Asceticism - Knowledge

2769: 3029: 191:. Many ascetics believe the action of purifying the body helps to purify the soul, and that in doing so, they will obtain a greater connection with the Divine or find inner peace. This may take the form of rituals, the renunciation of pleasure, or self-mortification. However, ascetics maintain that self-imposed constraints bring them greater freedom in various areas of their lives, such as increased clarity of thought and the ability to resist potentially destructive temptations. Asceticism is seen in some ancient theologies as a journey towards spiritual transformation, where the simple is sufficient, the bliss is within, the frugal is plenty. Inversely, several ancient religious traditions, such as 346: 47: 56: 6248:"Of all the forms of self-immolation, auto-cremation in particular seems to have been primarily created by medieval Chinese Buddhists. Rather than being a continuation or adaptation of an Indian practice (although there were Indians who burned themselves), as far as we can tell, auto-cremation was constructed on Chinese soil and drew on range of influences such as a particular interpretation of an Indian Buddhist scripture (the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka or Lotus Sūtra) along with indigenous traditions, such as burning the body to bring rain, that long pre-dated the arrival of Buddhism in China." 1666:, much of early Christian asceticism has been traced to Judaism, but not to traditions within Greek asceticism. Some of the ascetic thoughts in Christianity nevertheless, Finn states, have roots in Greek moral thought. Virtuous living is not possible when an individual is craving bodily pleasures with desire and passion. Morality is not seen in the ancient theology as a balancing act between right and wrong, but a form of spiritual transformation, where the simple is sufficient, the bliss is within, the frugal is plenty. 2308:

ascetics live like priests and preachers, other ascetics are armed and militant, to resist any persecution—a phenomenon that emerged after the arrival of Islam in India. Self-torture is relatively uncommon practice but one that attracts public attention. In Indian traditions such as Buddhism and Hinduism, self-mortification is typically criticized. However, Indian mythologies also describe numerous ascetic gods or demons who pursued harsh austerities for decades or centuries that helped each gain special powers.

8787: 2892:) to gently remove any insect or living creature in their way or bowl, and they eat with their hands. They sleep on the floor without blankets, and sit on wooden platforms. Other austerities include meditation in seated or standing posture near riverbanks in the cold wind, or meditation atop hills and mountains, especially at noon when the sun is at its fiercest. Such austerities are undertaken according to the physical and mental limits of the individual ascetic. 10489: 9180: 3109: 1765: 2949: 10501: 10513: 9428: 3197: 7774: 2264:

ascetic practices were the result of an influence of medieval Christianity on Ashkenazi Hasidism. The Jewish faithful of this Hasidic tradition practiced the punishment of body, self-torture by starvation, sitting in the open in freezing snow, or in the sun with fleas in summer, all with the goal of purifying the soul and turning one's attention away from the body unto the soul.

242:"Natural asceticism" involves a lifestyle which reduces material aspects of life to the utmost simplicity and to a minimum. This may include minimal, simple clothing, sleeping on a floor or in caves, and eating a simple, minimal amount of food. Natural asceticism, state Wimbush and Valantasis, does not include maiming the body or harsher austerities that make the body suffer. 10525: 2673:, verse 17.5 criticize a form of asceticism that diverges from scriptural guidance and is driven by pride, ego, or attachment, rather than for genuine spiritual growth. Verse 17.6 extends the criticism of such ascetic practices, noting that they are considered harmful to both the practitioner's body and the divine within. With these two verses, 6362:. Stone Bridge Press, Inc.; see Tapas or tapasya in Sanskrit means, the conditioning of the body through the proper kinds and amounts of diet, rest, bodily training, meditation, etc., to bring it to the greatest possible state of creative power. It involves practicing the art of controlling materialistic desires to attain moksha. 2903:, a fast to peaceful and detached death, by first reducing intake of and then ultimately abandoning all medicines, food, and water. Scholars state that this ascetic practice is not a suicide, but a form of natural death, done without passion or turmoil or suddenness, and because it is done without active violence to the body. 2633:, that "the sky is his belief, his knowledge is of the absolute, union is his initiation, compassion alone is his pastime, bliss is his garland, the cave of solitude is his fellowship", and so on, as he proceeds in his effort to gain self-knowledge (or soul-knowledge) and its identity with the Hindu metaphysical concept of 2878:

and eats only a measured amount. A routine feature of Jain asceticism are fasting periods, where adherents abstain from consuming food, and sometimes water, only during daylight hours, for up to 30 days. Some monks avoid (or limit) medicine and/or hospitalization out of disregard for the physical body.

2864:

Clearly enough, to procure such vegetables and fruits, one must pull out the plant from the root, thus destroying the entire plant, and with it all the other micro organisms around the root. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be plucked only when ripe and ready to fall off, or ideally after they have

3175:

discusses what he terms the "ascetic ideal" and its role in the formulation of morality along with the history of the will. In the essay, Nietzsche describes how such a paradoxical action as asceticism might serve the interests of life: through asceticism one can overcome one's desire to perish from

2585:

Abstention from injuring living beings, truthfulness, abstention from appropriating the property of others, abstention from sex, liberality (kindness, gentleness) are the major vows. There are five minor vows: abstention from anger, obedience towards the guru, avoidance of rashness, cleanliness, and

2544:

The Keśin does not live a normal life of convention. His hair and beard grow longer, he spends long periods of time in absorption, musing and meditating and therefore he is called "sage" (muni). They wear clothes made of yellow rags fluttering in the wind, or perhaps more likely, they go naked, clad

2984:

practiced asceticism, and the most common ascetic practices included fasting, complete sexual abstinence, self-imposed poverty, sleep deprivation, and secluding oneself in the wilderness. More extreme and unnatural ascetic Taoist practices have included public self-drowning and self-cremation. The

2932:

Asceticism doesn't lie in ascetic robes, or in walking staff, nor in the ashes. Asceticism doesn't lie in the earring, nor in the shaven head, nor blowing a conch. Asceticism lies in remaining pure amidst impurities. Asceticism doesn't lie in mere words; He is an ascetic who treats everyone alike.

2877:

monks have only a single meal a day. Neither group will beg for food, but a Jain ascetic may accept a meal from a householder, provided that the latter is pure of mind and body and offers the food of his own volition and in the prescribed manner. During such an encounter, the monk remains standing

2757:

The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira for a year and a month wore clothes; after that time he walked about naked, and accepted the alms in the hollow of his hand. For more than twelve years the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira neglected his body and abandoned the care of it; he with equanimity bore, underwent,

2393:

In the Mahayana tradition asceticism with esoteric and mystical meanings became an accepted practice, such as in the Tendai and Shingon schools of Japanese Buddhism. These Japanese practices included penance, austerities, ablutions under a waterfall, and rituals to purify oneself. Japanese records

2263:

whose practices are documented in the texts of the 12th and 13th centuries. Peter Meister states that this Jewish asceticism emerged in the tenth century, grew much wider with prevalence in southern Europe and the Middle East through the Jewish pietistic movement. According to Shimon Shokek, these

2204:

6:1–21. The ascetic practices included not cutting the hair, abstaining from eating meat or grapes, abstention from wine, or fasting and hermit style living conditions for a period of time. Literary evidence suggests that this tradition continued for a long time, well into the common era, and both

3188:

as one where, finding oneself in pain or despair and desiring to perish from it, the will to live causes one to place oneself in a state of hibernation and denial of the material world in order to minimize that pain and thus preserve life, a technique which Nietzsche locates at the very origin of

2743:

discuss ascetic austerities to great lengths and formulations. Six outer and six inner practices are most common, and oft repeated in later Jain texts. According to John Cort, outer austerities include complete fasting, eating limited amounts, eating restricted items, abstaining from tasty foods,

2420:

are also known, such as the public self-immolation (self-cremation, as shaoshen 燒身 or zifen 自焚) practice, aimed at abandoning the impermanent body. The earliest-documented ascetic Buddhist monk biography is of Fayu (法羽) in 396 CE, followed by more than fifty documented cases in the centuries that

4750:

in Islam may perhaps be partly attributed to the absence of outlets for celibacy. Ascetical tendencies are usually strong among the pious: the whole history of Western religions illustrates an intimate connection between religious enthusiasm and sexual repression. In Islam, however, celibacy was

2287:

Asceticism is found in both non-theistic and theistic traditions within Indian religions. The origins of the practice are ancient, and a heritage shared by major Indian religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. They are referred by many names such as Sadhu, Pravrajita, Bhikshu, Yati etc.

3056:

translated these as "worldly" and "otherworldly"—however, some translators use "inner-worldly", and this is more in line with inner world explorations of mysticism, a common purpose of asceticism. "Inner- or Other-worldly" asceticism is practised by people who withdraw from the world to live an

2307:

in the pursuit of salvation. Some ascetics live as hermits relying on whatever food they can find in the forests, then sleep and meditate in caves; others travel from one holy site to another while sustaining their body by begging for food; yet others live in monasteries as monks or nuns. Some

1737:. Evidence of extreme asceticism in Christianity appear in second century texts and thereafter, in both Eastern & Western Christian traditions, such as the practice of chaining the body to rocks, eating only grass, praying seated on a pillar in the elements for decades such as by the monk 227:, which means "training" or "exercise". The original usage did not refer to self-denial, but to the physical training required for athletic events. Its usage later extended to rigorous practices used in many major religious traditions, in varying degrees, to attain redemption and higher 2849: 2228:. According to Allan Nadler, two most significant examples of medieval Jewish asceticism have been Havoth ha-Levavoth and Hasidei Ashkenaz. Pious self-deprivation was a part of the dualism and mysticism in these ascetic groups. This voluntary separation from the world was called 2331:

and other scholars, some early Buddhist texts suggest that asceticism was a part of Buddhist practice in its early days. Further, in practice, records from about the start of the common era through the 19th century suggest that asceticism has been a part of Buddhism, both in

2600: 1892:, looking for the perfect spiritual way of life. According to Clement of Alexandria, philosophy and Scriptures can be seen as "double expressions of one pattern of knowledge". According to Evagrius, "body and the soul are there to help the intellect and not to hinder it". 2706:. Ascetic life may include nakedness symbolizing non-possession of even clothes, fasting, body mortification, penance and other austerities, in order to burn away past karma and stop producing new karma, both of which are believed in Jainism to be essential for reaching 7420:

In Zoroastrianism (founded by the Persian prophet Zoroaster, seventh century bc), there is officially no place for asceticism. In the Avesta, the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism, fasting and mortification are forbidden, but ascetics were not entirely absent even in

2398:

monks woke up at midnight or 2:00 am daily, and performed ascetic water purification rituals under cold waterfalls. Other practices include the extreme ascetic practices of eating only pine needles, resins, seeds and ultimately self-mummification, while alive, or

2834:). They travel from city to city, often crossing forests and deserts, and always barefoot. Jain ascetics do not stay in a single place for more than two months to prevent attachment to any place. However, during the four months of monsoon (rainy season) known as 2744:

mortifying the flesh and guarding the flesh (avoiding anything that is a source of temptation). Inner austerities include expiation, confession, respecting and assisting mendicants, studying, meditation and ignoring bodily wants in order to abandon the body.

313:, founder of the Baháʼí Faith, seeks under no circumstances to deny anyone the legitimate right and privilege to derive the fullest advantage and benefit from the manifold joys, beauties, and pleasures with which the world has been so plentifully enriched by 2919:

as a vice, it has at the same time unmistakingly pointed out that man must share the moral responsibility by leading the life of a householder. What is important is to be God-centred. According to Sikhism, ascetics are certainly not on the right path. When

2555:

The Vedic and Upanishadic texts of Hinduism, states Mariasusai Dhavamony, do not discuss self-inflicted pain, but do discuss self-restraint and self-control. The monastic tradition of Hinduism is evidenced in first millennium BCE, particularly in its

2515:

is a Vaishnava text that summarizes ascetic practices in Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism. In Hindu traditions, as with other Indian religions, both men and women have historically participated in a diverse spectrum of ascetic practices.

2271:. These mystics engaged in radical material abstentions and self-mortification with the belief that this helps them transcend the created material world, reach and exist in the mystical spiritual world. A studied example of this group was 2649:(not become angry even if you are abused by others), disarmament (no weapons), chastity, bachelorhood (no marriage), avyati (non-desirous), amati (poverty), self-restraint, truthfulness, sarvabhutahita (kindness to all creatures), 2586:

purity in eating. He should beg (for food) without annoying others, any food he gets he must compassionately share a portion with other living beings, sprinkling the remainder with water he should eat it as if it were a medicine.

3208:

taught a philosophy of pleasure, but he also engaged in ascetic practices like fasting. This may have been done in the service of testing the limits of nature, of desires, of pleasure, and of his own body. In the eighth of his

2473:

Renunciation from the worldly life, and a pursuit of spiritual life either as a part of monastic community or a hermit, has been a historic tradition of Hinduism since ancient times. The renunciation tradition is called

2838:, they stay at a single place to avoid killing life forms that thrive during the rains. Jain monks and nuns practice complete celibacy. They do not touch or share a sitting platform with a person of the opposite sex. 2545:

only in the yellow dust of the Indian soil. But their personalities are not bound to earth, for they follow the path of the mysterious wind when the gods enter them. He is someone lost in thoughts: he is miles away.

2793:

Both Mahavira and his ancient Jaina followers are described in Jainism texts as practicing body mortification and being abused by animals as well as people, but never retaliating and never initiating harm or injury

1720:

sect of Christians was only one aspect of ascetic renunciation, and both natural and unnatural asceticism have been part of Christian asceticism. The natural ascetic practices have included simple living, begging,

2451:. It is unclear if self-immolation was limited primarily to Chinese asceticism tradition, and strong evidence of it being a part of a large scale, comprehensive ascetic program among Chinese Buddhists is lacking. 245:"Unnatural asceticism", in contrast, covers practices that go further, and involves body mortification, punishing one's own flesh, and habitual self-infliction of pain, such as by sleeping on a bed of nails. 3086:

suggested worldly asceticism is specifically targeting worldly pleasures that "distract" people from their calling and may accept worldly pleasures that are not distracting. As an example, he pointed out

3061:

Wealth is thus bad ethically only in so far as it is a temptation to idleness and sinful enjoyment of life, and its acquisition is bad only when it is with the purpose of later living merrily and without

2438:

The Chinese Buddhist asceticism practices, states James Benn, were not an adaptation or import of Indian ascetic practices, but an invention of Chinese Buddhists, based on their unique interpretations of

3057:

ascetic life (this includes monks who live communally in monasteries, as well as hermits who live alone). "Worldly" asceticism refers to people who live ascetic lives but do not withdraw from the world:

309:, the maintenance of a high standard of moral conduct is neither to be associated or confused with any form of extreme asceticism, nor of excessive and bigoted puritanism. The religious standard set by 3091:

have historically objected to bright-coloured clothing, but wealthy Quakers often made their drab clothing out of expensive materials. The color was considered distracting, but the materials were not.

2985:

goal of this spectrum of practices, like in other religions, was to reach the divine and get past the mortal body. According to Stephen Eskildsen, asceticism continues to be a part of modern Taoism.

89:

from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Ascetics may withdraw from the world for their practices or continue to be part of their society, but typically adopt a

1862:, i.e., "a state of calm which is the prerequisite for love and knowledge", in order to purify their intellect and make it impassible, to reveal the truth hidden in every being. The third book, 7379:

WR Garrett (1992), The Ascetic Conundrum: The Confucian Ethic and Taoism in Chinese Culture, in William Swatos (ed.), Twentieth-Century World Religious Movements in Neo-Weberian Perspective,

2681:

Some people who undertake acts of austerity perform ferocious deeds not sanctioned by scripture. They are motivated by hypocrisy and egotism, and are beset by the power of desire and passion.

