354:
894:, avoided this problem by continuing to use hand wired chassis in all their vacuum tube equipment. Zenith kept circuit boards out of their televisions until the Chromacolor line of the early 1970s, and even then used them only with solid state components, mounting the four tubes used in the Chromacolor "4 tube hybrid" on the steel chassis. Zenith began using circuit boards in radios when they converted to solid-state in the late 1960s, but even Zenith's early transistor radios were completely hand wired with socketed transistors. Due to the use of this chassis construction (and the high quality components), Zenith televisions and radios of the 1950s to 1970s found today are often still working well, needing little work to restore them to like-new operating condition.
27:
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additional, distinctive feature—this remote control could also adjust color hues. By pressing the mute button on the remote, a relay would be activated at the television in which to transfer the VHF motor drive tuner circuit to the motorized hue control. This would allow the user to adjust the hue in increments by depressing the channel up or down buttons on the remote control, and restore the television to normal tuning operation when the mute button was pressed again (mute off).
376:
814:, used a highly directional photo flash tube in the hand held unit that was aimed at sensitive photoreceivers in the four front corners of the television cabinet. However, bright sunlight falling on the television was found to activate the controls. It is worth noting that these remote controls would activate a motor, causing the tuning dial on the television to switch by itself, and this could be used for mischief if someone else was attempting to tune the television.
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Phone (which would mute and begin controlling the program audio going to the speaker). The telephone number is dialed using the numeric keys on the remote, which then displays the digits being dialed on-screen (using the on-screen display features of the System 3 line). The user could then converse with another caller hands-free, much like a regular speakerphone.
854:
have the entire round screen exposed. These sets are very desirable among television collectors. Many porthole sets used metal-cone CRTs, which are now scarce. It is not uncommon for collectors to replace a bad metal-cone tube with an all-glass tube. Zenith porthole sets came in tabletop models, stand-alone consoles and television/radio/phono combos.
822:
produced by pressing the buttons that consumers began calling remote controls "clickers". The miniaturization of electronics meant that, eventually, the sounds were produced in the remote unit electronically; however, the operating principle remained in use until the 1980s, when it was superseded by the infrared light system.
853:
In the late 1940s, Zenith entered the television market. These sets were all-round tube sets. The main feature was that the entire round screen was exposed. They were available in 12-inch, 16-inch and 19-inch sizes. Later round-tube models had a switch that would show the picture in the 4:3 ratio, or
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built into the television set. It used the set's speaker and remote control, in addition to a built-in microphone. A Space Phone-enabled television would connect to a telephone jack (using a built-in phone cord), and making a call was performed by pressing a button on the remote to activate the Space
513:
microchannel image tubes for the military, and many specialty tubes. The other Zenith subsidiary in
Chicago was Central Electronics, Incorporated, located at 1247 West Belmont Ave., where 100 employees made amateur radio equipment and performed auditory training. Another Central Electronics plant was
550:
ruled in favor of the defendants on Zenith's antitrust claims. Zenith's hopes to salvage a victory on the claims that the defendants violated the
Antidumping Act of 1916 ended in April 1987, when the Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal from the U.S. District Court of Appeals in Philadelphia that
483:
railroad tracks), where 2,500 workers made radio and television sets and Hi-Fi stereophonic phonographs. Plant number 2 was located at 1500 North
Kostner Ave., where 2,100 employees made government electronics, radio and television components, transistors and hearing aids. Plant number 3 was located
427:
Zenith established one of the first FM stations in the country in 1940 (Chicago's WWZR, later called WEFM, named for Zenith executive Eugene F. McDonald), which was among the earliest FM multiplex stereo stations, first broadcasting in stereo in June 1961. The station was sold in the early 1970s and
708:
claimed the concept was unsuccessful, Zenith itself claimed the experiment was a success. As
Phonevision broadcast films, it was seen as a potential competitor for traditional theatres. In spite of the fact that the three films initially available to the first 300 test households were more than two
821:
then suggested that ultrasonic sound be used as a trigger mechanism. This was produced in the hand held unit by mechanically struck aluminum rods of carefully constructed dimensions—a receiver in the television responded to the different frequencies this action produced. Enough audible noise was
825:
The photograph is of a Space
Command 600, which was the remote control designed for use with their color television receivers. The Space Command 600 was introduced in 1965 and this particular design was in use until the end of the 1972 model year. The Space Command 600 remote control had an
492:
A subsidiary of Zenith, the
Rauland Corporation, located at 4245 North Knox Avenue, employed 850 workers who produced television picture tubes. In the mid '60's, Rauland produced the RCA 21" round color CRT; in 1965 it added a 21" rectangular 21" color CRT. In 1966, Rauland bought the
478:
The 1962 Illinois
Manufacturers Directory (50th Anniversary edition) lists Zenith Radio Corporation as having 11,000 employees, of which at least 6,460 were employed in seven Chicago plants. The corporate office was in plant number 1, located at 6001 West Dickens Avenue (north of the
701:). Their experiment involved a descrambler box mounted on the television set, and plugged into the telephone lead. When a preannounced broadcast was ready to begin, viewers would call an operator at Zenith who would send a signal with the telephone leads to unscramble the video.
