320:, but they were a disappointment for thousands of Athenians who could not see anything from the rear stands and who did not understand this kind of event. The site was also unsuited for the sports and the weather was too cold. Moreover, the athletic competition had a more game-like than sportive character: as the competitors were not individuals who were seriously dedicated to athletics, the Organising Committee accepted the participation of workers, porters, etc., who were attracted by the monetary prizes of the Games. According to the press of the time, many comical incidents took place during the games: for instance, a policeman, who was assigned to watch over the crowds, left his post and participated in the races. Even a beggar, who pretended to be blind, participated in the races.
485:
first man to be placed on the honor roll of the
Wenlock Olympian Society was the Smyrniot Petros Velissariou, who competed at the 1859 Athens Olympic Games in the distance running and who won a prize donated by the Wenlock Olympian Society's Committee. Brookes was the first to propose holding open international Olympics to be held in Athens, as distinct from the revived Greek national Olympics of 1859, 1870 and 1875 which mirrored the Ancient Olympics as they were closed to all but Greek-speaking competitors. Despite his persistent pleas for action to the Greek government, his proposals fell on deaf ears. However, many of the ideas that Dr Brookes used within the Wenlock Olympian Games were subsequently adopted by
401:
348:
170:
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and
Fokianos was considered responsible despite his great efforts and the very good training of the athletes. The press heavily criticized the Games not only for the lack of organization, but also because the organizers had disqualified the working classes from competing. Fokianos became so embittered that he resigned as overall leader of the Olympics. However, the artistic competition of the Olympics proved a great success: 25 composers won awards in music and 25 sculptors and painters were honored.
264:
27:
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were not co-ordinated by the
Olympic Committee that organised the 1859, 1870, and 1875 Zappas Games, but by Fokianos alone. Thirty athletes competed in a variety of disciplines including discus, pole long leap (over a ditch), weightlifting, mast climbing, and rope climbing among others. All participants were clad alike.
236:) that athletic games were just a throwback to archaic times. They feared that Greece would seem primitive among the leading nations of Europe if it revived, as they claimed, an old-fashioned and pagan festival. Characteristically, the Greek foreign minister and head of the conservative anti-athletic lobby in Athens,
364:
sandals in skin color. On
November 1, the Games were officially opened, but athletic events were postponed to November 15 due to bad weather, which also forced the cancellation of all nautical events, horse races and shooting events. Athletes included Greek nationals, as well as ethnic Greeks from the
419:
These contests were timed to coincide with an exposition of 1,200 Greek and 72 foreign exhibitors, the largest Greece had ever seen. The Greek royal family did not attend. There was not enough space for huge crowds that attended, who finally filled up the arena of the
Stadium. Dissatisfaction ensued,
492:
Zappas' legacy to the revival of the
Olympic Games, alongside Soutsos, Brookes, and later Coubertin, was significant. In addition, the Panathenaic stadium, which was refurbished with his funding, went on to host events in the 1896, 1906 and 2004 IOC Olympics, while the Zappeion hosted fencing events
484:
in 1850. These were organised by the
Wenlock Olympian Class which changed its name to the Wenlock Olympian Society in 1860. Dr Brookes adopted an event from the programme of the 1859 Zappas Games and included 'throwing the javelin at a target' into the much-expanded 1861 Wenlock Olympian Games. The
448:
exhibition center, which had begun in 1873 and was frequently interrupted. The
Zappeion officially opened on October 20, 1888. As in 1875, Fokianos took charge of the sporting events (but did so independently of the earlier Olympic Committee), which were postponed up till April 30, 1889. These Games
412:
was laid. The 3rd
Olympiad was organized by the Director of the Public Gymnasium, Ioannis Fokianos. Fokianos strongly believed that the ideal of gymnastics would expand from above, i.e. the upper classes, through the educated and cultured classes. For that reason, he excluded all participants except
249:
For months there was no official answer from the Greek government. In July 1856, an article in the Greek press by
Panagiotis Soutsos, which made Zappas' efforts widely known to the public, triggered a series of events. Finally, Otto agreed upon competitions at four-year intervals, on the occasion of
376:
under Ottoman suzerainty). Some 20,000 to 25,000 spectators watched the 31 athletes who had previously qualified compete in a variety of events. Before the competition started, the athletes were ordered to take an oath that they would compete in a fair manner. At the same time, the Games included a
355:
