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant
12995:
4207:
3174:
6417:
themselves could also administer their own counties. As a result, it is impossible to delineate exactly how many tiers of divisions there were under a province.
3524:
12366:
7145:
15584:
4932:(wuxing). The Metal element does not follow from the Song's dynastic element Five in the creation sequence of the five elements. Instead, it follows from the
4403:). The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books, but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional
8612:
5897:
in Central Asia. Foreigners were used to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. Han people were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq,
4913:'s formal establishment of the Yuan in 1271, partly because Kublai officially honoured prior rulers of the Mongol Empire as Yuan emperors by conferring them
4387:
Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring
3746:) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan.
9808:
15509:
12923:
6089:
11180:
9915:
6042:
butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way. Toward the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined
3685:, as Great Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued
15579:
10402:. Vol. 4: The Age of achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, Pt. II: the achievements. Paris: Unesco Publishing. pp. 54–61.
8544:
Ruth Dunnell (1989). "The Fall of the Xia Empire: Sino-Steppe Relations in the Late 12th – Early 13th Centuries". In Seaman, Gary; Marks, Daniel (eds.).
3167:
11713:
Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century".
4795:, whose account of his trip to "Cambaluc," the capital of the Great Khan, and of life there astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels,
15499:
12990:
8246:
William Honeychurch; Chunag Amartuvshin (2006). "States on Horseback: The Rise of Inner Asian Confederations and Empires". In Miriam T. Stark (ed.).
6349:
15524:
13866:
11941:
Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1994). "The Yuan government and society". In Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke (sinologist); John King Fairbank (eds.).
10607:
8279:
Piero Corradini (1962). "Civil Administration at the Beginning of the Manchu Dynasty: A note on the establishment of the Six Ministries (Liu-pu)".
7125:
5205:. Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown. His method is described in the
4097:. The expeditions were hampered by disease, an inhospitable climate, and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the Mongols. The
13329:
5918:
since Muslims were not allowed to manage without them. The Yuan-appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Khitan by the name of Ahai. He was from the
3992:(襄阳) between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangtze River basin. An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken
8581:
Year of 1229 during the Period of Ögedei Khan – with a discursus on the Han territory of 70,000 families at the Northern Jin–Yuan boundary].
9721:
9072:
6178:
3689:, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth. He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in
14292:
6004:" coloration. The unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule. The Mongols and
4960:
15514:
12185:
7864:
6631:
5402:
Foreign observers took note of Yuan printing technology. Marco Polo documented the Yuan printing of paper money and almanac pamphlets called
4171:, as the crown prince, but he died before Kublai in 1285. Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister
1151:
8463:
7883:
15544:
12393:
7172:
6569:
6149:
5927:
3717:
2313:
issued in 1271, Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the
9697:
6612:
4011:, which was recognized by both the Song and Tang dynasty, also received recognition by the Mongols in the Yuan dynasty, and later by the
3705:
3517:
6439:
13473:
12437:
5923:
5144:
3457:
2101:
2041:
9035:
5851:(Southerners), or all subjects of the former Southern Song dynasty, including ethnic Han Chinese and minority native ethnic groups in
13241:
13233:
11069:. Vol. 6 of East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 133–144.
3250:
3224:
3817:
8646:
7845:
6753:
6454:
6173:
956:
911:
4176:
15554:
15504:
12720:
12055:
11028:
10532:
5859:. They were sometimes called "Manzi" during the Yuan dynasty. They were on the "bottom of the privilege ladder" in Yuan society.
15549:
13481:
12388:
9855:
6240:, was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng,
6210:
5600:
4129:
3510:
3462:
1731:
15450:
7290:) as proclaimed by Kublai in 1271, as well as the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant to be applied to the entire
6505:
5399:. The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment.
5291:
Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as
4975:
4326:
15245:
14627:
13537:
12373:
12032:
12013:
11969:
11950:
11902:
11880:
11849:
11830:
11637:
11604:
11585:
11566:
11533:
11513:
11486:
11438:
11419:
11400:
11367:
11327:
11308:
11252:
11233:
11117:
11074:
11004:
10971:
10840:
10759:
10688:
10669:
10650:
10590:
10563:
10494:
10467:
10407:
9898:
9880:
9838:
9788:
9778:
9649:
9609:
9574:
9539:
9415:
9364:
9303:
9274:
9245:
9167:
9018:
8528:
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7946:
7895:
7874:
7855:
7525:
5382:
just within Beijing. By 1328, annual sales of printed calendars and almanacs reached over three million in the Yuan dynasty.
4395:. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (
3929:, Mongol peace, enabled the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West. Kublai expanded the
3482:
2031:
12277:
10724:. Joint Research Conference of the Institute for Advanced Studies and the Israel Science Foundation. Jerusalem: Academia.edu
6517:
5354:
The Mongol rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry. Chinese printing technology was transferred to the Mongols through
4542:) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. Some royal family members still live in
4102:
4074:
15494:
12361:
7140:
7118:
6314:
6303:
5969:
Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial
5913:
which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former
5071:
3993:
3937:, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China. Marco Polo's travels would later inspire many others like
1604:
1594:
323:
15151:
10580:
7260:, regard it as an autonomous state outside the Yuan territory; others regard it as an integral part of the Yuan territory.
3949:
13564:
13513:
13489:
13288:
13254:
12938:
12243:
11262:陳學霖, Hok-Lam Chan (1991). ""Ta Chin" (Great Golden): The Origin and Changing Interpretations of the Jurchen State Name".
3477:
3467:
3310:
3255:
2956:
2073:
1235:
460:
11979:
Langlois, John D. (1977). "Report on the research conference: The Impact of Mongol Domination on Chinese Civilization".
5095:
While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the
4685:
Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to
3969:
with its caravan of traders appears in the bottom right corner, while the Pacific coast runs along the top-left corner.
15297:
14297:
13272:
13225:
9816:
5555:
3300:
3219:
2314:
1225:
13306:
8141:. Studies in Honor of Igor de Rachewiltz on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday. Indiana University Press. p. 116.
6585:
4577:. The Yuan remnants retreated to Mongolia after the fall of Yingchang to the Ming in 1370, where the name Great Yuan (
3907:, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation of paper
13941:
13521:
13449:
13433:
12178:
10813:
10788:
10378:
9056:
8555:
8362:
8263:
8146:
8007:
7809:
7294:. In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is rarely used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the
6493:
5766:
4928:
The dynasty chose white as its imperial color, which corresponds to the Metal element according to the theory of the
4615:
A rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty. The major cultural achievements were the development of
3673:. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother
3451:
3406:
3401:
1902:
1144:
9405:
5663:
scholars and institutions. A considerable number of Confucian and Chinese historical works were translated into the
5251:
The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures. Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called
4202:(born Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream
3821:
13505:
13465:
12583:
12446:
11812:
10680:
Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty
9830:
6557:
5782:. The Mongols were called "Gao-chen" (the citizens of the ruling empire) by the conquered Southern Song population.
5370:, a technology invented in the 12th century. However, most published works were still produced through traditional
5207:
5174:
5114:
compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.
5111:
3447:
3436:
3426:
3212:
7272:
As per modern historiographical norm, the "Yuan dynasty" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in
6054:
who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname Yíng (
4822:'s measurement. Road and water communications were reorganized and improved. To provide against possible famines,
3107:
As per contemporary historiographical norm, "Yuan dynasty" typically refers to the realm with its main capital in
14923:
13529:
13457:
13363:
13199:
12308:
11757:
11337:
Guzman, Gregory G. (1988). "Were the Barbarians a Negative or Positive Factor in Ancient and Medieval History?".
7750:
7111:
5630:
4990:
The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the
4105:. Annam, Burma, and Champa recognized Mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the Yuan dynasty.
3440:
3432:
3358:
2340:(Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire from 1260, had claimed supremacy over the other successor Mongol khanates: the
1656:
1085:
14085:
11169:
Duosang Mongol History, Vol. 1; Zhong-gou Tong-shi; History of Zhong-gou Border Nationalities; The New Yuan-shih
9566:
The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols almost Conquered the World
4740:
was a symbol of female virtue. When shown in full bloom, it is a token of love, affection, and feminine beauty.
15529:
15519:
13580:
13425:
13337:
13262:
12933:
12548:
12333:
12289:
12238:
11188:
9923:
7078:
5281:
4810:
The Yuan undertook extensive public works. Among Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer
4574:
4094:
3777:) became functionally autonomous, and only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had
3416:
3354:
3305:
3295:
3267:
3191:
2806:
2553:
2094:
2046:
1098:
4228:), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313 the traditional
3649:
in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son,
2274:. In 1368, following the defeat of the Yuan forces by the Ming dynasty, the Genghisid rulers retreated to the
2262:. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol-led khanates and controlled most of modern-day
15361:
13910:
13636:
13607:
13497:
12980:
12953:
12948:
12629:
12616:
12487:
12313:
12211:
8608:
8517:
Françoise Aubin (1987). "The Rebirth of Chinese Rule in Times of Trouble". In Schram, Stuart Reynolds (ed.).
8503:
7503:
7295:
7204:
6700:
6254:); similarly, another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (
5545:
5541:
5135:
kingdoms, and Goryeo were ruled by rulers subject to, and in some cases related to, the Yuan imperial house.
4267:
3828:
and divided Yuan society into three classes with the Han occupying the lowest rank until the conquest of the
3778:
3637:
3629:
3603:
3534:
3472:
3120:
2820:
2605:
2203:
2068:
1994:
1929:
680:
161:
7648:
day, the emperor greatly assembled the many princes and numerous vassals, and erected his nine-tailed white
4300:
involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed
15356:
15240:
13417:
13215:
12958:
12943:
12492:
12262:
12171:
12119:
11981:
9726:
7478:
6705:
6326:
5805:
5452:
4760:, and medical literature, were exported to Europe and Western Asia, while the production of thin glass and
4639:, encouraged this development. Buddhism had a great influence in the Yuan government, and the Tibetan-rite
4304:(or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to
3989:
3625:
3421:
3327:
3154:
2004:
1137:
1108:
1081:
1051:
298:
6068:
but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding.
5494:
languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master
42:
15569:
15539:
15366:
14403:
13588:
13556:
13407:
13355:
13207:
12713:
12512:
12272:
12203:
12088:
11864:
11619:
11548:
11382:
11215:
7209:
6481:
5953:
5852:
5819:
5075:
4933:
4929:
4785:
4465:
4221:
4151:
in 1253, the former ruling Duan family were appointed as its leaders. Local chieftains were appointed as
4125:
4082:
3923:
that the government of the Yuan dynasty would attempt to reintroduce copper coinage for circulation. The
3662:
3658:
3383:
3348:
3272:
3245:
3240:
3148:
2254:
2056:
1813:
1194:
290:
17:
11776:
10615:
6469:
5735:
led Muslim troops loyal to the Ming dynasty against Mongol and Muslim troops loyal to the Yuan dynasty.
3123:. Some scholars believe that 1260 was the year that the Yuan dynasty emerged with the proclamation of a
15415:
12398:
12228:
11629:
11558:
11392:
11225:
7177:
6338:
6155:
5550:
3886:
and describes the "origin of the universe" or a "primal force". Kublai proclaimed Khanbaliq the Daidu (
3700:
Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders,
3666:
2061:
1118:
173:
7742:
4343:
4321:
136:
15324:
14472:
14036:
13441:
13399:
13382:
13316:
13296:
13280:
13042:
12408:
12267:
12043:
7410:
7192:
5322:
4901:, on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the
4453:
3392:
3378:
3332:
3322:
3317:
2297:
After the division of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of
2279:
2087:
2024:
1989:
1562:
1258:
1168:
396:
38:
8200:
Francis Woodman Cleaves (1949). "The Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1362 in Memory of Prince Hindu".
6008:
were given certain advantages in the dynasty, and this would last even after the restoration of the
5633:
sect of Tibetan Buddhism, other religions became less important. He and his successors kept a Sakya
4565:, but his forces were decisively defeated by the Ming in 1381. By 1387 the remaining Yuan forces in
4065:) out of defected Jin troops and an army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (
3899:
Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the
1768:
15282:
15257:
15107:
14766:
14761:
12427:
12403:
12233:
8550:. Ethnographics Monograph Series No. 2. University of Southern California Press. pp. 158–185.
7608:
7253:
7187:
6529:
5818:
people, but under Yuan usage referred to various peoples, most of whom were former subjects of the
4741:
4199:
4046:
family of the Yuan dynasty. Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as
3290:
1758:
1407:
1061:
1026:
884:
294:
9292:"The Cant of Conquest: Tusi Offices and China's Political Incorporation of the Southwest Frontier"
7801:
6545:
5423:
Blue-and-white Covered Jar with Fretwork Floral Design in Red and Blue Glaze, excavated in Baoding
5193:
Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician
4643:
had significantly influenced China during this period. The Muslims of the Yuan dynasty introduced
3880:) in the style of a traditional Chinese dynasty. The name of the dynasty is first attested in the
15349:
15230:
14771:
14724:
14667:
14366:
14310:
14058:
13347:
12634:
12502:
12323:
12318:
12284:
11148:
The Image of the Semu People: Mongols, Chinese, and Various Other Peoples under the Mongol Empire
11101:
The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400
9146:
7624:
7224:
5922:, held the title Taishi, and was familiar with Chinese culture. Han officials and colonists were
5724:
5023:
4898:
4728:
4493:
4364:
4331:
4086:
3977:
3487:
3364:
2952:
2946:
1984:
888:
10804:
Zhang Guangda (2000). "27. China". In M. A. Al-Bakhit; Louis Bazin; Sékéné Mody Cissoko (eds.).
9875:, Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia, Psychology Press, pp. 52–57,
9702:[Genghis Khan's direct descendants still alive in Henan: huge pedigree chart verifies].
8560:. Proceedings of the Soviet-American Academic Symposia "Nomads: Masters of the Eurasian Steppe".
7869:. Harvard–Yenching Institute Monograph Series 68 Studies in East Asian Law. Brill. p. 293.
4909:. Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before
3765:
was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264. All of the three western khanates (
15574:
15371:
15272:
15267:
14955:
14903:
14823:
14756:
14660:
14645:
14538:
14305:
14259:
14100:
13987:
12985:
12706:
12602:
12507:
12294:
11890:
9707:
9232:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Volume: 22. Brill. pp. 135–155.
8572:
8497:
6657:
5440:
5407:
5198:
2287:
2036:
2014:
1999:
1485:
1204:
1071:
880:
761:
11647:
Smith, John Masson Jr. (January–March 1998). "Review: Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses".
11099:
11062:
10776:
10749:
10659:
10640:
10484:
9637:
9564:
9344:
9291:
9262:
9230:
China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia
9225:
4818:
to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern
15489:
15302:
15262:
15075:
14950:
14014:
14004:
13963:
13934:
13728:
13672:
13005:
12413:
12338:
12328:
12151:
10880:
10830:
10678:
10457:
10373:. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. pp. 414–489.
9870:
9601:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel
9599:
9345:"The Journey of Zhao Xian and the Exile of Royal Descendants in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1358)"
9157:
7182:
7150:
6957:
6746:
6710:
6348:). These are three kinds of prefecture-like divisions. The lowest political division was the
6273:
5498:, but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing
5474:
Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280
5310:
4714:
4584:
4457:
4368:
4118:
2009:
1426:
710:
690:
685:
286:
15190:
11787:
Birge, Bettine (1995). "Levirate marriage and the revival of widow chastity in Yüan China".
9888:
8136:
6160:
5074:), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the
4689:, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest.
4603:
15564:
15395:
15225:
15195:
15070:
15001:
14972:
14891:
14225:
14063:
14053:
13628:
13620:
13100:
12470:
12457:
12221:
12108:
10881:"The Travels of Ch'ang Ch'un to the West, 1220–1223 recorded by his disciple Li Chi Ch'ang"
7199:
6100:
6009:
5359:
5343:
5212:
5202:
5165:
5036:
4969:
4922:
4828:
4781:
4608:
4514:
4502:
4229:
4206:
after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. He had been mentored by
4050:, who was Emperor Gong's younger brother. The Yuan forces commanded by Han Chinese General
4047:
4039:
3938:
3912:
3825:
3754:
3598:
3593:
2051:
1264:
731:
720:
705:
486:
15175:
11067:
The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration
7660:. And the many princes and numerous vassals together bestowed upon him the reverent title
6420:
This government structure at the provincial level was later inherited and modified by the
6168:
4443:(Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from
3130:
The Yuan dynasty is sometimes also called the "Mongol dynasty" by westerners, akin to the
8:
15087:
14967:
14933:
14835:
14655:
14650:
14462:
14181:
14117:
13992:
13977:
13876:
12830:
12248:
12155:
12123:
8590:
7576:
7162:
6789:
6720:
5479:
5201:
with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern
5155:
5101:
4448:
4285:
4172:
4038:(杭州), the wealthiest city of China, after the surrender of the Southern Song Han Chinese
3930:
2330:
1216:
1006:
791:
700:
662:
636:
547:
447:
365:
302:
241:
14803:
14793:
12665:
10808:. Vol. IV: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. Routledge. pp. 421–446.
4843:
15200:
15180:
15163:
15114:
14979:
14788:
14739:
14672:
14590:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14477:
14447:
14339:
14237:
14105:
14080:
12752:
12609:
12378:
12063:
11990:
11929:
11868:
11796:
11738:
11730:
11701:
11664:
11465:
11350:
11287:
11279:
11010:
10876:
10435:
10005:
9966:
9958:
9066:
8826:
8655:
8327:
8288:
7931:
7767:
7685:
7680:[The scope of use of Mongolian "Khagan" title found in Old Uyghur literature].
7440:
7406:
7389:
7214:
6933:
6725:
6715:
6600:
5937:
5933:
5664:
5634:
5483:
5126:
4819:
4815:
4624:
4078:
4008:
4003:
The Duan family still ruled Dali relatively independently during the Yuan dynasty. The
3723:
3711:
3056:
a borrowing from Chinese, was often used in conjunction with the "Yeke Mongghul Ulus" (
3029:
2770:
2762:
2589:
2581:
2397:
2391:
2210:(Emperor Shizu or Setsen Khan), the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from the
2191:
2169:
2019:
1199:
801:
781:
751:
741:
715:
695:
117:
13698:
13030:
12970:
10832:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
9298:. Vol. 28 of Studies on China. University of California Press. pp. 135–170.
8024:
7790:
Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era'
5375:
15559:
15534:
15309:
15205:
15141:
15136:
15065:
14962:
14677:
14605:
14600:
14442:
14371:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14144:
14095:
13065:
12028:
12009:
12003:
11965:
11946:
11898:
11876:
11845:
11826:
11742:
11693:
11633:
11600:
11581:
11562:
11529:
11523:
11509:
11505:
11482:
11469:
11434:
11415:
11396:
11363:
11323:
11304:
11291:
11248:
11229:
11113:
11080:
11070:
11036:
11014:
11000:
10967:
10836:
10809:
10784:
10755:
10684:
10665:
10646:
10636:
10586:
10559:
10490:
10463:
10403:
10395:
10374:
10009:
9970:
9894:
9876:
9834:
9784:
9655:
9645:
9615:
9605:
9580:
9570:
9545:
9535:
9411:
9360:
9299:
9270:
9241:
9163:
9052:
9014:
8818:
8640:
John Masson Smith Jr. (1998). "Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses. Reviewed Work:
8551:
8524:
8358:
8259:
8142:
8057:
8003:
7980:
7970:
7942:
7891:
7870:
7851:
7805:
7689:
7521:
6121:
4749:
4694:
4522:
from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the
3873:
3800:
3674:
2924:
2916:
2732:
2724:
2516:
2508:
2302:
2275:
1947:
1515:
1495:
1270:
410:
5949:
3812:
Chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the Song.
