Zapotec languages - Knowledge

2914: 227: 242: 2929:) in the 16th century. In the past century, there have been ongoing efforts to produce Zapotec orthographies and to write in Zapotec. The Isthmus Zapotec alphabet in use today was founded in the 1950s, drawing from works going back as far as the 1920s. Until recently the Zapotec languages were only sparsely studied and documented but in recent years Zapotec language has begun to receive serious attention by descriptive linguists (see bibliography). 3031:, had trained medical interpreters bilingual in Zapotec languages as well as in Spanish; in March 2014, Natividad Medical Foundation launched Indigenous Interpreting+, "a community and medical interpreting business specializing in indigenous languages from Mexico and Central and South America," including Zapotec languages, 2045: 2732:

There is virtually no true morphology in the Zapotec noun. There is no case marking. Plurality is indicated (if at all) in the noun phrase, either by a number or a general quantifier that may be simply translated as "plural". Possessors are also indicated in the noun phrase either by a nominal or a

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The shape of the root affects the way in which verbs conjugate. Consonant-initial roots conjugate differently than vowel-initial roots, for example, and causative verbs conjugate differently than simple verbs. Prefix vowels may be lost or merged with the root vowel, epenthetic vowels and consonants

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Most if not all varieties of Zapotec languages have intransitive-transitive verb pairs which may be analyzed as noncausative vs. causative. The derivation may be obvious or not depending on the kinds of sounds that are involved. In the simplest cases, causative is transparently seen to be a prefix,

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Though the most basic order has the verb at the beginning of the sentence, all Zapotec languages have a number of preverbal positions for topical, focal, negative, and/or interrogative elements. The following example from Quiegolani Zapotec (Black 2001) shows a focused element and an adverb before

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markers. This is due in part because of the different audiences for which the descriptions have been prepared (professional linguists vs. Zapotec speakers of the language communities, for example). The difference of terminology is particularly true in descriptions of the aspectual systems of the

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Setting aside possible abstract analyses of these facts (which posit an underlying prefix /k-/ that causes the changes seen superficially), we can illustrate the kinds of non-causative vs. causative pairs with the following examples. (Basic intransitive verbs are more common than basic transitive

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Certain characteristics serve to classify Zapotec varieties in ways that cross-cut the geographical divisions. One of these is the distinction between disyllabic roots and monosyllabic roots. Proto-Zapotec had disyllabic roots; the vowel of the second syllable could be any one of the inventory of

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Many Northern Zapotec languages, such as Sierra Juárez (Nellis and Nellis 1983, Bickmore and Broadwell 1998, Tejada 2010) show a system of three level tones (L, M, H) plus two contours. Potential aspect and 1st person singular both involve floating high tones. One example is Texmelucan Zapotec,

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The only clear morphology in most varieties of Zapotec is the derivational prefix /ʂ-/ (or its cognate) that derives an inherently possessed noun from a noun that does not take a possessor. Compare Mitla Zapotec /koʰb/ 'dough', /ʃ-koʰb/ 'dough of'. The derived noun is used when the possessor is

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type differences in vowels. Minimally they have simple vowels vs. some kind of laryngealization or creakiness; see Quioquitani Zapotec, for example. Others have a contrast between simple, laryngealized and "checked" vowels (which sound like they end in a glottal stop); see Isthmus Zapotec, for

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A few varieties of Zapotec have passive morphology, shown by a prefix on the verb. Compare Texmelucan Zapotec root /o/ 'eat' and its passive stem /dug-o/ 'be eaten', with the prefix /dug-/. In many other cases, the transitive-intransitive verb pairs are appropriately described as causative vs.

3930:, and Felipe H. Lopez, with Olivia V. Méndez , Rodrigo Garcia, and Michael R. Galant. 1999. Di'csyonaary X:tèe'n Dìi'zh Sah Sann Lu'uc (San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Dictionary / Diccionario Zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní). Los Angeles: (UCLA) Chicano Studies Research Center Publications. 469:, in the Northern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Southern Zapotec languages and are spoken in the mountainous region of Oaxaca, in the Southern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Valley Zapotec languages are spoken in the Valley of Oaxaca, and Isthmus Zapotec languages are spoken in the 4088:

Jiménez Jiménez, Enedino & Vicente Marcial Cerqueda. 1997. Neza diidxa': ni gacané binnihuaniisi gu'nda', gucaa ne güi' diidxazá (Vocabulario zapoteco: auxiliar del modelo pedagógico de diálogo cultural y alfabetización). Juchitán, Oaxaca: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo

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Broadwell, George A. 2005. The morphology of Zapotec pronominal clitics.in Rosemary Beam de Azcona and Mary Paster, eds. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 13: Conference on Otomanguean and Oaxacan Languages, pp. 15–35. University of California at

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See Egland et al. (1983:66–81) for a report of the results of mutual intelligibility testing that was carried out in many communities comparing one variety with another. No other study of this kind has been done in the Zapotec area. It is the primary basis on which the

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verbs, as in many languages.) The presence of the theme vowel /u-/ should be noted in the causative verbs, and in some cases is the only difference between the two verbs. One example of a double causative is also included here; these are not possible in all varieties.

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Smith Stark, Thomas (2007). "Algunos isoglosas zapotecas. Clasificación de las lenguas indígenas de México". In Buenrostro, Christina; Herrera Castro, Samuel; Lastra, Yolanda; Rendón, Juan José; Schumann, Otto; Valiñas, Leopoldo; Vargas Monroy, María Aydeé (eds.).

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Marlett, Stephen A. & Velma B. Pickett. 1996. El pronombre inaudible en el zapoteco del Istmo. In Zarina Estrada Fernández, Max Figueroa Esteva & Gerardo López Cruz (eds.) III Encuentro de Lingüística en el Noroeste, 119–150. Hermosillo, Sonora: Editorial

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The branch of the family that contains the most languages is Central Zapotec, which includes most of the Zapotec languages of the Valley of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The following figure shows the classification suggested by Smith Stark (2007).

2625:. The three aspects that are found in all varieties are habitual, potential and completive. San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec has seven aspects: habitual, perfective, irrealis (viz., potential), progressive, definite (viz., completive), subjunctive, and neutral. 2090:

such as divinity, babies, animals, objects (inanimate), etc.; a distinction in the first person plural ("we") as to inclusive (including the hearer) and exclusive (not including the hearer); a frequent underspecificity of singular/plural distinctions.

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Descriptive adjectives follow the noun. When they occur they also typically receive the primary stress of the phrase, causing the noun to lose some phonation features. Note the loss of the breathy feature on the word /beʰnː/ in the following example.

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Based on intelligibility studies, previous classifications, and the needs for literacy development, Merrill (2008) classifies the varieties as follows; several varieties (in brackets) often small and moribund, were not included in the principal list:

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Rendón, Juan José. 1995. El tlacuache y el coyote en zapoteco. In: Juan José Rendón (ed.) Diversificación de las lenguas zapotecas. Mexico City: Instituto Oaxaqueño de las Culturas, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores de Antropología

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vowels. One innovation shared by many varieties of Zapotec is the loss (or partial loss) of the vowel of the second syllable. The word for 'water' illustrates this fact. In conservative varieties, the vowel of the second syllable is retained:

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Persons, David. 1979. Rabbit, coyote, and skunk; When people die: Lachixio Zapotec. In: Linda K. Jones (ed.) Discourse studies in Mesoamerican languages 2: Texts, 211-23. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at

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Nellis, Donald G. 1979. The old woman and the town authorities: Cajonos Zapotec. In: Linda K. Jones (ed.) Discourse studies in Mesoamerican languages 2: Texts, 181–208. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at

2953:, a Zapotec mother of three claims that her children are punished in class if they speak Zapotec. Other areas however, such as the Isthmus, proudly maintain their mother tongue. Contemporary literature in Zapotec has been produced by 2385:

The preceding example also illustrate that Zapotec languages have prepositional phrases as expected for head-initial languages. Quantifiers, including numbers and the word for 'one' used as an indefinite article, precede the noun.

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pronominal element. (In both of these cases, since the plural morpheme and the pronouns may be enclitics, they are often written as if they were prefixes and suffixes, respectively, although they arguably are not true affixes.)

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Butler, Inez M., compiler. 1997. Diccionario Zapoteco de Yatzachi: Yatzachi el bajo, Yatzachi el alto, Oaxaca. Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", 37. Tucson, AZ: Instituto Lingüístico de

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Pickett, Velma B. and others. 1959. Vocabulario zapoteco del Istmo : Castellano zapoteco, zapoteco-castellano. Serie de vocabularios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", 3. Mexico: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. .

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Lee, Felicia A. 2005. "Clause-Fronting and Clause-Typing in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." In Andrew Carnie, Heidi Harley, Sheila Dooley Collberg (eds) Verb First, John Benjamins Publishers, Philadelphia/Amsterdam.

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Operstein, Natalie. 2002. "Positional Verbs and Relational Nouns in Zaniza Zapotec," pp. 60–70. Proceedings from the fourth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages, Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, vol

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Demonstratives, including one that means Aforementioned (in some varieties) and is sometimes translated as a definite article, occur phrase-finally (although they are sometimes written as if they were suffixes).

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Broadwell, George A. 2001. "Optimal order and pied-piping in San Dionicio Zapotec." In Peter Sells, ed. Formal and Empirical Issues in Optimality Theoretic Syntax, pp. 197–123. Stanford: CSLI Publications.

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Zapotec languages vary considerably. Some characteristics of Zapotec grammar common to the language family (though not necessarily present in all members) are: an extensive 3rd person pronoun system based on

2077:, including Isthmus Zapotec, have it on the penultimate syllable of the root. Prefixes and clitics do not affect it. Many varieties overwhelmingly have monosyllabic roots and stress falls on that syllable. 2051:

A typical system for a Central Zapotec language has two level tones plus contours, but there are complex interactions between tone, stress and phonation type, e.g. San Lucas Quiaviní (Chávez Peón 2010).

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Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "The Predicational Nature of Clefts: Evidence from Zapotec." In K. Singer, R. Eggert, and G. Anderson, (eds.), Proceedings of CLS 33. Chicago: The Chicago Linguistic Society.