Evangelis Zappas planned to sponsor future Olympic Games and restore the Olympiad, but he died in 1865; however, he left a vast fortune, both for the construction of permanent facilities in the Greek capital, as well as for the continuation of the Olympic Games in four-year intervals. In July 1869,
283:
square in Athens (modern Koumoundourou square). Although they could be termed as the first Olympic Games of the present tradition, it was far from being an international festival. They had a distinctly national character, since the participants were exclusively of Greek ethnicity, coming both from
363:
The Games of 1870 took place in the Panathenaic stadium, which was excavated, restored and provided with wooden benches in order to accommodate 30,000 people, a huge number for the time. In general the contest was much better organized and athletes were uniformly dressed, with sport costumes and
315:
Attendees included the king, officers and other dignitaries in rows of seats, as well as half of the inhabitants of Athens in the stands. Since it was one of the first mass gatherings in the city's modern history, neither the people nor the police had any previous experience with maintaining the
244:
I thanked Zappas for his splendid idea; but told him also that times have changed since antiquity. Today, nations do not become distinguished, as then, by having the best athletes and runners, but the champions in industry, handwork and agriculture. I suggested that he found Industrial Olympic
460:, announced that the Olympiad would be reinstated, at four-year intervals, from 1888. The next Olympics were officially scheduled for 1892, but ended postponed due to the Greek government's claim of lack of funding. In the event, the Panathenaic stadium would be used to stage the
144:
Zappas' contribution in this process was vital: not only were the games hosted at his own initiative, he also provided the funds for the staging of the games, as well as for the construction of much-needed infrastructure, including the refurbishment of the ancient
356:
the dates of the 1870 Olympics were announced, followed by organizational plans and proposals about which events to include. The committee paid for participating athletes to undergo three months of training prior to the Games. This training took place in the
380:
As in 1859 winners received a cash prize; in addition, the first three winners received olive wreaths and small branches of olive and laurel. There was a band playing an Olympic Hymn, specially composed for the occasion. The judges were professors of the
250:
industrial and agricultural expositions, and allowed the realization of athletic events with Zappas' full sponsorship. Consequently, Zappas offered the necessary funds to the Greek government in order to establish an Olympic Trust Fund.
228:, offering to fund the entire project of the Olympic revival, providing also cash prizes for the victors. However, this initiative was not without opposition. There was a wide belief among part of the Greek politicians (notably
413:
for university students. All these students were trained in the Public Gymnasium in Athens in a series of gymnastic exercises introduced by Fokianos and inspired from the German system of gymnastics.
197:, editor of a Greek newspaper, used the Olympic Games as the symbol of the ancient Greek traditions. Soon after, he explicitly proposed the revival of the games by the newly formed
331:, sent ÂŁ10 to Athens for a prize for the best runner in the longest race at the Olympic Games. The Wenlock Prize was the largest prize on offer and was won by Petros Velissarios of
220:, was inspired by Soutsos and resolved to revive this ancient tradition through his own efforts and resources. In early 1856, Zappas sent a letter through diplomatic channels to
444:
secured the execution of Zappas' will. The Greek government used Zappas' money to complete the Gymnasterion, a central gym, in 1878, and to continue the work on the
392:
The 1870 Games were an enormous success and the press dedicated triumphant articles both to the excellent organization and to the accomplishments of the Games.
2883:
416:
The athletes were impressively dressed: white trousers and white shirts with a large blue stripe, which was, until 1896, the official uniform for gymnastics.
185:
Sporadic references to the revival of the ancient Olympic Games were made by various personalities during the 19th century, inspired by a certain degree of
1264:
1134:
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in 1896, was the site of the first Olympic Village in 1906 (hosting the Hungarian Olympic team), and used as the media center during the
1856:
2811:
1387:
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2745:
2878:
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After an extended period of litigation between the Greek government and a group of Zappas' relatives over Zappas' bequests,
1644:
2488:
1891:
1881:
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688:
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1871:
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1504:
465:
138:
2725:
2546:
373:
205:, but in the event, nothing was done, despite Soutsos' persistent campaigning over the next twenty-six years.