2837:"Great Yuan" (Middle Mongol transliteration of Chinese "Dà Yuán") Great Mongol State
15158:
14945:
14940:
14896:
14883:
14813:
14781:
14776:
14640:
14635:
14617:
14578:
14511:
14494:
14435:
14425:
14420:
14361:
14317:
14287:
14247:
14230:
14213:
14176:
13927:
13612:
13572:
13025:
12595:
12576:
12216:
12127:
11943:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
11921:
11873:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
11771:
11722:
11685:
11676:
Wu, K. T. (1950). "Chinese Printing under Four Alien Dynasties: (916-1368 A. D.)".
11656:
11625:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
11554:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
11501:
11457:
11388:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
11346:
11271:
11221:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
11207:
11105:
10992:
10959:
9997:
9950:
9352:
9233:
8586:
8350:
8319:
8251:
8228:
8002:(3rd ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 232.
7797:
7759:
7653:
7644:
7517:
7393:
7367:
7345:
7167:
6849:
6255:
6051:
5914:
5793:
5732:
5638:
5604:
5589:
5520:
5491:
5487:
5428:
5355:
5118:
5007:
4948:
4702:
4640:
4420:
4392:
4301:
4203:
4098:
3911:
banknotes. During the beginning of the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols continued issuing
3841:
3770:
3757:. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother,
3654:
3633:
3588:
3572:
3262:
2973:
2851:
2659:
2628:
2445:
2414:
2405:
2353:
2341:
2246:
2238:
2215:
2146:
2119:
1626:
1184:
1176:
921:
866:
811:
255:
218:
169:
89:
10781:
Dialogues of Philosophies, Religions and Civilizations in the Era of Globalization
9794:
8077:
7256:
is unclear. While Goryeo was a vassal of the Yuan dynasty, many scholars, such as
6373:. However, the actual relationship between them could be very complicated. All of
15376:
15344:
15217:
15185:
15168:
15124:
15119:
15097:
15092:
15050:
15043:
15018:
14878:
14873:
14714:
14595:
14489:
14484:
14452:
14277:
14267:
14161:
14154:
14149:
14134:
14090:
13972:
13958:
13706:
12671:
12569:
12534:
12497:
12345:
12299:
12253:
11860:
11623:
11615:
11552:
11544:
11386:
11378:
11219:
11211:
11210:(1994). "The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China". In
10903:
10860:
10553:
10366:
9529:
9042:
8545:
8518:
8137:
Volker Rybatzki; Alessandra Pozzi; Peter W. Geier; John R. Krueger, eds. (2009).
7617:
7054:
7042:
6885:
6653:
6065:
5997:
5717:
5583:. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of
5495:
5432:
5395:
was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of
5273:
5240:
5122:
5089:
4914:
4436:
4187:
4148:
4090:
4055:
3997:
3916:
3682:
3019:
2902:
2710:
2494:
2259:
2195:
1016:
821:
473:
14798:
10783:. San Antonio: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. pp. 261–278.
10558:(2nd ed.). Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 234.
10001:
5996:
and the western end of the empire) largely remained strangers to the mainstream
5703:
was also forbidden. Jews were also affected and forbidden by the Mongols to eat
4961:
Mongolian nobility § Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)
4814:, who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the
4682:
were all either introduced or successfully popularized during the Yuan dynasty.
4595:
4440:
4271:
3920:
3502:
3411:
3159:
354:
15441:
15319:
15314:
15277:
15252:
15235:
15146:
15131:
15102:
15060:
14908:
14868:
14863:
14818:
14744:
14704:
14694:
14684:
14499:
14378:
14272:
14139:
14021:
12975:
12555:
12541:
12383:
12112:
10522:"The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims"
9267:
Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History
8255:
8049:
7738:
7513:
7066:
7030:
7005:
6969:
6873:
6229:
6194:
6017:
5827:
5596:
5371:
5334:
5048:
4999:
4644:
4539:
4016:
3794:
Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. Ögedei's grandson
3690:
3341:
2886:
2694:
2480:
2369:
1528:
1445:
771:
384:
306:
282:
262:
13719:
13693:
11461:
11109:
10996:
10963:
9939:"Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China"
9356:
9237:
8354:
5431:
the period was one of expansion, with the great innovation the development in
5284:
dislocated joints, which he performed using anesthetics. The Mongol physician
5088:) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of
4534:, who had tried to regain Khanbaliq, which eventually failed, and who died in
3678:
3650:
2298:
15483:
15465:
15452:
15400:
15287:
15082:
15055:
15028:
15006:
14984:
14751:
14734:
14719:
14563:
14516:
14504:
14430:
14322:
14196:
14191:
14166:
14048:
13780:
13711:
13018:
12836:
12729:
12687:
12655:
12104:
11726:
11697:
11084:
11040:
10751:
China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries
9659:
9619:
9584:
9549:
9296:
Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China
9263:"The Mu'ege kingdom: A brief history of a frontier empire in Southwest China"
8822:
8100:
7984:
7938:
7291:
7157:
7017:
6825:
6813:
6735:
6047:
5941:
5835:
5626:
5511:
5052:
5040:
5027:
4995:
4880:
4876:
4757:
4628:
4550:
4531:
4527:
4212:
4051:
3962:
3925:
3919:
coins were completely replaced by paper money. It was not until the reign of
2373:
2326:
2291:
2250:
2199:
1318:
1285:
996:
976:
966:
876:
856:
608:
581:
512:
213:
165:
14828:
14808:
13775:
11301:
The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook
11275:
11104:. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 157.
8577:[A Study of Xiao Zhala the Han Army commander of 10,000 families in the
7763:
7332:
announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, the "Great Mongol State" (
5957:
4709:
endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government.
2270:. It was the first dynasty founded by a non-Han ethnicity that ruled all of
15429:
15292:
15033:
15023:
14989:
14918:
14913:
14840:
14630:
14612:
14573:
14548:
14543:
14415:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14282:
14220:
14201:
14186:
14122:
13680:
13120:
13037:
12928:
12862:
12785:
12765:
12562:
12147:
12100:
12092:
12084:
12051:
11818:
11029:"China's Islamic Communities Generate Local Histories: The Case of Dachang"
7657:
7649:
7315:
6897:
6618:
6445:
6425:
6421:
6237:
6021:
5993:
5978:
5856:
5843:
5789:
5700:
5699:
that they follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method.
5576:
5367:
5339:
5301:
5231:
5218:
5215:. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book.
5019:
5015:
5011:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4811:
4690:
4523:
4469:
4461:
4388:
4376:
4160:
4156:
4028:
4012:
3829:
3766:
3750:
3642:
3567:
3131:
2858:
2666:
2598:
2452:
2345:
2322:
2318:
2283:
2271:
2230:
2223:
2219:
1893:
1869:
1856:
1787:
1746:
1684:
1398:
1388:
1365:
931:
622:
595:
266:
222:
13125:
9954:
8232:
7743:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
5506:
and the Ikeres – kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of
4761:
3762:
3758:
15011:
14996:
14845:
14558:
14467:
14457:
14383:
14031:
14026:
13846:
13795:
13755:
13724:
12825:
12528:
12096:
10365:
Morris Rossabi (1994) . "The reign of Khubilai Khan". In Herbert Franke;
9890:
Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues
7714:
7499:
7337:
7329:
7281:
7257:
6861:
6690:
6622:
6536:
6043:
6001:
5919:
5873:
5823:
5815:
5683:
5580:
5516:
5456:
5269:
5265:
5096:
4991:
4984:
4918:
4910:
4890:
4733:
4718:
4647:
4554:
4281:
4020:
3970:
3904:
3845:
3686:
3116:
2965:
2306:
2242:
2207:
1800:
1671:
1505:
1473:
1460:
1294:
670:
423:
342:
12067:
11994:
11800:
11734:
10439:
10398:. In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; Asimov, Muhammad Seyfeydinovich (eds.).
9962:
8830:
8292:
7886:. In Brook, Timothy; Walt van Praag, Michael van; Boltjes, Miek (eds.).
6393:
were directly administered by the province, while some existed inside a
5670:
5374:
techniques. The publication of a Taoist text inscribed with the name of
5182:
4355:
4257:
15038:
14855:
14729:
14689:
14622:
13891:
13800:
13150:
13135:
12872:
11933:
11842:
The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire
11705:
11283:
10426:
Buell, Paul D. (1979). "Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara".
8604:
8331:
7771:
6993:
6187:
The territory of the Yuan dynasty was divided into the Central Region (
5974:
5716:
The Muslims in the semu class revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the
5560:
5507:
5436:
5288:
described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise.
5194:
5169:
4868:
4792:
4404:
3934:
3808:
3701:
3646:
3136:
2532:
2525:
1552:
1341:
228:
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11912:
Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1986). "Imperial governance in Yüan times".
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Dardess, John (1994). "Shun-ti and the end of Yuan rule in China". In
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11035:(book review). No. 5. Australia National University. March 2006.
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7825:
7392:. Although Kublai Khan announced that he inherited the Mongol throne,
4654:, medicine, clothing, and cuisine in East Asia. Eastern crops such as
3941:
to chart a passage to the Far East in search of its legendary wealth.
2154:
2151:
2127:
2124:
14928:
14699:
14583:
14553:
14334:
14208:
13999:
13760:
13750:
13115:
13095:
13090:
13049:
12677:
12463:
12418:
11450:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
10958:. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series 29. Brill. p. 86.
10396:"Early Buddhism in Tibet and the Educational Role of the Monasteries"
9294:. In Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S. (eds.).
8245:
8110:
7604:
7273:
7229:
6921:
6909:
6665:
6650:
6302:
Below the level of provinces, the largest political division was the
6247:
6013:
5970:
5902:
5660:
5622:
5567:
There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as
5528:
5277:
5066:
5044:
4872:
4835:, along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation.
4768:
4753:
4722:
4710:
4651:
4636:
4566:
4535:
4498:
4380:
4372:
4347:
4217:
3900:
3857:
3853:
3774:
3562:
3283:
3233:
3108:
3010:
2741:
2546:
2349:
901:
499:
274:
186:
11925:
11689:
11360:
Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China
11299:
Dauben, Joseph (2007). "Chinese Mathematics". In Victor Katz (ed.).
9986:"An Initial Study for Mongolian Factors inside the Rasulid Hexaglot"
9938:
5470:
5385:
One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the
4983:
The structure of the Yuan government took shape during the reign of
4788:
date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the
4481:
4358:. He was installed as emperor in Khanbaliq, while Yesün Temür's son
4246:
3677:. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers.
14329:
14112:
14070:
14009:
13886:
13105:
12965:
12847:
12660:
12452:
11660:
11146:
10989:
Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World
10719:
9985:
9159:
The World Beyond Europe in the Romance Epics of Boiardo and Ariosto
9048:
8323:
7219:
7090:
6981:
6460:
6296:
6221:
5831:
5801:
5742:
5687:
5568:
5503:
5396:
5387:
5327:
5305:
5297:
5285:
5235:
5186:
5160:
4940:
4698:
4667:
4570:
4424:
4359:
4351:
4305:
4043:
4035:
4024:
3966:
3908:
3861:
3124:
2872:
2748:
2680:
2567:
2466:
2267:
2211:
543:
316:
278:
251:
7888:
Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan
5092:
or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards.
4854:
4776:
were built to show the prosperity the city enjoyed under the Yuan.
4367:. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdicated in favour of his brother
14242:
14171:
14127:
13982:
13856:
13851:
13841:
13826:
13130:
13085:
13080:
12867:
12857:
12795:
12682:
12650:
10956:
Mongolian Rule in China: Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty
8547:
Rulers from the Steppe: State Formation on the Eurasian periphery
7341:
7277:
6945:
6801:
6765:
6730:
6682:
6661:
6592:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6251:
5898:
5894:
5839:
5797:
5779:
5728:
5679:
5675:
5656:
5419:
5031:
4832:
4823:
4773:
4562:
4519:
4444:
4220:
academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the
4168:
4054:
led a predominantly Han navy to defeat the Song loyalists at the
4042:. Emperor Gong was married off to a Mongol princess of the royal
3882:
3869:
3865:
3694:
3112:
3014:
2356:
in 1271. As such, the Yuan was also sometimes referred to as the
2187:
1695:
1546:
1540:
846:
196:
190:
14043:
12698:
11614:
Mote (1994). "Chinese society under Mongol rule, 1215-1368". In
10585:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 170.
14075:
13950:
13836:
13810:
13805:
13140:
13110:
13070:
12820:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12760:
12132:
7375:
7363:
7353:
6777:
6576:
6263:
6225:
6039:
5704:
5646:
5612:
5584:
5003:
4965:
4864:
4789:
4706:
4679:
4659:
4655:
4632:
4558:
4416:
4164:
3958:
3804:
2981:
2337:
2234:
2159:
2132:
436:• Kublai's proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan"
270:
157:
9347:. In Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (eds.).
8476:"— the Mongol decimal household administrative system and the
5659:
and the Oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized
5599:. The top-level department and government agency known as the
4435:
After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of
3749:
Möngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese
2278:
and continued to rule until 1635 when they surrendered to the
14709:
13881:
13861:
13790:
13770:
13765:
13745:
13685:
12852:
12842:
12790:
12136:
10661:
Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China
10459:
China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects
9845:
6277:
6233:
6217:
6000:, and this dichotomy gave the Yuan regime a somewhat strong "
5982:
5906:
5738:
5572:
5392:
4737:
4686:
4675:
4671:
4663:
4620:
4616:
4543:
4335:
3876:
and declared that 1272 was the first year of the Great Yuan (
3795:
3670:
2610:
2263:
13266:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
11823:
Yuan Thought: Chinese Thought and Religion Under the Mongols
9872:
Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan
7539:
7537:
4925:, and that China stagnated economically and scientifically.
4139:
13831:
13785:
13145:
13075:
12624:
12589:
11412:
The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics
10555:
Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic
10529:
The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology
9852:
Chinese Archaeology Collections: Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing
8878:
8876:
7639:
5988:
5910:
5909:
were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called
5785:
5629:
throughout the empire. Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the
5460:
5131:
5106:
4748:
Certain Chinese innovations and products, such as purified
4557:
established a separate pocket of resistance to the Ming in
4501:
dish with fish and flowing water design, mid-14th century,
4486:
4297:
4152:
4004:
2301:. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the
13919:
10935:
10865:. E.J.W. Gibb memorial series (2nd ed.). p. 451.
10242:
10130:
10128:
10126:
9746:
9497:
9485:
8714:
8344:
7847:
In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia
6401:
usually administered several counties, along with several
5905:
by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers.
5770:
Covered box with lunar palace, 14th century. Yuan dynasty.
5255:
and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized
5211:, written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of
13871:
11809:
The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties
11543:
Rossabi, Morris (1994). "The reign of Khubilai Khan". In
10911:
10608:"What to do in Quanzhou: China's forgotten historic port"
10300:
10298:
10285:
10283:
10281:
10220:
10218:
10216:
10214:
10189:
10187:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10113:
10111:
10098:
10096:
9463:
9461:
9436:
9434:
7534:
4101:
which ruled Annam (Đại Việt) defeated the Mongols at the
3008:; 'Great is Qián', ' the Primal') in the
2767:
2753:
2586:
2572:
2558:
12042:
Owen, Stephen (1997). "The Yuan and Ming Dynasties". In
10806:
History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development
10157:
9776:
9373:
9207:
9205:
9203:
8873:
8583:
Journal of Northwest Normal University (Social Sciences)
8484:. No. 4. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016
8383:
5788:, consisting of non-Mongol foreigners from the west and
5358:
and Tibetan intermediaries. Some Yuan documents such as
3973:
is seen enthroned. A flag with three red crescent moons
2537:
10777:"Islam and Christianity in the Social Context of China"
10174:
10172:
10123:
9008:
8905:
8903:
8642:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260–1281
8219:
Hodong Kim (2015). "Was 'da Yuan' a Chinese Dynasty?".
8199:
8181:
Hodong Kim (2015). "Was 'da Yuan' a Chinese Dynasty?".
7558:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7445:
7409:
form commonly used by Chinese and Mongolian academics:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
12048:
An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911
10923:
10334:
10322:
10310:
10295:
10278:
10266:
10211:
10199:
10184:
10140:
10108:
10093:
10081:
10040:
10028:
10016:
9758:
9509:
9473:
9458:
9446:
9431:
9312:
9176:
9115:
8990:
8980:
8978:
8939:
8915:
8861:
8837:
8786:
8678:
8431:
8395:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7621:] (in Literary Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
6076:
as something inevitable, however anti-Muslim and anti-
5808:, Nestorian Christians, and Muslims from Central Asia.
5104:, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and
4939:
The dragon clothing of Imperial China was used by the
4889:
The Yuan dynasty was the first dynasty founded by non-
15413:
12996:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
10754:. University of California Press. pp. 247, 255.
10071:
10069:
10067:
9678:
9666:
9385:
9324:
9200:
9188:
9103:
9091:
9079:
8888:
8849:
8774:
8750:
8738:
8726:
8702:
8690:
8666:
8639:
8621:
8443:
8419:
8407:
8306:
Elizabeth E. Bacon (September 1971). "Reviewed Work:
4786:
first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back
4713:
governmental practices and examinations based on the
4447:
and succeeded to the throne. After El Temür's death,
3127:
following the collapse of the unified Mongol Empire.
2921:
2907:
2891:
2877:
2863:
2729:
2715:
2699:
2685:
2671:
2513:
2499:
2485:
2471:
2457:
11448:
Morgan, David (1982). "Who Ran the Mongol Empire?".
11126:
10346:
10169:
9127:
8900:
8762:
8371:
7969:. Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press. pp. 312, 323.
7884:"Mongol Perceptions of "China" and the Yuan Dynasty"
7828:(in Mongolian). Монголын түүхийн тайлбар толь. 2016.
7549:
6064:
class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the
5981:
system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese
3062:; 'Great Mongol State'), which resulted in the form
1912:
1834:
1714:
1647:
1577:
1451:
11377:Hsiao, Ch'i-Ch'ing (1994). "Mid-Yuan Politics". In
11060:
9821:
9349:
Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia
9228:. In Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.).
9011:
Macroeconomics: Understanding the Wealth of Nations
8975:
8963:
8951:
8927:
8807:
Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia under the Mongols
8805:Lorge, Peter (2010). "Review of David M. Robinson,
8082:
L'empire des steppes: Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan
8025:"Could the Mongol emperors read and write Chinese?"
7917:
7905:
7866:
Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols
7709:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7699:
6046:in rebelling against the Mongols. The Ming founder
3944:
3852:Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from
3645:united the Mongol tribes of the steppes and became
10254:
10230:
10064:
10052:
8305:
7930:
7718:
7599:
7597:
4439:(Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old
12991:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
10489:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 228.
9886:
9407:A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China
9403:
8570:
8461:
8056:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 116.
4163:-era governments, principally in the province of
3860:in 1264, constructing a new city near the former
3665:. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in
3532:
3189:
15481:
11945:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–615.
11875:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 561–586.
11811:(History of Imperial China) (Harvard UP, 2010).
11144:
10885:Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources
10721:The Semu ren in the Yuan Empire – who were they?
10547:
10545:
9223:
8809:. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series".
7696:
7675:
6575:Yuan painting of a legendary figure riding on a
5502:marriage alliance with other Mongol clans – the
4155:, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan,
3872:, in 1266. In 1271, Kublai formally claimed the
3104:, lit. "Great Mongol State called Great Yuan").
2266:and its surrounding areas, including modern-day
13411:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
11528:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
10743:
10741:
10739:
10515:
10513:
10482:
10451:
10449:
9635:
8516:
8278:
8139:The Early Mongols Language, Culture and History
7890:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 45–56.
7783:
7781:
7594:
7434:
7428:
7396:broke out due to opposition from other Mongols.