2968:

In Inca religion of medieval South America, asceticism was practiced. The high priests of the Inca people lived an ascetic life, which included fasting, chastity and eating simple food. The

2560:

tradition. This is evidenced by the oldest Sannyasa Upanishads, because all of them have a strong Advaita Vedanta outlook. Most of the Sannyasa Upanishads present a Yoga and nondualism (

4462: 9333: 2232:, and the Jewish society widely accepted this tradition in late medieval era. Extreme forms of ascetic practices have been opposed or controversial in the Hasidic movement. 258:

in some form and degree are parts of religious practice within many religious and spiritual traditions. Ascetic lifestyle is associated particularly with monks, nuns, and

2933:

Asceticism doesn't lie in visiting burial places, It lies not in wandering about, nor in bathing at places of pilgrimage. Asceticism is to remain pure amidst impurities.

1866:, was meant for meditation by advanced monks. Those writings made him one of the most recognized ascetic teachers and scriptural interpreters of his time, which include 2828:

In Jain monastic practice, the monks and nuns take ascetic vows, after renouncing all relations and possessions. The vows include a complete commitment to nonviolence (

3671:

Wilson, John A. (1969). "Egyptian Secular Songs and Poems". Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 467.

3213:, Epicurus says that we sometimes choose pains if greater pleasures ensue from them, or avoid pleasures if greater pains ensue, and in the "autarchy" portion of his 3162: 2320:

adopted an extreme ascetic life in search of enlightenment. However, after enlightenment he rejected extreme asceticism in favor of a more moderated version, the "

2291:

Asceticism in Indian religions includes a spectrum of diverse practices, ranging from the mild self-discipline, self-imposed poverty and simple living typical of

4184:

The theologies of the Eucharist in the early scholastic period: a study of the salvific function of the sacrament according to the theologians c. 1080 - c. 1220

2482:

often involved a simple life, one with minimal or no material possessions, study, meditation and ethical living. Those who undertook this lifestyle were called

2718:(liberation from rebirths, salvation). In Jainism, the ultimate goal of life is to achieve the liberation of soul from endless cycle of rebirths (moksha from 2221:

tradition of the second Temple period is described as one of the movements within historic Jewish asceticism between second century BCE and first century CE.

9461: 2508:, but it too spans a spectrum of meanings ranging from inner heat, to self-mortification and penance with austerities, to meditation and self-discipline. 8664: 1709:

tradition. This became the most important center of orthodox Christian ascetic groups in the centuries that followed. In the modern era, Mount Athos and

9749: 9405: 1999:) served as a precursor to the later doctrinal formations of Sufis that began to emerge in the tenth century through the works of individuals such as 9965: 9948: 9921: 9737: 9725: 9698: 9634: 9581: 9400: 7757: 7450: 2997:, active participation in life through good thoughts, good words and good deeds is necessary to ensure happiness and to keep the chaos at bay. This 2425:, and may have been inspired by the Jataka tales wherein the Buddha in his earlier lives immolates himself to assist other living beings, or by the 2369:, medieval texts report of ascetic monks who wander and dwell in the forest or crematory alone, do austere practices, and these came to be known as 9936: 9715: 9664: 9610: 9593: 9456: 7805: 6295: 9874: 9850: 9788: 9686: 9553: 7743: 9980: 9543: 3582: 6283: 292: 9390: 9154: 3204:

Asceticism is not always life-denying or pleasure-denying. Some ascetic practices have actually been carried out as disciplines of pleasure.

2884:

monks and nuns wear only unstitched white robes (an upper and lower garment), and own one bowl they use for eating and collecting alms. Male

1536: 6366: 9217: 3681: 2540:("long-haired" ascetics) and Munis ("silent ones") are described. These Kesins of the Vedic era, are described as follows by Karel Werner: 345: 9644: 9328: 2578:

Vedanta) philosophy. These texts mention a simple, ethical lifestyle but do not mention self-torture or body mortification. For example:

9730: 6217:

Lives of the Nuns: Biographies of Chinese Buddhist Nuns from the Fourth to Sixth Centuries : a Translation of the Pi-chʻiu-ni Chuan

9960: 4652:

Sahner, Christian C. (April–June 2016). "Swimming against the Current: Muslim Conversion to Christianity in the Early Islamic Period".

2865:

fallen off the plant. In case they are plucked from the plants, only as much as required should be procured and consumed without waste.

2043:, states Nile Green, and early Sufis condemned "ascetic practices as unnecessary public displays of what amounted to false piety". The 7491: 5503:

Wolfson, Elliot R. (2016). "Asceticism, Mysticism, and Messianism: A Reappraisal of Schechter's Portrait of Sixteenth-Century Safed".

4398: 10147: 9953: 9761: 9754: 9742: 9627: 9615: 9301: 1386: 380: 213:

traditions, abstain from ascetic practices and focus on various types of good deeds in the world and the importance of family life.

9862: 9622: 9444: 4654: 10089: 8657: 7944: 1476: 7404: 4428: 9449: 9306: 3426: 8433: 7871: 7846: 7823: 7796: 7765: 7734: 7625: 7364: 7319: 7292: 7265: 7211: 7092: 7062: 7035: 6981: 6912: 6526: 6427: 6394: 6349: 6225: 6195: 6168: 6128: 6045: 6018: 5991: 5951: 5899: 5872: 5838: 5811: 5781: 5754: 5633: 5603: 5549: 5487: 5460: 5430: 5349: 5322: 5290: 5256: 5229: 5202: 5175: 5148: 5121: 5059:

Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (January 1999). "Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate".

4988: 4953: 4918: 4883: 4837: 4802: 4739: 4560: 4522: 4495: 4354: 4327: 4191: 4166: 4139: 4105: 4078: 4051: 4024: 3984: 3954: 3927: 3805: 3778: 3751: 3717: 3656: 3626: 3562: 1311: 622: 2205:

Jewish men and women could follow the ascetic path, with examples such as the ascetic practices for fourteen years by Queen

2753:

describes Mahavira's asceticism in detail, whose life is a source of guidance on most of the ascetic practices in Jainism:

2379:, and as in Thailand, they are known to pursue their own version of Buddhism, resisting the hierarchical institutionalized 540: 3858: 3479:

Randall Collins (2000), The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change, Harvard University Press,

9867: 9793: 9703: 8650: 8300: 7391: 6721: 6700: 6663: 6616: 6596: 6571: 6550: 5725: 5660: 4284: 4259:

Rubenson, Samuel (2007). "Asceticism and monasticism, I: Eastern". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

4216: 3501: 3484: 3028: 1824:), was a highly educated monastic teacher who produced a large theological body of work, mainly ascetic, including the 862: 508: 6904:

Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda

2768: 2677:

emphasizes that true ascetic practices should align with scriptural teachings and aim towards higher spiritual goals.

2088: 296: 7900: 7714: 7679: 7652: 7475: 7238: 7149: 7119: 6855: 5924: 5692: 5576: 5403: 5376: 5035: 4456: 4370: 3148: 2722:), which requires ethical living and asceticism. Most of the austerities and ascetic practices can be traced back to 2394:

from the 12th century record stories of monks undertaking severe asceticism, while records suggest that 19th century

1529: 1446: 1391: 1615:

who took vows of abstinence to prepare for a holy war. An emphasis on an ascetic religious life was evident in both

1591:

within a highly asceticized religious environment. Scriptural examples of asceticism could be found in the lives of

9210: 8995: 4552: 2435:. Historical records suggest that the self-immolation practices were observed by nuns in Chinese Buddhism as well. 2196:

spirituality. The history of Jewish asceticism is traceable to first millennium BCE era with the references of the

1461: 1441: 6611:

Antonio Rigopoulos (1998), Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara, State University of New York Press,

9008: 4131:

Asceticism and Exegesis in Early Christianity: The Reception of New Testament Texts in Ancient Ascetic Discourses

3976:

Asceticism and Exegesis in Early Christianity: The Reception of New Testament Texts in Ancient Ascetic Discourses

2806:. These austere practices are part of the monastic path in Jainism. The practice of body mortification is called 1783: 1301: 642: 113:. Some individuals have also attempted an ascetic lifestyle to free themselves from addictions to things such as 9941: 9879: 9855: 9691: 9669: 9598: 9586: 1180: 314: 10550: 10270: 8447: 8350: 8335: 6461: 4829: 4229: 3130: 2888:

sect monks do not wear any clothes, carry nothing with them except a soft broom made of shed peacock feathers (

2084: 1436: 6074:

Shufen, Liu (2000). "Death and the Degeneration of Life Exposure of the Corpse in Medieval Chinese Buddhism".

1669:

The deserts of the Middle East were at one time inhabited by thousands of male and female Christian ascetics,

8914: 8889: 8685: 8454: 7434: 3293: 2478:, and this is not the same as asceticism—which typically connotes severe self-denial and self-mortification. 2047:

both by Sunni and Shia rulers, in various centuries. Sufis were highly influential and greatly successful in

1942: 1059: 390: 1937:

practiced asceticism. However, contemporary mainstream Islam has not had a tradition of asceticism, but its

923: 9164: 2091:

during the 13th and 14th centuries, mainly because of the similarities between the extreme, ascetic Sufis (

2079:. Some scholars have argued that Sufi Muslim ascetics and mystics played a decisive role in converting the 2052: 2022: 1522: 329: 9077: 6863:

Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scan version of the original 1884 reprint

9203: 9072: 8932: 8855: 8027: 7937: 4980: 4592: 3126: 3095:

groups use similar criteria to make decisions about which modern technologies to use and which to avoid.

1406: 793: 7916: 6257:

James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective,

6240:

James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective,

6103:

James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective,

6060:

James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective,

2895:

When death is imminent from an advanced age or terminal disease, many Jain ascetics take a final vow of

10479: 8708: 8606: 8381: 6632: 4867: 4268: 3167: 2143: 1980: 1742: 1466: 1416: 775: 3079:, but later became secularized, so the concept can be applied to both religious and secular ascetics. 2051:

between the 10th and 19th centuries, particularly to the furthest outposts of the Muslim world in the

1745:

and voluntary suffering, however they were often rejected as beyond measure by other ascetics such as

1116: 8776: 8733: 8728: 8219: 8203: 4663: 4593:""The Monasticism of My Community is Jihad": A Debate on Asceticism, Sex, and Warfare in Early Islam" 4214:

Young, Robin Darling (Spring 2001). "Evagrius the Iconographer: Monastic Pedagogy in the Gnostikos".

1934: 1758: 1741:, solitary confinement inside a cell, abandoning personal hygiene and adopting lifestyle of a beast, 1471: 751: 196: 3496:

William Cook (2008), Francis of Assisi: The Way of Poverty and Humility, Wipf and Stock Publishers,

10013: 8750: 7982: 6847: 6638: 5917:

Forest Monks and the Nation State: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeastern Thailand

4097:

Repentance in Late Antiquity: Eastern Asceticism and the Framing of the Christian Life C.400-650 CE

3823: 1962: 1881: 1616: 1190: 699: 694: 585: 526: 3899:

For a study of the continuation of this early tradition in the Middle Ages, see Marina Miladinov,

2155: 1481: 140:

Asceticism has been historically observed in many religious and philosophic traditions, including

9043: 8922: 8631: 8244: 8193: 8133: 8072: 8067: 7644: 6363: 5027: 4731: 4440: 4311: 3119: 2972:

records report Christian missionaries encountering ascetic Inca hermits in the Andean mountains.

2272: 1401: 1381: 1371: 1195: 1121: 488: 6480:

Werner, Karel (1977). "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136)".

3884: 2758:

and suffered all pleasant or unpleasant occurrences arising from divine powers, men, or animals.

10555: 9251: 9144: 9027: 8764: 8524: 8229: 8082: 7930: 6419: 4485: 4424: 3419: 3076: 2603: 2566: 2504:

and Parivrajaka in Hindu texts. The term with a meaning closer to asceticism in Hindu texts is

2249: 2214: 1950: 1829: 1456: 1356: 1351: 1235: 1068: 949: 475: 235: 7724: 7354: 7309: 7255: 7228: 7201: 7052: 7027: 6971: 6653: 6453: 6447: 6035: 5981: 5746: 5623: 5450: 5219: 5165: 4857: 4721: 4542: 4014: 3974: 2416:(Zen Buddhism) tradition there. More ancient Chinese Buddhist asceticism, somewhat similar to 2412:

In Chinese Buddhism self-mummification ascetic practices were less common but recorded in the

2358:

by the third century BC, and this tradition continued through the medieval era in parallel to

310: 46: 8718: 8713: 8594: 8440: 8017: 7878: 7282: 7139: 7109: 7082: 5280: 5011: 4970: 4935: 4900: 4512: 4301: 3849: 3707: 3552: 3263: 2177: 2131: 2037:

societies". Acceptance of asceticism emerged in Sufism slowly because it was contrary to the

1984: 1958: 1867: 1812: 1554: 590: 421: 375: 180: 55: 10152: 9766: 4780: 4448: 4156: 3052:

asceticism, which means (roughly) "inside the world" and "outside the world", respectively.

2421:

followed including that of monk Daodu (道度). This was considered as evidence of a renunciant

10380: 10209: 9654: 9427: 9038: 9003: 8937: 8927: 8825: 8803: 8564: 8554: 8249: 7495: 4825: 2739: 2165: 2151: 2044: 1786: 1746: 1730: 1562: 1175: 932: 871: 736: 463: 179:

Practitioners abandon sensual pleasures and lead an abstinent lifestyle, in the pursuit of

94: 17: 8642: 4937:

From Religious Empires to Secular States: State Secularization in Turkey, Iran, and Russia

3217:, he teaches that living frugally can help us to better enjoy luxuries when we have them. 2354:

Textual evidence suggests that ascetic practices were a part of the Buddhist tradition in

1160: 1073: 302: 8: 10545: 10111: 9048: 9013: 8942: 8703: 8514: 8355: 8254: 8239: 8188: 7892: 7335: 3358: 3323: 3248: 3214: 3210: 3189:

secular science as well as of religion. He associated the "ascetic ideal" with Christian

3172: 2213:

and the Mosaic institution was done away with, a different form of asceticism arose when

2064: 1966: 1776: 1754: 1558: 1426: 1421: 1396: 1376: 1274: 886: 746: 450: 370: 337: 200: 7517: 5968:

Self-Mummified Buddhas in Japan. An Aspect of the Shugen-Dô ("Mountain Asceticism") Sect

9184: 9123: 8723: 8693: 8589: 8475: 8198: 8077: 7384: 7380: 7182: 6497: 6412: 5720:

William Pinch (2012), Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires, Cambridge University Press,

5520: 5092: 4941: 4699: 4634: 4241: 2852: 2317: 2206: 1584: 1550: 1508: 1361: 1098: 1088: 1078: 1031: 996: 991: 944: 674: 365: 360: 130: 114: 6386:

Rules and Regulations of Brahmanical Asceticism: Yatidharmasamuccaya of Yādava Prakāśa

6272:

Where Text Meets Flesh: Burning the Body as an Apocryphal Practice in Chinese Buddhism

2881: 2267:

Another significant school of Jewish asceticism appeared in the 16th century led from