2010:. Lenis corresponds to voicing and less length in obstruents and less length in sonorants. In addition, stressed vowels before lenis consonants may be longer than those before fortis consonants. 2996:.) in the Isthmus there is one privately owned commercial station, Radio TEKA (1030 AM), and several community-based radio stations, most notably the community-based Radio Totopo (102.5 FM) in 4280:

Lee, Felicia A. In press. "On the Absence of Quantificational Determiners in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." To appear in L. Matthewson, (ed.) Quantification: Universals and Variation. Elsevier.

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Jones, Ted E., and Lyle M. Knudson. 1977. "Guelavía Zapotec Phonemes". Studies in Otomanguean Phonology, ed., William R. Merrifield, pp. 163–80. : SIL / University of Texas, Arlington.

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Rojas, Rosa Maria. 2001. "La formación de palabras desde el punto de vista del contenido en lenguas zapotecas: la modificación y el desarrollo" en Dimensión Antropológica, vol. 21, 2001.

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Sicoli, Mark A. 1999. A comparison of Spanish loanwords in two Zapotec languages: Contact-induced language change in Lachixío and Juchitán Zapotec. University of Pittsburgh, M.A. Thesis.

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developed throughout millennia of interaction between the peoples of Mesoamerica. As a result, languages have acquired characteristics from genetically unrelated languages of the area.

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Speck, Charles H. 1994. The existential use of positional verbs in Texmelucan Zapotec. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session 38: 75–86.

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Lee, Felicia A. 2000. "VP Remnant Movement and VSO in Quiaviní Zapotec." In A. Carnie and E. Guilfoyle (editors), The Syntax of Verb Initial Languages, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Rojas, Rosa Maria. to appear. "La predicación secundaria en el zapoteco de Santa Ana del Valle, Oax." por aparecer en Memorias del Primer Coloquio "Leonardo Manrique", México: INAH.

3642: 3549:. “Hayandose”, in Beyond el Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o America. Ed. Peréz, Gina M., Frank A. Guridy, and Adrian Burgos Jr. New York: New York University Press, 2010. 211–232 3969:

Arellanes, Francisco. 2009. El sistema fonológico y las propriedades fonéticas del zapoteco de San Pablo Güilá. Descripción y análisis formal. Tesis doctoral. Colegio de México.

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Lee, Felicia A. 1996. "Focus in the Future and the Thetic/Categorical Distinction." In V. Samiian, (ed.), Proceedings of WECOL 96. Fresno: California State University, Fresno.

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in a strict sense, though neither are there clear-cut divisions between groups of varieties. As a result, the Mexican government officially recognizes sixty Zapotec languages.

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reportedly has just one remaining speaker. Historically, government teachers discouraged the use of the language, which has contributed to its diminution in many places. In

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Zapotec languages fall into four broad geographic divisions: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur (Southern Zapotec), and

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Speck, Charles H. & Velma B. Pickett. 1976. Some properties of the Texmelucan Zapotec verbs go, come, and arrive. International Journal of American Linguistics 42: 58–64.

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Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Focus and Judgment Type in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." In M. Juge and J. Moxley, (eds.), Proceedings of BLS 23. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society.

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Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Pseudo-quantification in Possessives." In C. Pye, (ed.), Proceedings of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference. Lawrence: The University of Kansas.

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Piper, Michael J. 1995. The functions of ‘lëë’ in Xanica Zapotec narrative discourse with some implications for comparative Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 67–78.

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Benton, Joseph P. 1987. Clause and sentence-level word order and discourse strategy in Chichicapan Zapotec oral narrative discourse. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 72–84.

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Lee, Felicia A. 2001. "WH and Focus Are Not the Same Projection." In K. Megerdoomian and L. Bar-El, (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 20. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.

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Ruegsegger, Manis & Jane Ruegsegger. 1955. Vocabulario zapoteco del dialecto de Miahuatlán del Estado de Oaxaca. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.

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Lyman, Rosemary. 1977. Participant identification in Choapan Zapotec. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 21: 115–31.

4342:," pp. 69 – 92, Proceedings from the sixth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages, Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, vol. 14, Jeanie Castillo (ed.). 3859:

Bartholomew, Doris A. 1983. Grammatica Zapoteca, in Neil Nellis and Jane Goodner Nellis Diccionario Zapoteco de Juarez Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Mexico.

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The most influential classification of Zapotec languages is due to Thomas Smith Stark, who proposed the following overall classification of Zapotec languages.

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Riggs, David B. 1991. A comparative grammar of English for Zapotec speakers (Gramática comparativa inglés-zapoteco). M.A. thesis. Universidad de las Américas.

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Butler, Inez M. 1980. Gramática zapoteca: Zapoteco de Yatzachi el Bajo. Gramáticas de Lenguas Indígenas de México, 4. Mexico: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.

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Lee, Felicia A. 1997. "Evidence for Tense in a 'Tenseless' Language." In P. Tamagi, M. Hirotani, and N. Hall, (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 29. Amherst: GLSA.

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Broadwell, George A. 2015. The historical development of the progressive aspect in Central Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics 81:151–185.

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Lee, Felicia A. 1995. "Aspect, Negation, and Temporal Polarity in Zapotec." In B. Agbayani and S.-W. Tang, (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 15. Stanford: CSLI.

2034:, as are Otomanguean languages generally. Unfortunately, materials on Zapotec languages vary widely in the quality of their tonal description and analysis. 4006:

Heise, Jennifer Lynn. 2003. Participant reference and tracking in San Francisco Ozolotepec Zapotec. M.A. thesis. Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.

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Méndez S., Pedro, compiler, & others. 2004. Diccionario zapoteco; Zapoteco de San Pablo Yaganiza, Oaxaca. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.

4348:. 2002. "Hierarchical Pronouns in Discourse: Third Person Pronouns in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Narratives". Southwest Journal of Linguistics 21: 37–66. 2219:

The preverbal position for interrogatives is shown in the following example, from San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec (Broadwell 2001). This is an example of

521:). In this particular word Amatlán does not have a labialized consonant at the end, and the otherwise innovative variety Yatzachi keeps the final vowel: 2065:

example. Others have a contrast between those types and also breathy vowels. The latter varieties include Mitla Zapotec and San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec.

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Beam de Azcona, Rosemary. "Southern Zapotec Languages Collection of Rosemary Beam de Azcona" The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America:

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Sonnenschein, Aaron Huey. 2004. A Descriptive Grammar of Zoogocho Zapotec on a Typological Basis. University of Southern California Ph.D. dissertation.

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Bickmore, Lee S. and George A. Broadwell. 1998. High tone docking in Sierra Juárez Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics, 64:37–67.

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Marlett, Stephen A. 1987. The syllable structure and aspect morphology of Isthmus Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics 53: 398–422.

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Marlett, Stephen A. 1987. The syllable structure and aspect morphology of Isthmus Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics 53: 398–422.

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Speck, Charles H. 1994. Texmelucan Zapotec verbs. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session 38: 125–29

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which has four contrasting tones: three contour tones and one level tone, as shown in the figure. These tones are used for "word play" frequently.

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Briggs, Elinor. 1961. Mitla Zapotec grammar. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano and Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de México.

3938: 473:. However, Valley Zapotec and Isthmus Zapotec group together (as Central Zapotec), and this ignores the Papabuco and Western Zapotec varieties. 6556: 4316:

Lee, Felicia A. 2001. "Anaphoric R-Expressions: Bound Names as Bound Variables." In M. Hirotani, (ed.), Proceedings of NELS 32. Amherst: GLSA.

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Black, Cheryl A. 2000. Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax: A Principles and Parameters Account. SIL International and University of Texas at Arlington.

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Sicoli, Mark A. 2010. Shifting voices with participant roles: Voice qualities and speech registers in Mesoamerica. Language in Society 39(4).

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Many linguists working on Zapotec languages use different terminology for describing what appear to be related or similar phenomena, such as

393:, for example. The first part of these expressions has the meaning 'word' (perhaps slightly reduced as appropriate for part of a compound). 4135:

Speck, Charles H., compiler. 1998. Zapotec oral literature; El folklore de San Lorenzo Texmelucan. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

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with one another. There are some radical jumps in intelligibility between geographically close communities, so the varieties do not form a

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cognate with /s-/ or with /k-/, but it may also require the use of a thematic vowel /u/, as in the following examples from Mitla Zapotec:

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Butler, Inez M. 1982. Un relato de la hechicería en los pueblos zapotecos de la sierra en el distrito de Villa Alta. Tlalocan 9: 249–55.

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Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Modality and the Structure of Tense in Zapotec." In B. Bruening, (ed.), Proceedings of SCIL 8. Cambridge: MITWPL.

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Catalogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas

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Lee, Felicia A. 2000. "Relative Clauses Without Wh-Movement." In M. Kim and U. Strauss, (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 31. Amherst: GLSA.

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Junta Colombina de México. 1893. Vocabulario castellano – zapotec. Mexico City : Oficina Tipográfica de la Secretaría de Fomento.

265: 4166:

Pérez Báez, Gabriela. "Isthmus Zapotec Collection of Gabriela Pérez Báez " The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America:

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may be found, and root vowels may be affected. The following example shows the aspectual inflection of three verbs in Mitla Zapotec.

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The noun also precedes a modifying phrase that is another way to indicate possessor with nouns that are not inherently possessed.

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Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. "Zapotec Collection of Brook Lillehaugen" The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America:

3819:]. Olivia V. Méndez , Rodrigo Garcia, and Michael R. Galant. Los Angeles: Chicano Studies Research Center Publications, UCLA. 4138:

Stubblefield, Morris & Carol Stubblefield. 1969. The story of Läy and Gisaj: a Zapotec sun and moon myth. Tlalocan 6: 46–62.

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Butler, Inez M. 1976. "Reflexive constructions of Yatzachi Zapotec." International Journal of American Linguistics 42: 331–37.

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Jiménez Girón, Eustaquio. 1980. Guía gráfico-fonémica para la escritura y lectura del zapoteco. Juchitán, Oaxaca: Vitoria Yan.

1150: 4404:

Kreikebaum, Wolfram. 1987. Fronting and related features in Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 33–71.

