4018:
5335:
170:
158:
2260:. Words functioning as initiators, agents, experiencers of transitive verbs and the single argument of an intransitive verb take the nominative case. If the noun stem to which this suffix is added happens to ends with a vowel, the stem-final vowel is dropped or changed. Otherwise, adding the nominative suffix does not change the stem. The examples below illustrate the contrast.
3565:
with
Spanish has influenced Wappo's sound structure and vocabulary. As listed above in the consonant section, /f/, /d/, /g/, /r/ and /rʼ/ are used for Spanish borrowings. Many of the first words borrowed from Spanish into Wappo referred to items that were traded. In some cases, words may have been
384:
The transcription style (bolded symbols below) is based on Sawyer's work with
Somersal, with further interpretation by Thompson, Park and Li. Thompson et al. propose that Wappo has three types of stops: plain, aspirated and glottalized. Stops plus /h/ are therefore treated as single aspirated stops.
1107:
and future. Each verb root takes at least two forms to which suffixes are added. The form used depends on the tense. The forms themselves are determined by the verb's semantic class, which is basically determined by the habitual/progressive suffix used. Specific suffixes result in changes to the
1401:
Prefixes are also added to verb phrases. There are speaker-oriented directional prefixes which are grouped into two classes, depending on whether the motion of the verb is directed at or away from the speaker. In narrative contexts, the direction may refer to a character. For example, two
1074:
Nouns can be divided into human and non-human classes, which is relevant for pluralization. Human nouns are consistently inflected for plurality, but non-human nouns do not have to be inflected for plurality, even when their reference is in fact plural. For example,
298:
Wappo has five vowel qualities, but the literature is inconsistent as to whether a length distinction exists. In his Wappo lexicon, Sawyer transcribes long vowels, but
Thompson et al., who worked with the same speaker, report that they did not hear any long vowels.
238:. The last fluent speaker, Laura Fish Somersal, died in 1990. The loss of this language is attributed to the general use of English in schools and workplaces. Wappo is generally believed to be distantly related to the
1614:
Wappo allows for more freedom in word order in complement clauses, especially when they have first person subjects. All three sentences below are acceptable translations of "I know that the man caught a fish".
3096:
The particle is usually at the end of the sentence, but as the example below demonstrates, it is not always sentence-final. Its location depends on the composition of the verb phrase.
3589:
While contact with
English has not greatly influenced Wappo's lexicon, it has influenced its syntax. Thompson et al. cite the sentences below as examples of an expanded use of the
4414:
281:
in 1965 and continued to study Wappo grammar throughout his life. Other linguists who have contributed to the study of Wappo include
William E. Elmendorf, Alice Shepherd,
1131:
Thompson et al. provide the following examples of tense/aspect categories. The relevant forms are bolded, and all of the forms follow Sawyer's transcription style.
3781:
While Wappo has a predicate-final structure, question words are clause-initial in most cases. This is unexpected, and possibly resulting from
English influence.
4387:
3566:
borrowed from other
American Indian languages in contact with Spanish, rather than directly from Spanish. Below are two examples of borrowings from Spanish.
2186:. Patients, arguments of transitive verbs that are patient-like, all subjects in dependent clauses and single arguments in copulas take the accusative case.
2175:
Wappo has a rich case system which uses suffixes to mark cases. In the examples below, the words relevant to the case being discussed are in boldface.
4462:
4162:
2882:
To mark yes–no questions, a question particle, /hVʔ/, is added after the verb. It does not have to directly follow the verb. The particle's vowel
4396:
5381:
4426:
5371:
5366:
4241:
Radin, Paul. 1929. A grammar of the Wappo language. University of
California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 27:1-194.
180:
4411:
5386:
4455:
4367:
4307:
4288:
4269:
4145:
4101:
4044:
2886:
with the vowel that precedes it. In all of the examples below, the question word is glossed as "Q" and is also in boldface.
925:
911:
202:
4489:
1924:
In noun phrases, demonstrative and genitive modifiers precede the noun, while numerals and adjectives follow the noun.
1044:
If a word stem ends in a vowel and a suffix immediately following the stem begins with a vowel, one of those vowels is
738:
302:
According to Radin, the following diphthongs occur in Wappo: /ao/, /ai/, /ɛo/, /ɛi/, /ɛu/, /ei/, /ɔi/, /iɛ/, and /ui/.
5361:
5339:
4448:
3268:
Question words can also get case inflection, except in cases of inalienable possession, where no suffix is added.
784:
656:
349:
192:
1095:
Wappo also has rich inflectional and derivational morphology in its verb phrases. There are five categories of
5247:
772:
644:
356:
144:
4232:
Sawyer, Jesse O., "English-Wappo
Vocabulary" (Aug 25, 1965). UC Publications in Linguistics. Paper vol_43.
4171:
5308:
5203:
2183:
798:
726:
328:
4199:
4194:. United States. Bureau of American Ethonology. Bulletin,78. Bureau of American Ethnology. p. 219.
5047:
4743:
4730:
937:
442:
370:
282:
4435:
4189:
4983:
986:
974:
960:
935:
923:
909:
877:
863:
836:
822:
796:
782:
770:
736:
724:
695:
683:
654:
642:
610:
596:
584:
572:
549:
535:
523:
511:
490:
478:
464:
452:
440:
249:
According to
Somersal, the English name for the people and language is derived from the Spanish word
4017:
5121:
5052:
3986:
335:
92:
4354:(Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
4471:
4423:
480:
5083:
5316:
4859:
4819:
4763:
4749:
670:
574:
502:
4594:
4392:
5008:
4922:
4916:
4904:
4756:
4737:
4347:
3948:
2683:. (Inalienable possession is expressed through the juxtaposition of the two relevant nouns.)
894:
838:
824:
4615:
4608:
4910:
4890:
4525:
4036:
2680:
1128:
also occurs in certain situations, depending on the form of the root and the suffix added.