1008: 10529: 10330: 10189: 9810: 9318: 8965: 8771: 8599: 8468: 8461: 8416: 8280: 8224: 7896: 7867: 7842: 7819: 7792: 7761: 7730: 7710: 7675: 7648: 7621: 7611: 7471: 7387: 7360: 7315: 7288: 7261: 7234: 7207: 7145: 7115: 7088: 7058: 7031: 7020: 6977: 6908: 6851: 6717: 6696: 6659: 6612: 6592: 6567: 6546: 6522: 6501: 6457: 6423: 6390: 6345: 6221: 6191: 6164: 6124: 6041: 6014: 5987: 5947: 5920: 5895: 5868: 5834: 5807: 5777: 5750: 5739: 5721: 5688: 5656: 5629: 5599: 5572: 5545: 5524: 5483: 5456: 5426: 5399: 5372: 5345: 5318: 5286: 5252: 5225: 5198: 5171: 5144: 5117: 5084: 5041: 5031: 5007: 4984: 4949: 4914: 4879: 4833: 4798: 4735: 4703: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4638: 4626: 4597: 4566: 4556: 4518: 4491: 4452: 4350: 4323: 4280: 4245: 4187: 4162: 4135: 4101: 4074: 4047: 4020: 3980: 3950: 3923: 3801: 3774: 3747: 3713: 3652: 3622: 3558: 3497: 3480: 3227: 2830: 2803: 2626: 2610: 2395: 2236: 2034: 2030: 1976: 1946: 1817: 1802: 1678: 1656: 1366: 1242: 1128: 1083: 1013: 954: 937: 848: 822: 802: 684: 669: 559: 554: 385: 73: 6841: 5395:

Ascetic Hasidism in Jerusalem: The Guardian-Of-The-Faithful Community of Mea Shearim

4671: 4303:

The Macarian Legacy: The Place of Macarius-Symeon in the Eastern Christian Tradition

3797:

Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha

3015:, the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism, fasting and mortification are forbidden. 1165: 10517: 10280: 10199: 9370: 9355: 9345: 9291: 8884: 8840: 8818: 8745: 8673: 8539: 8519: 8386: 8345: 8285: 8057: 7997: 7832: 7174: 6489: 6083: 5512: 5076: 5072: 4976: 4871: 4794: 4667: 4618: 4614: 4444: 4315: 4272: 4233: 3380: 3288: 3243: 3176:

pain and despair and attain mastery over oneself. In this way one can express both

3083: 2856: 2812: 2697: 2630: 2505: 2460: 2210: 2183: 2147: 2139: 2014:

Sufism emerged and grew as a mystical, somewhat hidden tradition in the mainstream

1750: 1734: 1726: 1706: 1648: 1608: 1604: 1592: 1501: 1185: 1133: 895: 817: 807: 637: 516: 431: 267: 6949: 4544:

Violence and Belief in Late Antiquity: Militant Devotion in Christianity and Islam

4276: 2873:

sub-tradition within Jainism do not cook food but solicit alms from householders.

1451: 1155: 1003: 10493: 10290: 10285: 10224: 10214: 10194: 9906: 9380: 8957: 8813: 8677: 8569: 8259: 8163: 8153: 7882: 7836: 7815: 7809: 7747: 7692: 7671: 7665: 7638: 7615: 7582: 6902: 6516: 6384: 6370: 6339: 6215: 6185: 6158: 6118: 6008: 5941: 5889: 5862: 5828: 5801: 5771: 5682: 5650: 5593: 5566: 5539: 5477: 5420: 5393: 5366: 5339: 5312: 5246: 5192: 5138: 5111: 4910: 4819: 4344: 4129: 4095: 4068: 4041: 3944: 3917: 3795: 3768: 3741: 3646: 3616: 3053: 2870: 2618: 2575: 2557: 2328: 2240: 2224:

Ascetic Jewish sects existed in ancient and medieval era times, most notably the

2201: 2048: 2026: 1992: 1927: 1790: 1738: 1686: 1640: 1636: 1600: 1588: 1580: 1491: 1431: 1225: 982: 909: 904: 704: 689: 426: 7001: 4319: 2550:

Karel Werner (1977), "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn"

2447:. It may be an adoption of more ancient pre-Buddhist Chinese practices, or from 1247: 10315: 10184: 10084: 9997: 9832: 9676: 9528: 9523: 9498: 9417: 9063: 8835: 8808: 8795: 8757: 8740: 8626: 8611: 8579: 8396: 8310: 8305: 8295: 8143: 8097: 8022: 6833: 6087: 4717: 3268: 2994: 2957: 2200:(or Nazorean, Nazarene, Naziruta, Nazir), whose rules of practice are found in 2080: 2076: 1988: 1694: 1690: 1568: 1279: 1170: 664: 657: 306: 210: 192: 173: 9985: 9931: 6939:

Hermann Jacobi, "Sacred Books of the East", vol. 22: Gaina Sutras Part I. 1884

6493: 6307:

Patrick Olivelle (1981), "Contributions to the Semantic History of Saṃnyāsa,"

4622: 3844: 3517: 2749: 1722: 10539: 10456: 10255: 10229: 10179: 9720: 9568: 9483: 9271: 9246: 9159: 9101: 8869: 8406: 8391: 8365: 8340: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8275: 8092: 7953: 7778: 7702: 7661: 6443: 5088: 5080: 5023: 4875: 4863: 4727: 4679: 4630: 4307: 3353: 3338: 3303: 3184:. Nietzsche describes the morality of the ascetic priest as characterized by 3181: 2670: 2426: 2401: 1922: 1682: 1486: 1341: 1336: 1269: 1202: 853: 843: 838: 784: 469: 126: 7557: 6837: 5045: 4695: 10505: 10159: 9493: 9350: 8584: 8544: 8315: 8173: 8138: 8052: 8042: 8037: 8012: 7972: 7634: 7533: 7492:"Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals: Third Essay, What Do Ascetic Ideals Mean?" 7230:

The Jesuit and the Incas: The Extraordinary Life of Padre Blas Valera, S.J.

6751: 6680:

The rule of Saint Benedict and the ascetic traditions from Asia to the West

5595:

Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

4751:

explicitly discouraged both by the Prophet's own example and by the famous

4548: 4237: 3278: 3185: 3177: 2111: 2068: 1663: 1596: 1284: 1230: 714: 501: 228: 188: 165: 153: 31: 8786: 5516: 5479:

German Literature Between Faiths: Jew and Christian at Odds and in Harmony

4378: 2299:, to more severe austerities and self-mortification practices of monks in 10275: 10219: 10018: 9256: 9118: 8904: 8616: 8534: 8529: 8504: 8360: 8290: 8168: 8158: 8062: 7753: 7688: 7165:

Classen, Constance (1990). "Aesthetics and Asceticism in Inca Religion".

5979: 5140:

The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present

3313: 3033: 2798:) to any other being. With such ascetic practices, he burnt off his past 2727: 2571: 2431: 2422: 2135: 2015: 2008: 2004: 1779: 1702: 1652: 1644: 1264: 1259: 1254: 812: 7186: 5887: 5769: 2528:, but these hymns have been variously interpreted as referring to early 10441: 10204: 10064: 9926: 9518: 9360: 8830: 8574: 8559: 8509: 8401: 8123: 8002: 7987: 7314:. State University of New York Press. pp. 28–29, 93–101, 131–145. 6628: 6389:. Translated by Olivelle, Patrick. State University of New York Press. 6321: 6271: 6144: 5967: 5096: 4906: 3889:. Cornell University Library. London, New York : Cassell & Company. 3854: 3333: 3308: 3283: 3133: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2925: 2921: 2900: 2842: 2654: 2591: 2468: 2321: 2110:

Sufism was adopted and then grew particularly in the frontier areas of

2019: 1821: 1717: 1624: 1496: 1411: 1093: 914: 632: 572: 255: 110: 86: 69: 35: 10300: 10094: 9548: 7522:. Robarts – University of Toronto. New York : Boni and Liveright. 7004:. 34th World Vegetarian Congress Toronto, Canada, July 10 to 16, 2000. 5708: 4012: 3901:

Margins of Solitude: Eremitism in Central Europe between East and West

1635:). Other Christian practitioners of asceticism include saints such as 176:

and contemporary practices continue amongst some religious followers.

10451: 10446: 10421: 10325: 10059: 10054: 9649: 9195: 9111: 9096: 9089: 8899: 8850: 8499: 8183: 8148: 8032: 8007: 7977: 7706: 7178: 6364:

Yoga, Meditation on Om, Tapas, and Turiya in the principal Upanishads

5741:

Lustful Maidens and Ascetic Kings: Buddhist and Hindu Stories of Life

4945: 4264: 4225: 4001:

Reading Renunciation: Asceticism and Scripture in Early Christianity.

3432: 3190: 3067: 3041: 3006: 3002: 2885: 2874: 2614: 2355: 2333: 2260: 2100: 2072: 2000: 1957:

were also ascetics; numerous historical accounts also report of some

1954: 1889: 1674: 1632: 1576: 1220: 881: 876: 532: 494: 443: 205: 184: 90: 5314:

Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine

4154: 3739: 3614: 3108: 2820:, the most authoritative oldest surviving Jaina philosophical text. 2730:

who practiced 12 years of asceticism before reaching enlightenment.

2621:

inscription reads 'Ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓ' ("the Great Father Anthony").

2154:, and in helping settle disputes. Ritual ascetic practices, such as 2146:. Sufi ascetics also participated in mobilizing Muslim warriors for 10488: 10461: 10416: 10411: 9896: 9778: 9773: 9313: 9296: 9179: 9031: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8874: 8621: 8549: 8087: 6213: 6147:, History of Religions, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Winter, 1965), pages 243-268 5970:, History of Religions, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 1962), pages 222–242 4747: 3348: 3318: 3253: 3233: 3205: 2953: 2896: 2817: 2723: 2570:

is a significant exception, which presents qualified dualistic and

2532:

and loner renouncers. One such mention is in the Kesin hymn of the

2475: 2464: 2366: 2349: 2337: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2197: 2127: 2123: 2122:

appealed to populations already used to the monastic traditions of

2104: 2060: 1930: 1878: 1858: 1764: 741: 709: 521: 271: 161: 149: 141: 102: 10375: 10169: 5826: 5282:

The Faith of the Mithnagdim: Rabbinic Responses to Hasidic Rapture

4570: 2948: 2537: 2192:, but minor to significant ascetic traditions have been a part of 2150:, helping travelers, dispensing blessings through their perceived 1941:

have cherished their own ascetic tradition for several centuries.

68:

first practiced severe asceticism before recommending a moderated

30:"Ascetic" redirects here. For the emphasis of art and beauty, see 10431: 10406: 10340: 10320: 10310: 10295: 10174: 10164: 10131: 10106: 10033: 9992: 9970: 9911: 9891: 9845: 9840: 9783: 9681: 9488: 9323: 9261: 9149: 8879: 8178: 7992: 7777:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7726:

Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini

6341:

India and the Greek world: a study in the transmission of culture

6274:, History of Religions, Vol. 37, No. 4 (May, 1998), pages 295–322 5244: 4972:

Dynamic Islam: Liberal Muslim Perspectives in a Transnational Age

3328: 3258: 3088: 2912: 2776: 2719: 2703: 2674: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2561: 2533: 2376: 2300: 2225: 2218: 2189: 2119: 2096: 2056: 1907: 1710: 1612: 1346: 549: 395: 263: 157: 145: 118: 98: 7922: 7640:

Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India

6693:

Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives

4687: 2845:

diet without root vegetables. Prof. Pushpendra K. Jain explains:

2375:. Ascetic Buddhist monks have been and continue to be found in 10512: 10466: 10436: 10426: 10401: 10396: 10370: 10335: 10305: 10265: 10260: 10250: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10101: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10049: 10028: 9975: 9886: 9805: 9639: 9558: 9395: 9385: 9286: 9276: 9226: 9106: 9084: 9022: 8947: 8894: 8698: 8482: 8234: 8047: 7967: 7698: 6763: 5068: 5019: 4790: 4786: 4753: 4610: 4606: 4436: 3343: 3273: 3238: 3011: 2981: 2969: 2928:, he discussed the true meaning of asceticism with some yogis: 2795: 2786: 2773: 2714: 2708: 2650: 2642: 2448: 2193: 2160: 2039: 1953:(7th–10th centuries), some of the Muslim warriors guarding the 1938: 1901: 1877:

The ascetic literature of early Christianity was influenced by

1871: 1808: 1670: 1572: 679: 627: 106: 65: 7558:"BBC Radio 4 – In Our Time, Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morality" 6787: 5830:

Harmony and Strife: Contemporary Perspectives, East & West

5622:

Benjamin R Smith (2008). Mark Singleton and Jean Byrne (ed.).

3454:

Alternate practices included cutting off a part of one's body.

2848: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10245: 10023: 9916: 9901: 9710: 9576: 9508: 9478: 9473: 9375: 9340: 9266: 9241: 9053: 9018: 8864: 8411: 8118: 8102: 7888: 6921: 4763: 3410: 3196: 3092: 2799: 2781: 2525: 2488: 2268: 2115: 2092: 1971: 1915: 1911: 1885: 1753:. Ascetic practices were linked to the Christian concepts of 259: 222: 169: 7838:

History of Indian Literature: Buddhist & Jain Literature

6969: 6816: 6814: 5680: 5564: 5317:. Oxford University Press. pp. 188–190 with footnotes. 2980:

Historical evidence suggests that the monastic tradition in

2702:

Asceticism in one of its most intense forms can be found in

2599: 2209:, and by Miriam of Tadmor. After the Jews returned from the 221:

The adjective "ascetic" derives from the ancient Greek term

9817: 9800: 9659: 9538: 9533: 9513: 9503: 9468: 9412: 9365: 9281: 9058: 8970: 8672: 6187:

Burning for the Buddha: Self-Immolation in Chinese Buddhism

6160:

Burning for the Buddha: Self-Immolation in Chinese Buddhism

6120:

Burning for the Buddha: Self-Immolation in Chinese Buddhism

4371:"Shizuoka Muslim Association (Shizuoka Muslim Association)" 4346:

The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria

4261:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Constantine to c.600

3392: 3383: 3298: 2916: 2606: 2529: 275: 134: 122: 6714:

Windows Into the Infinite: A Guide to the Hindu Scriptures

6123:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 33–34, 82–84, 3–4. 5833:. Chinese University Press. pp. 99 with footnote 25. 5736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 1951:

early Muslim conquests of the Middle East and North Africa

9605: 7456:

See translator's note on Weber's footnote 9 in chapter 2.

6872: 6870: 6811: 6799: 6739: 5983:

Rethinking Japan: Social sciences, ideology & thought

5368:

Paul's Scripture and Ethics: A Study of 1 Corinthians 5–7

3712:. Routledge Reference. Taylor & Francis. p. 58. 3404: 3398: 2629:

asserts that the Hindu ascetic should hold, according to

2259:) were a Jewish mystical, ascetic movement in the German 1611:

revealed ascetic practices of the ancient Jewish sect of

7789:

Bhagavad Gita: The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies Guide

7260:. State University of New York Press. pp. 24, 153. 6633:

Baudhayana Dharmasūtra Prasna II, Adhyaya 10, Kandika 18

5711:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 98(1): 61–75 5061:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

238:

classified asceticism into natural and unnatural forms:

7050: 6775: 6163:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 112–114, 14–16. 6006: 5452:

Kabbalah and the Art of Being: The Smithsonian Lectures

5012:"Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols" 4859:

Religion and Politics in the International System Today

4757:, "There is no monasticism in Islam – the monasticism ( 3726: 3023: 2164:), have been practiced by Shia Muslims annually at the 1796: 76:

and his followers practiced extreme acts of asceticism.

6867: 6727: 6475: 6473: 6442: 6360:

Sacred Sanskrit Words: For Yoga, Chant, and Meditation

6298:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6286:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6209: 6207: 5980:

Adriana Boscaro; Franco Gatti; Massimo Raveri (1990).