6197:and places under control of various provinces (
4583:) was formally carried on, and is known as the
4338:Province, built in 1330 during the Yuan dynasty
3099:
3081:
2797:
2181:
109:
96:
11178:
10645:. Harvard University Press. pp. 489–490.
10455:
10364:
9569:. Beverly, MA: Fair Winds Press. p. 251.
9289:
9025:
8520:Foundations and Limits of State Power in China
7933:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
7713:
6216:The Central Region, consisting of present-day
5051:(Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the
4236:
535:11,000,000 km (4,200,000 sq mi)
15585:States and territories disestablished in 1368
13935:
12714:
12179:
11940:
11911:
10953:
10875:
10803:
10774:
10631:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10542:
10421:
10419:
9856:Central States Ancient Books Publishing House
9706:(in Chinese). 6 February 2007. Archived from
7839:
7837:
7835:
7285:
7119:
6353:
6343:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6241:
6204:
6198:
6188:
6164:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty.
6055:
5931:
5842:and other ethnicities who lived north of the
5280:(1277–1347) invented a suspension method for
4578:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3721:
3709:
3518:
3175:
3086:, lit. "Great Yuan – Great Mongol State") or
3075:
3057:
3023:
2997:
2991:
2990:), establishing the Yuan dynasty. "Dà Yuán" (
2825:
2811:
2633:
2419:
2095:
1145:
81:
74:
15392:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
12894:
12394:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
11322:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
10854:
10852:
10736:
10510:
10446:
9913:
9644:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 742.
9265:. In Di Cosmo, Nicola; Wyatt, Don J (eds.).
8543:
7778:
7173:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
6150:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
5762:Box with pavilion and figures, Yuan dynasty.
4034:In 1276 Kublai captured the Song capital of
15510:1368 disestablishments in the Mongol Empire
11817:
10858:
10462:. Richmond: Curzon Press. pp. 24, 34.
9162:. University of Toronto Press. p. 32.
8318:(2). University of Chicago Press: 364–366.
7574:
7498:
7479:"China under Mongol Rule: The Yuan dynasty"
7268:
7266:
6143:
6133:who lived in poverty and were ill-treated.
4193:
2253:had ruled territories including modern-day
23:
15580:States and territories established in 1271
13942:
13928:
12721:
12707:
12186:
12172:
11320:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
10835:. Cambridge University Press. p. 96.
10622:
10578:
10416:
10393:
9819:on 21 August 2021 – via China Daily.
9813:Suzhou Official Travel and Tourism website
9562:
9071:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9044:Cast Chinese Coins: A Historical Catalogue
8603:
8218:
8180:
7881:
7850:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
7832:
7476:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7126:
7112:
5317:
5145:Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty
4342:When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328,
4315:
4112:
3525:
3511:
3182:
3168:
2102:
2088:
1152:
1138:
135:
24:
11964:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
11839:
10849:
10371:Alien regimes and border states: 907–1368
9846:Sun Hai (孙海); Lin Xinjian (蔺新建) (2006).
9410:. Stanford University Press. p. 66.
7802:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765898.003.0002
7737:
7603:
5887:
5523:, and ordering the compilation of books.
5138:
4061:The Yuan dynasty created the "Han Army" (
2321:. Some of the Yuan emperors mastered the
15500:1271 establishments in the Mongol Empire
12022:
12008:. London, England: Thames & Hudson.
11978:
11959:
11649:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11496:Robinson, David (2017), "Yuan Dynasty",
11495:
11181:"Siege Weapons Types in Chinese Warfare"
10986:
10400:History of civilizations of Central Asia
9604:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 84.
8647:Journal of the American Oriental Society
8076:
8048:
7997:
7862:
7843:
7725:Edict to Establish the Name of the State
7263:
7248:
7246:
6228:, the south-eastern part of present-day
6167:
6159:
5964:
5948:
5765:
5757:
5669:
5549:
5469:
5418:
5333:
5321:
5181:
5159:
4974:
4964:
4767:
4727:
4602:
4594:
4492:
4480:
4476:
4325:
4138:
3948:
3840:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
15525:14th-century disestablishments in China
15216:
12193:
12001:
11858:
11825:. New York: Columbia University Press.
11575:
11542:
11521:
11097:
11063:"Muslim Merchants in Mongol Yuan China"
10747:
10713:
10711:
10709:
10551:
10134:
9730:. Teaching China with the Smithsonian.
9636:Powers, John; Templeman, David (2012).
9515:
9503:
9491:
9479:
9467:
9452:
9440:
9379:
9318:
9194:
9182:
9155:
9121:
9109:
9097:
9085:
9040:
8996:
8945:
8921:
8894:
8882:
8867:
8855:
8843:
8792:
8744:
8720:
8708:
8696:
8684:
8449:
8437:
8401:
7562:
7543:
7301:
4081:. Kublai botched his campaigns against
3836:
2957:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2214:clan, and lasted from 1271 to 1368. In
2186:, literally "Great Yuan State"), was a
59:Mongol-led dynasty of China (1271–1368)
14:
15482:
13341:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
13300:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
12389:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
11578:The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction
11476:
11447:
11409:
11336:
11298:
11245:Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia
11242:
11206:
10941:
10929:
10887:. Barnes & Noble. pp. 37–108.
10657:
10519:
10340:
10328:
10316:
10304:
10289:
10272:
10248:
10224:
10205:
10193:
10151:
10117:
10102:
10087:
10046:
10034:
10022:
9764:
9752:
9631:
9629:
9597:
9391:
9330:
9260:
9211:
9133:
9013:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 273.
8780:
8768:
8756:
8732:
8672:
8627:
8425:
8413:
8022:
7960:
7958:
7928:
7792:. Oxford University Press. p. 39
6211:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
5601:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
5510:(Emperor Wenzong), whose mother was a
5065:) to manage military affairs, and the
4130:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)
4019:era king Huoji who legendarily helped
3784:
3740:), and Zhongxi, the son of Xiaozhaci (
2923:
2769:
2731:
2588:
2515:
2325:, while others only used their native
13923:
13660:
13171:
12893:
12740:
12702:
12167:
11889:
11786:
11646:
11376:
11317:
10917:
10862:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
10828:
10425:
9922:. University of Maine. Archived from
9809:"Taicang's five Yuan Dynasty bridges"
9684:
9672:
9527:
9034:. Ancient Coin Series. Archived from
8909:
8804:
8389:
8377:
8250:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 255–278.
8130:
7967:Dynastic China: An Elementary History
7787:
7575:Andrew West, ed. (21 December 2006).
7243:
6028:
5465:
5338:A revolving typecase with individual
4697:also enjoyed a period of toleration.
3779:permanently divided the Mongol Empire
3506:
3163:
15515:13th-century establishments in China
13172:
12924:Administrative divisions and vassals
12041:
12027:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
11897:(2nd ed.). Simon and Schuster.
11712:
11613:
11594:
11428:
11145:Funada Yoshiyuki (6 November 2010).
11132:
10706:
10676:
10635:
10606:Chow, Chung-wah (7 September 2012).
10605:
10582:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia
10352:
10178:
10163:
9936:
8984:
8969:
8957:
8933:
8591:10.3969/j.issn.1001-9162.2001.06.008
8585:(in Simplified Chinese) (6): 36–42.
7911:
7141:List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty
5748:
5559:, a painting describing Yuan period
5026:dynasties. Chinese advisers such as
4175:, succeeded the throne and ruled as
3996:in 1274. The Duan family ruling the
15545:Former countries in Chinese history
13191:
12025:The History of the Mongol Conquests
11410:Joseph, George Gheverghese (2011).
11261:
11172:
11065:. In Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.).
10717:
10486:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
9868:
9626:
9351:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 196–226.
9342:
8287:(2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 133–138.
8161:
8054:The History of the Mongol Conquests
7964:
7955:
7284:-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" (
6209:), as well as the region under the
5992:people (various allied groups from
4772:The Yuan dynasty arched bridges of
4117:For a more comprehensive list, see
4027:. They were also recognized by the
1086:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
56:
11914:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
11895:Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook
11751:
11678:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
11675:
11357:
11351:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1988.tb00759.x
10260:
10236:
10075:
10058:
9983:
9009:David Miles; Andrew Scott (2005).
8480:structure in northern China].
8202:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
7929:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004).
7727:], 《元典章》 (in Literary Chinese)
7492:
5956:was completed during the reign of
5814:, a category usually referring to
5556:Manichaean Diagram of the Universe
4371:, who was backed by Chagatai Khan
2315:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
57:
15596:
12728:
12074:
11525:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
11318:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) .
10954:Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1989).
9777:Birmingham Museum of Art (2010).
8099:
7788:Simon, Karla W. (26 April 2013).
7328:) in Spring 1206. Decades before
6448:in Arabic numerals (Yuan dynasty)
5478:Since its invention in 1269, the
2311:Proclamation of the Dynastic Name
15435:
15423:
12584:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
12447:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
11163:
11138:
11091:
11054:
11021:
10980:
10947:
10891:
10869:
10822:
10797:
10768:
10697:
10599:
10572:
10476:
10387:
10358:
9977:
9930:
9907:
9862:
9831:Social Sciences Literature Press
9801:
9770:
9714:
9690:
9591:
9556:
8347:Asia and Europe in Globalization
8115:] (in Traditional Chinese).
6689:
6642:
6630:
6611:
6599:
6584:
6568:
6556:
6544:
6528:
6516:
6504:
6492:
6480:
6468:
6453:
6438:
6385:could administer counties. Some
6109:Yuan dynasty carved red lacquer.
6099:
6088:
5960:(the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan).
5872:while Khitans and Jurchens from
5482:, a unified script for spelling
5208:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
5175:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
4875:by the Yuan. The Yuan built the
4853:
4842:
4270:was created during the reign of
4256:
4245:
3976:
3945:Military conquests and campaigns
3903:trade network by protecting the
2390:
2218:, the Yuan dynasty followed the
1183:
669:
641:
627:
613:
588:
574:
12741:
12309:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
12023:Saunders, John Joseph (2001) .
12005:Chronicle of the China Emperors
11431:Daily Life in the Mongol Empire
10907:] (in Traditional Chinese).
9734:from the original on 7 May 2023
9521:
9397:
9336:
9283:
9269:. Routledge. pp. 245–285.
9254:
9217:
9139:
9002:
8798:
8633:
8597:
8564:
8537:
8510:
8465:"萬戶路"、"千戶州" ——蒙古千戶百戶制度與華北路府州郡體制
8455:
8338:
8299:
8272:
8239:
8212:
8193:
8174:
8162:陈得芝 (2009). "关于元朝的国号、年代与疆域问题".
8155:
8092:
8070:
8042:
8016:
7991:
7818:
7751:International Studies Quarterly
7731:
7577:"'Phags-pa Script: Description"
7512:] (in Simplified Chinese).
7399:
6649:Chinese stone inscription of a
5855:, as well as the people of the
4575:surrendered to the Ming dynasty
4430:
3153:For a chronological guide, see
3101:Dai Ön qemeqü Yeqe Mongɣol Ulus
2783:Alternative official full name:
2768:
2754:
2611:
2587:
2573:
2559:
2538:
15555:Former monarchies of East Asia
15505:1368 disestablishments in Asia
12334:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
11821:; de Bary, W.T., eds. (1982).
11506:10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0025
11414:. Princeton University Press.
11362:. Hong Kong University Press.
11303:. Princeton University Press.
11247:. Cambridge University Press.
10520:Leslie, Donald Daniel (1998).
9996:. Harrassowitz Verlag: 36–54.
9642:Historical Dictionary of Tibet
9563:Craughwell, Thomas J. (2010).
9534:. New Delhi: Vij Books India.
9026:Mike Markowitz (22 May 2016).
8574:窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨——兼论金元之际的汉地七万户
7669:
7568:
7470:
7380:
7358:
7324:
7286:
6511:water mill gear (Yuan dynasty)
6499:Weaving machine (Yuan dynasty)
6295:Branch Secretariats or simply
6268:
6205:
5651:
5625:(modern Beijing) to supervise
5617:
5366:were printed with earthenware
5243:to China in the 13th century.
5227:
5149:
5084:
5061:
5056:
4979:Map of the Northwest territory
4497:A Yuan dynasty blue-and-white
4412:
4396:
4225:
4066:
4062:
3892:
3818:traditional monopolies on salt
3789:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3716:, aka Liu Ni), and the Khitan
3076:
3058:
3004:
2986:
2922:
2908:
2892:
2878:
2864:
2826:
2812:
2730:
2716:
2700:
2686:
2672:
2634:
2514:
2500:
2486:
2472:
2458:
2420:
2400:(top) and "Great Yuan State" (
2286:). The rump state is known in
2282:(which later evolved into the
2164:
2137:
2042:Science and technology history
291:Chinese Nestorian Christianity
13:
1:
15550:Former countries in East Asia
13911:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
13608:Division of the Mongol Empire
12617:The Story of the Western Wing
12488:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
12212:Division of the Mongol Empire
10677:Zhao, George Qingzhi (2008).
9783:. London: Giles. p. 28.
8312:American Journal of Sociology
8038:(1). Academica Sinica: 28–41.
7510:The Historical Atlas of China
7458:
7205:Islam during the Yuan dynasty
6276:over the whole of modern-day
5546:Religion in the Mongol Empire
5542:Islam during the Yuan dynasty
5330:with its printing plate, 1287
4954:
4623:and the increased use of the
4288:Baiju. During his reign, the
4182:
4134:
4077:in 1281 failed because of an
3983:appears on all the territory.
3848:, founder of the Yuan dynasty
3638:Mongol conquest of Song China
3630:Division of the Mongol Empire
3619:
3536:Division of the Mongol Empire
3121:division of the Mongol Empire
1412:
1371:
1347:
1324:
1300:
1241:
142:
12493:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
12244:conquest of the Song dynasty
12120:Dynasties in Chinese history
11844:. London, England: Pimlico.
11777:Resources in other libraries
11599:. Harvard University Press.
11179:Leong Kit Meng, ed. (2006).
11061:Liu Yingsheng (刘迎胜) (2008).
10531:. p. 12. Archived from
9943:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
9822:Ling Dingnian (凌鼎年) (2016).
9727:National Museum of Asian Art
8221:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
8183:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
7463:
7447:Ikh Yuan Üls/Yekhe Yuan Ulus
6668:), dated to the Yuan dynasty
6115:
5973:and the traditional Chinese
5794:Buddhist Uyghurs from Turfan
5753:
5453:Society of the Mongol Empire
4893:ethnicity that ruled all of
4725:, and scientific education.
4423:and also devoted himself in
3661:in 1234, conquering most of
3626:Mongol conquest of Jin China
3155:Timeline of the Yuan dynasty
2352:, before proclaiming as the
7:
15495:1271 establishments in Asia
13949:
12858:Manghit / Mangudai
12513:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
11595:Mote, Frederick W. (1999).
11580:. Oxford University Press.
11500:, Oxford University Press,
10991:. Brill. pp. 461–482.
10664:. Peter Lang. p. 189.
9598:Howard, Michael C. (2012).
8609:Volume 146: Biographies #43
7826:"ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ"
7652:, assuming the position of
7446:
7429:
7210:Europeans in Medieval China
7079:Mongolian People's Republic
6673:
6637:Mongol rider (Yuan dynasty)
6487:Water hammer (Yuan dynasty)
6129:than there were Mongol and
5954:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
5745:dating to the Yuan period.
5535:
5414:
5246:
5076:Department of State Affairs
4237:Gegeen Khan and Yesün Temür
4222:Department of State Affairs
4126:List of Northern Yuan khans
3953:Empire of the Great Khan ("
3149:History of the Yuan dynasty
3100:
3082:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
2799:Dai Yuwan Yeqe Mongɣul Ulus
2798:
2309:Taizu. In the edict titled
2182:
295:Roman Catholic Christianity
110:
82:
10:
15601:
13661:
13637:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
12399:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
12278:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
11960:Langlois, John D. (1981).
11840:Cotterell, Arthur (2007).
11630:Cambridge University Press
11559:Cambridge University Press
11393:Cambridge University Press
11226:Cambridge University Press
11199:
10683:. Peter Lang. p. 24.
9887:Hans Ulrich Vogel (2012).
9722:"Yuan dynasty (1279–1368)"
9404:Charles O. Hucker (1985).
9226:"Yunnan's Muslim Heritage"
8811:China Review International
8644:by Reuven Amitai-Preiss".
8571:Hu Xiaopeng (胡小鹏) (2001).
8462:Wen Haiqing (溫海清) (2012).
8256:10.1002/9780470774670.ch12
7998:Eberhard, Wolfram (1971).
7676:Yang Fuxue (杨富学) (1997).
7414:
7314:Since the enthronement of
7178:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
6551:Chuangzi Nu (Yuan dynasty)
6475:Water wheel (Yuan dynasty)
6431:
6236:areas to the north of the
6203:) or Branch Secretariats (
6156:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
6153:
6147:
5539:
5450:
5446:
5411:impact on the Il-khanate.
5153:
5142:
4958:
4803:, known in English as the
4674:, high-quality granulated
4319:
4147:Following the conquest of
4123:
4116:
4103:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
3623:
3446:Hungary and Croatia (
3152:
3146:
3142:
2367:
15385:
15337:
14854:
14258:
13957:
13908:
13819:
13738:
13671:
13667:
13656:
13600:
13549:
13452:(1223 / 1236–40)
13398:
13375:
13358:(1257 / 1284–88)
13328:
13253:
13198:
13187:
13167:
13058:
13004:
12981:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
12916:
12912:
12889:
12804:
12751:
12747:
12736:
12643:
12521:
12480:
12436:
12354:
12314:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
12202:
12144:
12117:
12081:
11772:Resources in your library
11462:10.1017/S0035869X00159179
11110:10.1017/9780511998492.005
11098:Chaffee, John W. (2018).
10997:10.1163/9789047406334_021
10964:10.1163/9781684170050_004
10859:W. Barthold, ed. (1928).
9780:A Guide to the Collection
9531:Genghis Khan: a Biography
9357:10.1163/9789004366152_008
9261:Herman, John. E. (2005).
9238:10.1163/9789004282483_006
9224:Michael C. Brose (2014).
8502:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
8355:10.1163/9789047410812_005
8349:. Brill. pp. 13–54.
7435:
7430:Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus
7371:
7349:
7319:
7193:Manchuria under Yuan rule
6369:, which were higher than
6354:
6344:
6332:
6320:
6308:
6259:
6242:
6199:
6189:
6056:
6050:had Muslim generals like
5932:
5642:
5608:
5079:
4863:The two artificial lakes
4590:
4579:
4400:
4293:
4211:
4198:The fourth Yuan emperor,
4143:Mongol successor khanates
3887:
3877:
3722:
3710:
3604:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
3585:
3580:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3431:Poland and Bohemia (
3398:
3391:
3372:
3340:
3282:
3232:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3024:
2998:
2992:
2977:
2936:
2915:
2901:
2885:
2871:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2819:
2805:
2782:
2761:
2747:
2740:
2723:
2709:
2693:
2679:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2627:
2622:
2604:
2597:
2580:
2566:
2552:
2545:
2531:
2524:
2507:
2493:
2479:
2465:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2413:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2237:in 1206 was described in
2192:imperial dynasty of China
2150:
2123:
1916:
1838:
1718:
1651:
1581:
1455:
553:
539:
531:
526:
522:
509:
496:
483:
470:
461:Conquest of Southern Song
457:
444:
434:
420:
416:
406:
402:
390:
378:
374:
364:
360:
348:
336:
332:
322:
312:
247:
237:
206:
179:
153:
134:
129:
97:
75:
66:
12428:Goryeo under Mongol rule
12234:Mongol conquest of China
11727:10.1177/0097700405282349
11597:Imperial China: 900–1800
11576:Rossabi, Morris (2012).