1041:
Glottal stops are inserted word-initially in words that would otherwise begin with a vowel.
4580:
4401:
1430:, is used to indicate that the speaker wishes something were true. The optative particle,
8:
5298:
4897:
4570:
757:
697:
685:
629:
623:
612:
551:
513:
431:
5041:
4601:
4587:
5235:
5182:
5034:
4990:
4883:
4845:
4831:
4810:
4706:
4644:
4334:. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 27:1-194.
1100:
988:
976:
962:
879:
865:
403:
393:
5022:
136:
5252:
5099:
5070:
5057:
5028:
5016:
4976:
4966:
4929:
4784:
4723:
4717:
4651:
4363:
4303:
4284:
4265:
4141:
4097:
4060:
4040:
2477:
1419:
1096:
586:
525:
454:
418:
408:
1048:. In most cases, the vowel at the beginning of the suffix is deleted. For example,
198:
5293:
5283:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5230:
5198:
5192:
5176:
5140:
5109:
5063:
4952:
4852:
4769:
4665:
4627:
4558:
4544:
4195:
3846:
3590:
3562:
2384:
2079:
598:
537:
466:
398:
277:
published the first texts on Wappo grammar in the 1920s. Jesse O. Sawyer published
243:
231:
223:
70:
49:
4318:
4214:
5288:
5240:
5115:
5077:
4997:
4946:
4877:
4825:
4779:
4697:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4658:
4637:
4533:
4498:
4430:
4418:
2585:
2253:
2179:
413:
84:
4406:
149:
5376:
5187:
5128:
4941:
4935:
4872:
4838:
4774:
4712:
4551:
4514:
4507:
1116:. This occurs in the imperative for "sleep", in which the stem is changed from
951:
854:
711:
563:
385:
Sawyer notes that /f/, /d/, /g/, /r/ and /rʼ/ are used for Spanish borrowings.
5355:
5150:
4865:
4797:
4790:
4538:
4005:
2883:
2771:
2672:
1423:
239:
235:
39:
5088:
492:
63:
4440:
120:
2286:
1012:
310:
1112:
is added to the root of verbs occurring with the rare imperative suffix
4327:
4010:
2289:, which is used to indicate the recipient or direction, is marked with
1125:
1104:
807:
322:
315:
274:
53:
4262:
American Indian Languages The Historical Linguistics of Native America
1410:"toward speaker". Non-speaker-oriented directional prefixes include
1008:
900:
813:
751:
364:
343:
129:
113:
4344:
Sawyer, Jesse O., "Wappo studies" (1984). Survey Reports. Report #7.
1007:
Wappo word stress is predictable, in that the first syllable of the
169:
4358:
Thompson, Sandra A.; Park, Joseph Sung-Yul; Li, Charles N. (2006).
4136:
Thompson, Sandra A.; Park, Joseph Sung-Yul; Li, Charles N. (2006).
1053:
210:
4383:
2629:
2480:, used with intensive reflexives and instruments, is marked with
2128:
1517:
1045:
425:
206:
262:
177:
4341:(Aug 25, 1965). UC Publications in Linguistics. Paper vol. 43.
255:, meaning "handsome" or "brave". The people called themselves
230:
tribe, Native Americans who lived in what is now known as the
4170:. University of California Press. p. 106. Archived from
3981:
227:
3841:
In another potential example of English influence, the word
157:
1418:, meaning "accidentally". Wappo also includes pre-verbal
209:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3409:
Question words can also be used as indefinite pronouns.
2411:
1520:-initial structures are acceptable, albeit less common.
4388:
Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation
3179:
Question words are usually located clause-initially.
4033:
Flutes of fire: essays on California Indian languages
3774:
DEM basket -NOM 1SG -BENEF very hard -STAT weave -INF
3593:that could have arisen from contact with English.
1015:. In the examples below, the accent marks stress.
4063:(Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
2391:. It is used to mark whom the action benefits.
4278:
3557:
242:. It is distinguished by influence of the nearby
5353:
4249:BENEF:benefactive case DIR:directional prefixes
1434:, is translated as "could", "can", or "should".
4397:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
3799:
3197:
3150:
3057:
2968:
2902:
2616:
2421:
1222:-ya:miʔ (more certain) and -siʔ (less certain)
4407:OLAC resources in and about the Wappo language
4357:
4302:. New York : Cambridge University Press.
4279:Sturtevant, William C.; Goddard, Ives (1996).
4135:
3857:
3709:
3631:
3505:
3417:
3211:
3037:
2982:
2693:
2600:
2492:
2320:
2224:
2090:
2024:
1961:
1879:
1725:
1623:
1455:
1310:
1296:
266:
4456:
4317:Powers, Stephen; Powell, John Wesley (1877).
4213:Powers, Stephen; Powell, John Wesley (1877).
250:
4316:
4281:Handbook of North American Indians Languages
4212:
3367:
2829:
2679:. It can only be used in constructions with
2343:
1918:DEM man fish catch - PST 1SG:NOM know - STAT
1816:1SG:NOM know - STAT DEM man fish catch - PST
1714:1SG:NOM DEM man fish catch - PST know - STAT
1426:mood particles. The desiderative particle,
4470:
4264:. New York : Oxford University Press.
3849:, and its meaning is adapted as "have to".
285:, Joseph Sung-Yul Park, and Charles N. Li.
256:
75:1990, with the death of Laura Fish Somersal
27:
4463:
4449:
4078:Sawyer, Jesse O., "Wappo studies" (1984).
3777:"this basket was very hard for me to make"
3174:
1056:suffix, has the surface representation of
1032:Wappo does not make distinctions in tone.
168:
156:
3535:
1382:
1272:
1035:
4259:
4228:
4226:
4061:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3722:
3621:
2774:, which is marked with suffixes such as
1447:Wappo has a predicate-final word order.