5655:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 27, 165–166, 180. 2380: 10477: 7864:

The Making of the Self: Ancient and Modern Asceticism

7080: 6882: 6220:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 10–12, 65–66. 3407: 3401: 3389: 6514: 5806:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 73 with footnote 2. 5803:

Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes

4375:

Muslims in Japan Shizuoka Muslim Association website

3973:

Jeremy Barrier (2013). Hans-Ulrich Weidemann (ed.).

3583:"IAFOR Journal of Ethics, Religion & Philosophy" 3395: 2254: 2029:, likely in reaction to "the growing worldliness of 1681:(otherwise known as St. Anthony of the Desert), St. 7435:"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" 7359:. State University of New York Press. p. 157. 6521:. Gregorian Biblical University. pp. 368–369. 6470: 6204: 5919:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 5888:Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). 5860: 5770:Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). 5625:

Yoga in the Modern World: Contemporary Perspectives

5591: 5116:. Columbia University Press. pp. 9–11, 58–67. 5113:

Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam

4128:Andrew Jacobs (2013). Hans-Ulrich Weidemann (ed.). 4066: 4039: 3942: 3915: 3911: 3909: 3793: 3705: 3386: 3070:, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 7919:– articles, research, and discourse on asceticism. 7019: 7013: 7011: 6976:. Infobase. pp. 207–208, see Jain Festivals. 6642:, Vol. XIV, Oxford University Press, pages 279–281 6411: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5820: 5795: 5793: 5738: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5344:. A&C Black. pp. 38–40 with footnote 57. 5190: 3098: 2657:(non-acceptance of gifts, non-possessiveness) and 2370: 7451:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 7352: 7307: 7253: 6582: 6580: 6564:Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara 6322:"Tapas", Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda 6037:Buddhism: Buddhism in China, East Asia, and Japan 5444: 5442: 4483: 4155:Evert Peeters; Leen Van Molle; Kaat Wils (2011). 4013:Thomas A. Robinson; Hillary P. Rodrigues (2014). 3082:The 20th century American psychological theorist 3075:Weber claimed this distinction originated in the 2134:. Ascetic practices of Sufi fakirs have included 2083:to Islam between the 10th and 12th centuries and 1852:is the second volume of a trilogy containing the 317:, which Baháʼís regard as an all-loving creator. 10537: 7617:Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism 7233:University of Michigan Press. pp. 164–165. 7022:A Vision of Nature: Traces of the Original World 6027: 5894:. Princeton University Press. pp. 22, 910. 5621: 5337: 5310: 5143:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 241–242. 3906: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3640: 3638: 2188:Asceticism has not been a dominant theme within 1991:is forbidden in Islam. Scholars in the field of 93:lifestyle, characterised by the renunciation of 7791:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 7580: 7111:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) 7008: 6382: 6301: 6099: 6097: 6000: 5847: 5799: 5790: 5669: 5544:. University Press of America. pp. 81–82. 5418: 5364: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5002: 5000: 3740:Vincent L. Wimbush; Richard Valantasis (2002). 3615:Vincent L. Wimbush; Richard Valantasis (2002). 2855:were a Jewish mystical and ascetic movement in 2217:threatened the Jewish religion in 167 BCE. The 7017: 6577: 6409: 6337: 5642: 5541:Zen Buddhism and Hasidism: A Comparative Study 5511:(2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 165–177. 5439: 5391: 5217: 5109: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4510: 4158:Beyond Pleasure: Cultures of Modern Asceticism 3972: 3968: 3966: 3621:. Oxford University Press. pp. 247, 351. 3557:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–97. 1697:. In 963 an association of monasteries called 9211: 8658: 7938: 7877: 7742: 7723:Fujinaga, S. (2003), Qvarnström, Olle (ed.), 7280: 7226: 6995: 6993: 6927: 6900: 6658:. Oxford University Press. pp. 227–235. 6183: 6156: 6116: 6033: 5827:Shuxian Liu; Robert Elliott Allinson (1988). 5617: 5615: 5475: 5448: 5170:. Oxford University Press. pp. 134–135. 5058: 4342: 4127: 3831: 3766: 3635: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 2810:in Jainism and is found in verse 9.19 of the 1975:, as well as of several Muslim warriors that 1846:The Gnostic: To the One Made Worthy of Gnosis 1820:, also called Evagrius the Solitary (345–399 1530: 7199: 7076: 7074: 6094: 6040:. Routledge. pp. 362 with footnote 37. 5537: 5299: 5278: 5245:Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011). 5136: 4997: 4851: 4849: 4536: 4534: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4349:. Oxford University Press. pp. 66, 83. 4003:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. 3550: 3512: 3510: 2613:, father of Christian monasticism and early 2524:Asceticism-like practices are hinted in the 97:and physical pleasures, and also spend time 7610: 6769: 6591:. Oxford University Press. pp. 17–18. 6110: 5939: 5776:. Princeton University Press. p. 894. 5687:. Princeton University Press. p. 316. 5648: 5571:. Princeton University Press. p. 315. 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5224:. Cambridge University Press. p. 357. 4817: 4645: 4577: 4399:The World's Muslims: Religious Affiliations 4306:. Oxford Theology and Religion Monographs. 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4134:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 224. 3979:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 163. 3963: 3820: 3644: 2802:, gained spiritual knowledge, and became a 1782:sect originated as an ascetic group within 9218: 9204: 8665: 8651: 7945: 7931: 7831: 7581:Silk-Richardson, John (5 September 2021). 7465: 7144:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 55. 7133: 7131: 7002:"Dietary code of practice among the Jains" 6990: 6793: 6234: 6214:Shih Pao-ch'ang; Kathryn Ann Tsai (1994). 6145:Buddhist Self-Immolation in Medieval China 5612: 5197:. Princeton University Press. p. 64. 5163: 4785:. Themes in Islamic Studies. Vol. 1. 4514:Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World 4016:World Religions: A Guide to the Essentials 3746:. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–10. 3709:Dictionary of ethics, theology and society 3706:Clarke, Paul A. B.; Andrew Linzey (1996). 3535: 2637:. Other behavioral characteristics of the 1537: 1523: 249: 7515: 7084:The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources 7071: 6190:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 3. 6137: 5425:. Jason Aronson. pp. 7, 26–27, 191. 4846: 4540: 4531: 4477: 4404: 3651:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 212–219. 3507: 3149:Learn how and when to remove this message 1387:A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation 7884:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation 7722: 6757: 6651: 6586: 6344:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34. 6314: 6309:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5265: 4968: 4655:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4433:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 4258: 4200: 4093: 3842: 3645:Lynn Denton (1992). Julia Leslie (ed.). 3590:Asceticism: A Match Towards the Absolute 3576: 3574: 3195: 3027: 2947: 2847: 2767: 2598: 2582:These are the vows a Sannyasi must keep: 2275:, and their rules of ascetic lifestyle ( 2045:ascetic Sufis were hunted and persecuted 1763: 216: 7660: 7164: 7128: 7087:. Oxford University Press. p. 47. 7026:. Kent State University Press. p. 6970:Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). 6848:Sacred Books of the East vol.22, Part 1 6781: 5681:Axel Michaels; Barbara Harshav (2004). 5565:Axel Michaels; Barbara Harshav (2004). 5502: 5006: 4716: 4299: 3773:. Oxford University Press. p. 47. 2564:) Vedanta philosophy. The 12th-century 2519: 1716:Sexual abstinence such as those of the 1477:Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii 101:while concentrating on the practice of 14: 10538: 9225: 7786: 7687: 7137: 7107: 6876: 6832: 6733: 6622: 6566:, State University of New York Press, 6479: 6418:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6073: 6010:Ascetic Practices in Japanese Religion 5914: 4933: 4855: 4651: 4590: 3580: 3040:Early 20th century German sociologist 3001:participation is a central element in 2385:structure of monasteries in Buddhism. 1856:, intended for young monks to achieve 293:Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion 281: 9199: 8646: 8434:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral 7926: 7804: 7633: 7516:Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1887). 7432: 6888: 6820: 6805: 6745: 5737:Roy C. Amore; Larry D. Shinn (1981). 5714: 5701: 4898: 4778: 4465:from the original on 28 November 2018 4449:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 4213: 3922:. Routledge. pp. 290, 548, 577. 3882: 3878: 3876: 3571: 27:Lifestyle of frugality and abstinence 6950:"Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22) Index" 6907:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 197. 6685: 6358:Lowitz, L., & Datta, R. (2004). 5891:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 5773:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 5745:. Oxford University Press. pp. 5371:. BRILL Academic. pp. 153–157. 4511:Felicity Crowe; et al. (2011). 4487:The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars 4423: 4181: 4019:. Baker Academic. pp. 147–148. 3903:(Zagreb: Leykam International, 2008) 3554:Asceticism in the Graeco-Roman World 3131:adding citations to reliable sources 3102: 3024:Sociological and psychological views 2823: 1920:The Arabic term for "asceticism" is 1797:Evagrius Ponticus: monastic teaching 1713:have remained a significant center. 7356:Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion 7311:Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion 7257:Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion 3800:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. xvi. 2282: 2244: 24: 9426: 7856: 6760:, pp. 205–212 with footnotes. 5709:Warrior Ascetics in Indian History 5398:. Brill. pp. 14–19, 111–125. 4782:Islamic Mysticism: A Short History 4591:Sahner, Christian C. (June 2017). 4517:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 40. 4217:Journal of Early Christian Studies 3873: 3861:from the original on 16 March 2022 3699: 3581:Deezia, Burabari S (Autumn 2017). 2943: 2661:(purity of body speech and mind). 25: 10567: 9139: 7952: 7910: 7749:Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra 7454:. Translated by Parsons, Talcott. 5251:. SAGE Publications. p. 65. 5167:Celibacy and Religious Traditions 3648:Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women 3018: 2988: 2105:traditional Turco-Mongol religion 1447:The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima 1392:From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart 10523: 10511: 10499: 10487: 9178: 8785: 7772: 7587:Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 7574: 7550: 7526: 7509: 7484: 7459: 7441: 7426: 7397: 7373: 7346: 7328: 7301: 7274: 7247: 7220: 7193: 7158: 7101: 7051:Christopher Key Chapple (2015). 7044: 6999: 6963: 6942: 6933: 6894: 6826: 6706: 6672: 6645: 6605: 6556: 6535: 6508: 6436: 6403: 6376: 6331: 6311:, Vol. 101, No. 3, pages 265–274 6007:Tullio Federico Lobetti (2013). 5864:Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A-L 4553:University of Pennsylvania Press 3379: 3200:Five Mahavratas of Jain ascetics 3107: 2963: 2664: 2025:of Islam, state Eric Hanson and 1462:On the Consolation of Philosophy 1442:Calls from the Message of Fatima 344: 209:, and the modern Western occult 85:is a lifestyle characterized by 54: 45: 7866:. James Clarke & Co (2008) 7667:Encyclopedia of World Religions 7284:Historical Dictionary of Taoism 7141:Sikhism and Indian Civilization 7057:. Routledge. pp. 199–200. 6850:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 6289: 6277: 6264: 6251: 6177: 6150: 6067: 6054: 6013:. Routledge. pp. 130–136. 5973: 5960: 5933: 5908: 5881: 5763: 5730: 5585: 5558: 5531: 5496: 5469: 5455:. Routledge. pp. 132–133. 5412: 5385: 5358: 5331: 5248:Encyclopedia of Global Religion 5238: 5211: 5194:Islam in South Asia in Practice 5184: 5157: 5130: 5103: 5052: 4962: 4927: 4892: 4811: 4772: 4710: 4672:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.265 4504: 4392: 4363: 4336: 4293: 4252: 4175: 4148: 4121: 4087: 4060: 4046:. Routledge. pp. 582–583. 4033: 4006: 3993: 3949:. Routledge. pp. 548–550. 3936: 3893: 3814: 3787: 3760: 3682:"Asceticism | Encyclopedia.com" 3674: 3448: 3118:needs additional citations for 3099:Nietzsche's and Epicurus's view 2511:The 11th century literary work 2427:Bhaiṣajyaguruvaiḍūryaprabhārāja 320: 286: 7081:Margaret Pabst Battin (2015). 5598:. Routledge. pp. 44, 62. 5482:. Peter Lang. pp. 41–43. 5341:Jewish Law in Gentile Churches 5221:A History of Islamic Societies 4830:University of California Press 4818:Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (2007). 4230:Johns Hopkins University Press 3665: 3608: 3490: 3473: 3372: 2841:Jain ascetics follow a strict 2365:In the Theravada tradition of 2114:, where the asceticism of its 1882:Greek philosophical traditions 1844:, "knowledge"), also known as 1729:such as humility, compassion, 1587:, interpreted meanings of the 517:Stages of Christian perfection 13: 1: 8455:The Moon and the Sledgehammer 7466:McClelland, David C. (1961). 7114:. Hemkunt Press. p. 22. 6691:Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), 6545:, Columbia University Press, 6515:Mariasusai Dhavamony (1982). 5867:. Routledge. pp. 90–91. 5285:. JHU Press. pp. 78–79. 4277:10.1017/CHOL9780521812443.029 3461: 3036:tradition, 19th century India 1995:have argued that asceticism ( 1963:apostatized from Christianity 1567:Notable Christian authors of 9165:List of religious institutes 7787:Sutton, Dr Nicholas (2017), 7494:. 2013-12-21. Archived from 6543:Classical Indian Metaphysics 6452:. Penguin Classics. p. 6076:Journal of Chinese Religions 5861:William M. Johnston (2000). 5592:Richard F. Gombrich (2006). 5422:The Encyclopedia of Hasidism 4821:Sufism: The Formative Period 4186:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. 4067:William M. Johnston (2013). 4040:William M. Johnston (2013). 3943:William M. Johnston (2013). 3916:William M. Johnston (2013). 3794:Martin G. Wiltshire (1990). 3466: 3163:What Do Ascetic Ideals Mean? 2343: 2053:Middle East and North Africa 1689:, collectively known as the 262:in Abrahamic religions, and 223: 64:Pursuing enlightenment, the 7: 7729:, Jain Publishing Company, 6846:(Translated from Prakrit). 