4239:. Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma. 4202:. Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma. 4141:

Stubblefield, Morris & Carol Stubblefield, compilers. 1994. Mitla Zapotec texts. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

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Lee, Felicia A. 2006. Remnant Raising and VSO Clausal Architecture: A Case Study from San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Springer.

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Tejada, Laura (2012). Tone gestures and constraint interaction in Sierra Juarez Zapotec. University of Southern California.

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Rendón, Juan José. 1970. Notas fonológicas del Zapotec de Tlacochahuaya. Anales de Antropología, vol. 7. Mexico City: UNAM.

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Reeck, Roger. 1991. A trilingual dictionary in Zapotec, English and Spanish. MA thesis, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla.

1955:

Based on the development of Proto-Zapotec *tty/*ty and *ttz/*tz, Operstein (2012) groups the Zapotec languages as follows.

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Stubblefield, Morris and Carol Stubblefield. 1991. Diccionario Zapoteco de Mitla. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, Mexico.

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Presented at Language and Immigration in France and the United States: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. University of Texas.

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MacLaury, Robert E. 1970. Ayoquesco Zapotec: Ethnography, phonology, and lexicon. MA thesis, University of the Americas.

450:. Dialectal divergence between Zapotec-speaking communities is extensive and complicated. Many varieties of Zapotec are 5924: 4041:

Méndez , Olivia V. 2000. Code-Switching and the Matrix Language Model in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. M.A. thesis, UCLA.

3686:. SIL International Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 136. SIL International and University of Texas at Arlington. 4295:

Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Three Question Markers in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." To appear in Anthropological Linguistics.

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Gibbs, William P. 1977. Discourse elements in Sierra de Juarez Zapotec. M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.

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The name of the language in Zapotec itself varies according to the geographical variant. In Juchitán (Isthmus) it is

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Nellis, Neil and Jane Goodner Nellis. 1983. Diccionario Zapoteco de Juarez. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Mexico.

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Another characteristic that classifies Zapotec varieties is the existence or not of a contrast between alveopalatal

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Marlett, Stephen A. 1993. Zapotec pronoun classification. International Journal of American Linguistics 59: 82–101.

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and retroflex fricatives. Innovative varieties have introduced the contrast while conservative varieties have not.

17: 4431:

Thiessen, Grace. 1987. The functions of the clitic -ha in Western Ixtlán Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 85–100.

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Jones, Ted E., and Ann D. Church. 1985. "Personal pronouns in Guelavía Zapotec". S.I.L.-Mexico Workpapers 7: 1–15.

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Whistling has been used by Zapotec people to communicate in a way that would not be detected by their colonizers.

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Butler, Inez M. 1985. "Event prominence in Zoogocho Zapotec narrative discourse." SIL Mexico Workpapers 7: 16–60.

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Broadwell, George A. 2005. Zapotecan languages. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition. Elsevier.

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Benton, Joseph P. 1997. Aspect shift in Chichicapan Zapotec narrative discourse. SIL Mexico Workpapers 12: 34–46.

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Merrill, Elizabeth D. 2008. Tilquiapan Zapotec. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38(1): 107–114.

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Pickett, Velma B. 1959. The grammatical hierarchy of Isthmus Zapotec. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.

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Alleman, Vera Mae, compiler. 1952. Vocabulario zapoteco del Rincón. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.

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Nellis, Jane G. 1947. Sierra Zapotec forms of address, International Journal of American Linguistics 13: 231–32.

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Operstein, Natalie. 2016. Valence Changes in Zapotec: Synchrony, diachrony, typology" Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

2993: 2985: 2946: 1768: 5919: 4335:." Proceedings from the First Conference on Indigenous Languages of Latin America, University of Texas, Austin. 4322:

Lee, Felicia A. 2003. "Anaphoric R-Expressions as Bound Variables." Syntax. 6, 1: 84–114. Blackwell Publishing.

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Sonnenschein, Aaron Huey. 2005. A descriptive grammar of San Bartolomé Zoogocho Zapotec. Munich: Lincom Europa.

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Martínez, Valerie; Marlett, Stephen A. (2008). Black, Cheryl A.; Black, H. Andrew; Marlett, Stephen A. (eds.).

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and retroflex fricatives. In other varieties this distinction has been lost in favor of only one or the other.

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Long, Rebecca. 1985. Topicalization in Zoogocho Zapotec expository discourse. SIL Mexico Workpapers 7: 61–100.

3523: 1154: 442:

Although commonly described as a language, Zapotec is a fairly extensive, if close-knit, language family. The

6285: 4236: 3691:

Broadwell, George A. (2001). "Optimal order and pied-piping in San Dionicio Zapotec". In Sells, Peter (ed.).

3643:"Natividad Medical Foundation Announces Indigenous Interpreting+ Community and Medical Interpreting Business" 3588: 3546: 1293: 922: 4480: 3744: 3499: 2977: 942: 6551: 5956: 5812: 4035:

López Cruz, Ausencia. 1997. Morfología verbal del zapoteco de San Pablo Güilá. Tesis de licenciatura, ENAH.

3945: 1896: 1797: 918: 422: 4016:

Lee, Felicia A. 1999. Antisymmetry and the Syntax of San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.

1892: 938: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 487: 483: 6546: 6506: 5156: 3918: 2105: 1874: 1805: 1629: 946: 4413:(de) Martinez, Valerie. 1995. Who’s who in Quiatoni Zapotec narratives. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 37–46. 3474: 505:

often resulted in labialized consonants. Compare the words for 'dog' in conservative varieties (Isthmus

6541: 4520: 4274:

Earl, Robert. 1968. "Rincon Zapotec clauses." International Journal of American Linguistics 34: 269–74.

3768: 3565: 2484: 826: 31: 4252: 4168:

https://web.archive.org/web/20160507133747/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=126

1260: 1191: 6235: 5847: 5777: 5161: 5124: 4161:

https://web.archive.org/web/20160507135046/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=41

1801: 5047: 4458:

The United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights translated into San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec

4419:

Olive, Julie Nan. 1995. Speech verbs in Xanaguía Zapotec narrative. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 47–52.

4416:

Newberg, Ronald. 1987. Participant accessibility in Yalálag Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 12–25.

4154:

https://web.archive.org/web/20160507075223/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=5

1137: 443: 6496: 6420: 6324: 6210: 6187: 5294: 5191: 3052: 3024: 3020: 2898:(Mitla Zapotec, Stubblefield and Stubblefield 1991; San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec, Broadwell 2001) 145: 5787: 5176: 4496:

Robinson, Dow F. 1963. Field notes on Coatlán Zapotec. Hartford, CN: Hartford Seminary Foundation.

3795: 2962: 2913: 1127: 329:. A 2020 census reports nearly half a million speakers, with the majority inhabiting the state of 6265: 2776:(Mitla Zapotec, Stubblefield and Stubblefield 1991; San Dionisio Zapotec, Broadwell 2001, SLQZ), 1817: 1277: 1238: 259: 5171: 4271:

Butler, Inez M. 1976. "Verb classification of Yatzachi Zapotec." SIL Mexico Workpapers 2: 74–84.

2950: 6255: 5862: 5514: 5072: 4946: 4720: 4490: 4225:

Sicoli, Mark A. 2000. "Loanwords and contact-induced phonological change in Lachixío Zapotec."

2989: 1756: 1204: 1037: 732: 470: 451: 426: 415: 318: 6107: 5582: 4788: 6511: 6491: 6415: 6295: 6112: 6064: 6014: 5138: 4434:

Ward, Michael. 1987. A focus particle in Quioquitani Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 26–32.

4401:

Hopkins, Mary L. 1995. "Narrative peak in Xanaguía Zapotec." SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 17–36.

4094:

Xtiidx Dios Cun Ditsa (El Nuevo Testamento en el zapoteco de San Juan Guelavía y en español).

1724: 1297: 358: 118: 6084: 5887: 5519: 4725: 4425:

Riggs, David B. 1987. Paragraph analysis for Amatlán Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 1–11.

4340:

The Syntactic and Semantic Development of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec Languages

3752:

Marlett, Stephen A. (2009). Black, Cheryl A.; Black, H. Andrew; Marlett, Stephen A. (eds.).

3726:

Fernández de Miranda, María Teresa (1995). Piper, Michael J.; Bartholomew, Doris A. (eds.).

3279: 3181: 3073: 736: 6275: 5208: 5085: 4961: 4493:. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 41: 59–60. 4124:

Olson, Donald. 1970. The earthquake in Ocotlán: Three texts in Zapotec. Tlalocan 6: 229–39.

2074: 1917:

Based on forms of the personal pronouns, Operstein (2003) groups the languages as follows:

1882: 6142: 2799:(Mitla Zapotec, Stubblefield and Stubblefield 1991; San Dionisio Zapotec, Broadwell 2001) 8: 6501: 6410: 6310: 6225: 6157: 6102: 6049: 6044: 5979: 5852: 5772: 5566: 5498: 5311: 5301: 5289: 5271: 5186: 4772: 4704: 4467:. 1999. "Zapotec Immigration: The San Lucas Quiaviní Experience". Aztlan. 24, 1: 129–149. 4319:

Lee, Felicia A. 2002 "Anaphoric R-Expressions as Bound Variables." Proceedings of BLS 28.