201:, even sending a memorandum to that effect to the Greek government in 1835. His proposal was welcomed by King
2853:
2699:
2521:
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2138:
1600:
1307:
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1529:
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2709:
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1963:
1711:
1701:
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1971:
1866:
1629:
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237:
158:
2704:
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1958:
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1438:
1197:
1192:
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154:
288:. Athletes competed in a variety of disciplines, similar to those of the ancient Olympic games:
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1811:
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1624:
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134:
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2536:
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1081:
477:
328:
130:
126:
2659:
2616:
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2478:
2108:
1696:
1499:
1418:
1312:
1180:
1175:
1104:
1099:
461:
400:
382:
271:
On November 15, 1859, the first modern revival of the athletic Olympic Games took place in
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8:
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1953:
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31:
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1514:
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1509:
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1020:
999:
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957:
936:
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408:
Planning for the 1875 competition began in 1871, and in 1873, the foundation for the
198:
122:
347:
240:, suggested an industrial and agricultural exposition instead of an athletic event:
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2541:
2526:
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2173:
2028:
1822:
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1759:
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1249:
1187:
890:
The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism
213:
212:, during a romantic lecture, also stated that the Olympic events would be revived.
174:
118:
73:
1981:
2531:
2420:
2181:
2113:
2070:
1840:
1721:
1448:
1443:
1317:
1056:
1035:
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993:
972:
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888:
169:
1244:
149:, which hosted the Games of 1870 and 1875. The same stadium would also host the
2626:
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1846:
1428:
1259:
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336:
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98:
86:
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2611:
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2075:
2033:
1932:
1922:
1656:
1580:
1222:
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309:
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209:
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2551:
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2023:
1976:
1676:
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26:
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2410:
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1747:
1742:
1519:
1408:
1237:
1232:
1227:
471:
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order at such an event. The press of that time lauded the Games as being
186:
2774:
2493:
2333:
1948:
1661:
1403:
1382:
1214:
684:
2674:
1876:
1784:
1423:
1112:
436:
exhibition center which is a short walk from the Panathenaic stadium.
301:
480:
had initiated a sports movement in the United Kingdom, founding the
16:
Series of athletic events in Athens, Greece, in 1859, 1870, and 1875
1494:
907:
445:
433:
409:
389:
was awarding the prizes to the winners at the sound of the music.
129:
in the modern era. Their success provided further inspiration for
1549:
305:
289:
284:
inside the independent Greek state and the Greek diaspora of the
217:
489:, who was familiarized with them in a visit to Wenlock in 1890.
2556:
2458:
2235:
332:
272:
225:
216:, a successful businessman and member of the Greek diaspora in
114:
110:
63:
59:
369:
428:
992:
Landry, Fernand; Landry, Marc; Yerlès, Magdeleine (1991).
385:, and there was a herald for announcing the winners. King
351:
Panathenaic Stadium at the first day of the 1896 Olympics.
117:, in 1859, 1870 and 1875, sponsored by Greek businessman
109:) at the time, were a series of athletic events held in
472:
Aftermath and influence on the rebirth of the Olympics
1016:
America's First Olympics: The St. Louis Games of 1904
693:. Olympic revival, first attempts, Zappeian Olympics.
995:
Sport: The Third Millennium: International Symposium
970:
1012:
991:
928:
464:, the first to be held under the auspices of the
2825:
452:In 1890, a royal decree, signed by Crown Prince
279:was not yet complete, the contests were held in
932:The Winter Olympics: From Chamonix to Salt Lake
886:
327:, brainchild of the English doctor and surgeon
908:Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004).
2884:Recurring sporting events established in 1859
1128:
819:Minute Booke 1 WOS archives 1860 Games report
157:, and archery and the marathon finish at the
752:
750:
748:
746:
647:
645:
643:
641:
610:
608:
1037:The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival
911:Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement
554:Landry, Landry, Yerlès (1991), pp. 102, 114
267:Ticket of the first Zappas Olympics of 1859
2794:
1135:
1121:
164:
25:
743:
716:
654:
651:Landry, Landry, Yerlès (1991) pp. 103–104
638:
605:
1388:University International Sports Festival
580:
578:
427:
399:
346:
262:
168:
810:Shrewsbury Chronicle 23rd November 1860
2826:
1142:
949:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
631:
629:
360:, which had been cleaned and leveled.