6562:Antonio Rigopoulos (1998), 6541:Stephen H Phillips (1995), 6414:An Introduction to Hinduism 6259:Revue des Études Tibétaines 6242:Revue des Études Tibétaines 6105:Revue des Études Tibétaines 6062:Revue des Études Tibétaines 5191:Barbara D. Metcalf (2009). 4981:University Press of America 4320:10.1093/0199267790.001.0001 4100:. OUP Oxford. p. 126. 4070:Encyclopedia of Monasticism 4043:Encyclopedia of Monasticism 3946:Encyclopedia of Monasticism 3919:Encyclopedia of Monasticism 3770:Oxford Thesaurus of English 3220: 3044:made a distinction between 2454: 2388: 2381: 2371: 2311: 2255: 1437:Fatima in Lucia's Own Words 1407:The Ladder of Divine Ascent 10: 10572: 7603: 7353:Stephen Eskildsen (1998). 7308:Stephen Eskildsen (1998). 7254:Stephen Eskildsen (1998). 6716:, Asian Humanities Press, 6652:Olivelle, Patrick (1992). 6587:Olivelle, Patrick (1992). 6088:10.1179/073776900805306720 5986:. Routledge. p. 250. 5707:David N. Lorenzen (1978), 5684:Hinduism: Past and Present 5628:. Routledge. p. 144. 5568:Hinduism: Past and Present 5016:The Turks in World History 4868:Cambridge University Press 4779:Knysh, Alexander (2010) . 4541:Sizgorich, Thomas (2009). 4490:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1176. 4484:Spencer C. Tucker (2010). 4269:Cambridge University Press 4161:. Berghahn. pp. 5–6. 3847:. In Knight, Kevin (ed.). 3843:Campbell, Thomas (2022) . 3439: 'exercise, training' 3425: 3168:On the Genealogy of Morals 2952:The Buddha as an ascetic. 2906: 2695: 2691: 2594:Dharmasūtra, II.10.18.1–10 2458: 2429:-related teachings in the 2362:style monastic tradition. 2347: 2181: 2175: 2171: 1905: 1899: 1840:, "learned", from γνῶσις, 1833: 1806: 1800: 1548: 1467:The Mirror of Simple Souls 1417:Revelations of Divine Love 297:Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith 290: 274:, vairagis, goswamis, and 29: 10389: 10238: 10140: 10042: 10006: 9831: 9567: 9437: 9424: 9234: 9173: 9132: 8994: 8956: 8913: 8849: 8794: 8783: 8777:Society of apostolic life 8684: 8492: 8425: 8374: 8268: 8212: 8204:Twelve Tribes communities 8111: 7960: 7534:"Nietzsche Source – Home" 7287:. Scarecrow. p. 54. 6494:10.1017/S0034412500010076 6444:Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy 6244:, no. 25, pages 203–212, 5946:. Routledge. p. 83. 5338:Markus Bockmuehl (2000). 5311:Cornelia B. Horn (2006). 4761:) of my community is the 4664:American Oriental Society 4623:10.1163/15700585-12341453 4429:"Mysticism in Sufi Islam" 4094:Torrance, Alexis (2013). 4073:. Routledge. p. 93. 2975: 2686:Bhagavad Gita, Verse 17.5 1981:converted to Christianity 1472:Sister Catherine Treatise 1313:Reflection on the New Age 752:Symeon the New Theologian 476:Invoking of Mystic Saints 197:Ancient Egyptian religion 7206:. Courier. p. 136. 6973:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 6639:Sacred Books of the East 6383:Yādava Pprakāśa (1995). 5800:Hajime Nakamura (1980). 5419:Tzvi Rabinowicz (1996). 5365:Brian S. Rosner (1994). 5081:10.1163/1568520991445605 4902:Sufism: A Global History 4876:10.1017/CBO9780511616457 4856:Hanson, Eric O. (2006). 4300:Plested, Marcus (2004). 3886:History of the Waldenses 3824:Advent of Divine Justice 3365: 3032:A female ascetic of the 1943:Islamic literary sources 1895: 1617:early Christian writings 1297:Contemporary papal views 1191:Mary of the Divine Heart 8194:Testimony of simplicity 8112:Religious and spiritual 8073:Subsistence agriculture 8068:Slow movement (culture) 7841:, Motilal Banarsidass, 7645:Oxford University Press 7538:www.nietzschesource.org 7519:The genealogy of morals 7409:Encyclopædia Britannica 7203:Daily Life of the Incas 7018:Michael Tobias (1995). 6712:Barbara Powell (2010), 6553:, page 332 with note 68 6410:Gavin D. Flood (1996). 6338:Jean W. Sedlar (1980). 6320:Kaelber, W. O. (1976). 5505:Jewish Quarterly Review 5392:Daniël Meijers (1992). 5218:Ira M. Lapidus (2014). 5110:Shahzad Bashir (2013). 5028:Oxford University Press 4907:Chichester, West Sussex 4732:Oxford University Press 4441:Oxford University Press 4312:Oxford University Press 3522:Encyclopedia Britannica 2273:Hayyim ben Joseph Vital 1949:report that during the 1768:The Waldensian symbol " 1402:The Imitation of Christ 1382:Abbey of the Holy Ghost 1372:Book of the First Monks 1123:Anne Catherine Emmerich 1117:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda 355:Theology and philosophy 250:Religions presentations 9431: 9185:Catholicism portal 9155:Vocational discernment 9145:Foolishness for Christ 8525:Appropriate technology 8083:Sustainable sanitation 8028:Low-impact development 7879:von Glasenapp, Helmuth 7340:Purple Cloud Institute 7281:Julian F. Pas (1998). 7227:Sabine Hyland (2003). 6901:W. J. Johnson (1995). 6655:The Samnyasa Upanisads 6589:The Samnyasa Upanisads 6270:James A. Benn (1998), 6184:James A. Benn (2007). 6157:James A. Benn (2007). 6117:James A. Benn (2007). 6034:Paul Williams (2005). 5915:Taylor, James (1993). 5476:Peter Meister (2004). 5449:Shimon Shokek (2013). 4969:Armajani, Jon (2004). 4934:Başkan, Birol (2014). 4343:Josef W. Meri (2002). 4238:10.1353/earl.2001.0017 3767:Maurice Waite (2009). 3201: 3165:") from his 1887 book 3077:Protestant Reformation 3073: 3037: 2960: 2956:, 2nd–3rd century CE. 2941: 2867: 2860: 2790: 2766: 2689: 2622: 2597: 2567:Shatyayaniya Upanishad 2553: 2215:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 1772: 1770:Lux lucet in tenebris" 1457:The Cloud of Unknowing 1357:Dark Night of the Soul 1352:Ascent of Mount Carmel 1249:Sister Lúcia of Fátima 1237:Alexandrina of Balazar 1069:Margaret Mary Alacoque 950:Mechthild of Magdeburg 10551:Religious terminology 9430: 8441:Escape from Affluenza 8018:Intentional community 7862:Valantasis, Richard. 7811:The A to Z of Jainism 7468:The Achieving Society 7200:Louis Baudin (1961). 7108:Singha, H.S. (2000). 6703:, page 96–97, 111–114 6682:By Mayeul de Dreuille 5538:Yūrō Teshima (1995). 5517:10.1353/jqr.2016.0007 5279:Allan Nadler (1999). 5137:Antony Black (2011). 4942:Abingdon, Oxfordshire 3883:Wylie, J. A. (1880). 3850:Catholic Encyclopedia 3551:Richard Finn (2009). 3199: 3161:In the third essay (" 3059: 3031: 2951: 2930: 2862: 2851: 2771: 2755: 2679: 2602: 2580: 2542: 2502:Pravrajita/Pravrajitā 2182:Further information: 2178:Asceticism in Judaism 2132:medieval Christianity 1906:Further information: 1868:Clement of Alexandria 1813:Clement of Alexandria 1807:Further information: 1791:Roman Catholic Church 1767: 1555:Christian monasticism 1549:Further information: 1482:The Vision of Adamnán 1302:Aspects of meditation 376:Catholic spirituality 291:Further information: 278:in Indian religions. 217:Etymology and meaning 9655:Raising hands in Dua 8928:Liturgy of the Hours 8804:Evangelical counsels 8565:Front Porch Republic 8555:Ecological footprint 8375:Modern-day adherents 7583:"Nietzsche's Values" 7138:Pruthi, Raj (2004). 6326:History of Religions 6143:Yün-hua Jan (1965), 5966:Ichiro Hori (1962), 5940:John Powers (2015). 5649:Paul Dundas (2003). 4899:Green, Nile (2012). 4870:. pp. 102–104. 4555:. pp. 178–182. 4271:. pp. 637–668. 3999:Elizabeth A. Clark. 3686:www.encyclopedia.com 3127:improve this article 2740:Uttaradhyayana Sutra 2726:, the twenty-fourth 2520:Vedas and Upanishads 2166:Mourning of Muharram 1955:frontier settlements 1789:, persecuted by the 1787:Western Christianity 1747:Barsanuphius of Gaza 1563:Christian meditation 1331:Literature and media 1176:Bernadette Soubirous 933:Beatrice of Nazareth 872:Beatrice of Nazareth 737:Bernard of Clairvaux 254:Self-discipline and 95:material possessions 8704:Religious institute 8632:Work–life interface 8515:Anarcho-primitivism 8356:Henry David Thoreau 8240:Open Source Ecology 7893:Motilal Banarsidass 7433:Weber, Max (1905). 6823:, pp. 120–122. 6808:, pp. 120–121. 6796:, pp. 408–409. 6772:, pp. 144–150. 6748:, pp. 118–122. 5164:Carl Olson (2007). 4401:Pew Research (2012) 4182:Macy, Gary (1984). 3359:Temperance (virtue) 3324:Paradox of hedonism 3249:Arthur Schopenhauer 3215:Letter to Menoeceus 3211:Principal Doctrines 3173:Friedrich Nietzsche 2733:Jain texts such as 2513:Yatidharmasamuccaya 2065:Indian subcontinent 1743:self-inflicted pain 1559:Christian mysticism 1427:Theologia Germanica 1422:The Story of a Soul 1397:The Glories of Mary 1377:The Interior Castle 1275:Charles de Foucauld 887:John van Ruysbroeck 747:Hildegard of Bingen 606:(by era or century) 451:Spiritual direction 338:Christian mysticism 282:Abrahamic religions 201:Dionysian Mysteries 72:. In Christianity, 9432: 8694:Consecrated virgin 8590:Intentional living 8476:Small Is Beautiful 8351:George Skene Keith 8199:Tolstoyan movement 8098:War tax resistance 8078:Sustainable living 7895:(Reprinted 1999), 7612:Balcerowicz, Piotr 7385:Edwin Mellen Press 7381:Lewiston, New York 7342:. 10 October 2019. 6952:. Sacred-texts.com 6928:Vijay K. Jain 2011 6518:Classical Hinduism 6369:2013-09-08 at the 6261:, no. 25, page 207 6107:, no. 25, page 211 6064:, no. 25, page 205 5943:The Buddhist World 5030:. pp. 56–66. 5008:Findley, Carter V. 4948:. pp. 77–80. 4913:. pp. 20–22. 4723:Islam in the World 3202: 3038: 2961: 2861: 2853:Chassidei Ashkenaz 2791: 2623: 2441:Saddharmapuṇḍarīka 2318:Siddhartha Gautama 2279:) are documented. 2256:Chassidei Ashkenaz 2207:Helena of Adiabene 2144:self-mortification 1967:converted to Islam 1864:Kephalaia Gnostika 1773: 1585:Augustine of Hippo 1551:Ascetical theology 1362:Spiritual Canticle 1197:Thérèse of Lisieux 1181:Conchita de Armida 1099:John of St. Samson 1089:Charles de Condren 1079:Jean-Jacques Olier 1032:Catherine of Genoa 998:Francisco de Osuna 992:Ignatius of Loyola 945:Catherine of Siena 675:Arsenius the Great 566:Passive asceticism 10475: 10474: 10210:Sufis persecution 9252:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 9193: 9192: 8966:Clerical clothing 8772:Secular institute 8640: 8639: 8600:Rainbow Gathering 8469:The Power of Half 8462:Mother Earth News 8281:Ernest Callenbach 8213:Secular movements 7872:978-0-227-17281-0 7848:978-81-208-0265-0 7833:Winternitz, Moriz 7825:978-0-8108-6337-8 7798:978-1-5030-5291-8 7767:978-81-903639-2-1 7736:978-0-89581-956-7 7627:978-1-317-53853-0 7366:978-0-7914-3956-2 7321:978-0-7914-3956-2 7294:978-0-8108-6637-9 7267:978-0-7914-3956-2 7213:978-0-486-42800-0 7094:978-0-19-513599-2 7064:978-1-317-57218-3 7037:978-0-87338-483-4 6983:978-0-8160-7564-5 6914:978-81-208-1309-0 6619:, page 81 note 27 6528:978-88-7652-482-0 6482:Religious Studies 6429:978-0-521-43878-0 6396:978-0-7914-2283-0 6351:978-0-8476-6173-2 6227:978-0-8248-1541-7 6197:978-0-8248-2992-6 6170:978-0-8248-2992-6 6130:978-0-8248-2992-6 6047:978-0-415-33234-7 6020:978-1-134-47273-4 5993:978-0-904404-79-1 5953:978-1-317-42017-0 5901:978-1-4008-4805-8 5874:978-1-57958-090-2 5840:978-962-201-412-1 5813:978-81-208-0272-8 5783:978-1-4008-4805-8 5756:978-0-19-536535-1 5635:978-1-134-05520-3 5605:978-1-134-21718-2 5551:978-0-7618-0003-3 5489:978-3-03910-174-0 5462:978-1-317-79738-8 5432:978-1-56821-123-7 5351:978-0-567-08734-8 5324:978-0-19-927753-7 5292:978-0-8018-6182-6 5258:978-1-4522-6656-5 5231:978-1-139-99150-6 5204:978-1-4008-3138-8 5177:978-0-19-804181-8 5150:978-0-7486-8878-4 5123:978-0-231-14491-9 4990:978-0-7618-2967-6 4955:978-1-317-80204-4 4920:978-1-4051-5765-0 4885:978-0-521-85245-6 4839:978-0-520-25269-1 4804:978-90-04-10717-5 4797:. pp. 1–30. 4741:978-0-19-530503-6 4562:978-0-8122-4113-6 4524:978-0-7614-7929-1 4497:978-1-85109-948-1 4356:978-0-19-155473-5 4329:978-0-19-926779-8 4193:978-0-19-826669-3 4168:978-1-84545-987-1 4141:978-3-525-59358-5 4107:978-0-19-966536-5 4080:978-1-136-78716-4 4053:978-1-136-78716-4 4026:978-1-4412-1972-5 3986:978-3-525-59358-5 3956:978-1-136-78716-4 3929:978-1-136-78716-4 3821:Effendi, Shoghi. 3807:978-3-11-009896-9 3780:978-0-19-956081-3 3753:978-0-19-803451-3 3719:978-0-415-06212-1 3658:978-81-208-1036-5 3628:978-0-19-803451-3 3564:978-1-139-48066-6 3159: 3158: 3151: 2824:Monastic practice 2747:The Jain text of 2627:Nirvana Upanishad 2611:Anthony the Great 2396:Nichiren Buddhist 2253: 2237:Ashkenazi Hasidim 2156:self-flagellation 1969:, and joined the 1818:Evagrius Ponticus 1803:Evagrius Ponticus 1727:ethical practices 1679:Anthony the Great 1657:Francis of Assisi 1627:) and practices ( 1547: 1546: 1367:Way of Perfection 1322: 1321: 1243:Faustina Kowalska 1161:Catherine Labouré 1141: 1140: 1129:Veronica Giuliani 1084:Louis de Montfort 1074:Pierre de Bérulle 1039: 1038: 1014:John of the Cross 962: 961: 955:Marguerite Porete 939:Bridget of Sweden 849:Julian of Norwich 823:Angela of Foligno 803:Francis of Assisi 785:Dominic de Guzmán 685:Macarius of Egypt 670:Anthony the Great 560:Religious ecstasy 555:Spiritual dryness 482:Active asceticism 386:Mystical theology 74:Francis of Assisi 16:(Redirected from 10563: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10516: 10515: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10492: 10491: 10483: 10200:Sufi metaphysics 10156: 10098: 9989: 9957: 9945: 9883: 9871: 9859: 9797: 9770: 9758: 9746: 9734: 9707: 9695: 9673: 9631: 9619: 9602: 9590: 9465: 9453: 9409: 9346:Nass al-Houdhour 9337: 9310: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9197: 9196: 9183: 9182: 8841:Vow of enclosure 8789: 8674:Consecrated life 8667: 8660: 8653: 8644: 8643: 8540:Critique of work 8520:Anti-consumerism 8387:Robin Greenfield 8346:E. F. Schumacher 8286:G. K. Chesterton 8220:Back-to-the-land 8058:Self-sufficiency 7998:Forest gardening 7947: 7940: 7933: 7924: 7923: 7905: 7851: 7828: 7814:, vol. 38, 7806:Wiley, Kristi L. 7801: 7783: 7776: 7775: 7752:(1st ed.), 7739: 7719: 7697:(2nd ed.), 7684: 7657: 7630: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7463: 7457: 7455: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7417: 7415: 7401: 7395: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7179:10.2307/25605560 7162: 7156: 7155: 7135: 7126: 7125: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7025: 7015: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6988: 6987: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6865: 6861: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6770:Balcerowicz 2015 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6710: 6704: 6689: 6683: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6649: 6643: 6626: 6620: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6584: 6575: 6560: 6554: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6477: 6468: 6467: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6417: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6380: 6374: 6355: 6335: 6329: 6328:, 15(4), 343-386 6318: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6268: 6262: 6255: 6249: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6154: 6148: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6114: 6108: 6101: 6092: 6091: 6071: 6065: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5977: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5858: 