11522:Rossabi, Morris (1988).
11433:. Greenwood Publishing.
11033:China Heritage Quarterly
10898:
10779:. In Zhao Dunhua (ed.).
10748:Rossabi, Morris (1983).
10718:Haw, Stephen G. (2014).
10552:Gladney, Dru C. (1991).
10483:Johan Elverskog (2010).
10428:Journal of Asian History
9869:Haw, Stephen G. (2006),
9847:
9826:
9698:
9156:Cavallo, Jo Ann (2013).
9028:"Coinage of the Mongols"
8573:
8464:
8105:
8023:Franke, Herbert (1953).
7863:Robinson, David (2009).
7844:Robinson, David (2019).
7719:
7677:
7612:
7504:
7477:Walter Koh, ed. (2014).
7254:Goryeo under Mongol rule
7236:
7188:Mongolia under Yuan rule
6274:held administrative rule
6144:Administrative divisions
5924:sent by the Yuan dynasty
4742:Birmingham Museum of Art
4538:(located in present-day
4526:(1368–1644), founded by
4415:). Tugh Temür supported
4194:Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan
4075:second invasion of Japan
3681:succeeded Ögedei's son,
3083:Dai Ön Yeqe Mongɣul Ulus
2879:ㄉㄚˋ ㄩㄢˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄥˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
2807:Traditional Chinese
2358:Empire of the Great Khan
2206:. It was established by
889:Second Turkic Khaganates
39:latest accepted revision
12934:Invasions and conquests
12853:Paiza / Gerege
12503:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
12324:1344 Yellow River flood
12319:War of the Two Capitals
12229:Kublai Khan's campaigns
11982:Sung Studies Newsletter
11962:China Under Mongol Rule
11891:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
11276:10.1163/156853291X00046
11243:Allsen, Thomas (2001).
10642:Imperial China 900–1800
10456:Michael Dillon (1999).
9990:Central Asiatic Journal
9290:John E. Herman (2006).
9041:Hartill, David (2005).
8468:["Ten thousand per
7764:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
7225:List of largest empires
6463:machines (Yuan dynasty)
5725:Ming conquest of Yunnan
5521:Chinese classical texts
5318:Printing and publishing
5047:offices, including the
4899:historiography of China
4782:ancient Roman embassies
4752:, printing techniques,
4705:) flourished, although
4393:Chinese cultural values
4365:War of the Two Capitals
4322:Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür
4316:Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür
4113:Successors after Kublai
2821:Simplified Chinese
2363:
13591:(1260 / 1301)
13319:(1274 / 1281)
12986:Franco-Mongol alliance
12603:The Injustice to Dou E
12508:Temple of Azure Clouds
12438:Science and technology
12295:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
12239:anti-Mongol fortresses
11477:Morgan, David (2007).
11358:Ho, Peng Yoke (1985).
10829:Biran, Michal (2005).
10775:Wang Jianping (2007).
10658:Kupfer, Peter (2008).
8482:Fudan Academic Journal
7965:San, Tan Koon (2014).
7502:; et al. (1987).
7252:The precise status of
6664:(then called Dadu, or
6184:
6165:
5961:
5888:Foreign administrators
5771:
5763:
5741:statues were found in
5714:
5691:
5564:
5475:
5441:blue and white pottery
5424:
5351:
5331:
5199:simultaneous equations
5190:
5179:
5139:Science and technology
4980:
4972:
4777:
4745:
4612:
4600:
4505:
4490:
4339:
4144:
3984:
3965:(1375, rotated 180°).
3849:
3018:section regarding the
2945:This article contains
2909:Dà Yuán Dà Měng-gǔ Guó
2894:Ta Yüan Ta Meng-ku Kuo
762:Munkhkhairkhan culture
15530:14th century in China
15520:13th century in China
15362:Medieval great powers
12339:Battle of Lake Poyang
12329:Red Turban Rebellions
12152:Northern Yuan dynasty
12002:Paludan, Ann (1998).
11498:Oxford Bibliographies
11429:Lane, George (2006).
11185:Chinese Siege Warfare
10002:10.13173/CAJ/2008/1/4
9984:Ho, Kai-Lung (2008).
9955:10.1353/sys.2014.0000
9914:Marilyn Shea (2007).
9797:on 10 September 2011.
9710:on 28 September 2008.
9528:Stone, Zofia (2017).
8472:", "one thousand per
8233:10.1353/sys.2015.0007
8086:The Empire of Steppes
8050:Saunders, John Joseph
7656:at the source of the
7627:,即皇帝位於斡難河之源。諸王群臣共上尊號曰
7362:) to translate title
7298:of the Mongol Empire.
7183:Tibet under Yuan rule
7151:List of Mongol rulers
7146:Emperor's family tree
6958:Northern Yuan dynasty
6814:Khamag Mongol Khanate
6171:
6163:
5965:Anti-Chinese policies
5952:
5769:
5761:
5709:
5673:
5553:
5473:
5422:
5337:
5325:
5311:The Canon of Medicine
5296:medicine because its
5185:
5163:
5154:Further information:
5037:division of authority
4978:
4968:
4923:second-class citizens
4805:Travels of Marco Polo
4771:
4731:
4607:Yuan underglaze blue
4606:
4598:
4585:Northern Yuan dynasty
4496:
4484:
4477:Decline of the empire
4329:
4230:imperial examinations
4142:
4124:Further information:
4119:List of Yuan emperors
3952:
3844:
3826:imperial examinations
2865:Dà Yuán Dà Měnggǔ Guó
2292:Northern Yuan dynasty
1907:(mainland, 1912–1949)
1109:Democratic Revolution
513:Northern Yuan dynasty
287:Chinese folk religion
207:Common languages
15372:European colonialism
15357:Ancient great powers
13482:Serbia and Bulgaria
11632:. pp. 616–664.
11561:. pp. 414–489.
11395:. pp. 490–560.
11228:. pp. 321–413.
10618:on 18 February 2013.
10538:on 17 December 2010.
9916:"Guo Shoujing – 郭守敬"
9854:] (in Chinese).
9151:The Cresques Project
8523:. pp. 113–146.
7717:(18 December 1271),
7296:disintegrated nature
7200:Yuan dynasty coinage
6010:imperial examination
5876:were not considered
5678:porcelain statue of
5532:Mongolian heritage.
5519:, painting, reading
5018:, as well as Khitan
4970:Yuan dynasty coinage
4829:Grand Canal of China
4609:Jingdezhen porcelain
4515:Red Turban Rebellion
4503:Freer Gallery of Art
4334:of Zhaoxian County,
4332:Bailin Temple Pagoda
4274:by imperial command.
4079:inauspicious typhoon
4048:Emperor Bing of Song
4040:Emperor Gong of Song
3939:Christopher Columbus
3905:Mongol postal system
3837:Founding the dynasty
3803:as the ruler of the
3755:Siege of Diaoyucheng
3192:Mongol invasions and
2996:) is from a clause "
2404:, a modern form) in
511:• Formation of
487:Red Turban Rebellion
15462: /
15367:Modern great powers
13729:Khagans of the Yuan
13458:Poland and Bohemia
13234:Khwarazmian Empire
12959:Society and economy
12522:Society and culture
12249:Battle of Xiangyang
12156:Phagmodrupa dynasty
12124:History of Mongolia
11481:. Wiley-Blackwell.
11191:on 2 December 2009.
10944:, pp. 124–136.
10920:, pp. 491–492.
10877:Bretschneider, Emil
10579:Tan Ta Sen (2009).
10394:Wang Furen (2000).
10251:, pp. 176–177.
10166:, pp. 138–139.
9937:Chen, Yuan (2014).
9926:on 1 December 2008.
9755:, pp. 568–570.
9699:成吉思汗直系后裔现身河南 巨幅家谱为证
9506:, pp. 487–488.
9494:, pp. 218–219.
9343:Hua, Kaiqi (2018).
8614:New History of Yuan
8392:, pp. 169–170.
8248:Archaeology of Asia
7882:Hodong Kim (2018).
7678:回鹘文献所见蒙古"合罕"称号之使用范围
7546:, pp. 436–437.
7336:) already used the
7163:History of Mongolia
6606:Yuan Mongol soldier
6523:loom (Yuan dynasty)
6195:Central Secretariat
5820:Jurchen Jin dynasty
5350:, published in 1313
5197:(1249–1314) solved
5156:Chinese mathematics
5102:Ministry of Justice
5049:Central Secretariat
4662:, new varieties of
3961:) according to the
3785:Rule of Kublai Khan
3463:Bulgaria and Serbia
3038:, also rendered as
2329:, written with the
2233:'s enthronement as
1082:People's Revolution
1052:National Revolution
1007:Oirat Confederation
792:Deer stones culture
663:History of Mongolia
637:Phagmodrupa dynasty
448:Battle of Xiangyang
426:proclaimed Emperor
303:Chinese Manichaeism
29:Page version status
15570:Medieval East Asia
15540:Dynasties of China
15466:39.915°N 116.390°E
13474:Holy Roman Empire
12929:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
12610:The Orphan of Zhao
12379:Imperial Preceptor
11869:John King Fairbank
11861:Denis C. Twitchett
10637:Mote, Frederick W.
10367:Denis C. Twitchett
8723:, p. 423–424.
8123:
8088:] (in French).
8000:A History of China
7741:(September 1997).
7635:
7441:Mongolian Cyrillic
7215:Hua-Yi distinction
6934:Jalairid Sultanate
6193:) governed by the
6185:
6166:
5962:
5911:"Right Alan Guard"
5772:
5764:
5727:, Muslim generals
5692:
5665:Mongolian language
5635:Imperial Preceptor
5565:
5476:
5466:Imperial lifestyle
5425:
5352:
5332:
5191:
5180:
5127:Chiefdom of Bozhou
4981:
4973:
4820:Gregorian calendar
4816:lunisolar calendar
4778:
4746:
4625:written vernacular
4613:
4601:
4599:Yuan porcelain jar
4506:
4491:
4458:official histories
4340:
4145:
4109:18 February 1294.
4009:Chiefdom of Bozhou
3985:
3850:
3030:Mongolian-language
2947:special characters
2398:Chinese characters
2396:"Yuan dynasty" in
2327:Mongolian language
2141:), officially the
1922:
1732:Five Dynasties and
1724:
1659:Southern dynasties
1587:
1486:Chu–Han Contention
1478:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
1072:Chinese occupation
802:Slab-grave culture
782:Ulaanzuukh culture
752:Chemurchek culture
742:Afanasievo culture
35:
15411:
15410:
15333:
15332:
15298:Polish–Lithuanian
14473:Gurjara-Pratihara
13917:
13916:
13904:
13903:
13900:
13899:
13652:
13651:
13648:
13647:
13629:Kaidu–Kublai war
13621:Berke–Hulagu war
13613:Toluid Civil War
13394:
13393:
13163:
13162:
13159:
13158:
12966:House of Borjigin
12885:
12884:
12881:
12880:
12696:
12695:
12162:
12161:
12145:Succeeded by
12034:978-0-8122-1766-7
12015:978-0-500-05090-3
11971:978-0-691-10110-1
11952:978-0-521-24331-5
11904:978-1-4391-8839-2
11882:978-0-521-24331-5
11851:978-1-84595-009-5
11832:978-0-231-05324-2
11758:Library resources
11639:978-0-521-24331-5
11616:Twitchett, Dennis
11606:978-0-674-01212-7
11587:978-0-19-984089-2
11568:978-0-521-24331-5
11545:Twitchett, Dennis
11535:978-0-520-06740-0
11515:978-0-19-992008-2
11488:978-1-4051-3539-9
11440:978-0-313-33226-5
11421:978-0-691-13526-7
11402:978-0-521-24331-5
11379:Twitchett, Dennis
11369:978-0-486-41445-4
11329:978-0-521-12433-1
11310:978-0-691-11485-9
11266:. Second Series.
11254:978-0-521-80335-9
11235:978-0-521-24331-5
11212:Twitchett, Dennis
11119:978-1-108-64009-1
11076:978-3-447-05809-4
11006:978-90-474-0633-4
10973:978-1-68417-005-0
10842:978-0-521-84226-6
10761:978-0-520-04562-0
10690:978-1-4331-0275-2
10671:978-3-631-57533-8
10652:978-0-674-01212-7
10592:978-981-230-837-5
10565:978-0-674-59495-1
10496:978-0-8122-4237-9
10469:978-0-7007-1026-3
10409:978-92-3-103654-5
9920:Chinese Astronomy
9900:978-90-04-23193-1
9882:978-0-415-34850-8
9840:978-7-5097-8262-0
9790:978-1-904832-77-5
9651:978-0-8108-7984-3
9611:978-0-7864-9033-2
9576:978-1-61673-851-8
9541:978-93-86367-11-2
9417:978-0-8047-1193-7
9382:, pp. 77–78.
9366:978-90-04-36615-2
9305:978-0-520-23015-6
9276:978-1-135-79095-0
9247:978-90-04-28248-3
9169:978-1-4426-6667-2
9020:978-0-470-01243-7
8885:, pp. 70–71.
8530:978-0-7286-0139-0
8310:. Gavin Hambly".
8119:
8063:978-0-8122-1766-7
8034:. Second series.
7976:978-983-9541-88-5
7948:978-0-8160-4671-3
7897:978-0-226-56293-3
7876:978-0-674-03608-6
7857:978-1-108-48244-8
7628:
7527:978-7-5031-1844-9
7334:Yeke Mongγol Ulus
7325:Chéngjísī huángdì
7136:
7135:
6563:Military costume.
6365:were higher than
6122:Frederick W. Mote
5749:Four-class system
5300:contradicted the
5213:Pascal's triangle
5178:, written in 1303
5166:Pascal's triangle
5008:Tibetan Buddhists
4695:Roman Catholicism
3915:; however, under
3874:Mandate of Heaven
3805:Kingdom of Goryeo
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3458:Holy Roman Empire
2968:imposed the name
2953:rendering support
2940:
2939:
2932:
2931:
2852:Standard Mandarin
2778:
2777:
2660:Standard Mandarin
2618:
2617:
2554:Yale Romanization
2446:Standard Mandarin
2303:Mandate of Heaven
2280:Later Jin dynasty
2276:Mongolian Plateau
2222:and preceded the
2112:
2111:
2069:Transport history
1995:Education history
1967:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1948:Republic of China
1930:People's Republic
1903:Republic of China
1882:
1881:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1711:
1710:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1575:
1574:
1408:Spring and Autumn
1271:Liao civilization
1162:
1161:
1127:
1126:
1099:People's Republic
1035:
1034:
940:
939:
912:Tang protectorate
830:
829:
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
601:
600:
505:14 September 1368
411:Postclassical Era
392:• 1340–1355
380:• 1264–1282
350:• 1332–1368
338:• 1260–1294
47:25 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
15592:
15477:
15476:
15474:
15473:
15472:
15467:
15463:
15460:
15459:
15458:
15455:
15440:
15439:
15438:
15428:
15427:
15426:
15419:
15214:
15213:
14879:Austro-Hungarian
14579:Chagatai Khanate
13944:
13937:
13930:
13921:
13920:
13715:
13702:
13699:Töregene Khatun
13689:
13669:
13668:
13658:
13657:
13640:
13632:
13624:
13616:
13592:
13584:
13576:
13568:
13560:
13541:
13533:
13525:
13517:
13509:
13501:
13493:
13485:
13477:
13469:
13461:
13453:
13445:
13437:
13429:
13421:
13413:
13412:
13386:
13367:
13359:
13351:
13343:
13342:
13320:
13310:
13302:
13301:
13292:
13284:
13276:
13268:
13267:
13245:
13237:
13229:
13219:
13211:
13196:
13195:
13189:
13188:
13169:
13168:
13131:Shangdu (Xanadu)
13121:Sarai Batu/Berke
13026:Chagatai Khanate
12914:
12913:
12891:
12890:
12749:
12748:
12738:
12737:
12723:
12716:
12709:
12700:
12699:
12666:ʼPhags-pa script
12596:The Chalk Circle
12577:Zhongyuan Yinyun
12464:Shiyi Dexiaofang
12222:Kaidu–Kublai war
12217:Toluid Civil War
12188:
12181:
12174:
12165:
12164:
12082:Preceded by
12079:
12078:
12059:
12038:
12019:
11998:
11975:
11956:
11937:
11908:
11886:
11855:
11836:
11807:Brook, Timothy.
11804:
11746:
11709:
11684:(3/4): 447–523.
11672:
11643:
11610:
11591:
11572:
11539:
11518:
11492:
11473:
11444:
11425:
11406:
11373:
11354:
11333:
11314:
11295:
11270:(4/5): 253–299.
11258:
11239:
11193:
11192:
11187:. Archived from
11176:
11170:
11167:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11142:
11136:
11130:
11124:
11123:
11095:
11089:
11088:
11058:
11052:
11051:
11049:
11047:
11025:
11019:
11018:
10984:
10978:
10977:
10951:
10945:
10939:
10933:
10927:
10921:
10915:
10909:
10908:
10895:
10889:
10888:
10873:
10867:
10866:
10856:
10847:
10846:
10826:
10820:
10819:
10801:
10795:
10794:
10772:
10766:
10765:
10745:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10715:
10704:
10701:
10695:
10694:
10675:
10656:
10633:
10620:
10619:
10614:. Archived from
10603:
10597:
10596:
10576:
10570:
10569:
10549:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10526:
10517:
10508:
10507:
10505:
10503:
10480:
10474:
10473:
10453:
10444:
10443:
10423:
10414:
10413:
10391:
10385:
10384:
10362:
10356:
10350:
10344:
10338:
10332:
10326:
10320:
10314:
10308:
10302:
10293:
10287:
10276:
10270:
10264:
10258:
10252:
10246:
10240:
10234:
10228:
10222:
10209:
10203:
10197:
10191:
10182:
10176:
10167:
10161:
10155:
10149:
10138:
10132:
10121:
10115:
10106:
10100:
10091:
10085:
10079:
10073:
10062:
10056:
10050:
10044:
10038:
10032:
10026:
10020:
10014:
10013:
9981:
9975:
9974:
9934:
9928:
9927:
9911:
9905:
9904:
9885:
9866:
9860:
9859:
9844:
9820:
9815:. Archived from
9805:
9799:
9798:
9793:. Archived from
9774:
9768:
9762:
9756:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9739:
9718:
9712:
9711:
9694:
9688:
9682:
9676:
9670:
9664:
9663:
9633:
9624:
9623:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9560:
9554:
9553:
9525:
9519:
9513:
9507:
9501:
9495:
9489:
9483:
9477:
9471:
9465:
9456:
9450:
9444:
9438:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9424:
9401:
9395:
9389:
9383:
9377:
9371:
9370:
9340:
9334:
9328:
9322:
9316:
9310:
9309:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9258:
9252:
9251:
9221:
9215:
9209:
9198:
9192:
9186:
9180:
9174:
9173:
9154:
9153:. Catalan Atlas.