3229:

Classification of Zapotec languages by regions as an aid to language development programs

3028: 1829: 1813: 1772: 1625: 1597: 871: 715: 411: 123: 6365: 6350: 5673: 5488: 5483: 4879: 4694: 4689: 2997: 1784: 707: 703: 590: 6305: 6250: 6029: 5797: 5734: 5716: 5686: 5628: 5587: 5561: 5524: 5478: 5242: 5233: 5181: 4892: 4834: 4793: 4767: 4730: 4684: 3813:

Di'csyonaary X:tèe'n Dìi'zh Sah Sann Lu'uc (Diccionario Zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní)

2746: 2622: 2031: 1906: 1849: 1809: 1780: 1776: 1654: 1633: 1613: 1589: 856: 773: 740: 699: 642: 6340: 5605: 5446: 5425: 5368: 5363: 5042: 4811: 4652: 4631: 4574: 4569: 4507: 3730:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México and Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 3280:"Counter-mapping as Display: Unfolding, Revealing, and Concealing Intermediary Spaces" 3012: 2852:

future events (where the speaker is strongly committed to the truth of the statement)

1760: 1732: 1499: 1431: 1098:

The Northern branch is shown in more detail below, again following Smith Stark (2007)

1004: 217: 6450: 6380: 6345: 6330: 6270: 6260: 6240: 6192: 6167: 6079: 5877: 5867: 5792: 5742: 5643: 5638: 5223: 5217: 5080: 4970: 4849: 4844: 3873: 3791: 3764: 3740: 3701: 3291: 2942: 2926: 1660: 1645: 803: 455: 447: 6054: 5837: 5493: 5389: 5358: 4699: 4595: 4564: 1392: 1377: 6470: 6465: 6430: 6400: 6335: 6290: 6230: 6127: 6122: 6074: 6059: 6024: 6019: 5892: 5882: 5822: 5807: 5752: 5681: 5648: 5610: 5473: 5420: 5415: 5373: 5326: 5284: 5166: 5099: 5057: 4992: 4987: 4979: 4887: 4854: 4816: 4679: 4626: 4621: 4579: 3040: 3016: 2269:

The possessed noun precedes the possessor in Zapotec languages, as appropriate for

2108:, as in the following example from San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec (Broadwell 2001): 1870: 1857: 1821: 1704: 1700: 1641: 1637: 1617: 1605: 1484: 1469: 1322: 1273: 1234: 1052: 974: 695: 638: 407: 281: 5430: 4636: 4351:

Lyman, Larry. 1964. The verb syntagmemes of Choapan Zapotec. Linguistics 7: 16–41.

1621: 1514: 6523:

Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.

6475: 6455: 6445: 6435: 6425: 6405: 6370: 6315: 6245: 6220: 6147: 6132: 6117: 6004: 5899: 5857: 5842: 5817: 5782: 5747: 5724: 5698: 5668: 5600: 5410: 5279: 5249: 5196: 5017: 5011: 4904: 4874: 4806: 4616: 3901: 3895: 3711: 3268:

Ward, Zurita Sánchez and Marlett (2008), Pickett, Villalobos & Marlett (2008)

3188: 3036: 3032: 3001: 2938: 2922: 1878: 1866: 1764: 1752: 1728: 1696: 1692: 1676: 1585: 1454: 1170: 989: 605: 567: 462: 418: 113: 5872: 5827: 6460: 6360: 6300: 6177: 6162: 6069: 6039: 5939: 5802: 5691: 5556: 5551: 5032: 5027: 5002: 4897: 4762: 4757: 3974:

Topics in Yalálag Zapotec, with particular reference to its phonetic structures

3829:. Mexico City: UNAM y Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas. pp. 69–134. 2958: 2740: 1853: 1825: 1788: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1680: 1593: 1581: 1219: 841: 711: 646: 322: 59: 4198:

Pickett, Velma B., María Villalobos Villalobos, and Stephen A. Marlett. 2008.

3681: 3155:

See Marlett (2009) for data from various dialects presented in a single table.

6535: 6355: 6280: 6215: 6182: 6152: 6137: 5767: 5757: 5633: 5394: 5118: 5112: 5107: 5062: 5052: 5037: 4839: 4600: 3295: 3252: 2988:, carry Zapotec-language programming along with other indigenous languages. ( 2968:

Zapotec-language programming is available on a number of radio stations: The

2487:, which may change the head-initial order of phrases such as NP, PP, and QP. 1999: 1688: 1684: 1609: 1529: 1407: 788: 421:. Zapotec languages (along with all Oto-Manguean languages) form part of the 350: 95: 4207: 2044: 30:"Zapotec language" redirects here. For the extinct language of Jalisco, see 6320: 6172: 5832: 5022: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4453: 4345: 4227:

Proceedings of the 25th annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.

4098: 4075:

de Feria, Pedro. 1567. Doctrina Christiana en lengua castellana y zapoteca.

3927: 3808: 3228: 2750:

Valley Zapotec languages. The following table shows some correspondences:

2270: 333:. Zapotec-speaking communities are also found in the neighboring states of 4457: 3707:

La inteligibilidad interdialectal en México: Resultados de algunos sondeos

3621: 189: 6375: 4915: 4481:

Preserving the Language of the Valley Zapotecs: The Orthography Question.

3904:. 1987 . Vocabulario en lengua çapoteca. México: Ediciones Toledo (INAH). 3886: 3008: 2220: 497:

in Amatlán Zapotec and Mitla Zapotec, for example. The loss of the vowel

3827:

Memorias del III Coloquio Internacional del Lingüística Mauricio Swadesh

3239:

Operstein, Natalie. 2003. "Personal pronouns in Zapotec and Zapotecan."

3019:

language speakers. In 2010, a Zapotec language class was offered at the

226: 3979:

Chávez-Peón, Mario. 2010. Ph.D. thesis. University of British Columbia.

3560:"Los Angeles immigrant community pushes to keep Zapotec language alive" 3167: 2087: 2019: 354: 91: 87: 5948: 4512: 4235:

Ward, Michael, Emiliano Zurita Sánchez, and Stephen A. Marlett. 2008.

5146: 4333:

The Acquisition of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec Languages

4058:

Tono: A linguistic ethnography of tone and voice in a Zapotec region.

3589:"Rise In Zapotec-Speaking People Results In New SDSU Language Course" 2061: 2007: 2003: 1561: 529: 465:. Northern Zapotec languages are spoken in the mountainous region of 361:. Most Zapotec-speaking communities are highly bilingual in Spanish. 232: 211: 197: 183: 179: 3998:

Comparative Constructions in Spanish and San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec.

493:

In innovative varieties, the vowel of the second syllable was lost:

241: 203: 4080:

Comparative Constructions in Spanish and San Lucas Quiavini Zapotec

2981: 1326: 342: 338: 79: 75: 4101:, Brook Danielle Lillehaugen and Felipe H. Lopez. In preparation. 3898:. 1886 . Arte del idioma zapoteco. Morelia: Imprenta del Gobierno. 2794:(San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec (SLQZ), Munro and Lopez, et al. 1999) 6009: 4251:

Black, Cheryl A.; H. Andrew Black; and Stephen A. Marlett (eds.)

4082:(LINCOM Studies in Language Typology 15). Lincom Europa: München. 4022:

The Categorial Status of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec

543: 3948:. 2nd edition. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano; Tucson, Arizona. 3944:

Pickett, Velma B., Cheryl A. Black and Vicente Marcial C. 2001.

3735:

Black, Cheryl A.; Black, H. Andrew; Marlett, Stephen A. (eds.).

6440: 4473:. 1996. "Making a Zapotec Dictionary". Dictionaries 17: 131–55. 2018:

Some varieties of Zapotec have a contrast between alveopalatal

466: 437: 334: 330: 326: 83: 71: 3710:. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Archived from 3683:

Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax: A Principles and Parameters Account

3593:

KPBS San Diego Public Radio & TV: News, Arts & Culture

2917:

Dictionary of the language by Francisco Pimental, date unknown

476: 2973: 2937:

The viability of Zapotec languages also varies tremendously.

2501:

noncausative verb pairs and not as transitive-passive pairs.

3870:

Zapotec-English/English-Zapotec (Isthmus) Concise Dictionary

3614:"Salinas hospital to train indigenous-language interpreters" 2741:

Variable terminology in the description of Zapotec languages

349:

has also brought a number of native Zapotec speakers to the

3699: 3316: 3314: 302: 296: 3910:

Long C., Rebecca & Sofronio Cruz M., compilers. 1999.

3693:

Formal and Empirical Issues in Optimality Theoretic Syntax

2925:, or both, published a vocabulary and grammar of Zapotec ( 501:

often resulted in palatalized consonants, and the loss of

3500:"Indigenous Interpreting Program Aims to be Far Reaching" 2621:

Verbs in Zapotec languages inflect with prefixes to show

290: 3833: 3311: 3991:

The Morphosyntax of Subjects in Macuiltianguis Zapotec.

4179: 3919:

La conjugación del verbo zapoteco: zapoteco de Yalálag

1998:

In Zapotec languages, fortis typically corresponds to

3912:

Diccionario Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho Oaxaca

3409:

Mitla Zapotec (Stubblefield & Stubblefield 1991)

2880:(Mitla Zapotec, Stubblefield and Stubblefield 1991), 2858:(Mitla Zapotec, Stubblefield and Stubblefield 1991), 2822:(Mitla Zapotec, Stubblefield and Stubblefield 1991), 305: 287: 4244: 3725: 2818:(Santa Ana del Valle Zapotec (SAVZ), Rojas Torres), 2483:

Zapotec languages also show the phenomenon known as

299: 293: 4491:

High pitch as a mark of respect in Lachixío Zapotec

3436:

The stem loses the aspiration feature in this form.

