111:
288:. However, William Elmendorf has presented some persuasive evidence in favor of the relationship, noting that they are as close as two branches of Indo-European. Campbell (1997) considers Elmendorf's evidence to be conclusive. Mithun (1999) reports that the relationship remains open to question, Golla (2011) that it is securely demonstrated.
212:
Wappo and Yuki are quite divergent grammatically and lexically (Goddard 1996: 83), which has led to contested theories about their relationship. Additionally, the Wappo and Yuki people were quite distinct culturally and even in physical type (Goddard 1996: 83). The Yuki–Wappo languages appear to
260:
peoples. Alternatively, the Yuki and Wappo may have entered
Northern California as distinct communities that settled in different areas, or Wappo speakers may have migrated south from the Yuki–Wappo heartland in the upper reaches of the Eel River.
218:
3551:
2577:
238:
234:
2568:
3561:
3457:
2433:
3602:
535:
3556:
2561:
2581:
497:
464:
407:
387:. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
1948:
1529:
2058:
416:. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 8). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
3430:
1030:
3587:
3510:
2554:
2215:
436:
428:
392:
377:
280:
The relationship between Yuki and Wappo was contested by Jesse Sawyer who believes that the similarities are due to
3566:
2191:
1430:
2960:
2929:
1349:
1285:
528:
201:
Yuki consisted of three dialects: Yuki, Coast Yuki, and
Huchnom. Wappo consisted of four dialects spoken in the
1962:
1204:
1713:
2546:
2428:
2075:
1210:
1035:
821:
815:
739:
2438:
2423:
2122:
1423:
1410:
1181:
1142:
3597:
3278:
2418:
2412:
2197:
1470:
1388:
1361:
1065:
1055:
477:
165:
languages. All three are spoken in areas with long-established populations of a distinct physical type.
3592:
3515:
2896:
1984:
1645:
1442:
1240:
1100:
1070:
1060:
1050:
756:
521:
2396:
2203:
2179:
2154:
2127:
2110:
1120:
1075:
1045:
1018:
589:
544:
3525:
3376:
3358:
3021:
2443:
2250:
1887:
1875:
769:
762:
578:
153:, one of the oldest language families established in California, before the arrival of speakers of
1448:
1373:
776:
726:
222:
206:
3352:
3310:
3119:
3085:
2803:
2462:
2310:
2105:
1881:
1834:
1464:
1381:
1040:
1024:
832:
733:
596:
572:
348:
2100:
3520:
3466:
3385:
3363:
3004:
2886:
2508:
2406:
2095:
1898:
1688:
1677:
1639:
1246:
1220:
1125:
1115:
798:
714:
565:
3418:
3411:
2209:
1934:
3345:
3193:
2759:
2725:
2483:
2240:
2048:
2021:
2004:
1972:
1870:
1584:
1509:
1436:
1215:
1192:
1164:
1095:
1006:
787:
281:
2368:
8:
3530:
3369:
3327:
3267:
3246:
3040:
2976:
2919:
2867:
2852:
2825:
2793:
2609:
2260:
2164:
2064:
2053:
2015:
1994:
1892:
1851:
1626:
1608:
1602:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1476:
1459:
1198:
864:
851:
745:
695:
552:
476:
Sawyer, Jesse O. (1980-12-31), Klar, Kathryn; Langdon, Margaret; Silver, Shirley (eds.),
146:
3441:
3397:
3321:
3221:
3207:
3137:
3027:
2843:
2787:
2780:
2691:
2675:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2116:
2085:
2080:
2033:
2027:
1978:
1923:
1846:
1730:
1694:
1655:
1597:
1404:
1399:
1110:
869:
838:
804:
792:
751:
626:
2664:
2271:
2234:
101:
3505:
3447:
3200:
3183:
3158:
3144:
2999:
2862:
2857:
2819:
2702:
2185:
2090:
2070:
2009:
1989:
1700:
1661:
1632:
1620:
1557:
1503:
1481:
1454:
1394:
1367:
1186:
1147:
1137:
1105:
978:
904:
886:
880:
782:
700:
614:
493:
460:
432:
424:
403:
388:
373:
139:
2276:
2265:
2245:
583:
3535:
3480:
3473:
3391:
3332:
3260:
3253:
3172:
3130:
3095:
3053:
3034:
3009:
2970:
2949:
2943:
2906:
2813:
2711:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2622:
2493:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2292:
2286:
2255:
2148:
2043:
1967:
1905:
1857:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1753:
1737:
1672:
1667:
1650:
1591:
1485:
1417:
1328:
1295:
1263:
1159:
1131:
1080:
1001:
985:
971:
953:
946:
932:
892:
874:
858:
844:
666:
649:
485:
265:
150:
44:
2333:
2281:
1273:
3338:
3295:
3288:
3165:
3151:
3101:
3015:
2990:
2913:
2879:
2873:
2770:
2736:
2636:
2598:
2488:
2363:
2348:
2317:
2038:
1999:
1864:
1810:
1682:
1544:
1310:
1305:
1170:
1085:
966:
959:
939:
921:
826:
809:
608:
311:
214:
162:
131:
60:
54:
3404:
3236:
3214:
3067:
3046:
2938:
2832:
2752:
2745:
2684:
2629:
2498:
2358:
2327:
2298:
1929:
1815:
1798:
1748:
1743:
1614:
1551:
1321:
1315:
1235:
1230:
1176:
1153:
898:
720:
677:
660:
654:
632:
620:
344:
332:
285:
191:
80:
2576:
489:
213:
belong to the very earliest strata of languages in
California, even predating
3581:
3108:
3074:
3060:
2718:
2615:
2382:
2322:
2304:
1820:
1804:
1758:
1515:
1335:
1300:
1290:
1268:
1225:
1090:
671:
603:
269:
184:
73:
513:
1279:
315:
242:
230:
202:
158:
926:
370:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native
America
352:
135:
37:
359:
To date, none of these proposals have been successfully demonstrated.
291:
Yuki–Wappo has been linked to a number of hypothetical relationships:
340:
95:
252:
Some evidence suggests the two languages separated around 2000–1000
300:
296:
256:. Wappo speakers may have separated from Yuki due to migrations of
154:
110:
2522:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
2503:
2401:
326:
257:
138:
consisting of two distantly related languages, both now
3579:
478:"The non-genetic relationship of Wappo and Yuki"
217:(Goddard 1996: 84). Yuki is associated with the
115:Pre-contact distribution of Yuki–Wappo languages
205:, with a fifth dialect spoken in an enclave on
149:and perhaps languages of southern Baja such as
3277:
268:in the 19th century was due to a war with the
2562:
543:
529:
2532:Families with more than 30 languages are in
459:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
402:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3456:
2569:
2555:
536:
522:
2578:Indigenous language families and isolates
423:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3182:
482:American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies
145:The Yukian languages may be, along with
484:, DE GRUYTER MOUTON, pp. 209–220,
3580:
475:
2550:
517:
421:The languages of Native North America
372:. New York: Oxford University Press.
241:. Proto-Yukian peoples may be of the
275:
16:Family of Native American languages
13:
3603:Indigenous languages of California
168:
14:
3614:
412:Heizer, Robert F. (Ed.). (1978).
355:(and not with Hokan, pace Sapir)
109:
362:
469:
449:
1:
443:
383:Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996).
7:
457:California Indian Languages
400:California Indian Languages
59:One of the world's primary
10:
3619:
419:Mithun, Marianne. (1999).
299:including a connection to
3544:
3498:
3429:
3309:
3235:
3118:
3084:
2989:
2959:
2928:
2895:
2842:
2802:
2769:
2735:
2701:
2674:
2588:
2517:
2476:
2453:
2392:
2381:
2225:
1958:
1947:
1915:
1842:
1833:
1722:
1539:
1528:
1495:
1357:
1348:
1256:
1014:
1000:
914:
709:
691:
642:
560:
551:
545:Primary language families
490:10.1515/9783110808681.209
108:
94:
89:
66:
55:Linguistic classification
53:
43:
31:
26:
21:
1362:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
368:Campbell, Lyle. (1997).
347:, grouped together with
2529:have no living members.
455:Golla, Victor. (2011).
398:Golla, Victor. (2011).