9143:
9137:
9131:
9125:
9119:
9113:
9107:
9101:
9095:
9089:
9083:
9077:
9076:
9070:
9062:
9039:
9024:
9006:
9000:
8994:
8988:
8982:
8973:
8967:
8961:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8898:
8892:
8886:
8880:
8871:
8865:
8859:
8853:
8847:
8841:
8835:
8834:
8802:
8796:
8790:
8784:
8778:
8772:
8766:
8760:
8754:
8748:
8742:
8736:
8730:
8724:
8718:
8712:
8706:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8637:
8631:
8625:
8619:
8618:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8541:
8535:
8534:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8501:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8459:
8453:
8447:
8441:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8405:
8399:
8393:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8243:
8237:
8236:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8103:
8101:"周易·乾卦·彖傳"
8096:
8090:
8089:
8074:
8068:
8067:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8029:
8020:
8014:
8013:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7962:
7953:
7952:
7936:
7926:
7915:
7909:
7903:
7901:
7880:
7861:
7841:
7830:
7829:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7795:
7785:
7776:
7775:
7747:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7711:
7694:
7693:
7673:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7654:Emperor of China
7634:
7632:
7601:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7547:
7541:
7532:
7531:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7483:
7474:
7452:
7449:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7411:Middle Mongolian
7403:
7397:
7394:Toluid Civil War
7382:
7373:
7360:
7351:
7340:-style title of
7326:
7321:
7312:
7299:
7289:
7288:
7280:). However, the
7270:
7261:
7250:
7168:History of China
7128:
7121:
7114:
7098:
7097:
7086:
7085:
7074:
7073:
7062:
7061:
7050:
7049:
7038:
7037:
7026:
7025:
7013:
7012:
7001:
7000:
6989:
6988:
6977:
6976:
6965:
6964:
6953:
6952:
6941:
6940:
6929:
6928:
6917:
6916:
6905:
6904:
6893:
6892:
6881:
6880:
6869:
6868:
6857:
6856:
6850:Chagatai Khanate
6845:
6844:
6833:
6832:
6821:
6820:
6809:
6808:
6797:
6796:
6785:
6784:
6773:
6772:
6761:
6760:
6693:
6678:
6677:
6646:
6634:
6625:during his youth
6615:
6603:
6588:
6572:
6560:
6548:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6496:
6484:
6472:
6457:
6442:
6357:
6356:
6347:
6346:
6335:
6334:
6323:
6322:
6311:
6310:
6270:
6261:
6245:
6244:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6192:
6191:
6182:
6172:Mongol Empire's
6103:
6092:
6059:
6058:
5945:
5944:
5938:Yilan Prefecture
5928:Lingbei province
5915:Kingdom of Qocho
5653:
5644:
5621:) was set up in
5619:
5610:
5590:Tibetan Buddhism
5480:'Phags-pa script
5429:Chinese ceramics
5356:Kingdom of Qocho
5342:characters from
5229:
5119:Kingdom of Qocho
5086:
5081:
5063:
5058:
5043:, military, and
4915:posthumous names
4857:
4846:
4732:A plate made of
4703:Tibetan Buddhism
4641:Tantric Buddhism
4582:
4581:
4421:Neo-Confucianism
4414:
4402:
4398:
4346:was recalled to
4295:
4290:Da Yuan Tong Zhi
4260:
4249:
4227:
4215:
4068:
4064:
3982:
3980:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3771:Chagatai Khanate
3745:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3714:
3693:, later renamed
3634:Toluid Civil War
3599:Kaidu–Kublai war
3594:Berke–Hulagu war
3589:Toluid Civil War
3573:Chagatai Khanate
3547:
3546:
3539:
3537:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3478:Byzantine Thrace
3204:
3203:
3196:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3115:). However, the
3103:
3097:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:. In Mongolian,
3049:
3043:
3037:
3032:counterpart was
3027:
3026:
3006:
3005:dà zāi Qián Yuán
3001:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2979:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2911:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2881:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2843:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2815:
2814:
2801:
2795:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2757:
2756:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2719:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2689:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2651:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2614:
2613:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2562:
2561:
2541:
2540:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2503:
2502:
2489:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2437:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2406:Mongolian script
2394:
2378:
2377:
2354:Emperor of China
2331:'Phags-pa script
2323:Chinese language
2245:-style title of
2185:
2179:
2166:
2157:
2139:
2130:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2032:Military history
1990:Economic history
1978:Related articles
1955:
1937:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1875:
1862:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1774:
1764:
1752:
1739:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1700:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1649:
1648:
1632:
1627:Sixteen Kingdoms
1610:
1600:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1534:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1500:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
1491:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1187:
1177:History of China
1164:
1163:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1048:
1047:
961:9th–12th century
953:
952:
922:Uyghur Khaganate
867:Rouran Khaganate
843:
842:
812:Chandman culture
738:
737:
673:
659:
658:
645:
644:
631:
630:
617:
616:
605:
604:
592:
591:
578:
577:
571:
570:
555:
554:
256:Tibetan Buddhism
242:'Phags-pa script
199:(summer capital)
170:Conquest dynasty
147:
144:
139:
121:
113:
106:
105:
104:
103:
93:
85:
78:
77:
64:
63:
21:
15600:
15599:
15595:
15594:
15593:
15591:
15590:
15589:
15480:
15479:
15471:39.915; 116.390
15470:
15468:
15464:
15461:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15449:
15448:
15446:
15436:
15434:
15424:
15422:
15414:
15412:
15407:
15396:American Empire
15381:
15377:African empires
15329:
15212:
14904:Central African
14850:
14668:Romano-Germanic
14254:
13988:Middle Assyrian
13961:
13953:
13948:
13918:
13913:
13896:
13815:
13734:
13713:
13700:
13687:
13663:
13644:
13638:
13630:
13622:
13614:
13596:
13590:
13582:
13574:
13566:
13558:
13545:
13539:
13531:
13523:
13515:
13507:
13499:
13491:
13483:
13475:
13467:
13459:
13451:
13443:
13435:
13434:Volga Bulgaria
13427:
13419:
13410:
13408:
13390:
13384:
13371:
13365:
13357:
13349:
13340:
13338:
13324:
13318:
13308:
13299:
13297:
13290:
13289:Southern China
13282:
13274:
13273:Northern China
13265:
13263:
13249:
13243:
13235:
13227:
13217:
13209:
13183:
13182:
13155:
13054:
13031:House of Ögedei
13000:
12971:House of Ögedei
12939:Destructiveness
12908:
12907:
12877:
12814:
12800:
12743:
12732:
12727:
12697:
12692:
12672:History of Yuan
12639:
12570:Wenxian Tongkao
12535:History of Liao
12517:
12498:Miaoying Temple
12476:
12432:
12350:
12346:Ispah rebellion
12198:
12192:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12141:
12130:
12122:
12115:
12107:
12103:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12087:
12077:
12035:
12016:
11972:
11953:
11926:10.2307/2719142
11905:
11883:
11852:
11833:
11783:
11782:
11781:
11766:
11765:
11761:
11754:
11752:Further reading
11749:
11690:10.2307/2718064
11640:
11620:Franke, Herbert
11607:
11588:
11569:
11549:Franke, Herbert
11536:
11516:
11489:
11441:
11422:
11403:
11383:Franke, Herbert
11370:
11330:
11311:
11255:
11236:
11216:Franke, Herbert
11202:
11197:
11196:
11177:
11173:
11168:
11164:
11154:
11152:
11143:
11139:
11131:
11127:
11120:
11096:
11092:
11077:
11059:
11055:
11045:
11043:
11027:
11026:
11022:
11007:
10985:
10981:
10974:
10952:
10948:
10940:
10936:
10928:
10924:
10916:
10912:
10904:History of Yuan
10900:
10897:
10896:
10892:
10874:
10870:
10857:
10850:
10843:
10827:
10823:
10816:
10802:
10798:
10791:
10773:
10769:
10762:
10746:
10737:
10727:
10725:
10716:
10707:
10702:
10698:
10691:
10672:
10653:
10634:
10623:
10604:
10600:
10593:
10577:
10573:
10566:
10550:
10543:
10535:
10524:
10518:
10511:
10501:
10499:
10497:
10481:
10477:
10470:
10454:
10447:
10424:
10417:
10410:
10392:
10388:
10381:
10363:
10359:
10351:
10347:
10339:
10335:
10327:
10323:
10315:
10311:
10303:
10296:
10288:
10279:
10271:
10267:
10259:
10255:
10247:
10243:
10235:
10231:
10223:
10212:
10204:
10200:
10192:
10185:
10177:
10170:
10162:
10158:
10150:
10141:
10133:
10124:
10116:
10109:
10101:
10094:
10086:
10082:
10074:
10065:
10057:
10053:
10045:
10041:
10033:
10029:
10021:
10017:
9982:
9978:
9935:
9931:
9912:
9908:
9901:
9883:
9867:
9863:
9849:
9841:
9828:
9807:
9806:
9802:
9791:
9775:
9771:
9763:
9759:
9751:
9747:
9737:
9735:
9720:
9719:
9715:
9700:
9696:
9695:
9691:
9683:
9679:
9671:
9667:
9652:
9634:
9627:
9612:
9596:
9592:
9577:
9561:
9557:
9542:
9526:
9522:
9514:
9510:
9502:
9498:
9490:
9486:
9478:
9474:
9466:
9459:
9451:
9447:
9439:
9432:
9422:
9420:
9418:
9402:
9398:
9390:
9386:
9378:
9374:
9367:
9341:
9337:
9329:
9325:
9317:
9313:
9306:
9288:
9284:
9277:
9259:
9255:
9248:
9222:
9218:
9210:
9201:
9193:
9189:
9181:
9177:
9170:
9145:
9144:
9140:
9132:
9128:
9120:
9116:
9108:
9104:
9096:
9092:
9084:
9080:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9038:on 23 May 2016.
9021:
9007:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8983:
8976:
8968:
8964:
8956:
8952:
8944:
8940:
8932:
8928:
8920:
8916:
8908:
8901:
8893:
8889:
8881:
8874:
8866:
8862:
8854:
8850:
8842:
8838:
8803:
8799:
8795:, pp. 438.
8791:
8787:
8779:
8775:
8767:
8763:
8755:
8751:
8743:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8719:
8715:
8707:
8703:
8695:
8691:
8683:
8679:
8671:
8667:
8638:
8634:
8626:
8622:
8602:
8598:
8575:
8569:
8565:
8558:
8542:
8538:
8531:
8515:
8511:
8495:
8494:
8487:
8485:
8466:
8460:
8456:
8448:
8444:
8436:
8432:
8424:
8420:
8412:
8408:
8400:
8396:
8388:
8384:
8376:
8372:
8365:
8343:
8339:
8314:(book review).
8304:
8300:
8281:Oriens Extremus
8277:
8273:
8266:
8244:
8240:
8217:
8213:
8198:
8194:
8179:
8175:
8160:
8156:
8149:
8135:
8131:
8120:
8118:
8107:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8075:
8071:
8064:
8047:
8043:
8027:
8021:
8017:
8010:
7996:
7992:
7977:
7963:
7956:
7949:
7927:
7918:
7910:
7906:
7898:
7877:
7858:
7842:
7833:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7812:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7745:
7739:Taagepera, Rein
7736:
7732:
7721:
7712:
7697:
7679:
7674:
7670:
7662:Genghis Huangdi
7661:
7637:
7630:
7629:
7618:History of Yuan
7614:
7602:
7595:
7585:
7583:
7573:
7569:
7561:
7550:
7542:
7535:
7528:
7506:
7497:
7493:
7486:China Symposium
7481:
7475:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7455:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7404:
7400:
7313:
7302:
7271:
7264:
7251:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7132:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7055:Dzungar Khanate
7051:
7047:
7046:
7043:Khoshut Khanate
7039:
7035:
7034:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6978:
6974:
6973:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6886:Yarkent Khanate
6882:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6786:
6782:
6781:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6766:Khereid Khanate
6762:
6758:
6757:
6754:Mongol khanates
6749:
6681:History of the
6676:
6669:
6654:Christian Cross
6647:
6638:
6635:
6626:
6616:
6607:
6604:
6595:
6589:
6580:
6573:
6564:
6561:
6552:
6549:
6540:
6535:Yuan painting (
6533:
6524:
6521:
6512:
6509:
6500:
6497:
6488:
6485:
6476:
6473:
6464:
6458:
6449:
6443:
6434:
6312:), followed by
6176:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6118:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6066:Ispah Rebellion
6035:
5998:Chinese culture
5967:
5942:Qian Prefecture
5934:Henning Circuit
5890:
5756:
5751:
5718:Ispah Rebellion
5548:
5538:
5496:written Chinese
5468:
5463:
5449:
5433:Jingdezhen ware
5417:
5376:Töregene Khatun
5320:
5274:pulse diagnosis
5249:
5241:Arabic numerals
5189:'s Magic Circle
5158:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5123:Kingdom of Dali
5112:Ministry of War
4963:
4957:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4780:Aside from the
4593:
4551:Prince of Liang
4485:A Yuan dynasty
4479:
4433:
4324:
4318:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:Emperor Huizong
4263:
4262:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4239:
4204:Chinese culture
4196:
4185:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4115:
4091:Pyrrhic victory
4056:battle of Yamen
3998:Kingdom of Dali
3974:
3947:
3856:in Mongolia to
3839:
3792:
3787:
3640:
3624:Main articles:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3501:
3496:
3373:Other invasions
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3047:Yekhe Yuan Ulus
2962:
2961:
2960:
2951:Without proper
2903:Tongyong Pinyin
2893:
2834:Literal meaning
2796:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2711:Tongyong Pinyin
2701:
2642:Literal meaning
2495:Tongyong Pinyin
2428:Literal meaning
2409:
2376:
2366:
2260:Battle of Yamen
2216:Chinese history
2196:successor state
2183:Yeke Yuwan Ulus
2177:
2175:
2173:
2108:
2079:
2078:
2074:Women's history
1980:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1698:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1392:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1332: 1046 BCE
1331:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1308: 1600 BCE
1307:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1249: 2000 BCE
1248:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1158:
1129:
1128:
1119:Modern Mongolia
1092:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1017:Dzungar Khanate
957:Mongol khanates
950:
949:Medieval period
942:
941:
895:
840:
832:
831:
822:Pazyryk culture
735:
642:
628:
614:
589:
575:
515:
502:
498:• Fall of
489:
476:
474:Battle of Yamen
466:4 February 1276
463:
450:
440:5 November 1271
437:
427:
393:
381:
351:
339:
238:Official script
233:
202:
168:
149:
145:
125:
124:
115:
101:
99:
98:
87:
69:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15598:
15588:
15587:
15582:
15577:
15572:
15567:
15562:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15537:
15532:
15527:
15522:
15517:
15512:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15492:
15445:
15444:
15432:
15409:
15408:
15406:
15405:
15404:
15403:
15398:
15389:
15387:
15383:
15382:
15380:
15379:
15374:
15369:
15364:
15359:
15354:
15353:
15352:
15341:
15339:
15335:
15334:
15331:
15330:
15328:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15306:
15305:
15295:
15290:
15285:
15280:
15275:
15270:
15265:
15260:
15255:
15250:
15249:
15248:
15243:
15233:
15228:
15222:
15220:
15211:
15210:
15209:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15193:
15188:
15178:
15173:
15172:
15171:
15161:
15156:
15155:
15154:
15149:
15144:
15134:
15129:
15128:
15127:
15122:
15112:
15111:
15110:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15080:
15079:
15078:
15073:
15063:
15058:
15053:
15048:
15047:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15016:
15015:
15014:
15009:
14999:
14994:
14993:
14992:
14987:
14977:
14976:
14975:
14970:
14960:
14959:
14958:
14953:
14943:
14938:
14937:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14906:
14901:
14900:
14899:
14894:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14860:
14858:
14852:
14851:
14849:
14848:
14843:
14838:
14833:
14832:
14831:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14791:
14786:
14785:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14749:
14748:
14747:
14742:
14737:
14732:
14722:
14717:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14682:
14681:
14680:
14675:
14665:
14664:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14638:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14609:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14588:
14587:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14541:
14536:
14535:
14534:
14529:
14524:
14519:
14509:
14508:
14507:
14502:
14497:
14492:
14482:
14481:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14439:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14418:
14413:
14412:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14376:
14375:
14374:
14369:
14359:
14358:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14342:
14332:
14327:
14326:
14325:
14315:
14314:
14313:
14308:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14264:
14262:
14260:Post-classical
14256:
14255:
14253:
14252:
14251:
14250:
14240:
14235:
14234:
14233:
14228:
14218:
14217:
14216:
14206:
14205:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14169:
14164:
14159:
14158:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14132:
14131:
14130:
14125:
14115:
14110:
14109:
14108:
14103:
14098:
14093:
14088:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14067:
14066:
14061:
14059:Middle Kingdom
14056:
14046:
14041:
14040:
14039:
14034:
14029:
14019:
14018:
14017:
14015:Neo-Babylonian
14012:
14007:
14005:Old Babylonian
13997:
13996:
13995:
13990:
13980:
13975:
13969:
13967:
13955:
13954:
13947:
13946:
13939:
13932:
13924:
13915:
13914:
13909:
13906:
13905:
13902:
13901:
13898:
13897:
13895:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13823:
13821:
13817:
13816:
13814:
13813:
13808:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13742:
13740:
13736:
13735:
13733:
13732:
13722:
13717:
13712:Oghul Qaimish
13709:
13704:
13696:
13691:
13683:
13677:
13675:
13665:
13664:
13654:
13653:
13650:
13649:
13646:
13645:
13643:
13642:
13634:
13626:
13618:
13610:
13604:
13602:
13598:
13597:
13595:
13594:
13586:
13578:
13570:
13562:
13553:
13551:
13547:
13546:
13544:
13543:
13535:
13527:
13519:
13511:
13503:
13495:
13487:
13479:
13471:
13463:
13455:
13447:
13439:
13431:
13423:
13415:
13404:
13402:
13396:
13395:
13392:
13391:
13389:
13388:
13379:
13377:
13373:
13372:
13370:
13369:
13361:
13353:
13345:
13334:
13332:
13326:
13325:
13323:
13322:
13313:
13312:
13304:
13294:
13286:
13278:
13270:
13259:
13257:
13251:
13250:
13248:
13247:
13239:
13231:
13223:
13222:
13221:
13204:
13202:
13193:
13185:
13184:
13181:
13180:
13177:
13173:
13165:
13164:
13161:
13160:
13157:
13156:
13154:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13088:
13083:
13078:
13073:
13068:
13062:
13060:
13056:
13055:
13053:
13052:
13047:
13046:
13045:
13035:
13034:
13033:
13023:
13022:
13021:
13010:
13008:
13002:
13001:
12999:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12978:
12976:Mongol Armenia
12973:
12968:
12962:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12920:
12918:
12910:
12909:
12906:
12905:
12902:
12899:
12895:
12887:
12886:
12883:
12882:
12879:
12878:
12876:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12817:
12815:
12813:
12812:
12809:
12805:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12757:
12755:
12745:
12744:
12734:
12733:
12726:
12725:
12718:
12711:
12703:
12694:
12693:
12691:
12690:
12685:
12680:
12675:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12647:
12645:
12641:
12640:
12638:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12621:
12620:
12613:
12606:
12599:
12587:
12580:
12573:
12566:
12559:
12556:Shilin Guangji
12552:
12545:
12538:
12531:
12525:
12523:
12519:
12518:
12516:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12484:
12482:
12478:
12477:
12475:
12474:
12467:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12442:
12440:
12434:
12433:
12431:
12430:
12425:
12424:
12423:
12422:
12421:
12411:
12406:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12384:Zhongshu Sheng
12381:
12376:
12371:
12370:
12369:
12358:
12356:
12352:
12351:
12349:
12348:
12343:
12342:
12341:
12336:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12305:
12304:
12303:
12302:
12297:
12287:
12282:
12281:
12280:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12259:
12258:
12257:
12256:
12251:
12241:
12226:
12225:
12224:
12219:
12208:
12206:
12200:
12199:
12191:
12190:
12183:
12176:
12168:
12160:
12159:
12146:
12143:
12116:
12083:
12076:
12075:External links
12073:
12072:
12071:
12060:
12039:
12033:
12020:
12014:
11999:
11976:
11970:
11957:
11951:
11938:
11920:(2): 523–549.
11909:
11903:
11887:
11881:
11865:Herbert Franke
11856:
11850:
11837:
11831:
11815:
11805:
11795:(2): 107–146.
11791:. 3rd series.
11780:
11779:
11774:
11768:
11767:
11756:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11747:
11710:
11673:
11661:10.2307/606298
11644:
11638:
11611:
11605:
11592:
11586:
11573:
11567:
11540:
11534:
11519:
11514:
11493:
11487:
11474:
11456:(1): 124–136.