5845: 5844: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5744: 5734: 5728: 5718: 5712: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5678: 5667: 5666: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5446: 5437: 5436: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5308: 5297: 5296: 5276: 5263: 5262: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5073:Brill Publishers 5056: 5050: 5049: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4977:Lanham, Maryland 4966: 4960: 4959: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4795:Brill Publishers 4776: 4770: 4769: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4615:Brill Publishers 4588: 4575: 4574: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4421: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4377:. Archived from 4367: 4361: 4360: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4211: 4198: 4197: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4010: 4004: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3913: 3904: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3840: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3737: 3724: 3723: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3548: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3514: 3505: 3494: 3488: 3477: 3455: 3452: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3376: 3289:Gustave Flaubert 3244:Anti-consumerism 3154: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3111: 3103: 3084:David McClelland 3071: 2939: 2857:medieval Germany 2813:Tattvartha Sutra 2789:during the 1860s 2764: 2735:Tattvartha Sutra 2698:Jain monasticism 2687: 2653:(non-stealing), 2645:(non-violence), 2631:Patrick Olivelle 2595: 2551: 2461:Tapas (Sanskrit) 2384: 2374: 2303:and now extinct 2283:Indian religions 2258: 2248: 2246: 2211:Babylonian exile 2184:Jewish mysticism 1977:repudiated Islam 1835: 1777:Proto-Protestant 1751:John the Prophet 1707:Eastern Orthodox 1677:, including St. 1649:John of Damascus 1609:Dead Sea Scrolls 1605:Paul the Apostle 1593:John the Baptist 1539: 1532: 1525: 1306:Orationis Formas 1250: 1238: 1198: 1186:Luisa Piccarreta 1134:Francis de Sales 1124: 1109: 1056: 1055: 1024: 999: 979: 978: 940: 818:Jacopone da Todi 808:Anthony of Padua 772: 771: 645: 644:Pseudo-Dionysius 638:Gregory of Nyssa 612: 611: 608: 607: 544: 535: 511: 504: 497: 348: 325: 324: 226: 58: 49: 21: 10571: 10570: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10561: 10560: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10524: 10522: 10510: 10500: 10498: 10486: 10478: 10476: 10471: 10385: 10234: 10225:Sufi psychology 10215:Sufi philosophy 10195:Sufi literature 10150: 10136: 10092: 10038: 10002: 9983: 9951: 9939: 9877: 9865: 9853: 9827: 9791: 9764: 9752: 9740: 9728: 9701: 9689: 9667: 9625: 9613: 9596: 9584: 9563: 9459: 9447: 9433: 9422: 9403: 9401:The Seven ranks 9331: 9304: 9230: 9224: 9194: 9189: 9177: 9169: 9128: 8990: 8952: 8909: 8853: 8845: 8790: 8781: 8680: 8678:Catholic Church 8671: 8641: 8636: 8570:Green anarchism 8488: 8421: 8370: 8269:Notable writers 8264: 8260:Transition town 8208: 8164:New Monasticism 8107: 7956: 7951: 7913: 7903: 7859: 7857:Further reading 7854: 7849: 7826: 7816:Scarecrow Press 7799: 7773: 7768: 7758:Vikalp Printers 7737: 7717: 7682: 7672:Merriam-Webster 7655: 7628: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7591: 7589: 7579: 7575: 7566: 7564: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7542: 7540: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7514: 7510: 7501: 7499: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7464: 7460: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7431: 7427: 7413: 7411: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7378: 7374: 7367: 7351: 7347: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7163: 7159: 7152: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7054:Yoga in Jainism 7049: 7045: 7038: 7016: 7009: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6955: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6868: 6858: 6843:The Kalpa Sūtra 6834:Jacobi, Hermann 6831: 6827: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6794:Winternitz 1993 6792: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6724:, pages 292–297 6711: 6707: 6690: 6686: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6650: 6646: 6627: 6623: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6585: 6578: 6561: 6557: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6513: 6509: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6381: 6377: 6371:Wayback Machine 6357: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6319: 6315: 6306: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6269: 6265: 6256: 6252: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6102: 6095: 6072: 6068: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5978: 5974: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5859: 5848: 5841: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5735: 5731: 5719: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5679: 5670: 5663: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5309: 5300: 5293: 5277: 5266: 5259: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5057: 5053: 5038: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4911:Wiley-Blackwell 4897: 4893: 4886: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4777: 4773: 4742: 4734:. p. 153. 4718:Ruthven, Malise 4715: 4711: 4650: 4646: 4589: 4578: 4563: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4459: 4422: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4384: 4382: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4263:. Vol. 2. 4257: 4253: 4212: 4201: 4194: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4011: 4007: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3914: 3907: 3898: 3894: 3881: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3853:. Vol. 1. 3841: 3832: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3738: 3727: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3565: 3549: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3515: 3508: 3495: 3491: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3223: 3155: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3124: 3112: 3101: 3072: 3066: 3054:Talcott Parsons 3050:ausserweltliche 3026: 3021: 2991: 2978: 2966: 2946: 2944:Other religions 2940: 2937: 2909: 2826: 2765: 2763:Kalpa Sutra 117 2762: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2667: 2625:Similarly, the 2596: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2576:Vishishtadvaita 2558:Advaita Vedanta 2552: 2549: 2522: 2471: 2457: 2391: 2352: 2346: 2329:Hajime Nakamura 2316:The historical 2314: 2285: 2202:Book of Numbers 2186: 2180: 2174: 2085:Mongol invaders 2049:spreading Islam 2027:Karen Armstrong 1993:Islamic studies 1985:Christian monks 1959:Christian monks 1928:Islamic prophet 1918: 1904: 1898: 1815: 1805: 1799: 1739:Simeon Stylites 1733:, patience and 1687:Simeon Stylites 1641:Simeon Stylites 1637:Paul the Hermit 1601:twelve apostles 1581:John Chrysostom 1565: 1543: 1514: 1513: 1432:Devotio Moderna 1332: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1298: 1290: 1289: 1248: 1236: 1226:Therese Neumann 1216: 1208: 1207: 1196: 1151: 1143: 1142: 1122: 1107: 1053: 1041: 1040: 1022: 1009:Teresa of Ávila 997: 976: 964: 963: 938: 910:Johannes Tauler 905:Meister Eckhart 769: 757: 756: 732: 720: 719: 705:John Chrysostom 690:Moses the Black 660: 650: 649: 643: 623:Ancient African 618: 609: 605: 604: 596: 595: 580: 567: 538: 531: 507: 500: 493: 483: 458: 416: 411: 403: 402: 356: 323: 305:, according to 299: 289: 284: 252: 236:Cuthbert Butler 219: 80: 79: 78: 77: 61: 60: 59: 51: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10569: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10533: 10532: 10520: 10508: 10496: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10242: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10190:Sufism history 10187: 10185:Sufi cosmology 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10010: 10008: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9946: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9872: 9860: 9848: 9843: 9837: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9803: 9798: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9759: 9747: 9735: 9723: 9718: 9716:Sufism pillars 9713: 9708: 9696: 9684: 9679: 9677:Salat al-Fatih 9674: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9620: 9608: 9603: 9591: 9579: 9573: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9524:Lataif-e-Sitta 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9457:Aayane Thabita 9454: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9231: 9223: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9200: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9056: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9025: 9016: 9011: 9000: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8962: 8960: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8919: 8917: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8861: 8859: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8843: 8838: 8836:Vow of silence 8833: 8828: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8800: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8758:Cleric regular 8755: 8754: 8753: 8743: 8741:Canons regular 8738: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8701: 8696: 8690: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8670: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8647: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8627:Sustainability 8624: 8619: 8614: 8612:Low-technology 8609: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8587: 8582: 8580:Global warming 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8397:Pentti Linkola 8394: 8389: 8384: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8311:Harlan Hubbard 8308: 8306:Tom Hodgkinson 8303: 8298: 8296:Mahatma Gandhi 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8144:Jesus movement 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8023:Local currency 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7912: 7911:External links 7909: 7908: 7907: 7901: 7875: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7829: 7824: 7802: 7797: 7784: 7766: 7744:Jain, Vijay K. 7740: 7735: 7720: 7715: 7685: 7680: 7664:, ed. (1999), 7662:Doniger, Wendy 7658: 7653: 7631: 7626: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7573: 7549: 7525: 7508: 7483: 7476: 7470:. Free Press. 7458: 7440: 7425: 7396: 7392:978-0773495500 7372: 7365: 7345: 7336:"苦 Bitterness" 7327: 7320: 7300: 7293: 7273: 7266: 7246: 7239: 7219: 7212: 7192: 7173:(1): 101–106. 7167:Anthropologica 7157: 7150: 7127: 7120: 7100: 7093: 7070: 7063: 7043: 7036: 7007: 6989: 6982: 6962: 6941: 6932: 6930:, p. 134. 6920: 6913: 6893: 6891:, p. 210. 6881: 6879:, p. 180. 6866: 6856: 6825: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6784:, p. 549. 6774: 6762: 6750: 6738: 6736:, p. 241. 6726: 6722:978-0875730714 6705: 6701:978-9042015104 6684: 6671: 6665:978-0195070453 6664: 6644: 6631:(Translator), 6621: 6617:978-0791436967 6604: 6598:978-0195070453 6597: 6576: 6572:978-0791436967 6555: 6551:978-0812692983 6534: 6527: 6507: 6488:(3): 289–302. 6469: 6462: 6435: 6428: 6402: 6395: 6375: 6350: 6330: 6313: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6263: 6250: 6233: 6226: 6203: 6196: 6176: 6169: 6149: 6136: 6129: 6109: 6093: 6066: 6053: 6046: 6026: 6019: 5999: 5992: 5972: 5959: 5952: 5932: 5925: 5907: 5900: 5880: 5873: 5846: 5839: 5819: 5812: 5789: 5782: 5762: 5755: 5729: 5726:978-1107406377 5713: 5700: 5693: 5668: 5662:978-0415266055 5661: 5641: 5634: 5611: 5604: 5584: 5577: 5557: 5550: 5530: 5495: 5488: 5468: 5461: 5438: 5431: 5411: 5404: 5384: 5377: 5357: 5350: 5330: 5323: 5298: 5291: 5264: 5257: 5237: 5230: 5210: 5203: 5183: 5176: 5156: 5149: 5129: 5122: 5102: 5051: 5036: 4996: 4989: 4983:. p. 67. 4961: 4954: 4926: 4919: 4891: 4884: 4845: 4838: 4810: 4803: 4771: 4740: 4709: 4644: 4576: 4561: 4530: 4523: 4503: 4496: 4476: 4457: 4403: 4391: 4362: 4355: 4335: 4328: 4314:. p. 67. 4292: 4286:978-1139054133 4285: 4251: 4199: 4192: 4174: 4167: 4147: 4140: 4120: 4106: 4086: 4079: 4059: 4052: 4032: 4025: 4005: 3992: 3985: 3962: 3955: 3935: 3928: 3905: 3892: 3872: 3830: 3813: 3806: 3786: 3779: 3759: 3752: 3725: 3718: 3698: 3673: 3664: 3657: 3634: 3627: 3607: 3570: 3563: 3534: 3506: 3502:978-1556357305 3489: 3485:978-0674001879 3471: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3269:Desert Fathers 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3157: 3156: 3115: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3064: 3046:innerweltliche 3025: 3022: 3020: 3019:Academic views 3017: 3005:'s concept of 2995:Zoroastrianism 2990: 2989:Zoroastrianism 2987: 2977: 2974: 2965: 2962: 2958:British Museum 2945: 2942: 2935: 2908: 2905: 2825: 2822: 2760: 2696:Main article: 2693: 2690: 2683: 2666: 2663: 2588: 2547: 2521: 2518: 2456: 2453: 2390: 2387: 2345: 2342: 2313: 2310: 2284: 2281: 2176:Main article: 2173: 2170: 2152:magical powers 2112:Islamic states 2081:Turkic peoples 2077:Southeast Asia 2067:, and finally 1900:Main article: 1897: 1894: 1801:Main article: 1798: 1795: 1701:was formed on 1695:Desert Mothers 1691:Desert Fathers 1645:David of Wales 1589:Biblical texts 1569:Late Antiquity 1545: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1527: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1280:Edvige Carboni 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1245: 1240: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1171:Maximin Giraud 1168: 1166:Mélanie Calvat 1163: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 994: 986: 985: 977: 970: 969: 966: 965: 960: 959: 958: 957: 952: 947: 942: 935: 927: 926: 920: 919: 918: 917: 912: 907: 899: 898: 892: 891: 890: 889: 884: 879: 874: 866: 865: 859: 858: 857: 856: 851: 846: 841: 833: 832: 828: 827: 826: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 797: 796: 790: 789: 788: 787: 779: 778: 770: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 749: 744: 739: 733: 726: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 665:Paul of Thebes 661: 658:Desert Fathers 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 640: 635: 630: 625: 619: 616: 615: 610: 602: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 588: 582: 581: 576: 575: 569: 568: 563: 562: 557: 552: 547: 546: 545: 536: 524: 519: 514: 513: 512: 505: 498: 485: 484: 479: 478: 473: 466: 460: 459: 454: 453: 448: 447: 446: 436: 435: 434: 429: 418: 417: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 401: 400: 399: 398: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 341: 340: 334: 333: 322: 319: 307:Shoghi Effendi 288: 285: 283: 280: 251: 248: 247: 246: 243: 218: 215: 211:left-hand path 193:Zoroastrianism 174:Pythagoreanism 63: 