488:
tracks), where 300 employees made electronics and did servicing. Plant number 4 was located at 3501 West
Potomac Ave., where 60 employees handled warehousing. Plant number 5, located at 6501 West Grand Ave., employed 500-600 workers and manufactured government Hi-Fi equipment.
416:, promoting the fact that it needed no separate generator or battery, selling at US$ 59.95. The first Zenith television set appeared in 1939, with its first commercial sets sold to the public in 1948. The company is credited with having invented such things as the wireless
411:
The fledgling company soon became known for its high-quality radios and electronic innovations. Zenith introduced the first portable radio in 1924, the first mass-produced AC radio in 1926, and push-button tuning in 1927. It added automobile radios in the 1930s with its
525:
Act and a conspiracy they alleged violated
American antitrust laws. During the pendency of that suit, Zenith Radio Corporation encountered increasing financial difficulty as their market share progressively went to Japanese companies. Zenith joined two other U.S.
602:
in 1999, and in exchange for its debts, LG bought the remaining 45 percent of the company, converting about $ 200 million of debt owed to it by Zenith into common stock in the revamped company. The shares of existing stockholders were rendered worthless.
810:, Zenith President and founder, ordered his engineers to develop a wireless version, but the use of radio waves was soon discounted due to poor interference rejection inherent in 1950s radio receivers. The 1955 Flash-Matic remote system, invented by
545:
on the antitrust and antidumping claims and dismissed the lawsuits. Plaintiffs appealed, and the appellate court affirmed the summary judgment for Sears, Roebuck and Co., Motorola, Inc., and Sony. The case was appealed, and in March 1986 the
583:
in
October 1989 for $ 635 million. By 1990, Zenith was in trouble and looking more attractive to a hostile takeover. To avoid this, Zenith sold a five-percent stake to the Korean company GoldStar (now
806:
The original television remote control was a wired version, released in 1950, that soon attracted complaints about an unsightly length of cable from the viewer's chair to the television receiver.
650:
LG produced the Zenith DTT-900 and Zenith DTT-901 ATSC digital television converter box. LG offered some Zenith-branded plasma, LCD, and direct-view televisions through selected retail outlets.
598:. Zenith was too small to compete in the consumer electronics industry, which had become global in nature, and its high-quality products made it attractive for acquisition. Zenith filed for
579:
By the late 1980s, ZDS's profits were sustaining Zenith, while its television business continued to lose money. To raise money for HDTV research efforts and reduce debt, Zenith sold ZDS to
890:
equipment, in which high temperatures are generated that can break down boards, eventually causing the boards to crumble if one attempts to remove a tube. Zenith, and to a lesser extent
534:.—as co-plaintiffs. The NUE suit was transferred to the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and the two suits were consolidated for pretrial proceedings and trial. The suit, styled
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709:
years old, about 18 percent of Phonevision viewers had seen them at the movies, and 92 percent of Phonevision households reported that they would prefer to see films at home.
424:. For many years Zenith used the slogan "the quality goes in before the name goes on". This phrase was used by the Geo. P. Bent Piano Company of Chicago as early as 1906.
451:
digital stereo sound system for analog television broadcasts, used in many places around the world.) Zenith was one of the first companies to introduce a digital
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brand, which had originated in the 1970s as a brand for Zenith speakers and other audio equipment. Their profitable Network Systems division, which produced
353:
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line of televisions made from the late 1970s to the early 1990s had a feature called the Space Phone by Zenith. It was basically a hands-free
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290:(borrowed from Crown Piano maker George Bent of Chicago, used through the 1890s) was "The quality goes in before the name goes on".