11445:
11439:
11426:
11420:
11407:
11401:
11374:
11368:
11355:
11345:(4): 558–571.
11334:
11328:
11315:
11309:
11296:
11259:
11253:
11240:
11234:
11208:Allsen, Thomas
11203:
11201:
11198:
11195:
11194:
11171:
11162:
11137:
11135:, p. 492.
11125:
11118:
11090:
11075:
11053:
11020:
11005:
10979:
10972:
10946:
10934:
10932:, p. 135.
10922:
10910:
10890:
10868:
10848:
10841:
10821:
10814:
10796:
10789:
10767:
10760:
10735:
10705:
10696:
10689:
10670:
10651:
10621:
10598:
10591:
10571:
10564:
10541:
10509:
10495:
10475:
10468:
10445:
10434:(2): 137–138.
10415:
10408:
10386:
10379:
10357:
10355:, p. 471.
10345:
10343:, p. 178.
10333:
10331:, p. 177.
10321:
10319:, p. 179.
10309:
10307:, p. 184.
10294:
10292:, p. 183.
10277:
10275:, p. 181.
10265:
10263:, p. 463.
10253:
10241:
10239:, p. 460.
10229:
10227:, p. 182.
10210:
10208:, p. 155.
10198:
10196:, p. 151.
10183:
10181:, p. 140.
10168:
10156:
10154:, p. 157.
10139:
10137:, p. 125.
10122:
10120:, p. 142.
10107:
10105:, p. 172.
10092:
10090:, p. 247.
10080:
10078:, p. 105.
10063:
10061:, p. 101.
10051:
10049:, p. 346.
10039:
10037:, p. 344.
10027:
10025:, p. 196.
10015:
9976:
9949:(1): 325–364.
9929:
9906:
9899:
9881:
9861:
9839:
9829:(in Chinese).
9824:Taicang Shihua
9800:
9789:
9769:
9767:, p. 211.
9757:
9745:
9713:
9689:
9687:, p. 550.
9677:
9675:, p. 551.
9665:
9650:
9638:"Yuan Dynasty"
9625:
9610:
9590:
9575:
9555:
9540:
9520:
9518:, p. 488.
9508:
9496:
9484:
9482:, p. 218.
9472:
9470:, p. 113.
9457:
9455:, p. 111.
9445:
9443:, p. 473.
9430:
9416:
9396:
9394:, p. 113.
9384:
9372:
9365:
9335:
9333:, p. 106.
9323:
9321:, p. 430.
9311:
9304:
9282:
9275:
9253:
9246:
9216:
9214:, p. 107.
9199:
9187:
9185:, p. 429.
9175:
9168:
9138:
9126:
9124:, p. 463.
9114:
9102:
9090:
9078:
9057:
9019:
9001:
8999:, p. 458.
8989:
8987:, p. 616.
8974:
8972:, p. 458.
8962:
8960:, p. 461.
8950:
8948:, p. 136.
8938:
8936:, p. 616.
8926:
8924:, p. 132.
8914:
8912:, p. 172.
8899:
8887:
8872:
8870:, p. 427.
8860:
8848:
8846:, p. 426.
8836:
8817:(3): 377–379.
8797:
8785:
8783:, p. 105.
8773:
8761:
8759:, p. 413.
8749:
8737:
8735:, p. 104.
8725:
8713:
8701:
8689:
8687:, p. 422.
8677:
8675:, p. 411.
8665:
8632:
8630:, p. 410.
8620:
8596:
8563:
8556:
8536:
8529:
8509:
8478:lu–fu–zhou–jun
8454:
8442:
8440:, p. 418.
8430:
8428:, p. 394.
8418:
8416:, p. 392.
8406:
8404:, p. 415.
8394:
8382:
8380:, p. 169.
8370:
8363:
8337:
8324:10.1086/225131
8298:
8271:
8264:
8238:
8211:
8192:
8173:
8154:
8147:
8129:
8113:on the I Ching
8091:
8078:Grousset, René
8069:
8062:
8041:
8015:
8008:
7990:
7975:
7954:
7947:
7916:
7914:, p. 624.
7904:
7896:
7875:
7856:
7831:
7817:
7810:
7777:
7730:
7715:Kublai Emperor
7695:
7684:(5). 甘肃敦煌研究院.
7668:
7640:the first year
7623:元年丙寅,帝大會諸王群臣,建
7593:
7567:
7548:
7533:
7526:
7514:SinoMaps Press
7491:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7398:
7300:
7262:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7123:
7116:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7093:
7088:
7081:
7076:
7069:
7067:Bogd Khaganate
7064:
7057:
7052:
7045:
7040:
7033:
7031:Kalmyk Khanate
7028:
7021:
7015:
7008:
7006:Arghun dynasty
7003:
6996:
6991:
6984:
6979:
6972:
6970:Timurid Empire
6967:
6960:
6955:
6948:
6943:
6936:
6931:
6924:
6919:
6912:
6907:
6900:
6895:
6888:
6883:
6876:
6874:Turpan Khanate
6871:
6864:
6859:
6852:
6847:
6840:
6835:
6828:
6823:
6816:
6811:
6804:
6802:Naiman Khanate
6799:
6792:
6787:
6780:
6778:Merkit Khanate
6775:
6768:
6763:
6756:
6750:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6695:
6694:
6686:
6685:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6648:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6617:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6598:
6596:
6590:
6583:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6543:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6467:
6465:
6459:
6452:
6450:
6444:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6280:and a part of
6230:Inner Mongolia
6183:in North China
6148:Main article:
6145:
6142:
6120:The historian
6117:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6034:
6027:
6018:Yongle Emperor
5966:
5963:
5889:
5886:
5861:
5860:
5853:southern China
5846:
5828:Northern China
5809:
5783:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5627:Buddhist monks
5597:state religion
5537:
5534:
5467:
5464:
5448:
5445:
5416:
5413:
5372:block printing
5319:
5316:
5298:humoral system
5248:
5245:
5151:
5148:
5143:Main article:
5140:
5137:
5085:Shangshu Sheng
5072:Six Ministries
4956:
4953:
4943:, the Chinese
4871:were built in
4862:
4861:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4645:Middle Eastern
4592:
4589:
4540:Inner Mongolia
4478:
4475:
4432:
4429:
4409:Jingshi Dadian
4391:and promoting
4320:Main article:
4317:
4314:
4268:Cloud Platform
4265:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4195:
4192:
4184:
4181:
4136:
4133:
4114:
4111:
4017:Three Kingdoms
3946:
3943:
3838:
3835:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3691:Inner Mongolia
3663:northern China
3653:, the Mongols
3621:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3444:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:Volga Bulgaria
3404:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3351:
3344:
3342:Southeast Asia
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3147:Main article:
3144:
3141:
3020:first hexagram
2955:, you may see
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2846:Transcriptions
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:Yue: Cantonese
2738:
2737:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2654:Transcriptions
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:Yue: Cantonese
2543:
2542:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2440:Transcriptions
2433:
2432:
2431:"Yuan dynasty"
2429:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2402:Yehe Yüan Ulus
2395:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2370:Names of China
2365:
2362:
2288:historiography
2255:northern China
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Jewish history
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1936:(1949–present)
1925:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1863:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1807:
1797:
1794:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1665:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1535:
1529:Three Kingdoms
1523:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:Warring States
1424:
1420: 476 BCE
1395:
1393:(1046–771 BCE)
1384:
1383:
1379: 256 BCE
1360:
1359:
1337:
1336:
1313:
1312:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1254:
1253:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1205:Historiography
1202:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1062:Bogd Khaganate
1058:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
989:
983:
982:
979:
973:
972:
969:
963:
962:
959:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
938:
937:
934:
928:
927:
924:
918:
917:
914:
908:
907:
904:
898:
897:
892:
873:
872:
869:
863:
862:
859:
853:
852:
849:
841:
839:Ancient period
838:
837:
834:
833:
828:
827:
824:
818:
817:
814:
808:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
788:
787:
784:
778:
777:
774:
772:Sagsai culture
768:
767:
764:
758:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
736:
730:
729:
726:
725:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
675:
674:
666:
665:
655:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
639:
633:
632:
625:
619:
618:
611:
602:
599:
598:
593:
585:
584:
579:
567:
566:
561:
551:
550:
541:
537:
536:
533:
529:
528:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
510:
507:
506:
503:
497:
494:
493:
490:
484:
481:
480:
477:
471:
468:
467:
464:
458:
455:
454:
451:
445:
442:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
428:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
407:Historical era
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
391:
388:
387:
385:Ahmad Fanakati
382:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
349:
346:
345:
340:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
283:Heaven worship
263:state religion
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
232:
231:
226:
216:
210:
208:
204:
203:
201:
200:
194:
183:
181:
177:
176:
174:Imperial China
155:
151:
150:
141:Yuan dynasty (
140:
132:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
107:
94:
79:
71:
70:
67:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15597:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15575:Mongol states
15573:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15487:
15485:
15478:
15475:
15443:
15433:
15431:
15421:
15420:
15417:
15402:
15401:Soviet empire
15399:
15397:
15394:
15393:
15391:
15390:
15388:
15386:Miscellaneous
15384:
15378:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15363:
15360:
15358:
15355:
15351:
15348:
15347:
15346:
15343:
15342:
15340:
15336:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15304:
15301:
15300:
15299:
15296:
15294:
15291:
15289:
15286:
15284:
15281:
15279:
15276:
15274:
15271:
15269:
15266:
15264:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15254:
15251:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15238:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15223:
15221:
15219:
15215:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15184:
15183:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15170:
15167:
15166:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15139:
15138:
15135:
15133:
15130:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15117:
15116:
15113:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15085:
15084:
15081:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15068:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15021:
15020:
15017:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15004:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14985:German Empire
14983:
14982:
14981:
14978:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14965:
14964:
14961:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14948:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14911:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14889:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14861:
14859:
14857:
14853:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14796:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14754:
14753:
14750:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14727:
14726:
14725:Turco-Persian
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14670:
14669:
14666:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14633:
14632:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14593:
14592:
14589:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14566:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14514:
14513:
14510:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14487:
14486:
14483:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14465:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14423:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14381:
14380:
14377:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14364:
14363:
14360:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14337:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14324:
14321:
14320:
14319:
14316:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14303:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14265:
14263:
14261:
14257:
14249:
14246:
14245:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14223:
14222:
14219:
14215:
14212:
14211:
14210:
14207:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14174:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14137:
14136:
14133:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14120:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14083:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14051:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14024:
14023:
14020:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14002:
14001:
13998:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13985:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13960:
13956:
13952:
13945:
13940:
13938:
13933:
13931:
13926:
13925:
13922:
13912:
13907:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13824:
13822:
13818:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13781:Chagatai Khan
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13743:
13741:
13737:
13730:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13678:
13676:
13674:
13670:
13666:
13659:
13655:
13641:
13635:
13633:
13627:
13625:
13619:
13617:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13605:
13603:
13599:
13593:
13587:
13585:
13579:
13577:
13571:
13569:
13563:
13561:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13548:
13542:
13536:
13534:
13528:
13526:
13520:
13518:
13512:
13510:
13504:
13502:
13496:
13494:
13490:Latin Empire
13488:
13486:
13480:
13478:
13472:
13470:
13464:
13462:
13456:
13454:
13448:
13446:
13440:
13438:
13432:
13430:
13424:
13422:
13416:
13414:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13401:
13397:
13387:
13381:
13380:
13378:
13374:
13368:
13362:
13360:
13354:
13352:
13346:
13344:
13336:
13335:
13333:
13331:
13327:
13321:
13315:
13314:
13311:
13305:
13303:
13295:
13293:
13287:
13285:
13279:
13277:
13271:
13269:
13261:
13260:
13258:
13256:
13252:
13246:
13240:
13238:
13232:
13230:
13224:
13220:
13214:
13213:
13212:
13206:
13205:
13203:
13201:
13197:
13194:
13190:
13186:
13178:
13175:
13174:
13170:
13166:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13063:
13061:
13057:
13051:
13048:
13044:
13041:
13040:
13039:
13036:
13032:
13029:
13028:
13027:
13024:
13020:
13019:Northern Yuan
13017:
13016:
13015:
13012:
13011:
13009:
13007:
13003:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12963:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12944:Imperial Seal
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12921:
12919:
12915:
12911:
12903:
12900:
12897:
12896:
12892:
12888:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12838:
12837:Pax Mongolica
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12818:
12816:
12810:
12807:
12806:
12803:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12758:
12756:
12754:
12750:
12746:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12730:Mongol Empire
12724:
12719:
12717:
12712:
12710:
12705:
12704:
12701:
12689:
12688:Northern Yuan
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12673:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12656:Mongol Empire
12654:
12652:
12649:
12648:
12646:
12642:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12619:
12618:
12614:
12612:
12611:
12607:
12605:
12604:
12600:
12598:
12597:
12593:
12592:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12585:
12581:
12579:
12578:
12574:
12572:
12571:
12567:
12565:
12564:
12560:
12558:
12557:
12553:
12551:
12550:
12546:
12544:
12543:
12539:
12537:
12536:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12526:
12524:
12520:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12485:
12483:
12479:
12473:
12472:
12468:
12466:
12465:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12448:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12439:
12435:
12429:
12426:
12420:
12417:
12416:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12401:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12368:
12365:
12364:
12363:
12360:
12359:
12357:
12353:
12347:
12344:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12331:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12292:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12285:Java invasion
12283:
12279:
12276:
12275:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12246:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12236:
12235:
12232:
12231:
12230:
12227:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12213:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12201:
12196:
12189:
12184:
12182:
12177:
12175:
12170:
12169:
12166:
12157:
12153:
12149:
12140:
12138:
12134:
12129:
12125:
12121:
12114:
12110:
12106:
12105:Mongol Empire
12102:
12098:
12094:
12090:
12086:
12080:
12069:
12065:
12061:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12040:
12036:
12030:
12026:
12021:
12017:
12011:
12007:
12006:
12000:
11996:
11992:
11989:(13): 82–90.
11988:
11984:
11983:
11977:
11973:
11967:
11963:
11958:
11954:
11948:
11944:
11939:
11935:
11931:
11927:
11923:
11919:
11915:
11910:
11906:
11900:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11878:
11874:
11870:
11866:
11862:
11857:
11853:
11847:
11843:
11838:
11834:
11828:
11824:
11820:
11819:Chan, Hok-lam
11816:
11814:
11810:
11806:
11802:
11798:
11794:
11790:
11785:
11784:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11711:
11707:
11703:
11699:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11679:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11654:
11650:
11645:
11641:
11635:
11631:
11628:. Cambridge:
11627:
11626:
11621:
11617:
11612:
11608:
11602:
11598:
11593:
11589:
11583:
11579:
11574:
11570:
11564:
11560:
11557:. Cambridge:
11556:
11555:
11550:
11546:
11541:
11537:
11531:
11527:
11526:
11520:
11517:
11511:
11507:
11503:
11499:
11494:
11490:
11484:
11480:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11455:
11451:
11446:
11442:
11436:
11432:
11427:
11423:
11417:
11413:
11408:
11404:
11398:
11394:
11391:. Cambridge:
11390:
11389:
11384:
11380:
11375:
11371:
11365:
11361:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11344:
11340:
11339:The Historian
11335:
11331:
11325:
11321:
11316:
11312:
11306:
11302:
11297:
11293:
11289:
11285:
11281:
11277:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11260:
11256:
11250:
11246:
11241:
11237:
11231:
11227:
11224:. Cambridge:
11223:
11222:
11217:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11204:
11190:
11186:
11182:
11175:
11166:
11150:
11149:
11141:
11134:
11129:
11121:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11103:
11102:
11094:
11086:
11082:
11078:
11072:
11068:
11064:
11057:
11042:
11038:
11034:
11030:
11024:
11016:
11012:
11008:
11002:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10983:
10975:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10950:
10943:
10938:
10931:
10926:
10919:
10914:
10906:
10905:
10894:
10886:
10882:
10878:
10872:
10864:
10863:
10855:
10853:
10844:
10838:
10834:
10833:
10825:
10817:
10815:9780415093088
10811:
10807:
10800:
10792:
10790:9781565182431
10786:
10782:
10778:
10771:
10763:
10757:
10753:
10752:
10744:
10742:
10740:
10723:
10722:
10714:
10712:
10710:
10700:
10692:
10686:
10682:
10681:
10673:
10667:
10663:
10662:
10654:
10648:
10644:
10643:
10638:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10602:
10594:
10588:
10584:
10583:
10575:
10567:
10561:
10557:
10556:
10548:
10546:
10534:
10530:
10523:
10516:
10514:
10498:
10492:
10488:
10487:
10479:
10471:
10465:
10461:
10460:
10452:
10450:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10422:
10420:
10411:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10390:
10382:
10380:9780521243315
10376:
10372:
10368:
10361:
10354:
10349:
10342:
10337:
10330:
10325:
10318:
10313:
10306:
10301:
10299:
10291:
10286:
10284:
10282:
10274:
10269:
10262:
10257:
10250:
10245:
10238:
10233:
10226:
10221:
10219:
10217:
10215:
10207:
10202:
10195:
10190:
10188:
10180:
10175:
10173:
10165:
10160:
10153:
10148:
10146:
10144:
10136:
10131:
10129:
10127:
10119:
10114:
10112:
10104:
10099:
10097:
10089:
10084:
10077:
10072:
10070:
10068:
10060:
10055:
10048:
10043:
10036:
10031:
10024:
10019:
10011:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9987:
9980:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9933:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9910:
9902:
9896:
9892:
9891:
9884:
9878:
9874:
9873:
9865:
9858:. p. 14.
9857:
9853:
9842:
9836:
9833:. p. 8.
9832:
9825:
9818:
9814:
9810:
9804:
9796:
9792:
9786:
9782:
9781:
9773:
9766:
9761:
9754:
9749:
9733:
9729:
9728:
9723:
9717:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9693:
9686:
9681:
9674:
9669:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9632:
9630:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9607:
9603:
9602:
9594:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9572:
9568:
9567:
9559:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9537:
9533:
9532:
9524:
9517:
9512:
9505:
9500:
9493:
9488:
9481:
9476:
9469:
9464:
9462:
9454:
9449:
9442:
9437:
9435:
9419:
9413:
9409:
9408:
9400:
9393:
9388:
9381:
9376:
9368:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9339:
9332:
9327:
9320:
9315:
9307:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9286:
9278:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9257:
9249:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9220:
9213:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9197:, p. 77.
9196:
9191:
9184:
9179:
9171:
9165:
9161:
9160:
9152:
9148:
9142:
9136:, p. 61.
9135:
9130:
9123:
9118:
9112:, p. 62.
9111:
9106:
9100:, p. 74.
9099:
9094:
9088:, p. 72.
9087:
9082:
9074:
9068:
9060:
9058:1-4120-5466-4
9054:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9022:
9016:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8993:
8986:
8981:
8979:
8971:
8966:
8959:
8954:
8947:
8942:
8935:
8930:
8923:
8918:
8911:
8906:
8904:
8897:, p. 70.
8896:
8891:
8884:
8879:
8877:
8869:
8864:
8858:, p. 66.
8857:
8852:
8845:
8840:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8789:
8782:
8777:
8771:, p. 24.
8770:
8765:
8758:
8753:
8747:, p. 62.
8746:
8741:
8734:
8729:
8722:
8717:
8711:, p. 53.
8710:
8705:
8699:, p. 51.
8698:
8693:
8686:
8681:
8674:
8669:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8636:
8629:
8624:
8616:
8615:
8610:
8606:
8600:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8567:
8559:
8557:1-878986-01-5
8553:
8549:
8548:
8540:
8532:
8526:
8522:
8521:
8513:
8505:
8499:
8498:cite magazine
8483:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8458:
8452:, p. 65.