2643:
2622:Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR
2567:Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR
2426:Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games
2350:
2005:
1566:
1154:
1116:
1054:
1033:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
575:
532:
530:
528:
137:had been running since 1850, and the
1645:Central American and Caribbean Games
1058:A Brief History of the Olympic Games
846:Landry, Landry, Yerlès (1991) p. 102
2806:
2361:(in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD)
1892:Games of the Small States of Europe
1882:European Universities Championships
1770:Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games
1641:Central American and the Caribbean
696:
626:
513:Young, D. The Modern Olympics p. 13
423:
275:. As the renovation of the ancient
13:
2746:Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games
1040:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
977:. Manchester University Press ND.
663:
525:
208:In 1852, the German archaeologist
177:, sponsor of the Games (a work of
14:
2900:
2644:
1913:Australian Youth Olympic Festival
828:Young, D. The Modern Olympics p.4
572:Young (2004), pp. 141–142 and p.7
2805:
2793:
2782:
2781:
2557:Games of the New Emerging Forces
1019:. University of Missouri Press.
801:Minute Book 1, p. 1 WOS archives
685:Foundation of the Hellenic world
404:Gold medal for the 1875 Olympics
395:
342:
258:
2736:European Youth Olympic Festival
2351:
1872:European Youth Olympic Festival
1707:South American University Games
1682:North American Indigenous Games
1505:UCI Cycling World Championships
1359:International Youth Green Games
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
734:
725:
617:
596:
466:International Olympic Committee
139:International Olympic Committee
2726:National Winter Games of China
2547:Far Eastern Championship Games
1363:International Children's Games
1093:(1859, 1870, 1875, 1888–1889)
914:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
587:
566:
557:
548:
539:
516:
507:
121:. These games were one of the
1:
2839:Sports competitions in Athens
1601:West African University Games
1308:Lumberjack World Championship
971:Hill, Christopher R. (1992).
956:. University of Texas Press.
953:Greek Sport and Social Status
713:Findling, Pelle (2004), p. 12
536:Findling, Pelle (2004), p. 13
500:
2879:Multi-sport events in Greece
2006:
1567:
1464:World Eskimo Indian Olympics
1013:Matthews, George R. (1904).
998:. Presses Université Laval.
935:. University of Utah Press.
7:
1897:International Erasmus Games
1887:European Universities Games
1862:European Para Championships
1596:All-Africa University Games
1373:World Interuniversity Games
1344:FISU World University Games
1328:World Police and Fire Games
432:Front view of the landmark
253:
10:
2905:
2710:Winter World Masters Games
1964:Asia Pacific Masters Games
1712:South American Youth Games
1702:South American Beach Games
1155:
929:Gerlach, Larry R. (2004).
880:
339:who was ethnically Greek.
193:, the Constantinople-born
2758:
2718:
2652:
2639:
2502:
2439:
2369:Tailteann Games (ancient)
2357:
2346:
2321:
2166:
2086:
2019:
2012:
2001:
1972:Indian Ocean Island Games
1941:
1905:
1867:European Para Youth Games
1832:
1732:
1630:Junior Pan American Games
1609:
1573:
1562:
1482:
1396:
1336:
1295:
1213:
1161:
1150:
1095:
1086:
1078:
855:Young (2004), pp. 150-151
783:Young (2004), pp. 148-149
731:Royal College of Surgeons
495:2004 Athens Olympic Games
487:Baron Pierre de Coubertin
456:and the foreign minister
377:competition in the arts.
159:2004 Athens Olympic Games
102:
90:
69:
55:
47:
39:
24:
2834:Modern history of Athens
2705:New Zealand Winter Games
2572:Tailteann Games (modern)
2522:Asian Martial Arts Games
2192:National Peasants' Games
1434:Islamic Solidarity Games
1378:Commonwealth Youth Games
1352:World School Sport Games
1323:World Firefighters Games
1303:International Army Games
1287:World Abilitysport Games
1061:. Blackwell Publishing.
1055:Young, David C. (2004).
1034:Young, David C. (1996).
887:Brownell, Susan (2008).