1394:1SG:NOM 3SG pot break - CAUS - PST - NEG
181:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4187:
3861:
3803:
3697:
3685:coffee - BENEF 1SG:NOM water boil - PST
3635:
3495:
3421:
3402:what -NOM house -on:top-DIR- fall -STAT
3348:
3308:
3289:
3249:
3201:
3154:
3001:
2972:
2906:
2865:what -NOM house -on:top DIR- fall -STAT
2799:
2739:
2604:
2592:and is used to indicate accompaniment.
2496:
2425:
2310:
2154:
2094:
2028:
1883:
1729:
1627:
1572:
1459:
1300:
1103:: habitual/progressive, stative, past,
203:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5354:
4424:Wappo Indians of Napa County: Language
4297:
4030:
2526:
176:Wappo is classified as Extinct by the
4444:
4300:The Languages of Native North America
4223:
4191:Handbook of the Indians of California
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4091:
4074:
4072:
4070:
3959:
3942:
3140:
3077:
3013:
2944:
2713:
2435:
2194:
2163:1SG:NOM coffee sugar - COM want - DUR
1979:
1932:
1915:ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh - taʔ ah haṭis - khiʔ
1827:
1813:ah haṭis - khiʔ ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh - taʔ
1765:
1711:ah ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh - taʔ haṭis - khiʔ
1637:
1546:
1528:
1397:"I didn’t make him/her break the pot"
1052:, which is the root "weave" plus the
5382:History of Sonoma County, California
4160:
3261:where 2SG:NOM 1SG sit -INF want -DUR
2648:
2577:3SG:NOM knife - INST bear kill - PST
2469:who- BEN 2SG:NOM DEM basket make-PST
2068:hinta hopoka ah k'ešu mehlahi - khiʔ
1510:3SG:NOM Indian language learn - STAT
4154:
3935:1SG:NOM go -INF have -STAT just now
2877:
2580:"s/he killed the bear with a knife"
2472:"who did you make that basket for?"
2333:
1237:Negatives are marked by the suffix
13:
5372:Extinct languages of North America
5367:Indigenous languages of California
4412:Wappo, California Language Archive
4362:. University of California Press.
4352:Handbook of North American Indians
4323:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
4219:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
4140:. University of California Press.
4110:
4096:. University of California Press.
4067:
3999:
3880:
3822:
3759:
3669:
3524:
3230:
2932:
2560:
2454:
2376:bear -NOM 1SG -DAT DIR- come -STAT
2082:and adverbs come before the verb.
2071:day three 1SG:NOM deer hunt - STAT
1869:
1807:
1679:
1598:
1362:
1258:
1002:
14:
5398:
4377:
1513:"s/he's learning Indian language"
1344:
369:
355:
348:
334:
327:
16:Extinct language of North America
5334:
5333:
4016:
2166:"I want coffee with sugar in it"
2160:ah kaphe kawaču - k'a hak' - šeʔ
1610:"that fish, the man bought (it)"
1607:DEM fish DEM man - NOM buy - PST
1079:"Indians" has the plural suffix
226:language that was spoken by the
4332:A grammar of the Wappo language
4253:
4235:
3903:
3749:
3457:
3387:
3128:
2849:
2763:1SG - GEN tobacco - NOM missing
2363:
2074:"for three days, I was hunting"
2062:
1909:
1755:
1705:
1507:cephi onoʔšiʔ okel haṭel - khiʔ
1501:
5387:Languages extinct in the 1990s
4283:. Government Printing Office.
4206:
4181:
4085:
4053:
4024:
3558:Language contact and influence
3264:"where do you want me to sit?"
3047:
2956:already 2SG:NOM finish - PST Q
2379:"the bear is coming toward me"
2214:
2170:
1:
3992:
3170:"do you have any cigarettes?"
3167:tobacco have - STAT Q 2SG:NOM
2766:"I don’t have any cigarettes"
1442:
1064:
379:
4436:A Reference Grammar of Wappo
4360:A Reference Grammar of Wappo
4138:A Reference Grammar of Wappo
4035:(2nd print., rev ed.).
3473:"s/he went to buy something"
2872:
1604:ce ew ce k'ew - i t'um - taʔ
1388:ah te oyaʔ keʔ - tis - ta -
996:
994:
982:
970:
968:
956:
945:
943:
931:
919:
917:
905:
889:
887:
885:
873:
871:
859:
848:
846:
844:
832:
830:
818:
792:
790:
778:
766:
764:
762:
746:
744:
732:
720:
718:
716:
705:
703:
691:
679:
677:
675:
664:
662:
650:
638:
636:
634:
618:
606:
604:
592:
580:
568:
557:
545:
543:
531:
519:
507:
486:
474:
472:
460:
448:
436:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
288:
7:
4094:California Indian Languages
3975:
3688:"I boiled water for coffee"
2959:"have you finished already?
1087:"apples" lacks the suffix.
10:
5403:
4483:indicate extinct languages
3550:who -NOM 1SG see -PST- NEG
3470:3SG:NOM what go:buy - STAT
3399:čhuya -cawote- cewte -khiʔ
2256:is marked with the suffix
5329:
5307:
5276:
5223:
5216:
5166:
5138:
5097:
5007:
4964:
4809:
4696:
4625:
4568:
4524:
4497:
4488:
4478:
4298:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
3582:"rice" was borrowed from
3258:miʔ i yok' -okh hak' -šeʔ
2868:"what fell on the roof?"
1437:
1402:directional prefixes are
1197:"I dug many swamp-roots"
1154:13 different forms exist
893:
806:
750:
622:
424:
390:
368:
293:
189:
167:
155:
143:
127:
111:
106:
81:
69:
59:
45:
35:
26:
21:
4339:English-Wappo Vocabulary
3938:"I have to go right now"
3573:"pea" was borrowed from
3405:"what fell on the roof?"
2664:1SG:NOM 2SG -COM go -FUT
1406:"away from speaker" and
1108:verb stem, for example,
1090:
1069:
279:English-Wappo Vocabulary
265:, or name for them, was
4472:Languages of California
4350:(Ed.). (1978–present).