3074:

Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020

313:languages are a group of around 50 closely related 284: 4212:Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics 3887:Online dictionary of San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec 3834:Stubblefield, Morris; Stubblefield, Carol (1991). 1562:Mutual intelligibility and regional classification 247:Zapotec speaking areas of Oaxaca (as of 2015) 27:Group of related indigenous Mesoamerican languages 4388: 3914:. Coyoacán D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 3885:Broadwell, George Aaron and Luisa Martinez. 2014. 3675:(PhD thesis). Berkeley: University of California. 2876:(San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec, Broadwell 2001), 6533: 3695:. Stanford: CSLI Publications. pp. 197–123. 3516: 3180:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas. 2008. “ 2908: 4030:Expressing Location in Tlacolula Valley Zapotec 3778: 2212:FOC POSS-woman Rodolfo already PROG-stand there 3917:López, Filemón & Ronaldo Newberg Y. 2005. 3670: 3611: 3427:Stubblefield & Stubblefield (1991:211,218) 2264: 1905:was not listed, and presumably subsumed under 544:Overall family tree and Central Zapotec branch 535: 5964: 4931: 4528: 4156:. Media: audio, text. Access: 14% restricted. 3734: 3378: 3376: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3257:International Journal of American Linguistics 3241:International Journal of American Linguistics 2870:used in the complement of a verb of negation 2737:indicated, as in /ʃkoʰb ni/ 'his/her dough'. 2535:/u-s-ja/ ‘clean' (i.e., 'cause to be clean') 4439: 4163:Media: audio, text. Access: 100% restricted. 3849: 2834:used with stative verbs for a current state 2215:'Rodolfo’s wife was already standing there.' 1899:(ISO "Yautepec"), are apparently divergent. 669: 663: 438:Geographic range and dialect differentiation 4060:University of Michigan, Ph.D. Dissertation. 3962: 3921:. 2nd ed. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 3823: 3454:Stubblefield & Stubblefield (1991:198). 3284:Hemisphere: Visual Cultures of the Americas 3069: 3067: 2527:/u-s-juʔ/ ‘put in' (i.e. 'cause to enter') 477:Conservative and innovative characteristics 325:from the southwestern-central highlands of 5971: 5957: 4945: 4938: 4924: 4535: 4521: 3807: 3586: 3373: 3341: 3076:INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020. 2194: 2060:Zapotec languages all display contrastive 1988: 1093: 490:in Sierra de Juárez Zapotec, for example. 266:National Institute of Indigenous Languages 3838:. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano Mexico. 3690: 3528:Summer Institute of Linguistics in Mexico 3479:Summer Institute of Linguistics in Mexico 3382:Stubblefield & Stubblefield 1991:209) 3370:Stubblefield & Stubblefield 1991:208) 3352:Stubblefield & Stubblefield 1991:200) 3259:, Vol. 78, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 1–40 3134:Ward, Zurita Sánchez & Marlett (2008) 3107:Stubblefield & Stubblefield (1991:18) 2941:, for example, has over 70,000 speakers. 2770:ongoing or habitual present tense events 2299:'Pedro's younger brother' (Mitla Zapotec) 2167: 4013:. Ph.D. dissertation, Aarhus University. 3946:Gramática Popular del Zapoteco del Istmo 3844: 3497: 3400:Stubblefield and Stubblefield (1991:227) 3320:Pickett, Villalobos & Marlett (2008) 3064: 2912: 1912: 389:and in Santa Catarina Quioquitani it is 5978: 4542: 4205: 4174: 3751: 3308:Ward, Zurita Sánchez and Marlett (2008) 2826:(San Dionisio Zapotec, Broadwell 2001) 2616: 2504: 2478: 2073:Varieties that are described as having 2013: 231:The Zapotec languages as classified by 14: 6534: 4969: 4237:Zapoteco de Santa Catarina Quioquitani 4229:Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society. 4170:Media: video. Access: 100% restricted. 4103:Cali Chiu? A Course in Valley Zapotec. 3984:Santa Ana del Valle Zapotec Phonation. 3939:Fifth edition (2007) available on-line 3540: 3329:Stubblefield & Stubblefield (1991) 160: (Isthmus and Valley) 5952: 4919: 4516: 3817:San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Dictionary 3679: 3277: 2495: 2099: 317:that constitute a main branch of the 4508:SIL on the Zapotecan language family 4338:Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2004. " 4331:Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2003. " 3872:. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2003. 3671:Beam de Azcona, Rosemary G. (2004). 3391:Speck 1978:32, simplifying somewhat. 3145:A Sketch of Mixtepec Zapotec Grammar 2490: 513:) and innovative varieties (Amatlán 258:ISO 639-3 macrolanguage code has 58 108:490,000 in Mexico (2020 census) 4180:Relating to phonetics and phonology 4028:Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2006. 4019:Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2003. 4009:Jensen de López, Kristine M. 2002. 3472: 3253:Proto-Zapotec *tty/*ty and *ttz/*tz 1993: 1151:Teococuilco de Marcos Pérez Zapotec 24: 5925:Classification of Mixtec languages 3087:The Linguistics Student’s Handbook 2727: 2239: 2116: 2043: 1909:, but intelligibility is one-way. 25: 6568: 4501: 4245:Relating to morphology and syntax 3673:A Coatlán-Loxicha Zapotec Grammar 2992:speakers live in the area around 2381:'Pedro's corn' (Zoogocho Zapotec) 2355:'Pedro's bean(s)' (Mitla Zapotec) 1903:Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec 1261:Southern Ixtlán Zapotec 1192:Northern Ixtlán Zapotec 396: 315:indigenous Mesoamerican languages 1138:Western Ixtlán Zapotec 904:San Baltasar Chichicapan Zapotec 280: 240: 225: 3635: 3605: 3580: 3552: 3498:Almanzan, Krista (2014-03-27). 3491: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3364: 3355: 3332: 3323: 3302: 3271: 3262: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3174: 3158: 2588:/dzukaʰ/ ‘be taken away’ 1891:Two of the moribund varieties, 5920:List of Oto-Manguean languages 4389:Relating to discourse analysis 4208:"Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology" 3587:Tintocalis, Ana (2010-09-01). 3524:"Coatecas Altas Zapotec (zca)" 3445:Martínez & Marlett (2008). 3338:Munro & Lopez, et al. 1999 3149: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3079: 2326:'Pedro's foot' (Mitla Zapotec) 2209:Laad ʂ-unaa Dolf d͡ʒe z-u nga. 951:Tlacolula de Matamoros Zapotec 13: 1: 6557:Verb–subject–object languages 4218:, University of Dakota: 37–63 4200:Zapoteco del Istmo (Juchitán) 4146: 3982:Esposito, Christina M. 2002. 3836:Diccionario Zapoteco de Mitla 3663: 3612:Melissa Flores (2012-01-23). 2945:might have ten, all elderly. 2909:Documentation and scholarship 2474:'tall person' (Mitla Zapotec) 2157: 2094: 923:San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec 446:is comparable to that of the 385:, in Miahuatec Zapotec it is 4078:Galant, Michael René. 2006. 3704:; Cruz Ramos, Saul (1983) . 3418:Munro and Lopez, et al. 1999 3278:Ellen, Larson (2020-10-25). 2994:San Quintín, Baja California 2986:San Quintín, Baja California 2947:San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec 2943:San Felipe Tejalapan Zapotec 2788:past tense completed events 2591:/u-tsukaʰ/ ‘take away’ 2412:'two people' (Mitla Zapotec) 2055: 423:Mesoamerican Linguistic Area 410:languages together form the 319:Oto-Manguean language family 7: 6507:Plains Indian Sign Language 4032:. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA. 3811:; Lopez, Felipe H. (1999). 3737:"The Zapotec grammar files" 3046: 3023:in San Diego. In 2012, the 2631: 2265:Word order in other phrases 1155:Teococuilco de Marcos Pérez 947:Santa Ana del Valle Zapotec 536:Phylogenetic classification 432: 401: 10: 6573: 3976:. UCLA Ph.D. dissertation. 3972:Avelino, Heriberto. 2004. 3566:Public Radio International 3251:Operstein, Natalie. 2012. 3200:Fernández de Miranda 1995. 3187:November 16, 2007, at the 3011:is home to communities of 2978:Guelatao de Juárez, Oaxaca 2805:gi-, i-, fortis consonant 2485:pied-piping with inversion 2443:'this man' (Mitla Zapotec) 2080: 943:San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec 937:Western Tlacolula Valley ( 827:Guevea de Humboldt Zapotec 381:, in Coatec Zapotec it is 32:Zapotec language (Jalisco) 29: 6520: 6484: 6393: 6201: 6093: 5995: 5986: 5933: 5912: 5733: 5715: 5661: 5621: 5575: 5544: 5537: 5507: 5466: 5459: 5439: 5403: 5382: 5351: 5344: 5335: 5319: 5310: 5270: 5263: 5232: 5207: 5152:Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec 5137: 5098: 5071: 5001: 4978: 4960: 4953: 4867: 4827: 4781: 4750: 4743: 4713: 4672: 4665: 4645: 4609: 4588: 4557: 4550: 4440:General and miscellaneous 4253:The Zapotec Grammar Files 4092:Liga Bíblica, La . 1995. 4000:Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA. 3996:Galant, Michael R. 1998. 3993:Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA. 3868:Britton, A. Scott, 2003. 3850:Dictionaries and grammars 3788:The Zapotec grammar files 3761:The Zapotec grammar files 3680:Black, Cheryl A. (2000). 