2670:Winter University Games
2416:Cotswold Olimpick Games
2312:National Games (Taiwan)
1959:Asia Pacific Deaf Games
1687:North American Outgames
1490:CSIT World Sports Games
1439:Jeux de la Francophonie
165:Revival of the Olympics
155:1906 Intercalated Games
2844:19th century in Greece
1857:European Championships
1852:European Masters Games
1812:East Asian Youth Games
1795:ASEAN University Games
1650:Central American Games
1635:Americas Masters Games
1625:Parapan American Games
1469:World Indigenous Games
1459:World Transplant Games
482:Wenlock Olympian Games
476:The English physician
437:
405:
374:semi-independent state
352:
325:Wenlock Olympian Class
268:
247:
182:
2741:Winter X Games Europe
2617:Spartakiad of Albania
2582:Women's Islamic Games
2537:Central African Games
2379:Ancient Olympic Games
1082:Ancient Olympic Games
950:Golden, Mark (2008).
690:Olympics through time
635:Brownell (2008) p. 36
623:Golden (2008), p. 129
593:Matthews (1904) p. 46
545:Matthews (1904) p. 42
478:William Penny Brookes
462:Olympic Games in 1896
431:
403:
350:
329:William Penny Brookes
323:The Committee of the
266:
242:
172:
131:William Penny Brookes
127:ancient Olympic Games
2854:November 1859 events
2597:Cerebral Palsy Games
2479:Liberty Bell Classic
2197:National Youth Games
1697:South American Games
1500:Mind Sports Olympiad
1419:Croatian World Games
1313:Military World Games
864:Young (2004), p. 144
837:Young (2004), p. 150
792:Young (2004), p. 151
756:Young (2004), p. 148
740:Gerlach (2004) p. 29
722:Young (2004), p. 146
660:Young (2004), p. 145
614:Young (2004), p. 142
602:Gerlach (2004) p. 25
563:Young (2004), p. 141
383:University of Athens
191:Dialogue of the Dead
2889:Athletics in Athens
2695:Arctic Winter Games
2602:South African Games
2562:Pacific Ocean Games
2503:Defunct regional or
2440:Alternatives to the
2358:Pre-Modern Olympics
1989:Mediterranean Games
1954:Arctic Winter Games
1807:Central Asian Games
1591:African Youth Games
1525:World Masters Games
1474:World Polonia Games
1205:Youth Olympic Games
873:Zappas.org Timeline
774:Young (1996), p. 44
765:Young (1996), p. 45
522:Young (2004), p.144
458:Stephanos Dragoumis
442:Konstantinos Zappas
358:Panathenaic Stadium
277:Panathenaic stadium
238:Alexandros Rangavis
234:Stephanos Dragoumis
230:Charilaos Trikoupis
189:. In his 1833 poem
147:Panathenaic Stadium
91:Ζάππειες Ολυμπιάδες
32:Panathenaic Stadium
21:
2771:51 component games
2731:Asian Winter Games
2577:West African Games
2517:Asian Indoor Games
2489:Workers' Olympiads
2469:Inter-Allied Games
1928:Pacific Mini Games
1790:ASEAN School Games
1620:Pan American Games
1586:African Para Games
1515:World Combat Games
1454:Pan-Armenian Games
1414:Commonwealth Games
1368:SELL Student Games
1337:Youth and students
1144:Multi-sport events
893:. Nebraska Press.
438:
406:
353:
269:
195:Panagiotis Soutsos
183:
141:series from 1896.