8451:
8446:
8439:
8434:
8427:
8422:
8415:
8410:
8403:
8398:
8391:
8386:
8379:
8374:
8366:
8364:9789047410812
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8341:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8302:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8275:
8267:
8265:9780470774670
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8242:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8215:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8188:
8184:
8177:
8169:
8165:
8158:
8150:
8148:9780933070578
8144:
8140:
8133:
8126:
8114:
8112:
8102:
8095:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8073:
8065:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8045:
8037:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8011:
8009:0-520-01518-5
8005:
8001:
7994:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7968:
7961:
7959:
7950:
7944:
7940:
7939:Facts On File
7935:
7934:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7913:
7908:
7899:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7878:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7859:
7853:
7849:
7848:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7827:
7821:
7813:
7811:9780190297640
7807:
7803:
7799:
7791:
7784:
7782:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7752:
7744:
7740:
7734:
7726:
7722:
7716:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7672:
7665:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7626:
7620:
7619:
7610:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7582:
7578:
7571:
7565:, p. 77.
7564:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7545:
7540:
7538:
7529:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7469:
7450:
7448:
7442:
7431:
7412:
7408:
7402:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7317:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7297:
7293:
7292:Mongol Empire
7283:
7279:
7276:(present-day
7275:
7269:
7267:
7259:
7255:
7249:
7247:
7242:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7158:Mughal Empire
7156:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7129:
7124:
7122:
7117:
7115:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7092:
7089:
7080:
7077:
7068:
7065:
7056:
7053:
7044:
7041:
7032:
7029:
7019:
7018:Mughal Empire
7016:
7007:
7004:
6995:
6992:
6983:
6980:
6971:
6968:
6959:
6956:
6947:
6944:
6935:
6932:
6923:
6920:
6911:
6908:
6899:
6896:
6887:
6884:
6875:
6872:
6863:
6860:
6851:
6848:
6839:
6836:
6827:
6826:Mongol Empire
6824:
6815:
6812:
6803:
6800:
6791:
6790:Tatar Khanate
6788:
6779:
6776:
6767:
6764:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6736:Proto-Mongols
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6624:
6621:'s grandson,
6620:
6614:
6609:
6602:
6597:
6594:
6587:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6566:
6559:
6554:
6547:
6542:
6538:
6531:
6526:
6519:
6514:
6507:
6502:
6495:
6490:
6483:
6478:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6351:
6341:
6340:
6329:
6328:
6317:
6316:
6305:
6300:
6298:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6269:xuānzhèngyuàn
6265:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6212:
6196:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6141:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6123:
6102:
6091:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6049:
6048:Zhu Yuanzhang
6045:
6041:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5768:
5760:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5719:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5618:xuānzhèngyuàn
5614:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5472:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5421:
5412:
5409:
5408:Rashid-al-Din
5406:. The vizier
5405:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5329:
5326:Yuan dynasty
5324:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5164:A diagram of
5162:
5157:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5053:Privy Council
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5028:Liu Bingzhong
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4977:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4930:Five Elements
4926:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4845:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4758:playing cards
4755:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4629:Mongol Empire
4626:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4588:
4586:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4528:Zhu Yuanzhang
4525:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4248:
4234:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4141:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:Annam, Champa
4080:
4076:
4070:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4052:Zhang Hongfan
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:against Japan
3991:
3979:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3963:Catalan Atlas
3960:
3956:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3926:Pax Mongolica
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3875:
3871:
3868:, now modern
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:the weakened
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3084:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3031:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3007:
2989:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2623:Dynastic name
2621:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2374:Mongol Empire
2371:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:Kublai, as a
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2251:Mongol Empire
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:Mongol Empire
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Naval history
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2020:Music history
2018:
2016:
2015:Media history
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Legal history
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1954:1949–present)
1950:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1769:Southern Song
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:Northern Song
1756:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1729:
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1726:
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1526:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:(206–202 BCE)
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:(221–207 BCE)
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1430:(475–221 BCE)
1428:
1425:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:(771–256 BCE)
1401:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1368:
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1344:
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1198:
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1186:
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1178:
1175:
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1155:
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1148:
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1136:
1135:
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1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
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1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1087:
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1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1044:Modern period
1041:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:Northern Yuan
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
984:
980:
978:
977:Mongol Empire
975:
974:
970:
968:
967:Khamag Mongol
965:
964:
960:
958:
955:
954:
946:
945:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:
900:
899:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:
874:
870:
868:
865:
864:
860:
858:
857:Xianbei state
855:
854:
850:
848:
845:
844:
836:
835:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
740:
739:
733:
728:
727:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
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694:
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689:
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684:
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679:
678:
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672:
668:
667:
664:
661:
660:
640:
638:
635:
634:
626:
624:
621:
620:
612:
610:
609:Northern Yuan
607:
606:
603:
597:
594:
587:
586:
583:
582:Mongol Empire
580:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
514:
508:
504:
501:
495:
491:
488:
482:
479:19 March 1279
478:
475:
469:
465:
462:
456:
452:
449:
443:
439:
433:
429:
425:
419:
415:
412:
409:
405:
401:
398:
395:
389:
386:
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377:
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369:
367:
363:
359:
356:
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347:
344:
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321:
318:
315:
311:
308:
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296:
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284:
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264:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
230:
227:
224:
220:
217:
215:
214:Middle Mongol
212:
211:
209:
205:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
166:Mongol Empire
163:
159:
156:
152:
138:
133:
128:
119:
112:
108:
95:
91:
84:
80:
73:
72:
65:
62:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
15490:Yuan dynasty
15447:
15152:Contemporary
15002:Indo-Persian
14990:Nazi Germany
14934:Contemporary
14836:Vijayanagara
14735:Great Seljuk
14646:Thessalonica
14574:Golden Horde
14568:
14408:
14214:Carthaginian
13993:Neo-Assyrian
13978:Neo-Sumerian
13681:Genghis Khan
13450:Kievan Rus'
13428:(1237–1300s)
13420:(1237–1300s)
13264:Western Xia
13226:Qara Khitai
13059:Major cities
13038:Golden Horde
13014:Yuan dynasty
13013:
12901:Organization
12835:
12786:Khong Tayiji
12670:
12644:Other topics
12615:
12608:
12601:
12594:
12582:
12575:
12568:
12563:Menggu Ziyun
12561:
12554:
12547:
12540:
12533:
12481:Architecture
12469:
12462:
12445:
12195:Yuan dynasty
12194:
12148:Ming dynasty
12118:
12101:Dali Kingdom
12093:Western Liao
12085:Song dynasty
12052:W. W. Norton
12050:. New York:
12047:
12044:Stephen Owen
12024:
12004:
11986:
11980:
11961:
11942:
11917:
11913:
11894:
11872:
11841:
11822:
11808:
11792:
11788:
11763:Yuan dynasty
11762:
11718:
11715:Modern China
11714:
11681:
11677:
11655:(1): 54–62.
11652:
11648:
11624:
11596:
11577:
11553:
11524:
11497:
11478:
11453:
11449:
11430:
11411:
11387:
11359:
11342:
11338:
11319:
11300:
11267:
11263:
11244:
11220:
11189:the original
11184:
11174:
11165:
11153:. Retrieved
11147:
11140:
11128:
11100:
11093:
11066:
11056:
11044:. Retrieved
11032:
11023:
10988:
10982:
10955:
10949:
10937:
10925:
10913:
10902:
10893:
10884:
10871:
10861:
10831:
10824:
10805:
10799:
10780:
10770:
10750:
10726:. Retrieved
10720:
10699:
10679:
10660:
10641:
10616:the original
10611:
10601:
10581:
10574:
10554:
10533:the original
10528:
10500:. Retrieved
10485:
10478:
10458:
10431:
10427:
10399:
10389:
10370:
10360:
10348:
10336:
10324:
10312:
10268:
10256:
10244:
10232:
10201:
10159:
10135:Rossabi 1988
10083:
10054:
10042:
10030:
10018:
9993:
9989:
9979:
9946:
9942:
9932:
9924:the original
9919:
9909:
9889:
9871:
9864:
9851:
9848:中国考古集成: 宋元明清
9823:
9817:the original
9812:
9803:
9795:the original
9779:
9772:
9760:
9748:
9736:. Retrieved
9725:
9716:
9708:the original
9703:
9692:
9680:
9668:
9641:
9600:
9593:
9565:
9558:
9530:
9523:
9516:Rossabi 1994
9511:
9504:Rossabi 1988
9499:
9492:Rossabi 1988
9487:
9480:Rossabi 1988
9475:
9468:Rossabi 2012
9453:Rossabi 2012
9448:
9441:Rossabi 1994
9421:. Retrieved
9406:
9399:
9387:
9380:Rossabi 2012
9375:
9348:
9338:
9326:
9319:Rossabi 1994
9314:
9295:
9285:
9266:
9256:
9229:
9219:
9195:Rossabi 2012
9190:
9183:Rossabi 1994
9178:
9158:
9150:
9141:
9129:
9122:Rossabi 1994
9117:
9110:Rossabi 2012
9105:
9098:Rossabi 2012
9093:
9086:Rossabi 2012
9081:
9043:
9036:the original
9031:
9010:
9004:
8997:Rossabi 1994
8992:
8965:
8953:
8946:Rossabi 1988
8941:
8929:
8922:Rossabi 1988
8917:
8895:Rossabi 2012
8890:
8883:Rossabi 1988
8868:Rossabi 1994
8863:
8856:Rossabi 1988
8851:
8844:Rossabi 1994
8839:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8800:
8793:Rossabi 1994
8788:
8776:
8764:
8752:
8745:Rossabi 1988
8740:
8728:
8721:Rossabi 1994
8716:
8709:Rossabi 1988
8704:
8697:Rossabi 1988
8692:
8685:Rossabi 1994
8680:
8668:
8654:(1): 54–62.
8651:
8645:
8641:
8635:
8623:
8613:
8599:
8582:
8578:
8566:
8546:
8539:
8519:
8512:
8486:. Retrieved
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8457:
8450:Rossabi 2012
8445:
8438:Rossabi 1994
8433:
8421:
8409:
8402:Rossabi 1994
8397:
8385:
8373:
8346:
8340:
8315:
8311:
8308:Central Asia
8307:
8301:
8284:
8280:
8274:
8247:
8241:
8224:
8220:
8214:
8205:
8201:
8195:
8186:
8182:
8176:
8167:
8163:
8157:
8138:
8132:
8116:
8111:Commentaries
8109:
8094:
8085:
8081:
8072:
8053:
8044:
8035:
8031:
8018:
7999:
7993:
7966:
7932:
7907:
7887:
7865:
7846:
7820:
7789:
7755:
7749:
7733:
7724:
7681:
7671:
7643:
7622:
7616:
7584:. Retrieved
7580:
7570:
7563:Rossabi 1988
7544:Rossabi 1994
7509:
7494:
7485:
7472:
7444:
7401:
7385:
7379:
7357:
7333:
7323:
7316:Genghis Khan
7096:1992-present
6898:Golden Horde
6838:Yuan dynasty
6837:
6658:Cross Temple
6619:Genghis Khan
6446:Magic square
6419:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6360:
6337:
6325:
6313:
6301:
6294:
6267:
6238:Yellow River
6215:
6186:
6140:as a class.
6137:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6061:
6036:
6030:
6022:Ming dynasty
6016:. Later the
6005:
5994:Central Asia
5987:
5979:bureaucratic
5968:
5926:to areas of
5891:
5881:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5857:Dali Kingdom
5848:
5844:Huaihe River
5811:
5790:Central Asia
5773:
5737:
5722:
5715:
5710:
5701:Circumcision
5697:
5693:
5650:
5616:
5593:
5577:Christianity
5566:
5554:
5525:
5499:
5477:
5426:
5403:
5401:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5368:movable type
5363:
5353:
5347:
5340:movable type
5309:
5292:
5290:
5262:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5232:Song dynasty
5223:
5219:Guo Shoujing
5217:
5206:
5192:
5173:
5130:
5116:
5105:
5094:
5083:
5060:
5022:and Jurchen
4989:
4982:
4944:
4938:
4927:
4919:temple names
4907:Ming dynasty
4903:Song dynasty
4895:China proper
4888:
4812:Guo Shoujing
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4779:
4747:
4701:(especially
4691:Nestorianism
4684:
4614:
4548:
4524:Ming dynasty
4511:
4507:
4441:Toghon Temür
4434:
4431:Toghon Temür
4408:
4389:Confucianism
4386:
4377:Golden Horde
4341:
4310:
4289:
4279:
4200:Buyantu Khan
4197:
4186:
4146:
4107:
4099:Trần dynasty
4089:, but won a
4071:
4060:
4033:
4029:Ming dynasty
4013:Ming dynasty
4002:
3986:
3954:
3924:
3921:Toghon Temür
3898:
3891:
3881:
3851:
3830:Song dynasty
3814:
3793:
3767:Golden Horde
3751:Song dynasty
3748:
3734:), Tabuyir (
3699:
3675:Sorghaghtani
3643:Genghis Khan
3641:
3568:Golden Horde
3558:Yuan dynasty
3557:
3468:Latin Empire
3256:Nizari state
3213:Central Asia
3132:Qing dynasty
3129:
3111:(modern-day
3106:
3041:Ikh Yuan Üls
3011:Commentaries
3009:
3003:
2985:
2969:
2963:
2944:
2859:Hanyu Pinyin
2667:Hanyu Pinyin
2599:Southern Min
2453:Hanyu Pinyin
2401:
2381:Yuan dynasty
2357:
2346:Golden Horde
2335:
2319:Tang dynasty
2310:
2296:
2284:Qing dynasty
2272:China proper
2231:Genghis Khan
2228:
2224:Ming dynasty
2220:Song dynasty
2204:its division
2163:
2142:
2136:
2116:Yuan dynasty
2115:
2113:
2010:LGBT history
1946:
1928:
1901:
1868:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1767:
1757:
1745:
1734:Ten Kingdoms
1730:
1683:
1670:
1657:Northern and
1655:
1625:
1603:
1593:
1561:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:(220–280 CE)
1527:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1472:
1459:
1399:Eastern Zhou
1397:
1389:Western Zhou
1387:
1364:
1340:
1317:
1293:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1234:
1224:
1123:1990–present
1027:Qing dynasty
987:Yuan dynasty
986:
932:Liao dynasty
851:209 BC–93 AD
786:1450–1150 BC
776:1500–1000 BC
766:1800–1600 BC
756:2750–1900 BC
746:3300–2500 BC
623:Ming dynasty
596:Song dynasty
564:Succeeded by
563:
558:
548:Chinese cash
355:Toghon Temür
277:, Mongolian
267:Confucianism
259:
223:Old Mandarin
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
15565:Kublai Khan
15469: /
15457:116°23′24″E
14740:Khwarezmian
14673:Carolingian
14478:Rashtrakuta
14182:Shaishunaga
14081:Hellenistic
14064:New Kingdom
14054:Old Kingdom
13756:Sartaq Khan
13725:Kublai Khan
13720:Möngke Khan
13694:Ögedei Khan
13673:Great Khans
13639:(1314–1318)
13631:(1268–1301)
13583:(1260–1323)
13567:(1253–1256)
13550:Middle East
13444:(1238–1239)
13385:(1221–1327)
13244:(1219–1256)
13236:(1219–1221)
13218:(1264–1308)
13210:(1207-1308)
13076:Azov (Azaq)
12742:Terminology
12529:Yuan poetry
12367:family tree
12139:as vassal)
12097:Western Xia
12089:Jin dynasty
12054:. pp.
11721:(1): 3–30.
11479:The Mongols
10942:Morgan 1982
10930:Morgan 1982
10341:Allsen 2001
10329:Allsen 2001
10317:Allsen 2001
10305:Allsen 2001
10290:Allsen 2001
10273:Allsen 2001
10249:Allsen 2001
10225:Allsen 2001
10206:Allsen 2001
10194:Allsen 2001
10152:Allsen 2001
10118:Allsen 2001
10103:Allsen 2001
10088:Joseph 2011
10047:Dauben 2007
10035:Dauben 2007
10023:Joseph 2011
9765:Allsen 2001
9753:Guzman 1988
9392:Morgan 2007
9331:Morgan 2007
9212:Morgan 2007
9134:Allsen 2001
8781:Morgan 2007
8769:Allsen 2001
8757:Allsen 1994
8733:Morgan 2007
8673:Allsen 1994
8628:Allsen 1994
8426:Allsen 1994
8414:Allsen 1994
8227:: 279–280.
7500:Tan Qixiang
7436:Их Юань улс
7330:Kublai Khan
7258:Tan Qixiang
6862:Moghulistan
6623:Kublai Khan
6537:Zhao Mengfu
6428:dynasties.
6361:Basically,
6177: [
5920:Qara Khitai
5874:Qara Khitai
5838:, but also
5824:Han Chinese
5816:Han Chinese
5723:During the
5684:bodhisattva
5592:became the
5581:Manichaeism
5457:Yuan poetry
5270:moxibustion
5266:acupuncture
5234:astronomer
5150:Mathematics
4985:Kublai Khan
4934:Jin dynasty
4911:Kublai Khan
4877:Dening Hall
4801:The Million
4719:cartography
4648:cartography
4555:Basalawarmi
4302:Yesün Temür
4282:Gegeen Khan
4021:Zhuge Liang
3971:Kublai Khan
3931:Grand Canal
3846:Kublai Khan
3790:Early years
3687:paper money
3679:Möngke Khan
3659:Jin dynasty
3651:Ögedei Khan
3306:Eastern Xia
3296:Western Xia
3220:Qara Khitai
3125:reign title
3035:Dai Ön Ulus
2966:Kublai Khan
2755:daai6 jyun4
2307:temple name
2057:Discoveries
2052:Cartography
2047:Archaeology
1985:Art history
1874:(1644–1912)
1861:(1368–1644)
1848:(1271–1368)
1818:(1115–1234)
1805:(1038–1227)
1801:Western Xia
1773:(1127–1279)
1605:Eastern Jin
1595:Western Jin
1520:(25–220 CE)
1516:Eastern Han
1496:Western Han
1375: 1046
1355: 1046
1351: 1250
1328: 1600
1304: 2070
1245: 8500
1226:Paleolithic
1217:Prehistoric
806:1100–300 BC
796:1400–700 BC
732:Prehistoric
559:Preceded by
546:banknotes,
146: 1290
111:Dai Ön ulus
18:Yuan Empire
15484:Categories
15454:39°54′54″N
15310:Portuguese
15191:Revival Le
15181:Vietnamese
14824:Later Tran
14794:Vietnamese
14690:Singhasari
14678:Holy Roman
14302:Bulgarian
14238:Satavahana
14209:Phoenician
14145:Achaemenid
14106:Indo-Greek
14086:Macedonian
14000:Babylonian
13892:Nogai Khan
13776:Özbeg Khan
13707:Güyük Khan
13601:Civil wars
13589:Palestine
13498:Lithuania
13418:Circassia
13151:Xacitarxan
13136:Soltaniyeh
12873:Darughachi
12355:Government
12142:1271–1368
11789:Asia Major
11264:T'oung Pao
10918:Hsiao 1994
10612:CNN Travel
9685:Hsiao 1994
9673:Hsiao 1994
9147:"Panel VI"
8910:Ebrey 2010
8605:Ke Shaomin
8390:Ebrey 2010
8378:Ebrey 2010
8125:,萬物資始,乃統天。
8032:Asia Major
7758:(3): 499.
7658:Onon river
7650:tuğ banner
7607:(1976) . "
7581:BabelStone
7459:References
7439:in Modern
7386:Great Khan
7048:1640s-1717
7020:(in India)
6994:Four Oirat
6879:1487-1660?