264:The Wappo migration to
233:is associated with the
173:The family consists of
3562:Unclassified languages
2509:Unclassified languages
2463:list of sign languages
1431:Northeastern Tasmanian
229:), while Wappo of the
130:languages are a small
2484:Constructed languages
3588:Yuki–Wappo languages
1031:Binanderean–Goilalan
282:linguistic borrowing
3511:Algonquian–Wakashan
2313:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
2216:Tequiraca–Canichana
2059:Harákmbut–Katukinan
822:Northwest Caucasian
816:Northeast Caucasian
740:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
339:family with Hokan,
305:California Penutian
161:, and perhaps even
3598:Penutian languages
3499:Proposed groupings
2589:Language families
1935:Tarascan/Purépecha
1424:Northern Tasmanian
1182:South Bougainville
1143:North Bougainville
3593:Language families
3575:
3574:
3557:Extinct languages
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3305:
3304:
3231:
3230:
2985:
2984:
2961:Takelma–Kalapuyan
2544:
2543:
2494:Language isolates
2472:
2471:
2377:
2376:
1943:
1942:
1829:
1828:
1524:
1523:
1471:Western Tasmanian
1389:Eastern Tasmanian
1344:
1343:
1066:East Geelvink Bay
996:
995:
687:
686:
499:978-90-279-7876-9
465:978-0-5202-6667-4
408:978-0-5202-6667-4
314:(including under
276:Genetic relations
248:
239:Augustine Pattern
235:St. Helena Aspect
228:
219:Mendocino Complex
120:
119:
61:language families
3610:
3567:Linguistic areas
3454:
3453:
3275:
3274:
3180:
3179:
2893:
2892:
2672:
2671:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2390:
2389:
2344:Huaorani/Waorani
2228:(extant in 2000)
2192:Esmeralda–Yaruro
1963:Andoque–Urequena
1956:
1955:
1840:
1839:
1646:Plateau Penutian
1537:
1536:
1512:(Northern Daly?)
1355:
1354:
1241:Northwest Papuan
1205:Trans–New Guinea
1071:East New Britain
1046:Central Solomons
1012:
1011:
757:Great Andamanese
707:
706:
558:
557:
538:
531:
524:
515:
514:
509:
508:
507:
506:
473:
467:
453:
266:Alexander Valley
255:
246:
226:
113:
104:
19:
18:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3540:
3486:
3452:
3434:linguistic area
3433:
3425:
3314:linguistic area
3313:
3301:
3273:
3227:
3178:
3123:linguistic area
3122:
3114:
3088:linguistic area
3087:
3080:
2981:
2955:
2924:
2891:
2838:
2798:
2765:
2731:
2697:
2670:
2590:
2584:
2575:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2513:
2499:Mixed languages
2468:
2449:
2384:
2373:
2227:
2221:
2076:Katembri–Taruma
1950:
1939:
1911:
1825:
1718:
1531:
1520:
1491:
1340:
1252:
1211:Turama–Kikorian
1121:Lower Mamberamo
1076:East Strickland
1004:
992:
910:
698:
693:
683:
638:
547:
542:
512:
504:
502:
500:
474:
470:
454:
450:
446:
365:
278:
253:
199:
171:
169:Family division
132:language family
116:
100:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3616:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3552:Classification
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:Macro-Chibchan
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3361:
3359:Tequistlatecan
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3022:Tequistlatecan
3019:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Indo-Pakistani
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Piaroa–Saliban
2120:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:Tequistlatecan
1885:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1411:Marrku–Wurrugu
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1009:
998:
997:
994:
993:
991:
990:
982:
975:
969:
964:
956:
951:
943:
936:
929:
924:
918:
916:
912:
911:
909:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
867:
862:
855:
848:
841:
836:
829:
824:
819:
812:
807:
802:
795:
790:
785:
780:
773:
770:Hurro-Urartian
766:
759:
754:
749:
742:
737:
730:
723:
718:
710:
704:
689:
688:
685:
684:
682:
681:
675:
669:
664:
657:
652:
646:
644:
640:
639:
637:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
601:
593:
586:
581:
576:
569:
561:
555:
549:
548:
541:
540:
533:
526:
518:
511:
510:
498:
468:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
417:
410:
396:
381:
364:
361:
357:
356:
345:Gulf languages
333:Morris Swadesh
329:
323:
308:
303:and also to a
286:areal features
277:
274:
198:
197:
196:
195:
188:
175:
170:
167:
118:
117:
114:
106:
105:
98:
92:
91:
90:Language codes
87:
86:
85:
84:
77:
68:
64:
63:
57:
51:
50:
47:
41:
40:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3615:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:Calusa–Tunica
3276:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2582:North America
2579:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Original Thai
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:Hibito–Cholón
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1714:Yuman–Cochimí
1712:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:Southern Daly
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:Darwin Region
1371:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:Demta–Sentani
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
983:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
961:
957:
955:
952:
950:
948:
944:
942:
941:
937:
935:
934:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
913:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:
856:
854:
853:
849:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
835:
834:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
817:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
778:
777:Indo-European
774:
772:
771:
767:
765:
764:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:
731:
729:
728:
727:Austroasiatic
724:
722:
719:
717:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
697:
690:
679:
676:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
662:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
645:
641:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
599:
598:
594:
592:
591:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
574:
570:
568:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
554:
550:
546:
539:
534:
532:
527:
525:
520:
519:
516:
501:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
472:
466:
462:
458:
452:
448:
438:
437:0-521-29875-X
434:
430:
429:0-521-23228-7
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
393:0-16-048774-9
390:
386:
382:
379:
378:0-19-509427-1
375:
371:
367:
366:
360:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
328:
325:connected to
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
292:
289:
287:
283:
273:
271:
270:Southern Pomo
267:
262:
259:
250:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
220:
216:
210:
208:
204:
194:
193:
189:
187:
186:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
174:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
112:
107:
103:
99:
97:
93:
88:
83:
82:
78:
76:
75:
71:
70:
69:
65:
62:
58:
56:
52:
48:
46:
42:
39:
36:
30:
25:
20:
3516:Aztec–Tanoan
3479:
3472:
3467:Guanahatabey
3465:
3458:Pre-Arawakan
3440:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3384:
3375:
3368:
3353:Oto-Manguean
3351:
3344:
3337:
3320:
3311:Mesoamerican
3294:
3287:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3120:Coahuiltecan
3107:
3100:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3033:
3026:
3014:
2969:
2948:
2930:Coast Oregon
2912:
2905:
2872:
2831:
2824:
2812:
2804:Macro-Siouan
2786:
2779:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2690:
2683:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2604:
2597:
2591:and isolates
2533:
2526:
2525:Families in
2460:
2411:
2309:
2297:
2147:
2115:
2106:Pano-Tacanan
2063:
2026:
2014:
1985:Arutani–Sape
1977:
1922:
1904:
1897:
1882:Oto-Manguean
1880:
1863:
1856:
1803:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1736:
1729:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1687:
1660:
1638:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1550:
1543:
1502:
1469:
1465:Western Daly
1443:Pama–Nyungan
1441:
1429:
1422:
1409:
1387:
1382:Eastern Daly
1380:
1372:
1327:
1203:
1191:
1169:
1152:
1130:
1101:Kaure–Kosare
1061:Doso–Turumsa
1051:Chimbu–Wahgi
1041:Bulaka River
1025:Austronesian