133:in England, whose
19:
2821:
2820:
2754:
2753:
2635:
2634:
2587:World Youth Games
2484:People's Olympiad
2406:Panathenaic Games
2374:Panhellenic Games
2342:
2341:
2162:
2161:
1997:
1996:
1918:Micronesian Games
1817:South Asian Games
1775:Asian Youth Games
1765:Asian Beach Games
1558:
1557:
1545:World Urban Games
1540:World Skate Games
1535:World Nomad Games
1510:World Beach Games
1265:World Dwarf Games
1255:INAS Global Games
1111:
1110:
1096:Succeeded by
963:978-0-292-71869-2
921:978-0-313-32278-5
900:978-0-8032-1098-1
584:Hill (1992) p. 16
93:), simply called
79:
78:
2896:
2809:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2784:
2700:Kennedy Memorial
2641:
2640:
2592:IWAS World Games
2542:East Asian Games
2527:Baltic Sea Games
2512:Afro-Asian Games
2505:community events
2454:Friendship Games
2362:
2348:
2347:
2029:British Columbia
2017:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1942:Intercontinental
1823:West Asian Games
1800:ASEAN Para Games
1781:Southeast Asian
1760:Asian Para Games
1667:Bolivarian Games
1564:
1563:
1530:World Mind Games
1270:Special Olympics
1250:IBSA World Games
1188:Paralympic Games
1152:
1151:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1079:Preceded by
1076:
1075:
1072:
1051:
1030:
1009:
988:
974:Olympic Politics
967:
946:
925:
904:
874:
871:
865:
862:
856:
853:
847:
844:
838:
835:
829:
826:
820:
817:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
772:
766:
763:
757:
754:
741:
738:
732:
729:
723:
720:
714:
711:
694:
682:
661:
658:
652:
649:
636:
633:
624:
621:
615:
612:
603:
600:
594:
591:
585:
582:
573:
570:
564:
561:
555:
552:
546:
543:
537:
534:
523:
520:
514:
511:
424:Games of 1888–89
298:javelin throwing
214:Evangelis Zappas
175:Evangelos Zappas
119:Evangelis Zappas
104:
92:
74:Evangelis Zappas
29:
22:
18:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2750:
2714:
2648:
2631:
2532:Black Sea Games
2504:
2498:
2442:Modern Olympics
2441:
2435:
2431:Zappas Olympics
2421:Gog Magog Games
2360:
2359:
2353:
2338:
2317:
2182:All-China Games
2158:
2091:
2082:
2066:amateur juniors
2008:
1993:
1937:
1901:
1841:Black Sea Games
1828:
1728:
1722:Caribbean Games
1693:South American
1673:North American
1605:
1569:
1554:
1478:
1449:Maccabiah Games
1444:Lusofonia Games
1392:
1332:
1318:World Air Games
1291:
1209:
1157:
1146:
1141:
1107:
1103:
1100:Summer Olympics
1092:
1089:Zappas Olympics
1084:
1069:
1048:
1027:
1006:
985:
964:
943:
922:
901:
883:
878:
877:
872:
868:
863:
859:
854:
850:
845:
841:
836:
832:
827:
823:
818:
814:
809:
805:
800:
796:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
769:
764:
760:
755:
744:
739:
735:
730:
726:
721:
717:
712:
697:
683:
664:
659:
655:
650:
639:
634:
627:
622:
618:
613:
606:
601:
597:
592:
588:
583:
576:
571:
567:
562:
558:
553:
549:
544:
540:
535:
526:
521:
517:
512:
508:
503:
474:
426:
398:
345:
261:
256:
167:
151:first IOC Games
83:Zappas Olympics
35:
20:Zappas Olympics
17:
12:
11:
5:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2874:1875 in sports
2871:
2869:1875 in Greece
2866:
2864:1870 in sports
2861:
2859:1870 in Greece
2856:
2851:
2849:1859 in Greece
2846:
2841:
2836:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Goodwill Games
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:Isthmian Games
2391:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2329:Poland (youth)
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:National Games
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:National Games
2184:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:North Carolina
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:European Games
1844:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1657:Latin American
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:Highland games
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1397:Intercommunity
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1262:
1260:Invictus Games
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1094:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1031:
1025:
1010:
1004:
989:
983:
968:
962:
947:
941:
926:
920:
905:
899:
882:
879:
876:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
758:
742:
733:
724:
715:
695:
662:
653:
637:
625:
616:
604:
595:
586:
574:
565:
556:
547:
538:
524:
515:
505:
504:
502:
499:
473:
470:
425:
422:
397:
394:
366:Ottoman Empire
344:
341:
337:Ottoman Empire
286:Ottoman Empire
260:
257:
255:
252:
203:Otto of Greece
179:Ioannis Kossos
166:
163:
123:first revivals
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2901:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2814:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:International
2651:
2647:
2646:Winter sports
2642:
2638:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Islamic Games
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:Heraean Games