6855:1225-1340s
6409:, and the
6154:See also:
5975:autocratic
5958:Temür Khan
5930:including
5561:Manichaean
5540:See also:
5508:Tugh Temur
5451:See also:
5437:underglaze
5224:Shoushi Li
5195:Zhu Shijie
5170:Zhu Shijie
5090:Külüg Khan
5062:Shūmì Yuàn
4959:See also:
4955:Government
4797:Il milione
4793:Marco Polo
4532:Han Lin'er
4437:Rinchinbal
4405:compendium
4354:commander
4344:Tugh Temür
4286:chancellor
4188:Külüg Khan
4183:Külüg Khan
4177:Temür Khan
4135:Temür Khan
3935:Marco Polo
3917:Külüg Khan
3718:Xiao Zhala
3702:Shi Tianze
3647:Great Khan
3620:Background
3417:Durdzuketi
3402:Kievan Rus
3137:Great Khan
2970:Great Yuan
2887:Wade–Giles
2695:Wade–Giles
2645:Great Yuan
2574:Jyun4 ciu4
2560:Yùhn chìuh
2533:Suzhounese
2487:Yüan ch‘ao
2481:Wade–Giles
2368:See also:
2348:, and the
2143:Great Yuan
2062:Inventions
1792:(916–1125)
1763:(960–1127)
1751:(960–1279)
1418: – c.
1416: 770
1377: – c.
1353: – c.
1342:Late Shang
1330: – c.
1306: – c.
1247: – c.
826:600–300 BC
816:700–300 BC
430:5 May 1260
366:Chancellor
313:Government
229:Old Uyghur
68:Great Yuan
15303:Couronian
14941:Ethiopian
14929:Manchukuo
14884:Brazilian
14730:Ghaznavid
14700:Srivijaya
14651:Trebizond
14636:Byzantine
14618:North Sea
14613:Norwegian
14601:Almoravid
14584:Ilkhanate
14554:Majapahit
14527:Muromachi
14436:Solomonic
14421:Ethiopian
14335:Caliphate
14268:Aragonese
14096:Ptolemaic
13761:Orda Khan
13751:Batu Khan
13615:(1260–64)
13559:(1241–43)
13557:Anatolia
13532:(1287–88)
13524:(1285–86)
13516:(1264–65)
13508:(1259–60)
13500:(1258–59)
13476:(1241–42)
13468:(1241–42)
13460:(1240–41)
13436:(1229–36)
13426:Chechnya
13366:(1300–02)
13330:Southeast
13309:(1253–56)
13291:(1235–79)
13283:(1231–60)
13275:(1211–34)
13228:(1216–18)
13216:Sakhalin
13176:Campaigns
13126:Saray-Jük
13116:Samarkand
13091:Karakorum
13050:Ilkhanate
12808:Political
12678:Khanbaliq
12419:Dpon-chen
12409:Manchuria
12374:Empresses
11743:144587815
11698:0073-0548
11470:162310870
11292:162236445
11133:Mote 2003
11085:1860-1812
11041:1833-8461
11015:245584164
10353:Mote 1999
10179:Lane 2006
10164:Lane 2006
10010:256889989
9971:147099574
9893:. Brill.
9660:801440529
9620:779849477
9585:777020257
9550:975222159
9067:cite book
8985:Mote 1999
8970:Mote 1999
8958:Mote 1999
8934:Mote 1994
8823:1069-5834
8607:(1920). "
8052:(2001) .
7985:898313910
7912:Mote 1994
7902:At p. 45.
7690:224535800
7642:, on the
7605:Song Lian
7505:《中国历史地图集》
7464:Citations
7407:Mongolian
7390:Mongolian
7230:Wu Qiuyan
7084:1924–1992
7072:1911-1924
7060:1634-1758
7036:1630-1731
7024:1526–1857
7011:1479-1599
6999:1399-1634
6987:1383-1513
6975:1370–1507
6963:1368-1691
6951:1335-1357
6939:1335-1432
6927:1335-1357
6922:Chobanids
6915:1256-1335
6910:Ilkhanate
6903:1240-1502
6891:1514-1705
6867:1346-1462
6843:1271-1368
6831:1206-1368
6666:Khanbaliq
6651:Nestorian
6297:provinces
6248:Khanbaliq
6116:Criticism
6014:Ilkhanate
5971:feudalism
5903:Samarqand
5754:Structure
5661:Confucian
5623:Khanbaliq
5563:cosmology
5529:sinicized
5484:Mongolian
5360:Wang Zhen
5344:Wang Zhen
5278:Wei Yilin
5067:Censorate
5045:censorial
4941:Ilkhanids
4824:granaries
4762:cloisonné
4754:porcelain
4750:saltpetre
4723:geography
4711:Confucian
4668:eggplants
4652:astronomy
4637:Ilkhanate
4573:had also
4567:Manchuria
4536:Yingchang
4499:porcelain
4381:Ilkhanate
4373:Eljigidey
4348:Khanbaliq
4218:Confucian
3990:Xiangyang
3901:Silk Road
3858:Khanbaliq
3854:Karakorum
3775:Ilkhanate
3763:Ariq Böke
3759:Ariq Böke
3706:Liu Heima
3655:destroyed
3563:Ilkhanate
3473:Lithuania
3422:Circassia
3284:East Asia
3273:Palestine
3241:Caucassus
3234:West Asia
3194:conquests
2964:In 1271,
2612:Guân tiâo
2501:Yuán cháo
2459:Yuán cháo
2350:Ilkhanate
2229:Although
2170:Mongolian
1738:(907–979)
1699:(690–705)
1689:(618–907)
1676:(581–618)
1663:(420–589)
1631:(304–439)
1609:(317–420)
1599:(266–316)
1567:(266–420)
1510:(9–23 CE)
1236:Neolithic
1200:Dynasties
1103:1924–1992
1093:1921–1924
1076:1919–1921
1066:1911–1919
1031:1691–1911
1021:1634–1757
1011:1399–1634
1001:1368–1635
991:1271–1368
981:1206–1368
971:1130–1206
902:Xueyantuo
711:Geography
518:1368–1388
500:Khanbaliq
492:1351–1368
453:1268–1273
281:/Chinese
275:Shamanism
248:Religion
187:Khanbaliq
130:1271–1368
118:Mongolian
15560:Khanates
15535:Borjigin
15283:Japanese
15246:Scottish
15226:American
15218:Colonial
15147:Imperial
15115:Moroccan
15051:Japanese
15029:Afsharid
14888:Burmese
14874:Austrian
14829:Later Le
14804:Early Le
14789:Venetian
14715:Tiwanaku
14628:Hellenic
14591:Moroccan
14522:Kamakura
14512:Japanese
14495:Saffarid
14448:Georgian
14362:Chalukya
14340:Rashidun
14330:Calakmul
14298:Bruneian
14177:Haryanka
14155:Sasanian
14150:Parthian
14101:Bactrian
14091:Seleucid
14071:Goguryeo
14049:Egyptian
13983:Assyrian
13973:Akkadian
13964:Colonies
13887:Boroldai
13867:Khubilai
13847:Bo'orchu
13820:Military
13714:(regent)
13701:(regent)
13688:(regent)
13573:Baghdad
13522:Hungary
13466:Hungary
13409:Georgia
13356:Vietnam
13208:Siberia
13106:Maragheh
13006:Khanates
12954:Religion
12949:Military
12898:Politics
12848:Kurultai
12811:Military
12661:Borjigin
12471:Nong Shu
12453:Jiaochao
12404:Mongolia
12362:Emperors
12263:Sakhalin
12109:Remnants
12068:23497542
11995:23497251
11893:(2009).
11871:(eds.).
11801:41645519
11735:20062627
11622:(eds.).
11551:(eds.).
11385:(eds.).
11218:(eds.).
10879:(1888).
10639:(2003).
10440:41930343
10369:(eds.).
9963:44511246
9732:Archived
9049:Trafford
9032:CoinWeek
8831:23733178
8293:43382329
8164:北方民族大学学报
8080:(1939).
7682:内蒙古社会科学
7586:22 April
7220:Jun ware
7091:Mongolia
6982:Kara Del
6795:IX – XII
6726:Language
6716:Nobility
6701:Timeline
6674:See also
6461:smelting
6250:(modern
6232:and the
6222:Shandong
6033:policies
6002:colonial
5832:Jurchens
5822:such as
5802:Tibetans
5743:Quanzhou
5690:Buddhism
5688:Mahayana
5594:de facto
5569:Buddhism
5536:Religion
5504:Onggirat
5439:painted
5415:Ceramics
5397:Gaykhatu
5388:Jiaochao
5364:Nong Shu
5348:Nong Shu
5328:banknote
5306:Avicenna
5302:yin-yang
5286:Hu Sihui
5282:reducing
5247:Medicine
5239:brought
5236:Shen Kuo
5203:matrices
5187:Yang Hui
5129:, other
5000:Jurchens
4905:and the
4883:in 1270.
4790:Venetian
4715:Classics
4699:Buddhism
4619:and the
4571:Naghachu
4425:Buddhism
4360:Ragibagh
4356:El Temür
4306:regicide
4280:Emperor
4093:against
4044:Borjigin
4036:Hangzhou
4025:Meng Huo
4023:against
3967:Xinjiang
3909:jiaochao
3864:capital
3667:Xingzhou
3328:Sakhalin
3246:Anatolia
3225:Khwarezm
2873:Bopomofo
2749:Jyutping
2681:Bopomofo
2568:Jyutping
2539:Nyœ́ záu
2467:Bopomofo
2408:(bottom)
2342:Chagatai
2268:Mongolia
2249:and the
2212:Borjigin
2138:Yuáncháo
2025:Timeline
1952:(Taiwan,
1932:of China
1446:Imperial
1195:Timeline
1169:a series
1167:Part of
936:907–1125
877:Göktürks
721:Religion
716:Language
706:Politics
696:Nobility
681:Timeline
544:Jiaochao
540:Currency
317:Monarchy
279:Tengrism
260:de facto
252:Buddhism
162:division
43:reviewed
15442:History
15416:Portals
15350:largest
15345:Empires
15325:Swedish
15320:Spanish
15315:Russian
15278:Italian
15253:Chinese
15241:English
15236:British
15231:Belgian
15206:Vietnam
15196:Tay son
15142:Tsarist
15137:Russian
15132:Ottoman
15098:Dzungar
15093:Khoshut
15066:Mexican
15061:Maratha
15044:Pahlavi
15024:Safavid
15019:Iranian
14946:Haitian
14909:Chinese
14869:Ashanti
14841:Wagadou
14767:Eastern
14762:Western
14745:Timurid
14705:Tibetan
14695:Songhai
14685:Serbian
14606:Almohad
14596:Idrisid
14500:Samanid
14490:Tahirid
14485:Iranian
14463:Kannauj
14443:Genoese
14379:Chinese
14372:Eastern
14367:Western
14355:Fatimid
14350:Abbasid
14345:Umayyad
14318:Burmese
14278:Ayyubid
14273:Angevin
14243:Xianbei
14231:Eastern
14226:Western
14172:Magadha
14135:Iranian
14128:Xiongnu
14113:Hittite
14022:Chinese
14010:Kassite
13959:Ancient
13951:Empires
13857:Boroqul
13852:Guo Kan
13842:Negudar
13827:Subutai
13727: (
13565:Alamut
13538:Serbia
13530:Poland
13514:Thrace
13506:Poland
13442:Alania
13307:Yunnan
13242:Persia
13200:Central
13179:Battles
13086:Bolghar
13081:Bukhara
13066:Almalik
12868:Kheshig
12796:Tarkhan
12683:Shangdu
12651:Mongols
12635:Fashion
12458:Coinage
12273:Vietnam
12204:History
12056:723–743
12046:(ed.).
11934:2719142
11813:excerpt
11706:2718064
11284:4528536
11200:Sources
10502:28 June
10261:Wu 1950
10237:Wu 1950
10076:Ho 1985
10059:Ho 1985
8332:2776897
7772:2600793
7645:bingyin
7405:Modern
7368:Chinese
7359:Huángdì
7346:Chinese
7342:Emperor
7278:Beijing
6946:Injuids
6731:Mongols
6721:Culture
6706:History
6683:Mongols
6662:Beijing
6593:cavalry
6432:Gallery
6336:), and
6304:circuit
6290:Kashmir
6286:Qinghai
6282:Sichuan
6256:Chinese
6252:Beijing
6020:of the
5899:Almaliq
5895:Bukhara
5870:Nan ren
5866:Han ren
5840:Koreans
5836:Khitans
5798:Tanguts
5792:, like
5780:Mongols
5729:Mu Ying
5695:lands.
5680:Guanyin
5676:Qingbai
5674:A Yuan
5657:Jalayir
5639:Chinese
5605:Chinese
5585:Muslims
5492:Chinese
5488:Tibetan
5447:Society
5404:tacuini
5032:Yao Shu
5004:Mongols
4996:Khitans
4949:Emperor
4945:Huangdi
4869:Qianhai
4833:sorghum
4774:Taicang
4734:lacquer
4660:turnips
4656:carrots
4563:Guizhou
4546:today.
4520:Shangdu
4460:of the
4454:Toqto'a
4445:Guangxi
4352:Qipchaq
4350:by the
4208:Li Meng
4169:Zhenjin
3883:I Ching
3870:Beijing
3866:Zhongdu
3862:Jurchen
3809:empress
3801:Wonjong
3743:蕭札刺之子重喜
3695:Shangdu
3550:Khanate
3488:Gazaria
3412:Cumania
3384:Siberia
3353:Burma (
3349:Vietnam
3263:Baghdad
3143:History
3113:Beijing
3028:). The
3015:I Ching
3013:on the
2987:Dà Yuán
2974:Chinese
2717:Dà Yuán
2702:Ta Yüan
2687:ㄉㄚˋ ㄩㄢˊ
2673:Dà Yuán
2629:Chinese
2473:ㄩㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ
2415:Chinese
2317:to the
2290:as the
2247:Emperor
2241:as the
2239:Chinese
2198:to the
2165:Dà Yuán
2147:Chinese
2120:Chinese
1696:Wu Zhou
1286:Ancient
1265:Yangtze
926:744–840
916:647–682
906:628–646
896:682–744
894:555–630
885:Eastern
871:330–555
847:Xiongnu
701:Culture
485:•
472:•
459:•
446:•
422:•
397:Toqto'a
324:Emperor
299:Judaism
219:Chinese
197:Shangdu
191:Beijing
180:Capital
164:of the
160:-ruled
100:ᠳᠠᠢ ᠦᠨ
90:Chinese
83:Dà Yuán
15288:Mongol
15273:German
15268:French
15258:Danish
15201:Dainam
15176:Tongan
15164:Somali
15159:Sokoto
15125:'Alawi
15103:Kalmyk
15083:Mongol
15076:Second
15056:Korean
15007:Mughal
14997:Indian
14980:German
14973:Second
14963:French
14956:Second
14892:Second
14864:Afghan
14856:Modern
14782:Kyrgyz
14777:Uighur
14772:Second
14752:Turkic
14720:Toltec
14656:Epirus
14641:Nicaea
14564:Mongol
14517:Yamato
14453:Huetar
14311:Second
14248:Rouran
14197:Shunga
14192:Maurya
14167:Kushan
14140:Median
14118:Hunnic
14076:Harsha
13837:Muqali
13811:Ghazan
13806:Arghun
13796:Hulegu
13686:Tolui
13662:People
13623:(1262)
13581:Syria
13575:(1258)
13540:(1291)
13492:(1242)
13484:(1242)
13400:Europe
13383:India
13364:Burma
13350:(1293)
13339:Burma
13317:Japan
13298:Tibet
13281:Korea
13141:Tabriz
13111:Qarshi
13071:Avarga
12917:Topics
12821:Jarlig
12781:Jinong
12776:Khanum
12771:Khatun
12761:Khagan
12753:Titles
12197:topics
12133:Goryeo
12131:(With
12066:
12031:
12012:
11993:
11968:
11949:
11932:
11901:
11879:
11848:
11829:
11799:
11760:about
11741:
11733:
11704:
11696:
11669:606298
11667:
11636:
11603:
11584:
11565:
11532:
11512:
11485:
11468:
11437:
11418:
11399:
11366:
11326:
11307:
11290:
11282:
11251:
11232:
11155:27 May
11116:
11083:
11073:
11046:27 May
11039:
11013:
11003:
10970:
10839:
10812:
10787:
10758:
10728:27 May
10687:
10668:
10649:
10589:
10562:
10493:
10466:
10438:
10406:
10377:
10008:
9969:
9961:
9897:
9879:
9837:
9787:
9738:3 June
9658:
9648:
9618:
9608:
9583:
9573:
9548:
9538:
9423:27 May
9414:
9363:
9302:
9273:
9244:
9166:
9055:
9017:
8829:
8821:
8660:606298
8658:
8579:jichou
8554:
8527:
8488:27 May
8361:
8330:
8291:
8262:
8189:: 288.
8145:
8060:
8006:
7983:
7973:
7945:
7894:
7873:
7854:
7808:
7770:
7720:《建國號詔》
7688:
7524:
7518:Vol. 7
7422:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
7378::
7376:pinyin
7370::
7364:Khagan
7356::
7354:pinyin
7348::
6819:X-1206
6783:XI–XII
6771:X-1203
6747:States
6711:Rulers
6577:dragon
6381:, and
6350:county
6266::
6264:pinyin
6258::
6226:Shanxi
6174:Ayimaq
6052:Lan Yu
6040:Kosher
5940:, and
5901:, and
5733:Lan Yu
5705:Kosher
5649::
5647:pinyin
5641::
5615::
5613:pinyin
5607::
5517:poetry
5512:Tangut
5490:, and
5459:, and
5293:huihui
5257:otachi
5253:otachi
5039:among
5006:, and
4881:Quyang
4865:Houhai
4784:, the
4707:Taoism
4680:cotton
4678:, and
4672:melons
4670:, and
4664:lemons
4635:, the
4633:Persia
4591:Impact
4569:under
4559:Yunnan
4468:, and
4417:Zhu Xi
4407:named
4397:奎章閣學士院
4369:Kusala
4294:《大元通制》
4165:Yunnan
4159:, and
4085:, and
3959:Cathay
3957:" for
3955:Catayo
3636:, and
3483:Serbia
3452:Second
3437:Second
3427:Alania
3393:Europe
3359:Second
3268:Levant
3251:Persia
3094:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
3090:ᠺᠡᠮᠡᠺᠦ
3088:ᠳᠠᠢ ᠦᠨ
3077:大元大蒙古國
3070:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
3053:Dai Ön
2984::
2982:pinyin
2976::
2827:大元大蒙古国
2813:大元大蒙古國
2792:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
2606:Tâi-lô
2344:, the
2338:Khagan
2299:Möngke
2235:Khagan
2208:Kublai
2202:after
2194:and a
2188:Mongol
2162::
2160:pinyin
2149::
2135::
2133:pinyin
2122::
1894:Modern
1550:, and
1268:, and
1259:Yellow
1171:on the
887:, and
861:93–234
734:period
691:Rulers
686:States
424:Kublai
370:
343:Kublai
328:
271:Taoism
158:Khagan
154:Status
114:
86:
15430:China
15338:Lists
15293:Omani
15263:Dutch
15169:Isaaq
15120:Saadi
15088:Oirat
15071:First
15039:Qajar
14968:First
14951:First
14924:China
14897:Third
14757:First
14710:Tikal
14661:Morea
14631:Roman
14549:Latin
14544:Khmer
14539:Kanem
14505:Buyid
14431:Zagwe
14426:Aksum
14416:Chola
14323:First
14306:First
14293:Bornu
14288:Benin
14283:Aztec
14221:Roman
14202:Gupta
14187:Nanda
14123:White
13882:Kadan
13877:Bayan
13862:Jelme
13801:Abaqa
13791:Kebek
13771:Toqta
13766:Berke
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