62: 53: 52: 44: 43: 42: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10568: 10557: 10556:Simple living 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10531: 10521: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10507: 10497: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10281:Jama'at Khana 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10256:Datuk Keramat 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10230:Sufi whirling 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10154: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10096: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10014:Antinomianism 10012: 10011: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9950: 9947: 9943: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9751: 9748: 9744: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9671: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9624: 9621: 9617: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9600: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9458: 9455: 9451: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9429: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9247:Ahl al-Khutwa 9245: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9233: 9228: 9221: 9216: 9214: 9209: 9207: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9160:Monastic cell 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8923:Contemplation 8921: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8912: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8870:Chapter house 8868: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8765:Congregations 8763: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8751:Second orders 8749: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8734:Idiorrhythmic 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8668: 8663: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575:The good life 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8448:The Good Life 8445: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8407:Peace Pilgrim 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8392:Ted Kaczynski 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8341:Dugald Semple 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8331:Peace Pilgrim 8329: 8327: 8326:Scott Nearing 8324: 8322: 8321:Helen Nearing 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8301:Richard Gregg 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8276:Wendell Berry 8274: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8230:Environmental 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8093:Vegetarianism 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7954:Simple living 7948: 7943: 7941: 7936: 7934: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7904: 7902:81-208-1376-6 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7850: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7794: 7790: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7779:public domain 7769: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7721: 7718: 7716:0-415-26605-X 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7681:0-87779-044-2 7677: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7654:0-19-513234-3 7650: 7646: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7635:Cort, John E. 7632: 7629: 7623: 7620:, Routledge, 7619: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7521: 7520: 7512: 7498:on 2013-12-21 7497: 7493: 7487: 7479: 7477:9780029205105 7473: 7469: 7462: 7453: 7452: 7448:"Chapter 2". 7444: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7394:, pages 21–30 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7368: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7323: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7304: 7296: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7277: 7269: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7250: 7242: 7240:0-472-11353-4 7236: 7232: 7231: 7223: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7153: 7151:9788171418794 7147: 7143: 7142: 7134: 7132: 7123: 7121:9788170103011 7117: 7113: 7112: 7104: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7077: 7075: 7066: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7047: 7039: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7023: 7014: 7012: 7003: 6996: 6994: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6966: 6951: 6945: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6897: 6890: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6857:0-7007-1538-X 6853: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6838:F. Max Müller 6835: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6815: 6807: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6758:Fujinaga 2003 6754: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6681: 6675: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6648: 6641: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6581: 6574:, pages 62–63 6573: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6530: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6474: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6406: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6334: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6304: 6297: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6254: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6210: 6208: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6146: 6140: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6057: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6030: 6022: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5976: 5969: 5963: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5936: 5928: 5926:981-3016-49-3 5922: 5918: 5911: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5884: 5876: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5823: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5796: 5794: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5766: 5758: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5696: 5694:0-691-08952-3 5690: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5588: 5580: 5578:0-691-08952-3 5574: 5570: 5569: 5561: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5472: 5464: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5445: 5443: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5415: 5407: 5405:90-04-09562-4 5401: 5397: 5396: 5388: 5380: 5378:90-04-10065-2 5374: 5370: 5369: 5361: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5214: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5187: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5037:9780195177268 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4965: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4895: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4852: 4850: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4775: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4535: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4507: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4464: 4460: 4458:9780199340378 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4400: 4395: 4381:on 2018-02-10 4380: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4339: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4063: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4002: 3996: 3988: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3969: 3967: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3912: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3888: 3887: 3879: 3877: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3702: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3641: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3435: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3420:Ancient Greek 3415: 3375: 3371: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3354:Straight edge 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3339:Simple living 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3304:Mellified man 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3182:will to power 3179: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3153: 3150: 3142: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3116:This section 3114: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3030: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2964:Inca religion 2959: 2955: 2950: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869:The monks of 2866: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2699: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2671:Bhagavad Gita 2665:Bhagavad Gita 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2587: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2418:Sokushinbutsu 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2402:Sokushinbutsu 2397: 2386: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2327:According to 2325: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:denominations 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2007:, al-Sarrāj, 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1983:, and became 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1884:, especially 1883: 1880: 1879:pre-Christian 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1830:Ancient Greek 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683:Mary of Egypt 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1662:According to 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487:Divine Comedy 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1452:Sol de Fátima 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1342:Ordo Virtutum 1340: 1338: 1337:Lingua ignota 1335: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1270:Thomas Merton 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1203:Gemma Galgani 1201: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156:Dina Bélanger 1154: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1004:John of Ávila 1002: 1000: 995: 993: 990: 989: 988: 987: 984: 981: 980: 974: 968: 967: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 936: 934: 931: 930: 929: 928: 925: 922: 921: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 902: 901: 900: 897: 894: 893: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 868: 867: 864: 861: 860: 855: 854:Margery Kempe 852: 850: 847: 845: 844:Walter Hilton 842: 840: 839:Richard Rolle 837: 836: 835: 834: 830: 829: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 800: 799: 798: 795: 792: 791: 786: 783: 782: 781: 780: 777: 774: 773: 767: 761: 760: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 730: 724: 723: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 659: 654: 653: 646: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 614: 613: 600: 599: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 578: 577: 574: 571: 570: 565: 564: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 543: 542: 537: 534: 530: 529: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 510: 506: 503: 499: 496: 492: 491: 490: 489:Contemplation 487: 486: 481: 480: 477: 474: 472: 471: 470:Lectio Divina 467: 465: 462: 461: 456: 455: 452: 449: 445: 442: 441: 440: 437: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 423: 420: 419: 414: 413: 407: 406: 397: 394: 393: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 352: 351: 347: 343: 342: 339: 336: 335: 331: 327: 326: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 298: 294: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 244: 241: 240: 239: 237: 232: 230: 225: 214: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 136: 132: 128: 127:entertainment 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 75: 71: 67: 57: 48: 37: 33: 19: 10160:Madih nabawi 9822: 9039:Grand master 8585:Hedonophobia 8545:Deep ecology 8481: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8316:Satish Kumar 8174:Plain people 8139:Distributism 8128: 8053:Sattvic diet 8043:Permaculture 8038:Off-the-grid 8013:Gift economy 7983:Downshifting 7973:Cord-cutting 7883: 7863: 7837: 7810: 7788: 7771: 7748: 7725: 7693: 7689:Dundas, Paul 7666: 7639: 7616: 7590:. Retrieved 7586: 7576: 7565:. Retrieved 7561: 7552: 7541:. Retrieved 7537: 7528: 7518: 7511: 7500:. Retrieved 7496:the original 7486: 7467: 7461: 7449: 7443: 7428: 7419: 7412:. Retrieved 7408: 7405:"Asceticism" 7399: 7375: 7355: 7348: 7339: 7330: 7310: 7303: 7283: 7276: 7256: 7249: 7229: 7222: 7202: 7195: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7140: 7110: 7103: 7083: 7053: 7046: 7021: 6972: 6965: 6954:. Retrieved 6944: 6935: 6923: 6903: 6896: 6884: 6862: 6842: 6828: 6801: 6789: 6782:Doniger 1999 6777: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6713: 6708: 6692: 6687: 6679: 6674: 6654: 6647: 6636: 6624: 6607: 6588: 6563: 6558: 6542: 6537: 6517: 6510: 6485: 6481: 6448: 6438: 6413: 6405: 6385: 6378: 6359: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6316: 6308: 6303: 6291: 6279: 6266: 6258: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6216: 6186: 6179: 6159: 6152: 6139: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6061: 6056: 6036: 6029: 6009: 6002: 5982: 5975: 5962: 5942: 5935: 5916: 5910: 5890: 5883: 5863: 5829: 5822: 5802: 5772: 5765: 5740: 5732: 5716: 5703: 5683: 5651: 5644: 5624: 5594: 5587: 5567: 5560: 5540: 5533: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5478: 5471: 5451: 5421: 5414: 5394: 5387: 5367: 5360: 5340: 5333: 5313: 5281: 5247: 5240: 5220: 5213: 5193: 5186: 5166: 5159: 5139: 5132: 5112: 5105: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5015: 4971: 4964: 4936: 4929: 4901: 4894: 4858: 4820: 4813: 4781: 4774: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4722: 4712: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4602: 4596: 4549:Philadelphia 4543: 4513: 4506: 4486: 4479: 4467:. Retrieved 4432: 4427:(May 2015). 4394: 4383:. Retrieved 4379:the original 4374: 4365: 4345: 4338: 4302: 4295: 4260: 4254: 4221: 4215: 4183: 4177: 4157: 4150: 4130: 4123: 4111:. Retrieved 4096: 4089: 4069: 4062: 4042: 4035: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3995: 3975: 3945: 3938: 3918: 3900: 3895: 3885: 3863:. Retrieved 3848: 3845:"Asceticism" 3822: 3816: 3796: 3789: 3769: 3762: 3742: 3708: 3701: 3689:. Retrieved 3685: 3676: 3667: 3647: 3617: 3610: 3598:. Retrieved 3593: 3589: 3553: 3525:. Retrieved 3521: 3518:"Asceticism" 3492: 3475: 3450: 3433: 3430: 3423: 3374: 3279:Epicureanism 3203: 3186:Christianity 3178:ressentiment 3166: 3160: 3145: 3136: 3125:Please help 3120:verification 3117: 3081: 3074: 3060: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3010: 2998: 2992: 2979: 2967: 2931: 2910: 2894: 2889: 2880: 2868: 2863: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2811: 2807: 2792: 2780: 2756: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2680: 2668: 2638: 2624: 2581: 2565: 2554: 2543: 2523: 2512: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2430: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2409:) in Japan. 