4260:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
4200:2027/mdp.39015006584174
4188:Kroeber, A. L. (1925).
4031:Hinton, Leanne (1996).
3175:Question-word questions
3025:2SG:NOM 1SG like -DUR Q
1414:, meaning "around" and
1231:" you'll cut yourself"
1214:"I've become a doctor"
267:
257:
28:
5317:American Sign Language
4384:Wappo Language Project
4348:Sturtevant, William C.
4164:The Western Kuksu Cult
4092:Golla, Victor (2011).
1036:Phonological processes
251:
191:This article contains
4923:Southern Sierra Miwok
4917:Northern Sierra Miwok
3958:Russian River Wappo (
1151:Habitual/progressive
162:Distribution of Wappo
5362:Yuki–Wappo languages
4911:Central Sierra Miwok
4320:Tribes of California
4216:Tribes of California
4161:Loeb, E. M. (1932).
4037:Berkeley, California
3987:Yuki–Wappo languages
3834:who 2SG:NOM see -PST
2681:alienable possession
2466:miʔ ce takaʔ mes-taʔ
2277:"deer (singular)" →
2248:"that man is my son"
1146:English translation
5248:Californian Spanish
3847:deontic expressions
2245:DEM man COP 1SG son
1180:"my bird has died"
1163:"I eat acorn mush"
5236:California English
5167:Language isolates
4860:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
4846:Kings River Yokuts
4832:Buena Vista Yokuts
4429:2012-02-08 at the
4417:2013-07-04 at the
4337:Sawyer, Jesse O.,
3943:Regional variation
3845:"have" is used in
3837:"who did you see?"
3771:eniya c'iti -khi?
3547:i naw- ta -lahkhiʔ
2950:uh miʔ c'ey - taʔ
2667:"I’ll go with you"
5349:
5348:
5325:
5324:
5212:
5211:
4744:Southeastern Pomo
4731:Northeastern Pomo
4369:978-0-520-09854-1
4309:978-0-521-23228-9
4290:978-0-16-048774-3
4271:978-0-19-509427-5
4147:978-0-520-09854-1
4103:978-0-520-26667-4
4046:978-0-930588-62-5
4014:(25th ed., 2022)
3323:who -NOM win -DUR
3092:"is he your son?"
3089:3SG COP 2SG son Q
3028:"do you like me?"
2770:Wappo also has a
2478:instrumental case
2080:oblique arguments
2078:In verb phrases,
1235:
1234:
1191:ah leʔa mey-ocow
1022:"wild grape vine"
1000:
999:
954:
903:
857:
816:
760:
714:
673:
632:
566:
505:
434:
377:
376:
271:("northerners").
217:
216:
199:rendering support
195:phonetic symbols.
5394:
5337:
5336:
5231:American English
5221:
5220:
5204:Plains Sign Talk
5169:and unclassified
4984:New River Shasta
4495:
4494:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4395:overview at the
4373:
4324:
4313:
4294:
4275:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4169:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4133:
4108:
4107:
4089:
4083:
4076:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4039:: Heyday Books.
4028:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4003:
3961:
3955:Clear Lake Wappo
3905:
3882:
3863:
3859:
3824:
3805:
3801:
3761:
3751:
3724:
3711:
3699:
3682:ah mey k'o - taʔ
3671:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3591:benefactive case
3563:Language contact
3537:
3526:
3507:
3497:
3459:
3423:
3419:
3389:
3369:
3350:
3326:"who’s winning?"
3310:
3291:
3251:
3232:
3213:
3203:
3199:
3160:luče neʔ - khiʔ
3156:
3152:
3142:
3130:
3079:
3059:
3049:
3039:
3019:miʔ i hak' -šeʔ
3015:
3003:
2984:
2974:
2970:
2946:
2934:
2908:
2904:
2878:Yes–no questions
2851:
2831:
2801:
2778:"away from" and
2741:
2715:
2695:
2650:
2631:
2618:
2606:
2602:
2574:chica ṭ'oh - taʔ
2562:
2528:
2498:
2494:
2456:
2437:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2385:benefactive case
2365:
2345:
2335:
2322:
2312:
2226:
2216:
2196:
2156:
2130:
2096:
2092:
2064:
2030:
2026:
1981:
1963:
1934:
1911:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1829:
1809:
1767:
1757:
1731:
1727:
1707:
1681:
1639:
1629:
1625:
1600:
1574:
1548:
1530:
1503:
1461:
1457:
1384:
1364:
1346:
1312:
1302:
1298:
1274:
1260:
1134:
1133:
992:
980:
966:
950:
941:
929:
915:
899:
883:
869:
853:
842:
828:
812:
802:
788:
776:
756:
742:
730:
710:
701:
689:
669:
660:
648:
628:
616:
602:
590:
578:
562:
555:
541:
529:
517:
501:
496:
484:
470:
458:
446:
430:
388:
387:
373:
359:
352:
338:
331:
305:
304:
270:
260:
254:
244:Pomoan languages
232:Alexander Valley
183:
172:
160:
139:
123:
116:
87:
50:Alexander Valley
31:
19:
18:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5321:
5303:
5272:
5241:Chicano English
5208:
5202:
5168:
5162:
5134:
5122:Southern Patwin
5093:
5053:Northern Paiute
5042:Luiseño-Juaneño
5003:
4960:
4805:
4692:
4621:
4564:
4520:
4484:
4474:
4469:
4431:Wayback Machine
4419:Wayback Machine
4380:
4370:
4310:
4291:
4272:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4211:
4207:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4134:
4111:
4104:
4090:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3978:
3945:
3940:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3894:
3884:
3873:
3865:
3839:
3826:
3815:
3807:
3793:
3779:
3763:
3753:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3713:
3701:
3690:
3673:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3625:
3613:
3605:
3560:
3555:
3553:"nobody saw me"
3539:
3529:
3517:
3509:
3499:
3486:
3475:
3461:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3425:
3407:
3391:
3380:
3372:
3360:
3352:
3339:
3328:
3312:
3301:
3293:
3280:
3266:
3253:
3242:
3234:
3223:
3215:
3205:
3191:
3177:
3172:
3158:
3144:
3132:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3094:
3083:te ceʔ mi ek'a
3081:
3069:
3061:
3051:
3041:
3030:
3017:
3005:
2994:
2986:
2976:
2961:
2948:
2936:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2896:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2862:te- cewte -khiʔ
2853:
2842:
2834:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2792:
2768:
2751:
2743:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2705:
2697:
2675:is marked with
2669:
2652:
2641:
2633:
2620:
2608:
2588:is marked with
2586:comitative case
2582:
2564:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2518:
2510:
2500:
2474:
2458:
2447:
2439:
2429:
2415:
2403:
2387:is marked with
2381:
2367:
2356:
2348:
2337:
2324:
2314:
2303:
2281:"deer (plural)"
2254:nominative case
2250:
2236:
2228:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2180:accusative case
2173:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2018:
2010:
2001:
1993:te - meʔ č'ešma