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In December 1970, National Union Electric ("NUE") sued most of the Japanese television manufacturers for violation of the Anti-
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By the end of 1983, Zenith had spent millions of dollars in connection with the litigation. In 1981, the trial court entered
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acquired a controlling share of Zenith in 1995; Zenith became a wholly owned subsidiary in 1999. Zenith was the inventor of
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587:) as part of a technology-sharing agreement. With their analog line aging (the last major update to the line had been the
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518:, where 500 employees made radio receivers, with the total Zenith work force in Illinois being thus at least 6,960.
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chassis in 1978)), and the adoption of HDTV in the United States decades away, Zenith's prospects were poor.
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443:(MTS) stereo system used on analog television broadcasts in the United States and Canada (as opposed to the
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1962 Illinois Manufacturers Directory, Manufacturers' News, Inc., Chicago, IL., copyright 1962, p. 1311
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system with experimental Chicago station KS2XBS (originally broadcasting on Channel 2 before the
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886:. While circuit boards save time and errors in assembly, they are not well suited for use with
527:
498:
283:
274:. Zenith was previously an American brand of consumer electronics, a manufacturer of radio and
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Among Zenith's early famous products were the "Royal" series of transistor radios and the "
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8:
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Zenith was the first company to experiment with subscription television, launching their
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in the summer of 2000 and became part of Motorola BCS (Broadband Communications Sector).
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A box advertising a remote control system often referred to as "Space Command Tuning"
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Lehr, Jr., Louis A. (2013), Arnstein & Lehr, The First 120 Years, Amazon p. 80
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882:, were changing from hand-wired metal chassis in their radios and televisions to
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1340:"Converter Box — Digital TV Tuner Converter Box with Analog Pass-Through"
681:" series of shortwave portable radios, which were produced from 1942 to 1981.
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equipment. The name "Zenith" came from ZN'th, a contraction of its founders'
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Zenith is, perhaps, best known for the first practical wireless television
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During this period, some of Zenith's products were being rebadged as
463:. They were one of the first American manufacturers to market a home
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282:. After a series of layoffs, the consolidated headquarters moved to
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receivers and other consumer electronics, and was headquartered in
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In 1979, Zenith entered the computer market with the purchase of
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In 1995 LG, increased its stake to 55 percent, enough to assume
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Zenith pioneered the development of high-contrast and flat-face
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The company was co-founded by Ralph Matthews and Karl Hassel in
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upheld the ruling of the trial court in favor of the Japanese.
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and subsequently demolished in 2018 to create room for nearby
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1056:
Washington University Law Review, 58 Wash. U.L.Q. 1055 (1980)
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system implementation, parts of which were included in the
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In the late 1950s, many electronic manufacturers, such as
871:
607:
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444:
389:, as Chicago Radio Labs in 1918 as a small producer of
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Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1999
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235:
536:
In re Japanese Electric Products Antitrust Litigation
576:, having left the radio business two years earlier.
924:"Zenith Electronics LLC - Company Profile and News"
941:
939:
572:in 1984 to reflect its interests in computers and
1200:"Last U.S. TV Maker Will Sell Control to Koreans"
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1032:
639:The Zenith headquarters building was occupied by
1752:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
936:
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484:at 5801 West Dickens Ave. (also north of the
514:located at State Route 133 and Grandview in
1126:, Late Edition (East Coast), March 27, 1986
1098:, Late Edition (East Coast), March 28, 1981
988:(Antiques Electronics Supply, 1990), p.187.
751:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1806:Electronics companies of the United States
1781:American subsidiaries of foreign companies
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1801:Electronics companies established in 1918
1177:"Zenith Data Systems Sold to Groupe Bull"
794:A Zenith Space Command 600 remote control
771:Learn how and when to remove this message
1786:Companies based in Lake County, Illinois
861:
797:
789:
787:, the Space Command, developed in 1956.