3547:Gutiérrez-Nájera, Lourdes 3361:Long & Cruz 1999:411) 2068: 1527: 1512: 1497: 1482: 1467: 1452: 1445: 1429: 1405: 1390: 1375: 1368: 1320: 1291: 1271: 1264: 1232: 1217: 1202: 1195: 1168: 1148: 1141: 1131: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1050: 1035: 1002: 987: 972: 965: 939:San Juan Guelavía Zapotec 935: 916: 901: 894: 869: 854: 839: 824: 817: 801: 786: 771: 764: 729: 692: 685: 661: 635: 628: 603: 588: 581: 565: 558: 260:individual language codes 252: 239: 224: 210: 196: 178: 152: 138: 114:Linguistic classification 112: 102: 65: 55: 44: 39: 6497:Albarradas Sign Language 5593:Western Tlacolula Valley 4799:Western Tlacolula Valley 4110: 4068: 3963:Theses and dissertations 3058: 3053:Albarradas Sign Language 3025:Natividad Medical Center 3021:University of California 1294:Ixtlán de Juárez Zapotec 406:Zapotec and the related 3475:"Isthmus Zapotec (zai)" 2025: 1989:Phonetics and phonology 1393:Southern Rincon Zapotec 1378:Northern Rincon Zapotec 1278:Santa Catarina Lachatao 1239:Santa Catarina Ixtepeji 1094:Northern Zapotec branch 963:Extended Ocotepec 919:San Pablo Güilá Zapotec 486:in Isthmus Zapotec and 452:mutually unintelligible 364: 86:. Small populations in 5048:Estado de México Otomi 4947:Oto-Manguean languages 4489:Persons, Jan A. 1997. 4463:Lopez, Felipe H., and 4452:Lopez, Felipe H., and 4056:Sicoli, Mark A. 2007. 4011:Baskets and Body-Parts 3116:Long & Cruz (1999) 3000:, and Radio Atempa in 2990:Coatecas Altas Zapotec 2932: 2918: 2610:/u-s-g-uʔtʃ/ 'stir' 2104:Zapotec languages are 2048: 2030:Zapotec languages are 1205:Macuiltianguis Zapotec 1105:Northern Zapotec 1038:Western Ejutla Zapotec 733:Coatecas Altas Zapotec 694:Cis-Yautepec Zapotec ( 471:Isthmus of Tehuantepec 427:linguistic convergence 321:and are spoken by the 6512:Chatino Sign Language 6492:Mexican Sign Language 5813:Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi 5763:Atatláhuca–San Miguel 4206:Regnier, Sue (1993), 3989:Foreman, John. 2006. 3845:Selected bibliography 3098:Pickett et al. (2007) 2916: 2296:younger.brother Pedro 2139:Ù-dììny Juáàny bèʔcw. 2047: 1913:Other classifications 815:Trans‑Yautepec 670:see below for details 4175:Additional materials 4025:. M.A. thesis, UCLA. 3902:Córdova, Fr. Juan de 3896:Córdova, Fr. Juan de 3463:Córdova 1578a, 1578b 3085:Laurie Bauer, 2007, 2617:Aspectual inflection 2564:/deʰb/ ‘be wrapped’ 2556:/ʒiˀ/ ‘be squeezed’ 2551:Causative verb stem 2519:Causative verb stem 2505:Causative morphology 2479:Word order variation 2014:Retroflex consonants 2006:and extra length in 2002:and extra length in 1897:San Bartolo Yautepec 1798:San Agustin Mixtepec 1769:San Baltázar Loxicha 892:Western Valley 377:, in Zoogocho it is 6552:Isolating languages 6502:Mayan Sign Language 5980:Languages of Mexico 4544:Zapotec language(s) 3227:Elizabeth Merrill, 3171:listings are based. 3125:Beam de Azcona 2004 3029:Salinas, California 2756:Typical allomorphs 2599:/u-k-waˈduˀ/ ‘tie’ 2596:/kaˈduˀ/ ‘be tied’ 1875:San Miguel Mixtepec 1806:San Jose Lachiguiri 1630:San Antonio Ocotlan 872:Quiavicuzas Zapotec 716:Tlacolulita Zapotec 626: (core) 509:, Sierra de Juárez 6547:Analytic languages 6113:Chontal de Tabasco 5848:San Miguel Piedras 5778:Chayuco-Jamiltepec 5597:Extended Ocotepec 4803:Extended Ocotepec 3986:M.A. thesis, UCLA. 3754:"Basic vocabulary" 3702:Bartholomew, Doris 2972:'s radio stations 2951:La Ventosa, Oaxaca 2919: 2767:ru-, ri-, r-, rr- 2747:grammatical aspect 2623:grammatical aspect 2604:/uʔtʃ/ ‘be mixed’ 2572:/niʰt/ ‘be lost’ 2559:/u-ʃiˀ/ ‘squeeze’ 2532:/ja/ ‘be clean’ 2496:Passive morphology 2260:'Who hit the dog?' 2254:Túú ù-dììny bè'cw? 2142:COMPL-hit Juan dog 2100:Clausal word order 2049: 1907:Albarradas Zapotec 1655:Mazaltepec Zapotec 1530:Lachirioag Zapotec 1128:Sierra Juárez 857:Lachiguiri Zapotec 774:Albarradas Zapotec 741:Ozolotepec Zapotec 737:Miahuatlán Zapotec 700:Quiegolani Zapotec 643:Texmelucan Zapotec 353:, particularly in 6542:Zapotec languages 6529: 6528: 6389: 6388: 6211:Chontal of Oaxaca 5946: 5945: 5940:extinct languages 5908: 5907: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5657: 5656: 5533: 5532: 5455: 5454: 5259: 5258: 5133: 5132: 5094: 5093: 4993:Michoacán Mazahua 4913: 4912: 4863: 4862: 4739: 4738: 4661: 4660: 4105:ms.: UCLA / UNAM. 3792:SIL International 3765:SIL International 3741:SIL International 3209:Smith Stark (2007 2927:Antequera Zapotec 2906: 2905: 2820:indefinite future 2785:bi-, b-, gu-, u- 2725: 2724: 2614: 2613: 2607:/u-g-uʔtʃ/ ‘mix’ 2580:/liˀb/ ‘be tied’ 2575:/u-nniʰt/ ‘lose’ 2539: 2538: 2491:Verbal morphology 2257:who COMPL-hit dog 1893:Asunción Mixtepec 1802:San Juan Mixtepec 1558: 1557: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1418: 1417: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1338: 1337: 1309: 1308: 1250: 1249: 1181: 1180: 1090: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1063: 1062: 1024: 1023: 1015: 1014: 882: 881: 804:Antequera Zapotec 752: 751: 616: 615: 456:dialect continuum 448:Romance languages 373:, in Mitla it is 273: 272: 264:Regulated by the 16:(Redirected from 6564: 6236:Chichimeca Jonaz 5993: 5992: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5542: 5541: 5464: 5463: 5349: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5317: 5316: 5268: 5267: 5250:Chorotega/Mangue 5125:Chichimeca Jonaz 5058:Texcatepec Otomi 4976: 4975: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4957: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4748: 4747: 4670: 4669: 4555: 4554: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4219: 3839: 3830: 3820: 3802: 3800: 3794:. Archived from 3785: 3775: 3773: 3767:. Archived from 3758: 3748: 3743:. Archived from 3731: 3728:El protozapoteco 3722: 3720: 3719: 3700:Egland, Steven; 3696: 3687: 3676: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3620:. Archived from 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3473:Pickett, Velma. 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3218:Smith Stark 2007 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3178: 3172: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3017:Zoogocho Zapotec 2998:Juchitán, Oaxaca 2965:, among others. 2923:Dominican friars 2753: 2752: 2647:definite future 2632: 2583:/u-lliˀb/ ‘tie’ 2567:/u-teʰb/ ‘wrap’ 2545: 2544: 2513: 2512: 2241: 2196: 2169: 2159: 2118: 1994:Fortis and lenis 1939:Central Zapotec 1936:Northern Zapotec 1924:Southern Zapotec 1485:Yatzachi Zapotec 1470:Zoogocho Zapotec 1448: 1447: 1371: 1370: 1323:Abejones Zapotec 1298:Ixtlán de Juárez 1274:Lachatao Zapotec 1267: 1266: 1235:Ixtepeji Zapotec 1198: 1197: 1144: 1143: 1134: 1133: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1101: 1053:Quiatoni Zapotec 975:Zaachila Zapotec 968: 967: 897: 896: 820: 819: 767: 766: 708:Xanaguía Zapotec 704:Lapaguía Zapotec 696:Mixtepec Zapotec 688: 687: 664:Northern Zapotec 639:Elotepec Zapotec 631: 630: 591:Lachixío Zapotec 584: 583: 561: 560: 553: 552: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 489: 485: 414:subgroup of the 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 244: 229: 220: 206: 192: 37: 36: 21: 18:Zapotec language 6572: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6516: 6480: 6385: 6325:whistled speech 6203: 6197: 6133:Sierra Popoluca 6095: 6089: 5997: 5988: 5982: 5977: 5947: 5942: 5929: 5904: 5863:Southern Puebla 5729: 5703: 5653: 5617: 5571: 5529: 5503: 5451: 5435: 5399: 5378: 5331: 5306: 5255: 5228: 5203: 5162:Lalana-Tepinapa 5129: 5090: 5067: 5043:Querétaro Otomi 5018:Mezquital Otomi 5012:Classical Otomi 4997: 4988:Central Mazahua 4949: 4944: 4914: 4909: 4859: 4823: 4777: 4735: 4709: 4657: 4641: 4605: 4584: 4546: 4541: 4504: 4499: 4442: 4437: 4391: 4386: 4247: 4242: 4182: 4177: 4149: 4144: 4113: 4108: 4071: 4066: 3965: 3960: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3798: 3786:. Work Papers. 3783: 3771: 3759:. Work Papers. 3756: 3739:. Work Papers. 