1991:
1983:
1973:
1965:
1954:
1944:
1936:
1922:
1913:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1873:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1820:
1811:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1718:
1709:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1631:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1540:
1532:
1515:
1505:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1445:
1440:
1399:
1386:
1374:
1366:
1356:
1348:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1304:
1289:
1276:
1262:
1251:
1093:
1072:
1067:
1038:
1005:
1003:Stress and tone
382:
296:
291:
283:Sandra Thompson
197:Without proper
185:
184:
175:
163:
135:
119:
112:
102:
88:
85:Language family
83:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5400:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5313:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5227:
5225:
5218:
5217:Non-Indigenous
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5172:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5146:
5144:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5113:
5105:
5103:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5026:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4913:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4839:Gashowu Yokuts
4835:
4823:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4574:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4501:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:Wappo language
4390:
4379:
4378:External links
4376:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4355:
4345:
4342:
4335:
4325:
4314:
4308:
4295:
4289:
4276:
4270:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4234:
4222:
4205:
4180:
4177:on 2019-12-06.
4153:
4146:
4109:
4102:
4084:
4080:Survey Reports
4066:
4052:
4045:
4023:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3971:Southern Wappo
3969:
3966:
3965:Northern Wappo
3963:
3962:Western Wappo)
3956:
3944:
3941:
3916:
3908:
3895:
3885:
3874:
3866:
3852:
3851:
3816:
3808:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3754:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3714:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3626:
3614:
3606:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3577:
3559:
3556:
3530:
3518:
3510:
3500:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3426:
3412:
3411:
3381:
3373:
3361:
3353:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3302:
3294:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3243:
3235:
3224:
3216:
3206:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3145:
3133:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3070:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3006:
2995:
2987:
2977:
2963:
2962:
2937:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2843:
2835:
2824:
2814:
2804:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2760:luč - i lakhiʔ
2744:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2706:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2642:
2634:
2621:
2609:
2595:
2594:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2519:
2511:
2501:
2487:
2486:
2448:
2440:
2430:
2416:
2404:
2394:
2393:
2373:te- laha -khiʔ
2357:
2349:
2338:
2325:
2315:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2229:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2188:
2172:
2169:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2085:
2084:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2019:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1984:
1974:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1874:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1720:
1719:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1632:
1618:
1617:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1541:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1375:
1367:
1357:
1349:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1305:
1291:
1290:
1263:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:yomtoʔ-iš-khiʔ
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1174:i-meʔ c'ic'-i
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:Wappo example
1141:
1138:
1092:
1089:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
993:
981:
969:
967:
955:
947:
946:
944:
942:
930:
918:
916:
904:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
884:
872:
870:
858:
850:
849:
847:
845:
843:
831:
829:
817:
810:
804:
803:
791:
789:
777:
765:
763:
761:
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
731:
719:
717:
715:
707:
706:
704:
702:
690:
678:
676:
674:
666:
665:
663:
661:
649:
637:
635:
633:
626:
620:
619:
617:
605:
603:
591:
579:
567:
559:
558:
556:
544:
542:
530:
518:
506:
498:
497:
485:
473:
471:
459:
447:
435:
428:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
381:
378:
375:
374:
367:
361:
360:
353:
346:
340:
339:
332:
325:
319:
318:
313:
308:
295:
292:
290:
287:
215:
214:
201:, you may see
187:
186:
174:
173:
165:
164:
161:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
133:
125:
124:
117:
109:
108:
107:Language codes
104:
103:
101:
100:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
47:
43:
42:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5399:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5342:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5309:Sign language
5306:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:Indo-European
5222:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4866:Valley Yokuts
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4820:Klamath-Modoc
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4764:Southern Pomo
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:Northern Pomo
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4238:
4229:
4227:
4218:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4184:
4173:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3970:
3968:Central Wappo
3967:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3467:t'um'i - khiʔ
3466:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3424:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2782:"on top of".