1023:
984:
977:
958:
945:
938:
931:
857:
850:
843:
833:Sino-Tibetan
831:
814:
797:
775:
768:
761:
744:
734:Austronesian
732:
725:
713:
659:
597:Nilo-Saharan
595:
588:
573:Austronesian
571:
564:
503:, retrieved
481:
471:
456:
451:
420:
413:
399:
384:
369:
363:Bibliography
358:
349:Coahuiltecan
343:, and other
336:
320:Hokan–Siouan
319:
316:Edward Sapir
304:
290:
279:
263:
251:
243:Post Pattern
211:
200:
190:
183:
178:
172:
144:
127:
123:
121:
79:
72:
67:Subdivisions
34:distribution
3521:Macro-Mayan
3386:Uto-Aztecan
3364:Totozoquean
3194:Coahuilteco
3005:Palaihnihan
2887:Tsimshianic
2419:Germanosign
2323:Mura-Pirahã
2204:Lule–Vilela
2180:Bora-Witoto
2155:Uru–Chipaya
2128:Ticuna–Yuri
2111:Peba–Yaguan
2096:Nambikwaran
1899:Uto-Aztecan
1835:Mesoamerica
1689:Uto-Aztecan
1678:Tsimshianic
1640:Palaihnihan
1510:Malak-Malak
1247:Papuan Gulf
1221:West Papuan
1126:Lower Sepik
1116:Lakes Plain
1019:Arai–Samaia
1007:the Pacific
715:Afroasiatic
590:Niger–Congo
566:Afroasiatic
284:and shared
231:Napa Valley
203:Napa Valley
159:Uto-Aztecan
134:of western
3582:Categories
3377:Mixe–Zoque
3346:Misumalpan
3268:Chitimacha
2760:Algonquian
2726:Athabaskan
2605:Yuki–Wappo
2413:Francosign
2261:Chiquitano
2241:Alacalufan
2049:Guaicuruan
2022:Chapacuran
2005:Cahuapanan
1973:Araucanian
1876:Mixe–Zoque
1871:Misumalpan
1585:Comecrudan
1437:Nyulnyulan
1216:Upper Yuat
1193:Torricelli
1165:Senu River
1096:Foja Range
1002:New Guinea
927:Burushaski
788:Kartvelian
763:Hmong–Mien
579:Khoe–Kwadi
505:2024-09-02
444:References
414:California
353:Chitimacha
223:Clear Lake
207:Clear Lake
179:Yuki–Wappo
136:California
124:Yuki–Wappo
49:since 1990
38:California
32:Geographic
22:Yuki–Wappo
3531:Tolatecan
3431:Caribbean
3419:Alagüilac
3412:Purépecha
3398:Cuitlatec
3370:Totonacan
3328:Jicaquean
3247:Muskogean
3222:Mamulique
3208:Comecrudo
3138:Karankawa
3041:Jicaquean
3028:Chimariko
2977:Kalapuyan
2920:Sahaptian
2868:Yok-Utian
2853:Chinookan
2826:Iroquoian
2794:Chimakuan
2610:Chumashan
2444:Tanzanian
2385:languages
2282:Hodï/Joti
2226:Isolates
2165:Yanomaman
2101:Otomákoan
2065:Jirajaran
2054:Guajiboan
2016:Catacaoan
1995:Barbacoan
1924:Cuitlatec
1893:Totonacan
1852:Jicaquean
1731:Chimariko
1627:Muskogean
1609:Kalapuyan
1603:Iroquoian
1578:Chumashan
1571:Chinookan
1564:Chimakuan
1482:Yangmanic
1477:Worrorran
1460:Wagaydyic
1350:Australia
1199:Trans-Fly
865:Yeniseian
852:Tyrsenian
746:Dravidian
385:Languages
341:Muskogean
307:sub-group
147:Chumashan
96:Glottolog
3442:Arawakan
3322:Chibchan
3201:Cotoname
3159:Quinigua
3145:Maratino
2844:Penutian
2788:Wakashan
2781:Salishan
2692:Eskimoan
2676:Eskaleut
2477:See also
2454:Isolates
2429:Japanese
2369:Yuracaré
2251:Candoshi
2210:Macro-Jê
2175:Zaparoan
2170:Zamucoan
2160:Witotoan
2143:Tucanoan
2138:Tiniguan
2133:Timotean
2117:Quechuan
2086:Matacoan
2081:Mascoian
2071:Jivaroan
2034:Chibchan
2028:Charruan
1979:Arawakan
1916:Isolates
1847:Chibchan
1723:Isolates
1695:Wakashan
1656:Salishan
1598:Eskaleut
1504:Giimbiyu
1496:Isolates
1405:Jarrakan
1400:Iwaidjan
1257:Isolates
1111:Kutubuan
979:Sumerian
915:Isolates
870:Yukaghir
839:Tungusic
805:Mongolic
793:Koreanic
752:Eskaleut
643:Isolates
627:Ubangian
337:Hokogian
301:Yokutsan
297:Penutian
155:Penutian
102:yuki1242
3506:Amerind
3481:Ciguayo
3474:Macorix
3448:Cariban
3422: ?
3281: ?
3261:Atakapa
3254:Natchez
3239: ?
3186: ?
3184:Pakawan
3173:Tonkawa
3131:Aranama
3086:Pueblo
3054:Salinan
3035:Esselen
3000:Shastan
2993: ?
2971:Takelma
2963: ?
2950:Siuslaw
2932: ?
2907:Klamath
2899: ?
2897:Plateau
2863:Maiduan
2858:Wintuan
2846: ?
2820:Caddoan
2806: ?
2773: ?
2712:Tlingit
2703:Na-Dene
2658:Waikuri
2651:Timucua
2644:Kutenai
2623:Beothuk
2527:italics
2504:Pidgins
2489:Creoles
2439:Swedish
2407:Chinese
2354:Urarina
2339:Puinave
2293:Itonama
2287:Irantxe
2256:Chimane
2186:Chimuan
2091:Nadahup
2010:Cariban
1990:Aymaran
1951:America
1793:Waikuri
1786:Tonkawa
1779:Timucua
1772:Takelma
1765:Siuslaw
1754:Kutenai
1738:Esselen
1701:Wintuan
1662:Shastan
1633:Na-Dene
1621:Maiduan
1558:Caddoan
1532:America
1486:Wagiman
1484:(incl.