3717: 3715: 3666: 3661: 3652: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3625: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3595: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3570: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3530: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3506: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3189:Wayback Machine 3179: 3175: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3049: 3013:Yalálag Zapotec 3007:In California, 3002:San Blas Atempa 2939:Loxicha Zapotec 2935: 2911: 2892:ongoing events 2856:definite future 2743: 2730: 2728:Noun morphology 2619: 2548:Base verb root 2524:/juʔ/ ‘enter’ 2516:Base verb root 2507: 2498: 2493: 2481: 2476: 2466: 2458: 2445: 2435: 2427: 2414: 2404: 2396: 2383: 2373: 2366: 2357: 2347: 2340: 2328: 2318: 2310: 2301: 2291: 2283: 2281:younger.brother 2267: 2262: 2252: 2244: 2233: 2217: 2207: 2199: 2188: 2180: 2172: 2161: 2146: 2137: 2129: 2121: 2102: 2097: 2083: 2071: 2058: 2028: 2016: 1996: 1991: 1945:Isthmus Zapotec 1915: 1839:Western Zapotec 1818:San Pedro Leapi 1640:(Zagache)–[ 1586:Isthmus Zapotec 1571:Central Zapotec 1564: 1559: 1550: 1541: 1500:Yalálag Zapotec 1455:Cajonos Zapotec 1432:Choapan Zapotec 1419: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1310: 1251: 1182: 1171:Aloapan Zapotec 1096: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1064: 1025: 1016: 1005:Ocotlán Zapotec 990:Isthmus Zapotec 883: 753: 617: 606:El Alto Zapotec 568:Solteco Zapotec 546: 538: 479: 463:Isthmus Zapotec 440: 435: 419:language family 404: 399: 367: 347:Labor migration 283: 279: 248: 245: 235: 216: 202: 188: 159: 148: 146:Ancient Zapotec 141: 105: 104:Native speakers 67: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6570: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6266:Western Apache 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6094:10,000-100,000 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5976: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5788:Chigmecatitlán 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5576:Western Valley 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5545:Trans-Yautepec 5539: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5515:Coatecas Altas 5511: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5282: 5276: 5274: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5213: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5143: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5033:Highland Otomi 5030: 5028:Acazulco Otomi 5025: 5020: 5015: 5007: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4782:Western Valley 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4751:Trans-Yautepec 4745: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4721:Coatecas Altas 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4502:External links 4500: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4474: 4468: 4461: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4223: 4220: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4026: 4017: 4014: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3942: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3831: 3821: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3801:on 2010-12-25. 3776: 3774:on 2012-10-11. 3747:on 2015-08-29. 3732: 3723: 3697: 3688: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3634: 3618:HealthyCal.org 3604: 3579: 3551: 3539: 3515: 3490: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3310: 3301: 3270: 3261: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3173: 3157: 3148: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3078: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3048: 3045: 2959:Natalia Toledo 2934: 2931: 2921:Franciscan or 2910: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2809: 2808:future events 2806: 2802: 2801: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2742: 2739: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2480: 2477: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2428: 2420: 2419: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2367: 2359: 2358: 2341: 2333: 2332: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2284: 2276: 2275: 2266: 2263: 2245: 2234: 2226: 2225: 2200: 2189: 2181: 2173: 2162: 2152: 2151: 2130: 2122: 2111: 2110: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2082: 2079: 2070: 2067: 2057: 2054: 2027: 2024: 2015: 2012: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1959:Proto-Zapotec 1953: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1942:Valley Zapotec 1937: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1921:Proto-Zapotec 1914: 1911: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1864: 1861: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1795: 1792: 1757:Coatecas Altas 1750: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1710: 1707: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1644:], ? 1603: 1600: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220:Atepec Zapotec 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1132: 1130: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1001: 998: 997: 994: 993: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 971: 966: 964: 960: 959: 956: 955: 934: 931: 930: 927: 926: 915: 912: 911: 908: 907: 900: 895: 893: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 875: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 853: 850: 849: 846: 845: 842:Petapa Zapotec 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 823: 818: 816: 812: 811: 808: 807: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 785: 782: 781: 778: 777: 770: 765: 763: 759: 758: 755: 754: 750: 749: 746: 745: 728: 725: 724: 721: 720: 712:Xanica Zapotec 691: 686: 684: 680: 679: 676: 675: 660: 656: 655: 652: 651: 647:Zaniza Zapotec 634: 629: 627: 623: 622: 619: 618: 614: 613: 610: 609: 602: 599: 598: 595: 594: 587: 582: 580: 576: 575: 572: 571: 564: 559: 557: 556:Zapotec 551: 545: 542: 537: 534: 478: 475: 439: 436: 434: 431: 403: 400: 398: 397:Classification 395: 366: 363: 323:Zapotec people 271: 270: 269: 268: 262: 254: 250: 249: 246: 237: 236: 230: 222: 221: 214: 208: 207: 200: 194: 193: 186: 176: 175: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 154: 150: 149: 144: 142: 139: 136: 135: 134: 133: 132: 131: 116: 110: 109: 106: 103: 100: 99: 69: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6569: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352:Sierra Juárez 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5119:Southern Pame 5116: 5114: 5113:Northern Pame 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5063:Ixtenco Otomi 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5053:Temoaya Otomi 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5038:Tenango Otomi 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558:Sierra Juárez 4556: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4477:Munro, Pamela 4475: 4472: 4471:Munro, Pamela 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4346:Munro, Pamela 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4104: 4100: 4099:Munro, Pamela 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3928:Munro, Pamela 3926: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3878:0-7818-1010-8 3875: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809:Munro, Pamela 3806: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3714:on 2016-10-24 3713: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3668: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3624:on 2012-01-29 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3377: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3143:Hunn et al., 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3088: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2738: 2734: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2641:continuative 2640: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2502: 2488: 2486: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293:betswiˀn bæˀd 2290: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2192: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2171: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2092: 2089: 2078: 2076: 2066: 2063: 2053: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000:voicelessness 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971:Core Zapotec 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725:Sierra Juarez 1722: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1515:Tabaá Zapotec 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408:Yatee Zapotec 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 976: 970: 969: 962: 961: 958: 957: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 933: 932: 929: 928: 925: 924: 920: 914: 913: 910: 909: 906: 905: 899: 898: 891: 890: 887: 886: 878: 877: 874: 873: 867: 866: 863: 862: 859: 858: 852: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 837: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 822: 821: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 799: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790: 789:Mitla Zapotec 784: 783: 780: 779: 776: 775: 769: 768: 761: 760: 757: 756: 748: 747: 744: 742: 738: 734: 727: 726: 723: 722: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 690: 689: 682: 681: 678: 677: 674: 673: 671: 665: 658: 657: 654: 653: 650: 648: 644: 640: 633: 632: 625: 624: 621: 620: 612: 611: 608: 607: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 586: 585: 578: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 563: 562: 555: 554: 550: 541: 533: 531: 526: 491: 474: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 430: 428: 425:, an area of 424: 420: 417: 413: 409: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 362: 360: 356: 352: 351:United States 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 310: 278: 267: 263: 261: 257: 256: 255: 251: 243: 238: 234: 228: 223: 219: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 185: 181: 177: 171: 168: 165: 162: 157: 156: 155: 151: 147: 143: 137: 130: 127: 126: 125: 122: 121: 120: 117: 115: 111: 107: 101: 97: 96:United States 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 64: 61: 58: 54: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6522: 6416:Plautdietsch 6394:Non-official 6202:Under 10,000 6034: 6025:Tzotzil Maya 6020:Tzeltal Maya 6015:Yucatec Maya 5935: 5853:Silacayoapan 5773:Cacaloxtepec 5467:Cis-Yautepec 5336: 5248: 5241: 5216: 5117: 5108:Central Pame 5073:Matlatzincan 5023:Tilapa Otomi 5010: 4673:Cis-Yautepec 4543: 4465:Pamela Munro 4454:Pamela Munro 4226: 4215: 4211: 4102: 4093: 4079: 4057: 4029: 4020: 4010: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3973: 3869: 3835: 3826: 3816: 3812: 3796:the original 3787: 3769:the original 3760: 3745:the original 3727: 3716:. Retrieved 3712:the original 3706: 3692: 3682: 3672: 3651:. Retrieved 3649:. 