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:locative case
2767:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:genitive case
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:"his/her bed"
1997:
1996:3SG - GEN bed
1994:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1453:
1448:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1287:"did not eat"
1285:
1284:eat -PST -NEG
1282:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1010:
990:
985:
978:
973:
964:
959:
953:
949:
948:
939:
934:
927:
922:
913:
908:
902:
898:
896:
892:
881:
876:
867:
862:
856:
852:
851:
840:
835:
826:
821:
815:
811:
809:
805:
800:
795:
786:
781:
774:
769:
759:
755:
753:
749:
740:
735:
728:
723:
713:
709:
708:
699:
694:
687:
682:
672:
668:
667:
658:
653:
646:
641:
631:
627:
625:
621:
614:
609:
600:
595:
588:
583:
576:
571:
565:
561:
560:
553:
548:
539:
534:
527:
522:
515:
510:
504:
500:
499:
494:
489:
482:
477:
468:
463:
456:
451:
444:
439:
433:
429:
427:
423:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
386:
372:
366:
363:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
345:
342:
341:
337:
333:
330:
326:
324:
321:
320:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
306:
303:
300:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
264:
261:. The Pomoan
259:
253:
247:
245:
241:
240:Yuki language
237:
236:San Francisco
233:
229:
225:
221:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
188:
182:
179:
171:
166:
159:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
131:
126:
122:
118:
115:
110:
105:
99:
96:
95:
94:
90:
86:
80:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
40:United States
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
5338:
5197:
5191:
5181:
5175:
5156:
5155:
5149:
5139:
5127:
5120:
5108:
5098:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5040:
5033:
5021:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4965:
4951:
4934:
4915:
4905:Plains Miwok
4903:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4818:
4796:
4789:
4762:
4757:Central Pomo
4755:
4748:
4738:Eastern Pomo
4736:
4729:
4722:
4705:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4626:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4569:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4513:
4506:
4480:
4359:
4351:
4338:
4331:
4319:
4299:
4280:
4261:
4254:Bibliography
4248:
4237:
4215:
4208:
4190:
4183:
4172:the original
4163:
4156:
4137:
4093:
4087:
4082:. Report #7.
4079:
4055:
4032:
4026:
4009:
4001:
3947:Wappo had 5
3946:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3925:ah čoh -ukh
3924:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3856:
3853:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:miʔ naw -taʔ
3828:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3630:
3627:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3149:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2881:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2599:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2491:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2342:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:ceʔeʔ i ek'a
2239:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2177:
2174:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2089:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1771:
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1431:
1427:
1420:desiderative
1415:
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1407:
1403:
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1396:
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1256:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1227:ohk'eč'e-siʔ
1226:
1209:
1205:-iš and -eš
1192:
1175:
1158:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1094:
1084:
1080:
1076:
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1006:
983:
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932:
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874:
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833:
819:
793:
779:
767:
733:
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508:
487:
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449:
437:
383:
301:
297:
278:
273:
248:
219:
218:
190:
128:
97:
64:Wappo people
5084:Tübatulabal
5009:Uto Aztecan
4891:Coast Miwok
4402:Wappo Texts
4328:Radin, Paul
2287:dative case
2171:Case system
1202:Inchoative
1176:čhoʔel-khiʔ
1140:Suffix(es)
1028:"greyhound"
952:glottalized
895:Approximant
855:glottalized
712:glottalized
564:glottalized
205:instead of
5356:Categories
5299:Vietnamese
4898:Lake Miwok
4595:Purisimeño
4526:Athabaskan
4490:Indigenous
4011:Ethnologue
3993:References
2884:harmonizes
2369:chic -i i
1952:"this cat"
1443:Word order
1126:Epenthesis
1105:inchoative
1085:mansanaʔi
1077:onoʔšiʔ-te
1065:Morphology
380:Consonants
275:Paul Radin
93:Yuki–Wappo
54:California
5183:Chimariko
5035:Kitanemuk
4991:Okwanuchu
4884:Bay Miwok
4853:Palewyami
4707:Chimariko
4652:Ramaytush
4645:Chochenyo
4616:Ventureño
4609:Barbareño
4571:Chumashan
3949:varieties
3320:oyok' -eʔ
2873:Questions
1278:paʔ -ta -
1225:miʔ may'
1157:ah yekhe
1137:Category
1122:hintolik-
1009:word stem
758:voiceless
752:Fricative
671:aspirated
630:voiceless
624:Affricate
503:aspirated
432:voiceless
289:Phonology
268:Ashochimi
234:north of
130:Glottolog
114:ISO 639-3
60:Ethnicity
5340:Category
5253:Armenian
5071:Tataviam
5058:Panamint
5029:Kawaiisu
5017:Cahuilla
4977:Konomihu
4811:Penutian
4785:Kumeyaay
4724:Atsugewi
4718:Achomawi
4581:Obispeño
4427:Archived
4415:Archived
4330:. 1929.
3976:See also
3932:maʔa heʔ
3843:neʔ-khiʔ
3575:chícharo
3532:-lahkhiʔ
3366:-on:top-
3363:-cawote-
2855:thal -i
2661:čo: -siʔ
2267:"boy" →
2184:unmarked
1946:he tonči
1477:language
1424:optative
1168:Stative
1054:durative
1013:stressed
404:Alveolar
211:Help:IPA
137:wapp1239
77:2 (1994)
5294:Tagalog
5284:Chinese
5268:Russian
5263:Punjabi
5258:Persian
5199:Takelma
5193:Salinan
5177:Esselen
5110:Nomlaki
5100:Wintuan
5064:Serrano
4967:Shastan
4953:Nisenan
4930:Maiduan
4770:Kashaya
4666:Awaswas
4602:Ineseño
4588:Cruzeño
4559:Wailaki
4545:Mattole
4481:Italics
4386:at the
3571:čičaloʔ
3104:tobacco
2894:already
2821:-on:top
2749:missing
2723:tobacco
2568:kuči:ya
2504:kuči:ya
2450:mes-taʔ
2269:pol'eʔi
2043:mehlahi
1949:DEM cat
1518:Patient
1466:onoʔšiʔ
1390:lahkhiʔ
1378:lahkhiʔ
1280:lahkhiʔ
1267:lahkhiʔ
1239:lahkhiʔ
1219:Future
1159:k'el-iʔ
1050:čoči-iʔ
426:Plosive
419:Glottal
409:Palatal
258:Micewal
224:extinct
207:Unicode
71:Extinct
29:Micewal
5289:Korean
5141:Yukian
5116:Patwin
5078:Tongva
5023:Cupeño
4998:Shasta
4947:Konkow
4826:Yokuts
4780:Mojave
4687:Chalon
4680:Rumsen
4673:Mutsun
4659:Tamyen
4638:Karkin
4628:Ohlone
4534:Tolowa
4366:
4306:
4287:
4268:
4144:
4100:
4043:
3960:a.k.a.