662:
501:for production of color CRTs. Rauland's
481:Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific
352:
1373:
1358:
1342:. Zenith. June 23, 2008. Archived from
568:(ZDS). The company changed its name to
1776:American companies established in 1918
1753:
1264:"Motorola buys Zenith Network Systems"
1232:"Zenith Approves Full-Scale Revamping"
357:Zenith radio, Chicago Radio Laboratory
1811:History of radio in the United States
1419:
1197:
857:
313:Zenith-branded products were sold in
1731:
749:adding citations to reliable sources
716:
667:A Zenith Model 5-S-220 "cube" radio
538:, sought $ 900 million in damages.
653:
616:name. Certain products carried the
400:, 9ZN. They were joined in 1921 by
13:
1445:
1047:New York Times, September 21, 1974
712:
658:
548:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
1842:
1395:
1140:, Eastern Edition, April 28, 1987
695:Federal Communications Commission
475:video recorder starting in 1977.
266:technologies. It is owned by the
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1717:
1716:
1198:Feder, Barnaby J. (1995-07-18).
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697:forced them to relinquish it to
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1761:1918 establishments in Illinois
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986:A Flick of the Switch 1930–1950
459:, starting with the 1993 model
302:, and was the first to develop
286:. For many years, their famous
45:Zenith Electronics Corporation
1238:. Bloomberg News. 1998-05-22.
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1020:
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978:
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570:Zenith Electronics Corporation
1:
1766:1995 mergers and acquisitions
1704:LG smartphone bootloop issues
909:
668:
441:multichannel television sound
1316:. Zenith.com. Archived from
1292:"2018: Abt's Year in Review"
562:for $ 64.5 million, forming
380:Logo used from 1954 to 1997
368:Logo used from 1923 to 1954
88:; 106 years ago
16:American electronics company
7:
1796:Consumer electronics brands
1294:. abt.com. 31 December 2018
1187:(18): 18. 13 November 1989.
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408:was incorporated in 1923.
10:
1847:
348:
304:high-definition television
1712:
1696:
1673:
1633:
1612:
1579:
1538:
1507:
1491:
1484:
1467:
1455:
1151:"Zenith Radio Buys Heath"
1081:The Philadelphia Inquirer
866:Zenith vacuum tube carton
706:Theatre Owners of America
264:digital rights management
230:
217:
207:
191:
179:digital rights management
163:
149:
132:
110:
82:
65:
55:
33:
24:
1383:"Report on Phonevision"
1157:. 1979-10-15. p. 91
834:Some models of Zenith's
256:research and development
171:Research and development
1771:Amateur radio companies
1314:"Digital TV Transition"
1137:The Wall Street Journal
904:Zenith (disambiguation)
849:The porthole television
685:Subscription television
505:, plant made flat-face
296:subscription television
252:Zenith Electronics, LLC
97:(as Chicago Radio Labs)
49:Zenith Electronics, LLC
20:Zenith Electronics, LLC
1821:Melrose Park, Illinois
884:printed circuit boards
867:
803:
795:
674:
528:Sears, Roebuck and Co.
499:Melrose Park, Illinois
358:
284:Lincolnshire, Illinois
258:company that develops
1625:Internet Digital DIOS
865:
801:
793:
666:
600:Chapter 11 bankruptcy
356:
41:Zenith Radio Company
1070:, September 30, 1974
745:improve this section
596:controlling interest
406:Zenith Radio Company
203:444.7 million (1999)
184:technology licensing
75:Technology licensing
1826:Radio manufacturers
1687:LG.Philips Displays
1485:Brands and products
1084:, December 15, 1983
984:McMahon, Morgan E.
565:Zenith Data Systems
209:Number of employees
37:Chicago Radio Labs
21:
1831:Zenith Electronics
1539:Phones and tablets
1475:Zenith Electronics
1269:The New York Times
1236:The New York Times
1204:The New York Times
1181:U-M Computing News
1123:The New York Times
1112:, December 6, 1983
1095:The New York Times
868:
858:Hand-wired chassis
808:Eugene F. McDonald
804:
796:
675:
402:Eugene F. McDonald
359:
280:Glenview, Illinois
124:Eugene F. McDonald
19:
1748:
1747:
1669:
1668:
964:"Zenith Heritage"
946:"Advertisement".