1455:Tangkic
1395:Garawan
1368:Bunuban
1329:Tambora
1296:Maybrat
1264:Abinomn
1187:Teberan
1148:Pauwasi
1138:Mairasi
1106:Kiwaian
986:Tambora
972:Shompen
954:Kusunda
947:Kenaboi
933:Elamite
905:Siangic
887:Kho-Bwa
881:Hrusish
799:Kra–Dai
783:Japonic
692:Eurasia
667:Sandawe
650:Bangime
615:Songhay
431:(hbk);
237:of the
221:around
151:Waikuri
140:extinct
45:Extinct
3536:Waroid
3392:Xincan
3333:Lencan
3296:Calusa
3289:Tunica
3166:Solano
3152:Naolan
3096:Tanoan
3010:Pomoan
2944:Coosan
2939:Alsean
2914:Molala
2874:Yokuts
2814:Siouan
2665:Pericú
2637:Cayuse
2402:BANZSL
2364:Yamana
2349:Trumai
2318:Movima
2272:Fulniô
2235:Aikanã
2149:Tupian
2044:Chonan
1968:Arauan
1906:Xincan
1858:Lencan
1811:Yokuts
1708:Yukian
1673:Tanoan
1668:Siouan
1651:Pomoan
1592:Coosan
1418:Mirndi
1311:Porome
1306:Pawaia
1160:Senagi
1132:Madang
1081:Eleman
1036:Border
967:Nihali
960:Minoan
940:Hattic
922:Basque
893:Mijiic
875:Digaro
859:Uralic
845:Turkic
696:Europe
553:Africa
496:
463:
435:
427:
406:
391:
376:
327:Siouan
310:under
295:under
258:Pomoan
245:(9000
225:(3000
128:Yukian
27:Yukian
3545:Lists
3405:Huave
3339:Mayan
3215:Garza
3102:Keres
3068:Washo
3047:Karuk
3016:Yuman
2991:Hokan
2880:Utian
2833:Yuchi
2771:Mosan
2753:Yurok
2746:Wiyot
2737:Algic
2685:Aleut
2630:Bidai
2599:Haida
2359:Warao
2328:Nukak
2299:Kunza
2277:Guató
2266:Cofán
2246:Camsá
2039:Choco
2000:Boran
1949:South
1930:Huave
1865:Mayan
1816:Yuchi
1799:Washo
1749:Karuk
1744:Haida
1683:Utian
1615:Keres
1552:Alsea
1545:Algic
1530:North
1322:Taiap
1316:Sulka
1171:Sepik
1086:Engan
827:Ongan
810:Nivkh
678:Shabo
661:Jalaa
655:Hadza
609:Mande
312:Hokan
215:Hokan
192:Wappo
163:Hokan
81:Wappo
3237:Gulf
3109:Zuni
3075:Yana
3061:Seri
2719:Eyak
2616:Adai
2534:bold
2461:See
2397:Arab
2383:Sign
2334:Páez
2311:Maku
2305:Leco
1821:Zuni
1805:Yana
1759:Seri
1516:Tiwi
1336:Wiru
1301:Mpur
1291:Kuot
1274:Anêm
1269:Abun
1236:Yuat
1231:Yawa
1177:Skou
1154:Ramu
1005:and
899:Miju
721:Ainu
701:Asia
699:and
672:Laal
633:Kadu
621:Ijaw
584:Kx'a
494:ISBN
461:ISBN
433:ISBN
425:ISBN
404:ISBN
389:ISBN
374:ISBN
351:and
185:Yuki
122:The
74:Yuki
2580:of
1286:Kol
1280:Ata
1226:Yam
1091:Fas
604:Tuu
486:doi
335:'s
331:in
318:'s
254:bce
249:).
247:BCE
227:BCE
126:or
3584::
1488:)?
492:,
480:,
272:.
209:.
157:,
142:.
2570:e
2563:t
2556:v
2536:.
2446:?
2330:?
2289:?
2268:?
2237:?
2218:?
2212:?
2206:?
2200:?
2194:?
2188:?
2182:?
1451:?
1414:?
1377:?
1364:?
1331:?
1324:?
1318:?
1282:?
1276:?
1249:?
1243:?
988:?
974:?
962:?
949:?
907:?
901:?
895:?
889:?
883:?
877:?
703:)
694:(
680:?
674:?
635:?
629:?
623:?
617:?
611:?
600:?
537:e
530:t
523:v
488::
439:.
395:.
380:.
322:)
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