3603:coffee
3463:cephi
3441:go:buy
3438:t'um'i
2916:finish
2860:-cawoh
2817:-cawoh
2780:-cawoh
2746:lakhiʔ
2566:cephi
2445:basket
2271:"boys"
2265:pol'eʔ
2109:kawaču
2104:coffee
2013:hopoka
1986:č'ešma
1469:Indian
1438:Syntax
1193:el-taʔ
1171:-khiʔ
1118:hinto-
1101:aspect
1083:, but
1046:elided
1026:kálkuʔ
399:Dental
394:Labial
294:Vowels
263:exonym
222:is an
178:UNESCO
46:Region
5377:Wappo
5277:Asian
5188:Karuk
5157:Wappo
5129:Wintu
4942:Maidu
4936:Chico
4878:Miwok
4873:Wintu
4775:Washo
4713:Karuk
4698:Hokan
4552:Cahto
4515:Yurok
4508:Wiyot
4499:Algic
4175:(PDF)
4168:(PDF)
4006:Wappo
3982:Wappo
3930:-khiʔ
3898:-khiʔ
3745:-khi?
3737:c'iti
3729:eniya
3723:BENEF
3676:kaphe
3645:water
3622:BENEF
3599:kaphe
3584:arroz
3580:háros
3414:cephi
3383:-khiʔ
3375:cewte
3358:house
3355:čhuya
3296:oyok'
3189:where
2857:čhuya
2845:-khiʔ
2837:cewte
2811:house
2807:čhuya
2533:chica
2508:knife
2489:cephi
2482:-thiʔ
2453:make-
2442:takaʔ
2359:-khiʔ
2279:k'eši
2275:k'ešu
2211:ceʔeʔ
2112:sugar
2101:kaphe
2035:k'ešu
2016:three
2005:hinta
1939:tonči
1890:haṭis
1853:catch
1791:catch
1736:haṭis
1686:haṭis
1663:catch
1485:learn
1482:haṭel
1452:cephi
1328:break
1188:-taʔ
1185:Past
1110:-lik-
1097:tense
1091:Verbs
1070:Nouns
1058:čoči?
1020:méhwa
991:]
987:[
979:]
975:[
965:]
961:[
940:]
936:[
928:]
924:[
914:]
910:[
901:plain
882:]
878:[
868:]
864:[
841:]
837:[
827:]
823:[
814:plain
808:Nasal
801:]
797:[
787:]
783:[
775:]
771:[
741:]
737:[
729:]
725:[
700:]
696:[
688:]
684:[
659:]
655:[
647:]
643:[
615:]
611:[
601:]
597:[
589:]
585:[
577:]
573:[
554:]
550:[
540:]
536:[
528:]
524:[
516:]
512:[
495:]
491:[
483:]
479:[
469:]
465:[
457:]
453:[
445:]
441:[
414:Velar
311:Front
252:guapo
228:Wappo
220:Wappo
150:Wappo
98:Wappo
22:Wappo
5151:Yuki
5048:Mono
4798:Yahi
4791:Yana
4539:Hupa
4364:ISBN
4304:ISBN
4285:ISBN
4266:ISBN
4142:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4041:ISBN
3913:just
3910:maʔa
3904:STAT
3892:have
3876:-ukh
3818:-taʔ
3750:STAT
3740:hard
3732:very
3653:boil
3512:naw-
3465:thal
3458:STAT
3454:khiʔ
3433:what
3429:thal
3394:thal
3388:STAT
3378:fall
3337:what
3333:thal
3245:-šeʔ
3240:want
3237:hak'
3226:-okh
3218:yok'
3129:STAT
3125:khiʔ
3112:have
3101:luče
3064:ek'a
2997:-šeʔ
2992:like
2989:hak'
2913:c'ey
2850:STAT
2840:fall
2790:what
2787:thal
2677:-meʔ
2671:The
2659:-k'a
2644:-siʔ
2624:-k'a
2590:-k'a
2584:The
2572:thiʔ
2544:kill
2541:ṭ'oh
2536:bear
2527:INST
2522:thiʔ
2484:.
2476:The
2461:may-
2401:who-
2397:may-
2383:The
2371:-thu
2364:STAT
2354:come
2351:laha
2328:-thu
2301:bear
2298:chic
2293:.