781:
780:
773:
420:and FM multiplex
387:Chicago, Illinois
254:, is an American
249:
248:
1838:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1613:Home electronics
1511:
1489:
1488:
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1449:
1440:
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1426:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1404:Official website
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1346:on July 28, 2012
1336:
1330:
1329:
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1325:
1320:on July 13, 2012
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952:. December 1906.
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934:
933:
920:
876:General Electric
776:
769:
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654:Notable products
543:summary judgment
497:cookie plant in
378:
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29:
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18:
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1369:January 8, 1951
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1109:Chicago Tribune
1106:
1102:
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1088:
1078:
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1067:Chicago Tribune
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
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1016:
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1008:McMahon, p.187.
1007:
992:
983:
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962:
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949:The World Today
945:
944:
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917:
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851:
832:
777:
766:
760:
757:
742:
726:
715:
713:Remote controls
687:
671:
661:
659:Shortwave radio
656:
645:Abt Electronics
516:Paris, Illinois
509:picture tubes,
503:Niles, Illinois
383:
382:
381:
371:
370:
369:
351:
298:and the modern
234:
210:
187:
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128:
98:
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87:
78:
50:
48:
46:
44:
42:
40:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1828:
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1818:
1816:LG Electronics
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
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1788:
1783:
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1674:Joint ventures
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1481:
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1471:
1469:
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1453:
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1448:LG Electronics
1443:
1442:
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1428:
1420:
1414:
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1651:Watch Urbane
1477:(since 1999)
1474:
1468:Subsidiaries
1387:June 4, 1951
1384:
1366:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:the original
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1247:. Retrieved
1235:
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842:speakerphone
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819:Robert Adler
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805:
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743:Please help
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647:to expand.
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630:satellite TV
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511:night vision
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384:
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268:South Korean
251:
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138:Lincolnshire
133:Headquarters
56:Company type
1689:(2001–2007)
1661:Watch Sport
1656:Watch Style
1513:and tablets
1462:(1958–2002)
1272:. July 2000
888:vacuum tube
830:Space phone
691:Phonevision
672: 1937
581:Groupe Bull
447:-developed
325:(to 1983),
120:Karl Hassel
47:(1984–1999)
43:(1923–1984)
39:(1918–1923)
1755:Categories
1681:LG Display
1592:Optimus UI
1249:2023-02-24
1217:2023-02-24
910:References
704:While the
610:under the
526:companies—
439:, and the
306:(HDTV) in
276:television
151:Key people
140:, Illinois
72:Technology
60:Subsidiary
1646:G Watch R
1499:UltraFine
1276:9 January
1244:0362-4331
1212:0362-4331
970:9 January
732:does not
414:Model 460
398:call sign
395:ham radio
1724:Category
1580:Software
1530:Tab-Book
1492:Monitors
1459:GoldStar
1298:June 27,
966:. Zenith
898:See also
892:Motorola
837:System 3
634:Motorola
327:Cambodia
323:Thailand
270:company
164:Services
111:Founders
104:Illinois
66:Industry
34:Formerly
1738:Commons
1641:G Watch
1571:Optimus
1510:Laptops
1161:29 June
880:Admiral
753:removed
738:sources
699:WBBM-TV
618:Allegro
613:Admiral
589:SystemÂł
523:Dumping
495:Keebler
473:Betamax
471:-built
428:is now
349:History
343:Myanmar
335:Vietnam
319:Germany
231:Website
192:Revenue
100:Chicago
91: (
83:Founded
1697:Others
1561:Velvet
1242:
1210:
422:stereo
404:, and
341:, and
288:slogan
236:zenith
219:Parent
106:, U.S.
1620:ThinQ
1599:webOS
1525:Xnote
626:cable
558:from
507:radar
449:NICAM
339:India
1546:Cyon
1520:Gram
1385:Time
1367:Time
1352:2012
1326:2012
1300:2019
1278:2015
1240:ISSN
1208:ISSN
1163:2014
972:2015
878:and
736:any
734:cite
628:and
624:for
574:CATV
530:and
469:Sony
453:HDTV
432:.
430:WUSN
331:Laos
262:and
260:ATSC
238:.com
201:US$
177:and
175:ATSC
144:U.S.
93:1918
86:1918
1604:Pay
872:RCA
747:by
641:Aon
608:OEM
465:VCR
445:BBC
213:976
157:CEO
1757::
1587:UX
1566:Vu
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768:(
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173:(
159:)
95:)
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