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Pythian Games
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Lakota Nation
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Massachusetts
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:United States
2089:
2085:
2077:
2076:Warrior Games
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:United States
2059:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1982:Jeux des îles
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1933:Arafura Games
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Pacific Games
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:Pan American
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:African Games
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:(Universiade)
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Arafura Games
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:Olympic Games
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1163:Olympic Games
1160:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1068:1-4051-1130-5
1064:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1047:0-8018-5374-5
1043:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1026:0-8262-1588-2
1022:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1005:2-7637-7267-6
1001:
997:
996:
990:
986:
984:0-7190-3792-1
980:
976:
975:
969:
965:
959:
955:
954:
948:
944:
942:0-87480-778-6
938:
934:
933:
927:
923:
917:
913:
912:
906:
902:
896:
892:
891:
885:
884:
870:
861:
852:
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
762:
753:
751:
749:
747:
737:
728:
719:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
692:
691:
686:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
657:
648:
646:
644:
642:
632:
630:
620:
611:
609:
599:
590:
581:
579:
569:
560:
551:
542:
533:
531:
529:
519:
510:
506:
498:
496:
490:
488:
483:
479:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
447:
443:
435:
430:
421:
417:
414:
411:
402:
396:Games of 1875
393:
390:
388:
384:
378:
375:
371:
367:
361:
359:
349:
343:Games of 1870
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
313:
311:
310:pole climbing
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
274:
265:
259:Games of 1859
251:
246:
241:
239:
235:
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2680:Nordic Games
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2552:FESPIC Games
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2389:Nemean Games
2250:Philippines
2044:Saskatchewan
1977:Island Games
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1821:
1677:CANUSA Games
1355:(Gymnasiade)
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1245:DĂ©fi sportif
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2775:U.S. states
2690:World Scout
2665:Paralympics
2612:Netherlands
2449:Aryan Games
2411:Roman Games
2276:South Korea
1743:Asian Games
1520:World Games
1409:BRICS Games
1296:Professions
1228:Deaflympics
454:Constantine
199:Greek state
187:romanticism
40:First event
2828:Categories
2494:Spartakiad
2352:Historical
2334:WheelPower
2214:University
2174:Bangladesh
2104:California
1949:Arab Games
1739:Pan Asian
1718:Caribbean
1662:ALBA Games
1404:Arab Games
1383:CPLP Games
1215:Parasports
501:References
281:Loudovikou
173:Statue of
48:Last event
2675:FIS Games
2271:Singapore
2221:Indonesia
2154:Wisconsin
1877:EuroGames
1785:SEA Games
1424:Gay Games
335:from the
302:wrestling
222:King Otto
2788:Category
2719:Regional
2660:Olympics
2293:Thailand
2246:Pakistan
2236:Mongolia
2231:Malaysia
2134:New York
2129:Nebraska
2119:Missouri
2056:Colombia
2013:Americas
2007:National
1610:Americas
1568:Regional
1495:Dew Tour
446:Zappeion
434:Zappeion
410:Zappeion
387:George I
372:(then a
318:positive
254:Olympics
95:Olympics
2762:Defunct
2309:Taiwan
2305:Vietnam
2259:Student
2124:Montana
2109:Florida
2099:Alabama
2071:seniors
2049:Western
2034:Ontario
1906:Oceania
1550:X Games
881:Sources
306:jumping
290:running
218:Romania
125:of the
107:Olympia
103:Ολύμπια
70:Sponsor
34:in 1870
2773:in 36
2459:GANEFO
2322:Europe
2286:Winter
2281:Summer
2178:China
2039:Quebec
2024:Canada
1968:Isles
1833:Europe
1753:Winter
1748:Summer
1574:Africa
1280:Winter
1275:Summer
1238:Winter
1233:Summer
1198:Winter
1193:Summer
1181:Winter
1176:Summer
1156:Global
1105:Athens
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333:Smyrna
294:discus
273:Athens
245:Games.
226:Greece
115:Greece
111:Athens
64:Greece
60:Athens
2627:youth
2298:Youth
2264:Youth
2241:Nepal
2226:Japan
2209:Youth
2204:India
2149:Texas
1483:Other
370:Crete
135:games
99:Greek
87:Greek
2800:List
2167:Asia
2088:NCSG
1733:Asia
1063:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1021:ISBN
1000:ISBN
979:ISBN
958:ISBN
937:ISBN
916:ISBN
895:ISBN
368:and
308:and
232:and
81:The
51:1875
43:1859
224:of
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85:(
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