2291:-thu
2285:The
2252:The
2240:k'ew
2231:ek'a
2202:k'ew
2178:The
2138:want
2135:hak'
2063:STAT
2059:khiʔ
2046:hunt
2038:deer
1910:STAT
1906:khiʔ
1893:know
1850:ṭ'oh
1845:fish
1834:k'ew
1788:ṭ'oh
1783:fish
1772:k'ew
1756:STAT
1752:khiʔ
1739:know
1706:STAT
1702:khiʔ
1689:know
1660:ṭ'oh
1655:fish
1644:k'ew
1579:t'um
1553:k'ew
1538:fish
1502:STAT
1498:khiʔ
1474:okel
1432:keye
1428:k'ah
1422:and
1345:CAUS
1317:oyaʔ
1114:-laʔ
739:t͡ʃʼ
727:t͡sʼ
698:t͡ʃʰ
686:t͡sʰ
323:High
316:Back
5089:Ute
4196:hdl
4008:at
3927:neʔ
3921:now
3918:heʔ
3888:neʔ
3881:INF
3868:čoh
3862:NOM
3858:1SG
3829:may
3823:PST
3813:see
3810:naw
3804:NOM
3800:2SG
3796:miʔ
3791:who
3787:may
3769:-ma
3760:INF
3717:-ma
3710:1SG
3698:NOM
3670:PST
3666:taʔ
3650:k'o
3642:mey
3636:NOM
3632:1SG
3542:may
3536:NEG
3525:PST
3515:see
3506:1SG
3496:NOM
3484:who
3480:may
3422:NOM
3418:3SG
3368:DIR
3349:NOM
3315:may
3309:DUR
3304:-eʔ
3299:win
3290:NOM
3278:who
3274:may
3256:iṭa
3250:DUR
3231:INF
3221:sit
3212:1SG
3202:NOM
3198:2SG
3194:miʔ
3185:iṭa
3164:miʔ
3162:hiʔ
3155:NOM
3151:2SG
3147:miʔ
3136:hiʔ
3109:neʔ
3085:haʔ
3073:haʔ
3067:son
3058:2SG
3048:COP
3044:ceʔ
3038:3SG
3021:heʔ
3009:heʔ
3002:DUR
2983:1SG
2973:NOM
2969:2SG
2965:miʔ
2952:haʔ
2940:haʔ
2933:PST
2929:taʔ
2907:NOM
2903:2SG
2899:miʔ
2830:DIR
2826:te-
2800:NOM
2776:-pi
2758:meʔ
2740:NOM
2720:luč
2714:GEN
2709:meʔ
2694:1SG
2654:ah
2649:FUT
2636:čo:
2630:COM
2617:2SG
2605:NOM
2601:1SG
2561:PST
2557:taʔ
2497:NOM
2493:3SG
2455:PST
2436:DEM
2426:NOM
2422:2SG
2418:miʔ
2412:BEN
2389:-ma
2344:DIR
2340:te-
2334:DAT
2321:1SG
2311:NOM
2238:ce
2234:son
2225:1SG
2215:COP
2206:man
2195:DEM
2182:is
2155:DUR
2151:šeʔ
2129:COM
2125:k'a
2095:NOM
2091:1SG
2029:NOM
2025:1SG
2008:day
1989:bed
1980:GEN
1976:meʔ
1962:3SG
1942:cat
1933:DEM
1884:NOM
1880:1SG
1870:PST
1866:taʔ
1837:man
1828:DEM
1808:PST
1804:taʔ
1775:man
1766:DEM
1730:NOM
1726:1SG
1680:PST
1676:taʔ
1647:man
1638:DEM
1628:NOM
1624:1SG
1599:PST
1595:taʔ
1582:buy
1573:NOM
1556:man
1547:DEM
1529:DEM
1460:NOM
1456:3SG
1416:pi-
1412:ho-
1408:te-
1404:ma-
1383:NEG
1363:PST
1341:tis
1325:keʔ
1320:pot
1311:3SG
1301:NOM
1297:1SG
1273:NEG
1259:PST
1254:-ta
1249:eat
1246:paʔ
1208:ah
1124:.
1120:to
1099:or
1081:-te
1011:is
657:t͡ʃ
645:t͡s
599:t̺ʼ
587:t̻ʼ
538:t̺ʰ
526:t̻ʰ
365:Low
344:Mid
193:IPA
145:ELP
121:wao
5358::
5196:,
5190:,
5186:,
5180:,
5154:,
4225:^
4112:^
4069:^
3951::
3871:go
3854:ah
3680:ma
3678:-
3628:ah
3617:ma
3545:-i
3520:ta
3490:-i
3397:-i
3343:-i
3318:-i
3284:-i
3054:mi
3034:te
2891:uh
2795:-i
2756:-
2656:mi
2639:go
2612:mi
2597:ah
2570:-
2464:ma
2432:ce
2407:ma
2306:-i
2258:-i
2191:ce
2087:ah
2021:ah
1958:te
1929:he
1876:ah
1842:ew
1824:ce
1780:ew
1762:ce
1722:ah
1652:ew
1634:ce
1620:ah
1543:ce
1535:ew
1525:ce
1359:ta
1307:te
1293:ah
1241:.
989:jʼ
984:yʼ
977:lʼ
972:lʼ
963:wʼ
958:wʼ
880:nʼ
875:nʼ
866:mʼ
861:mʼ
734:čʼ
722:cʼ
693:čh
681:ch
613:kʼ
608:kʼ
594:ṭʼ
582:tʼ
575:pʼ
570:pʼ
552:kʰ
547:kʰ
533:ṭʰ
521:tʰ
514:pʰ
509:pʰ
467:t̺
455:t̻
246:.
52:,
4464:e
4457:t
4450:v
4372:.
4312:.
4293:.
4274:.
4202:.
4198::
4150:.
4106:.
4049:.
3902:-
3879:-
3860::
3821:-
3802::
3766:i
3758:-
3748:-
3721:-
3705:i
3696:-
3661:-
3658:-
3634::
3611:-
3608:-
3527:-
3523:-
3502:i
3494:-
3449:-
3446:-
3420::
3386:-
3370:-
3347:-
3307:-
3288:-
3248:-
3229:-
3208:i
3200::
3153::
3141:Q
3120:-
3117:-
3078:Q
3014:Q
3000:-
2979:i
2971::
2945:Q
2924:-
2921:-
2905::
2848:-
2832:-
2798:-
2754:i
2736:i
2731:-
2728:-
2703:-
2700:-
2689:i
2647:-
2628:-
2603::
2552:-
2549:-
2516:-
2513:-
2495::
2424::
2362:-
2346:-
2332:-
2317:i
2309:-
2221:i
2146:-
2143:-
2120:-
2117:-
2093::
2054:-
2051:-
2027::
1971:-
1968:-
1901:-
1898:-
1882::
1861:-
1858:-
1799:-
1796:-
1747:-
1744:-
1728::
1697:-
1694:-
1671:-
1668:-
1626::
1590:-
1587:-
1569:i
1564:-
1561:-
1493:-
1490:-
1458::
1372:-
1369:-
1354:-
1351:-
1336:-
1333:-
1299::
1271:-
1265:-
1257:-
1060:.
938:j
933:y
926:l
921:l
912:w
907:w
839:n
834:n
825:m
820:m
799:h
794:h
785:ʃ
780:š
773:s
768:s
652:č
640:c
493:ʔ
488:ʔ
481:k
476:k
462:ṭ
450:t
443:p
438:p
371:a
357:o
350:e
336:u
329:i
213:.
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