2014-03-07 3647:Market Wired 3646: 3637: 3626:. Retrieved 3622:the original 3617: 3607: 3596:. Retrieved 3592: 3582: 3571:. Retrieved 3569:. 2013-08-09 3563: 3554: 3542: 3531:. Retrieved 3527: 3518: 3507:. Retrieved 3503: 3493: 3482:. 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2882:subjunctive 2762:Terms used 2698:' get wet' 2686:/kaj-aʰdʒ/ 2675:' wake up' 2672:/bi-baʰnː/ 2669:/si-baʰnː/ 2666:/gi-baʰnː/ 2663:/ka-baʰnː/ 2660:/ni-baʰnː/ 2650:completive 2471:person tall 2406:tjoʔp beʰnː 2273:languages: 2221:wh-movement 1830:Tlacolulita 1814:Quioquitani 1779:(Cuixtla), 1773:San Vicente 1626:Chichicapan 1598:Quiavicuzas 6536:Categories 6411:Portuguese 6311:Texistepec 6246:Chocholtec 6226:Chiricahua 6188:Qʼanjobʼal 6103:Tarahumara 5989:Indigenous 5878:Tilantongo 5868:Soyaltepec 5793:Coatzospan 5687:Texmelucan 5629:Albarradas 5562:Lachiguiri 5525:Ozolotepec 5520:Miahuatlán 5479:Quiegolani 5209:Tlapanecan 4962:Oto-Pamean 4893:Texmelucan 4835:Albarradas 4768:Lachiguiri 4731:Ozolotepec 4726:Miahuatlán 4685:Quiegolani 4147:Recordings 4128:Arlington. 4121:Arlington. 3718:2024-03-17 3664:References 3653:2014-03-13 3628:2012-08-05 3598:2014-03-09 3573:2013-08-20 3533:2014-03-11 3509:2014-04-06 3484:2014-03-13 3168:Ethnologue 2889:ka-, kay- 2797:completive 2792:perfective 2709:/kaj-uʰn/ 2683:/nj-aʰdʒ/ 2657:/ɾ-baʰnː/ 2644:potential 2468:benː sjoˀl 2409:two person 2323:foot Pedro 2149:the verb: 2095:Word order 2020:fricatives 2004:obstruents 1930:(unnamed) 1850:Texmelucan 1810:Quiegolani 1781:Ozolotepec 1777:Miahuatlan 1749:Miahuatlan 1742:Sierra Sur 1673:Villa Alta 1634:Tilquiapan 1614:Albarradas 1590:Lachiguiri 637:Papabuco ( 530:fricatives 517:and Mitla 444:time depth 359:New Jersey 355:California 169:Sierra Sur 163:Mazaltepec 140:Early form 92:New Jersey 88:California 66:Geographic 6306:Kaqchikel 6286:Mezcalero 6251:Pima Bajo 6158:Popolocan 6085:Purépecha 6065:Chinantec 5987:Official/ 5938:indicate 5893:Zacatepec 5883:Tututepec 5808:Ixtayutla 5753:Amoltepec 5678:Papabuco 5644:Ayoquezco 5639:Antequera 5312:Zapotecan 5302:Popolocan 5295:varieties 5272:Popolocan 5243:Chiapanec 5187:Sochiapam 5147:Chinantec 4884:Papabuco 4850:Ayoquezco 4845:Antequera 4262:Berkeley. 3504:90.3 KAZU 3296:1945-1482 2824:potential 2706:/nj-uʰn/ 2692:/s-aʰdʒ/ 2680:/ɾ-aʰdʒ/ 2635:habitual 2437:niˈgiˀ ɾe 2062:phonation 2056:Phonation 2008:sonorants 1661:Tejalapan 1646:Ayoquezco 683:Southern 659:Northern 412:Zapotecan 233:Glottolog 212:Glottolog 198:ISO 639-3 180:ISO 639-2 124:Zapotecan 56:Ethnicity 6451:Japanese 6421:Venetian 6381:Awakatek 6376:Ayapanec 6271:Jakaltek 6261:Lacandón 6241:Huarijío 6204:speakers 6168:Cuicatec 6143:Tepehuán 6096:speakers 6080:Tlapanec 5998:speakers 5996:100,000+ 5858:Sindihui 5843:Pinotepa 5818:Mixtepec 5783:Chazumba 5743:Cuicatec 5735:Mixtecan 5717:Amuzgoan 5682:Elotepec 5674:Lachixío 5649:Quiatoni 5611:Zaachila 5489:Xanaguía 5484:Lapaguía 5474:Mixtepec 5460:Southern 5421:Yatzachi 5416:Zoogocho 5374:Abejones 5345:Northern 5234:Manguean 5224:Tlapanec 5218:Subtiaba 5182:Palantla 5177:Ozumacín 5157:Highland 5081:Tlahuica 4888:Elotepec 4880:Lachixío 4855:Quiatoni 4817:Zaachila 4695:Xanaguía 4690:Lapaguía 4680:Mixtepec 4666:Southern 4627:Yatzachi 4622:Zoogocho 4580:Abejones 4551:Northern 4479:. 2003. 4456:. 1998. 4089:Binnizá. 3185:Archived 3047:See also 2982:XEQIN-AM 2878:irrealis 2874:negative 2860:definite 2849:si-, s- 2842:estativo 2840:(SLQZ), 2831:na-, n- 2814:(SLQZ), 2812:irrealis 2774:habitual 2718:/b-eʰn/ 2715:/s-uʰn/ 2712:/g-uʰn/ 2703:/ɾ-uʰn/ 2695:/guʰdʒ/ 2689:/g-adʒ/ 2440:man this 2349:biˈsjaˀ 2320:niˀ bæˀd 2278:betswiˀn 1980:Northern 1974:Southern 1965:Papabuco 1927:Papabuco 1871:Lachixio 1858:Elotepec 1846:Papabuco 1822:Xanaguia 1794:Yautepec 1785:Lapaguía 1705:Yatzachi 1701:Zoogocho 1642:Zaachila 1638:Yatzeche 1618:Guelavia 1606:Quiatoni 1443:Cajonos 1327:Abejones 762:Central 731:Coatec ( 579:Western 507:/beʔkuʔ/ 433:Internal 402:External 391:Tiits Së 383:Di'zhke' 379:Diža'xon 371:Diidxazá 343:Guerrero 339:Veracruz 218:zapo1437 158:Central 80:Guerrero 76:Veracruz 60:Zapotecs 46:Diidxazá 6471:Chinese 6466:Italian 6431:Catalan 6401:English 6366:Cochimí 6296:Kʼicheʼ 6291:Ixcatec 6256:Qʼeqchí 6231:Tacuate 6193:Tepehua 6128:Chatino 6123:Huichol 6075:Mazahua 6060:Huastec 6050:Mazatec 6045:Totonac 6035:Zapotec 6010:Nahuatl 6005:Spanish 5936:Italics 5838:Peñasco 5803:Estetla 5699:Solteco 5669:El Alto 5606:Ocotlán 5601:Isthmus 5538:Central 5447:Choápam 5426:Yalálag 5411:Cajonos 5404:Cajonos 5369:Yavesía 5364:Aloápam 5337:Zapotec 5327:Chatino 5320:Chatino 5290:Mazatec 5285:Ixcatec 5264:Eastern 5172:Ojitlán 4980:Mazahua 4971:Otomian 4954:Western 4905:Solteco 4875:El Alto 4812:Ocotlán 4807:Isthmus 4744:Central 4653:Choápam 4632:Yalálag 4617:Cajonos 4610:Cajonos 4575:Yavesía 4570:Aloápam 4361:Unison. 4132:Social. 3892:Verano. 3781:"Nouns" 3041:Chatino 2902:(SLQZ) 2884:(SLQZ) 2862:(SLQZ) 2844:(SAVZ) 2838:neutral 2780:(SAVZ) 2778:present 2638:unreal 2335:biˈsjaˀ 2236:ù-dììny 2186:already 2178:Rodolfo 2113:Ù-dììny 2081:Grammar 1977:Central 1962:Western 1933:Solteco 1879:El Alto 1867:Solteco 1863:Solteco 1856:, [ 1828:, [ 1783:, [ 1775:], 1765:Loxicha 1761:Coatlan 1753:Amatlan 1733:Aloápam 1731:, [ 1729:Yavesia 1697:Yalalag 1693:Cajonos 1677:Choapan 1659:? [ 1578:Isthmus 1366:Rincon 523:/bekoʔ/ 519:/bæʔkʷ/ 511:/bekuʔ/ 408:Chatino 387:Dí'zdéh 375:Didxsaj 277:Zapotec 172:Western 129:Zapotec 40:Zapotec 6476:German 6456:Korean 6446:Romani 6441:Arabic 6436:Hebrew 6426:Basque 6406:French 6371:Kiliwa 6361:Olutec 6351:Pápago 6346:Kumiai 6341:Qatoʼk 6336:Cucapá 6321:Kikapú 6316:Paipai 6221:Akatek 6148:Triqui 6118:Amuzgo 6030:Mixtec 5900:Trique 5768:Ayutla 5758:Apoala 5748:Mixtec 5725:Amuzgo 5692:Zaniza 5557:Petapa 5552:Guevea 5508:Coatec 5494:Xánica 5390:Rincón 5383:Rincón 5359:Ixtlán 5280:Chocho 5167:Lealao 5100:Pamean 4898:Zaniza 4763:Petapa 4758:Guevea 4714:Coatec 4700:Xánica 4596:Rincón 4589:Rincón 4565:Ixtlán 3876: 3294: 3039:, and 3037:Trique 3033:Mixtec 2980:, and 2816:futuro 2456:person 2422:niˈgiˀ 2402:person 2371:Pedro] 2345:Pedro] 2247:bè'cw? 2197:-stand 2170:-woman 2164:ʂ-unaa 2132:bèʔcw. 2124:Juáàny 2075:stress 2069:Stress 1968:Coatec 1877:–[ 1854:Zaniza 1826:Xanica 1789:Xadani 1771:–[ 1721:Ixtlan 1717:Atepec 1713:Yareni 1709:Ixtlán 1681:Rincon 1602:Valley 1594:Petapa 1582:Guevea 921:& 515:/mbak/ 488:/inda/ 484:/nisa/ 467:Oaxaca 341:, and 335:Puebla 331:Oaxaca 327:Mexico 84:Puebla 72:Oaxaca 50:Dizhsa 6461:Greek 6301:Lipan 6178:Yaqui 6163:Huave 6055:Chʼol 6040:Otomí 5913:Lists 5873:Tidaá 5833:Nuyoo 5828:Nuxaá 5662:Other 5634:Mitla 5622:Other 5588:Güilá 5440:Other 5431:Tabaá 5395:Yatee 5197:Usila 5003:Otomi 4868:Other 4840:Mitla 4828:Other 4794:Güilá 4646:Other 4637:Tabaá 4601:Yatee 4111:Texts 4069:Books 3815:[ 3799:(PDF) 3784:(PDF) 3772:(PDF) 3757:(PDF) 3564:PRI, 3059:Notes 2974:XEGLO 2461:sjoˀl 2399:beʰnː 2391:tjoʔp 2378:corn 2375:ʐoaʔ 2352:bean 2316:Pedro 2289:Pedro 2240:COMPL 2205:there 2117:COMPL 2032:tonal 1885:] 1860:] 1832:] 1791:] 1735:] 1689:Yatee 1685:Tabaa 1663:] 1622:Güila 1610:Mitla 495:/nis/ 253:Notes 6485:Sign 6356:Ixil 6331:Teko 6281:Seri 6216:Chuj 6183:Pame 6153:Cora 6138:Mayo 6070:Mixe 5823:Ñumí 3874:ISBN 3292:ISSN 3015:and 2961:and 2867:ni- 2464:tall 2453:benː 2433:this 2364:corn 2361:ʐoaʔ 2338:bean 2313:bæˀd 2308:foot 2286:bæˀd 2242:-hit 2202:nga. 2195:PROG 2183:d͡ʒe 2175:Dolf 2168:POSS 2154:Laad 2127:Juan 2119:-hit 2026:Tone 1895:and 365:Name 357:and 275:The 90:and 6173:Mam 4365:11. 3027:of 2970:CDI 2933:Use 2425:man 2394:two 2305:niˀ 2250:dog 2231:who 2228:Túú 2191:z-u 2158:FOC 2135:dog 2106:VSO 1869:†, 503:/u/ 499:/i/ 204:zap 190:zap 6538:: 4216:37 4214:, 4210:, 3790:. 3763:. 3645:. 3616:. 3591:. 3562:. 3526:. 3502:. 3477:. 3375:^ 3343:^ 3313:^ 3288:13 3286:. 3282:. 3255:. 3191:.” 3066:^ 3043:. 3035:, 3004:. 2957:, 2430:ɾe 2223:: 1852:, 1824:, 1820:, 1816:, 1812:, 1808:, 1800:, 1787:, 1767:, 1763:, 1759:, 1755:, 1727:, 1691:, 1687:, 1683:, 1679:, 1632:?– 1628:, 1624:–? 1616:, 1612:, 1596:, 1592:, 1584:, 1329:) 1300:) 1280:) 1241:) 1157:) 953:) 949:, 945:, 941:, 743:) 739:, 735:, 718:) 714:, 710:, 706:, 702:, 698:, 666:→ 649:) 645:, 641:, 525:. 345:. 337:, 182:/ 94:, 82:, 78:, 74:, 48:, 6327:) 6323:( 5972:e 5965:t 5958:v 4939:e 4932:t 4925:v 4536:e 4529:t 4522:v 4460:. 4255:. 3941:. 3721:. 3656:. 3631:. 3601:. 3576:. 3536:. 3512:. 3487:. 3298:. 1873:– 1804:– 1723:– 1719:– 1715:– 1703:– 1699:– 1695:– 1636:– 1620:– 1608:– 1325:( 1296:( 1276:( 1237:( 1153:( 672:) 668:( 309:/ 306:k 303:ɛ 300:t 297:ə 294:p 291:æ 288:z 285:ˈ 282:/ 184:5 98:. 34:. 20:)

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