2406: 2400: 2392: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2340:traditions. 2326: 2315: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2266: 2234: 2229: 2223: 2187: 2159: 2109: 2038: 2013: 2011:and others. 1996: 1970: 1921: 1919: 1876: 1863: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1825: 1816: 1774: 1769: 1715: 1698: 1668: 1664:Richard Finn 1661: 1628: 1620: 1597:Jesus Christ 1566: 1312: 1305: 1285:Elena Aiello 1231:Marthe Robin 1049: 972: 765: 728: 715:John Cassian 539: 527:Divinization 502:Jesus Prayer 468: 438: 321:Christianity 303:Baháʼí Faith 300: 287:Bahá'í Faith 253: 233: 229:spirituality 220: 204: 189:spirituality 178: 166:Epicureanism 154:Christianity 139: 82: 81: 32:Aestheticism 10276:Jama masjid 10220:Sufi poetry 10151: [ 10112:Sufi orders 10093: [ 10007:Misconducts 9984: [ 9952: [ 9940: [ 9878: [ 9866: [ 9854: [ 9792: [ 9765: [ 9753: [ 9741: [ 9729: [ 9702: [ 9690: [ 9668: [ 9626: [ 9614: [ 9597: [ 9585: [ 9460: [ 9448: [ 9404: [ 9391:Sufis ranks 9332: [ 9305: [ 9257:Bash Hezzab 9229:terminology 9119:Lay brother 8905:Scriptorium 8617:Nonviolence 8535:Consumerism 8530:Bohemianism 8505:Agrarianism 8361:Leo Tolstoy 8291:Duane Elgin 8250:Small house 8169:Plain dress 8159:Monasticism 8154:Mindfulness 8063:Slow living 7754:Uttarakhand 7000:Jain, P.K. 6877:Dundas 2002 6734:Sutton 2017 6449:The RigVeda 6082:(1): 1–30. 4666:: 265–284. 4617:: 149–183. 4425:Cook, David 3504:, p. 46–47. 3418:; from 3314:Monasticism 3034:Vaishnavism 2808:kaya klesha 2750:Kalpa Sūtra 2728:Tirthankara 2572:Vaishnavism 2445:Lotus Sūtra 2432:Lotus Sutra 2423:bodhisattva 2245:חסידי אשכנז 2005:al-Qushayrī 1989:Monasticism 1939:Sufi groups 1703:Mount Athos 1653:Peter Waldo 1265:Alfred Delp 1260:Simone Weil 1255:Edgar Cayce 813:Bonaventure 586:Charismatic 422:Monasticism 415:Monasticism 391:Neoplatonic 381:Hellenistic 311:Baháʼu'lláh 10546:Asceticism 10540:Categories 10530:Psychology 10442:Prayer rug 10205:Sufi music 10065:Hizb Rateb 10043:Ceremonies 9811:Zarruqiyya 9519:Ismul Azam 9140:Asceticism 9014:Provincial 8938:Meditation 8831:Solemn vow 8826:Profession 8746:Mendicants 8560:Food miles 8510:Amateurism 8402:Jim Merkel 8382:Mark Boyle 8336:Nick Rosen 8255:Tiny house 8189:Temperance 8134:Detachment 8129:Asceticism 8124:Aparigraha 8003:Freeganism 7988:Dry toilet 7592:2021-09-07 7567:2021-09-07 7543:2021-09-07 7502:2021-09-07 6956:2016-01-30 6889:Wiley 2009 6821:Cort 2001a 6806:Cort 2001a 6746:Cort 2001a 6629:Max Muller 6463:0140449892 6296:pravrajitA 4748:misogynism 4571:2008017407 4385:2018-02-09 3855:New Advent 3743:Asceticism 3691:10 January 3618:Asceticism 3600:10 January 3462:References 3334:Rechabites 3309:Minimalism 3284:Flagellant 3234:Aesthetism 3230:(category) 3139:April 2012 2938:Guru Nanak 2926:Gorakhmata 2922:Guru Nanak 2901:Sallekhana 2882:Śvētāmbara 2871:Śvetāmbara 2843:vegetarian 2836:chaturmaas 2655:aparigraha 2592:Baudhayana 2469:Ataptatanu 2459:See also: 2348:See also: 2322:Middle Way 2099:) and the 2009:al-Hujwīrī 1947:historians 1780:Waldensian 1759:redemption 1731:meditation 1718:Encratites 1685:, and St. 1675:anchorites 1625:Philokalia 1497:Purgatorio 1412:Philokalia 1094:John Eudes 1048:17th 971:15th 915:Henry Suso 794:Franciscan 764:13th 727:11th 700:Athanasius 695:Syncletica 633:Thomasines 573:Abstinence 464:Meditation 457:Meditation 439:Asceticism 371:Cataphatic 256:abstinence 181:redemption 111:meditation 87:abstinence 83:Asceticism 70:Middle Way 36:Aesthetics 10518:Education 10452:Tagelmust 10447:Qashabiya 10422:Jellabiya 10326:Mausoleum 10019:Rahbaniya 9833:Waridates 9650:Muraqabah 9645:Muhasabah 9329:Mutahaqiq 9112:Postulant 9090:Anchorite 8943:Mysticism 8900:Refectory 8890:Hermitage 8851:Monastery 8819:Obedience 8719:Cenobitic 8607:Itinerant 8500:Affluenza 8184:Rastafari 8149:Mendicant 8033:No frills 8008:Frugality 7978:DIY ethic 7961:Practices 7917:Asketikos 7808:(2009) , 7707:Routledge 7694:The Jains 7691:(2002) , 7637:(2001a), 6502:170592174 6373:, Chicago 5652:The Jains 5525:171299402 5089:1568-5209 5075:: 27–46. 4946:Routledge 4759:rahbaniya 4704:163469239 4680:0003-0279 4639:165034994 4631:1570-0585 4469:4 January 4265:Cambridge 4246:170981765 4232:: 53–71. 4226:Baltimore 3527:9 January 3487:, p. 204. 3467:Citations 3294:Hermitage 3191:decadence 3068:Max Weber 3042:Max Weber 3009:. In the 3007:free will 3003:Zoroaster 2886:Digambara 2875:Digambara 2779:ascetic ( 2641:include: 2615:anchorite 2356:Sri Lanka 2344:Theravada 2334:Theravada 2277:Hanhagoth 2261:Rhineland 2250:romanized 2230:Perishuth 2148:holy wars 2120:dervishes 2097:dervishes 2001:al-Junayd 1935:followers 1890:Aristotle 1854:Praktikos 1850:Gnostikos 1838:gnōstikos 1834:γνωστικός 1826:Gnostikos 1633:Hesychasm 1577:St Jerome 1221:Padre Pio 882:Hadewijch 877:Lutgardis 776:Dominican 617:Antiquity 533:Catharsis 495:Hesychasm 444:Mendicant 410:Practices 366:Ascetical 361:Apophatic 272:sannyasis 206:vamachara 185:salvation 109:, and/or 10494:Religion 10462:Tarboosh 10417:Gandoura 10412:Djellaba 10029:Taqabbur 9779:Tawassul 9774:Tawakkul 9438:Concepts 9356:Qalandar 9319:Muqarrab 9314:Muqaddam 9297:Marabout 9064:Basilian 9032:Prioress 9004:Superior 8986:Vestment 8981:Scapular 8976:Cornette 8875:Cloister 8814:Chastity 8729:Enclosed 8714:Monastic 8622:Peak oil 8550:Degrowth 8366:Valluvar 8225:Car-free 8088:Veganism 7881:(1925), 7835:(1993), 7746:(2011), 7703:New York 7614:(2015), 7414:June 21, 7187:25605560 6836:(1884). 6446:(2005). 6367:Archived 5046:54529318 5024:New York 5010:(2005). 4864:New York 4826:Berkeley 4728:New York 4720:(2006). 4696:47785421 4688:12032032 4463:Archived 4308:New York 3865:12 April 3859:Archived 3349:Stoicism 3319:Nazirite 3264:Cynicism 3254:Cenobite 3228:Ascetics 3221:See also 3206:Epicurus 3180:and the 3065:— 2954:Gandhara 2936:— 2924:visited 2897:Santhara 2818:Umaswati 2761:— 2724:Mahavira 2684:— 2639:Sannyasi 2589:— 2548:— 2536:, where 2484:Sannyasi 2480:Sannyasa 2476:Sannyasa 2465:Sannyasa 2455:Hinduism 2389:Mahayana 2367:Thailand 2350:Dhutanga 2338:Mahayana 2312:Buddhism 2305:Ajivikas 2297:Hinduism 2293:Buddhism 2198:Nazirite 2136:celibacy 2128:Buddhism 2124:Hinduism 2061:Caucasus 1933:and his 1931:Muhammad 1859:apatheia 1784:medieval 1571:such as 1502:Paradiso 742:Guigo II 710:Hilarion 591:Esoteric 579:Esoteric 522:Hesychia 509:Quietism 330:a series 328:Part of 264:bhikkhus 162:Stoicism 150:Hinduism 142:Buddhism 103:religion 10480:Portals 10457:Taqiyah 10432:Misbaha 10407:Burnous 10390:Objects 10341:Musalla 10321:Maqbara 10311:Madrasa 10301:Külliye 10296:Khanqah 10291:Khalawi 10271:Gongbei 10175:Qawwali 10165:Nasheed 10148:Ashewiq 10132:Ziyarat 10107:Silsila 10034:Zandaqa 9993:Walayah 9971:Tajalli 9927:Ma'rifa 9912:Karamat 9892:Hidayah 9846:Basirah 9841:Barakah 9784:Tazkiah 9762:Tawajud 9750:Takhlia 9721:Tafakur 9682:Salawat 9489:Ghaflah 9371:Rabbani 9324:Murshid 9302:Mudaqiq 9292:Majzoob 9262:Dervish 9150:Tonsure 9049:Brother 9009:General 8996:Members 8880:Convent 8809:Poverty 8724:Chapter 8676:in the 8595:commune 8493:Related 8179:Quakers 7993:Fasting 7604:Sources 7421:Persia. 6840:(ed.). 6678:P. 134 5097:3632297 4598:Arabica 4113:2 April 3596:(2): 14 3434:áskēsis 3427:ἄσκησις 3329:Ramadan 3259:Ctistae 3089:Quakers 2915:treats 2913:Sikhism 2907:Sikhism 2720:samsara 2704:Jainism 2692:Jainism 2675:Krishna 2669:In the 2659:shaucha 2647:akrodha 2635:Brahman 2609:of St. 2562:Advaita 2534:Rigveda 2377:Myanmar 2372:Thudong 2301:Jainism 2252:: 2226:Essenes 2190:Judaism 2172:Judaism 2140:fasting 2103:of the 2101:Shamans 2073:Eastern 2069:Central 2057:Balkans 2035:Abbasid 2031:Umayyad 1908:Dervish 1723:fasting 1711:Meteora 1671:hermits 1613:Essenes 1492:Inferno 1347:Scivias 1308:, 1989) 983:Spanish 863:Flemish 831:English 603:People 550:Kenosis 541:Theosis 432:Silence 396:Henosis 301:In the 224:áskēsis 158:Judaism 146:Jainism 137:, etc. 119:tobacco 115:alcohol 99:fasting 10467:Turban 10437:Miswak 10427:Khirqa 10402:Balgha 10397:Ammama 10381:Zawiya 10371:Turbah 10336:Mosque 10306:Kuttab 10286:Khalwa 10266:Gonbad 10261:Eidgah 10251:Dargah 10239:Places 10127:Wezeea 10122:Tweeza 10117:Tariqa 10102:Sebiba 10080:Mawsim 10075:Mawlid 10070:Idjaza 10055:Bay'ah 10050:Ashura 9976:Thawab 9966:Secret 9949:Rabita 9922:Khatir 9907:Ishrak 9887:Haqiqa 9863:Djadba 9806:Wazifa 9738:Tahlia 9726:Tahara 9699:Shuhud 9640:Lazimi 9635:Latifa 9623:Ichara 9582:Djamaa 9559:Yaqeen 9445:Aayane 9396:Talibe 9386:Siddiq 9381:Sheikh 9287:Khatib 9277:Hezzab 9227:Sufism 9124:Porter 9107:Oblate 9102:Master 9097:Novice 9085:Hermit 9073:Sister 9044:Rector 9023:Abbess 8948:Rosary 8915:Prayer 8895:Priory 8885:Double 8709:Orders 8699:Hermit 8483:Walden 8417:Thomas 8235:Hippie 8048:Regift 7968:Barter 7899: 7870: 7845: 7822: 7795: 7764: 7733: 7713: 7699:London 7678: 7651: 7624: 7474: 7390: 7363: 7318: 7291: 7264: 7237: 7210: 7185: 7148: 7118: 7091: 7061: 7034: 6980: 6911: 6854: 6720: 6699: 6662: 6615: 6595: 6570: 6549: 6525: 6500: 6460: 6426: 6393: 6348: 6246:Quote: 6224: 6194: 6167: 6127: 6044: 6017: 5990: 5950: 5923: 5898: 5871: 5837: 5810: 5780: 5753: 5749:–164. 5724: 5691: 5659: 5632: 5602: 5575: 5548: 5523: 5486: 5459: 5429: 5402: 5375: 5348: 5321: 5289: 5255: 5228: 5201: 5174: 5147: 5120: 5095: 5087: 5069:Leiden 5044: 5034: 5020:Oxford 4987: 4952: 4917: 4882: 4836: 4801: 4791:Boston 4787:Leiden 4754:hadith 4738: 4702: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4637: 4629: 4611:Boston 4607:Leiden 4569: 4559: 4521: 4494: 4455: 4437:Oxford 4353: 4326: 4283: 4244: 4190: 4165: 4138: 4104: 4077: 4050: 4023: 3983: 3953: 3926: 3804: 3777: 3750: 3716: 3655: 3625: 3561: 3500: 3483: 3344:Siddha 3274:Egoism 3239:Anatta 3012:Avesta 2999:active 2982:Taoism 2976:Taoism 2970:Jesuit 2911:While 2890:pinchi 2831:Ahimsa 2796:ahimsa 2787:Bengal 2777:Muslim 2715:moksha 2709:siddha 2651:asteya 2643:ahimsa 2619:Coptic 2617:. The 2604:Coptic 2538:Keśins 2498:Bhiksu 2467:, and 2449:Taoism 2382:sangha 2360:sangha 2241:Hebrew 2219:Essene 2194:Jewish 2161:Tatbir 2142:, and 2130:, and 2116:fakirs 2093:fakirs 2089:Persia 2063:, the 2055:, the 2040:sunnah 1926:. The 1914:, and 1902:Sufism 1872:Origen 1848:. The 1842:gnōsis 1809:Origen 1735:prayer 1655:, and 1607:. The 1603:, and 1599:, the 1583:, and 1573:Origen 1561:, and 1509:Fatima 1315:(2003) 1108:Others 1060:French 1023:Others 924:Female 896:German 680:Poemen 628:Origen 260:fakirs 199:, the 172:, and 107:prayer 91:frugal 66:Buddha 10506:Islam 10376:Türbe 10366:Takya 10361:Surau 10356:Ribat 10351:Rauza 10346:Qubba 10331:Mazar 10316:Maqam 10246:Daara 10170:Naʽat 10155:] 10097:] 10090:Sbooa 10085:Salka 10060:Haḍra 10024:Shath 9998:Warid 9988:] 9961:Ru'ya 9956:] 9944:] 9937:Qabdh 9917:Kashf 9902:Irfan 9897:Ilham 9882:] 9870:] 9858:] 9796:] 9769:] 9757:] 9745:] 9733:] 9711:Shukr 9706:] 9694:] 9672:] 9665:Sahar 9630:] 9618:] 9611:Ibara 9601:] 9594:Djoua 9589:] 9577:Dhikr 9569:Awrad 9529:Maqam 9509:Ihsan 9499:Hijab 9479:Dhawq 9474:Baqaa 9464:] 9452:] 9418:Wasil 9408:] 9376:Salik 9361:Qāriʾ 9341:Murid 9336:] 9309:] 9272:Hafiz 9267:Fakir 9242:Abdal 9235:Sufis 9133:Other 9054:Friar 9028:Prior 9019:Abbot 8958:Habit 8865:Abbey 8686:Types 8426:Media 8412:Suelo 8119:Amish 8103:WWOOF 7889:Delhi 7183:JSTOR 6498:S2CID 6284:yatin 5521:S2CID 5093:JSTOR 5067:(1). 4764:jihad 4700:S2CID 4662:(2). 4635:S2CID 4605:(2). 4242:S2CID 4224:(1). 3586:(PDF) 3422: 3366:Notes 3093:Amish 3062:care. 2800:Karma 2785:) in 2782:fakir 2530:Yogis 2526:Vedas 2506:Tapas 2489:Sadhu 2414:Ch'an 2407:miira 2269:Safed 2016:Sunni 1972:jihad 1961:that 1916:Zhikr 1912:Fakir 1896:Islam 1886:Plato 1705:, in 1699:Lavra 276:yogis 268:munis 187:, or 170:Islam 123:drugs 10180:Sama 10141:Arts 9875:Fath 9851:Bast 9823:Zuhd 9818:Wird 9801:Wajd 9789:Uzla 9687:Samt 9660:Sabr 9554:Sadr 9539:Qalb 9534:Nafs 9514:Ishq 9504:Huwa 9484:Fana 9413:Wali 9366:Qutb 9282:Imam 9059:Monk 8971:Coif 8933:Mass 8856:List 8796:Vows 8245:Slow 7897:ISBN 7868:ISBN 7843:ISBN 7820:ISBN 7793:ISBN 7762:ISBN 7731:ISBN 7711:ISBN 7701:and 7676:ISBN 7649:ISBN 7622:ISBN 7472:ISBN 7416:2004 7388:ISBN 7361:ISBN 7316:ISBN 7289:ISBN 7262:ISBN 7235:ISBN 7208:ISBN 7146:ISBN 7116:ISBN 7089:ISBN 7059:ISBN 7032:ISBN 6978:ISBN 6909:ISBN 6852:ISBN 6718:ISBN 6697:ISBN 6660:ISBN 6637:The 6613:ISBN 6593:ISBN 6568:ISBN 6547:ISBN 6523:ISBN 6458:ISBN 6424:ISBN 6391:ISBN 6346:ISBN 6222:ISBN 6192:ISBN 6165:ISBN 6125:ISBN 6042:ISBN 6015:ISBN 5988:ISBN 5948:ISBN 5921:ISBN 5896:ISBN 5869:ISBN 5835:ISBN 5808:ISBN 5778:ISBN 5751:ISBN 5722:ISBN 5689:ISBN 5657:ISBN 5630:ISBN 5600:ISBN 5573:ISBN 5546:ISBN 5484:ISBN 5457:ISBN 5427:ISBN 5400:ISBN 5373:ISBN 5346:ISBN 5319:ISBN 5287:ISBN 5253:ISBN 5226:ISBN 5199:ISBN 5172:ISBN 5145:ISBN 5118:ISBN 5085:ISSN 5042:OCLC 5032:ISBN 5022:and 4985:ISBN 4950:ISBN 4915:ISBN 4880:ISBN 4834:ISBN 4799:ISBN 4789:and 4746:The 4736:ISBN 4692:OCLC 4684:LCCN 4676:ISSN 4627:ISSN 4609:and 4567:LCCN 4557:ISBN 4519:ISBN 4492:ISBN 4471:2022 4453:ISBN 4351:ISBN 4324:ISBN 4281:ISBN 4188:ISBN 4163:ISBN 4136:ISBN 4115:2024 4102:ISBN 4075:ISBN 4048:ISBN 4021:ISBN 3981:ISBN 3951:ISBN 3924:ISBN 3867:2022 3802:ISBN 3775:ISBN 3748:ISBN 3714:ISBN 3693:2021 3653:ISBN 3623:ISBN 3602:2021 3559:ISBN 3529:2021 3498:ISBN 3481:ISBN 3299:Lent 3048:and 2917:lust 2804:Jina 2774:Sufi 2737:and 2712:and 2607:icon 2494:Yati 2336:and 2295:and 2235:The 2118:and 2095:and 2075:and 2059:and 2033:and 2020:Shia 2018:and 1997:zuhd 1945:and 1923:zuhd 1888:and 1870:and 1811:and 1775:The 1757:and 1749:and 1725:and 1693:and 1673:and 1215:20th 1150:19th 1052:18th 975:16th 768:14th 731:12th 295:and 234:Dom 135:food 34:and 18:Zuhd 9981:Uns 9932:Nūr 9606:Dua 9549:Rūḥ 9544:Ran 9494:Hal 9469:Aql 9351:Pir 9078:Nun 7562:BBC 7175:doi 7028:102 6490:doi 6454:137 6084:doi 5747:155 5513:doi 5509:106 5077:doi 4872:doi 4668:doi 4660:136 4619:doi 4445:doi 4316:doi 4273:doi 4234:doi 3129:by 2993:In 2899:or 2816:by 2443:or 2324:." 2087:in 1755:sin 1629:see 1621:see 427:New 315:God 131:sex 10542:: 10153:ar 10095:fr 9986:ar 9954:ar 9942:ar 9880:ar 9868:ar 9856:ar 9794:ar 9767:ar 9755:ar 9743:ar 9731:ar 9704:ar 9692:ar 9670:ar 9628:ar 9616:ar 9599:ar 9587:ar 9462:ar 9450:ar 9406:ar 9334:ar 9307:ar 7891:: 7887:, 7818:, 7770:, 7760:, 7756:: 7709:, 7705:: 7674:, 7670:, 7647:, 7643:, 7585:. 7560:. 7536:. 7418:. 7407:. 7383:: 7338:. 7181:. 7171:32 7169:. 7130:^ 7073:^ 7030:. 7010:^ 6992:^ 6869:^ 6813:^ 6695:, 6635:, 6579:^ 6496:. 6486:13 6484:. 6472:^ 6456:. 6422:. 6420:77 6324:, 6206:^ 6096:^ 6080:28 6078:. 5849:^ 5792:^ 5671:^ 5614:^ 5519:. 5507:. 5441:^ 5301:^ 5267:^ 5091:. 5083:. 5071:: 5065:42 5063:. 5040:. 5026:: 5018:. 5014:. 4999:^ 4979:: 4975:. 4944:: 4940:. 4909:: 4905:. 4878:. 4866:: 4862:. 4848:^ 4832:. 4828:: 4824:. 4793:: 4767:". 4744:. 4730:: 4726:. 4698:. 4690:. 4682:. 4674:. 4658:. 4633:. 4625:. 4613:: 4603:64 4601:. 4595:. 4579:^ 4565:. 4551:: 4547:. 4533:^ 4461:. 4451:. 4443:. 4439:: 4435:. 4431:. 4406:^ 4373:. 4322:. 4310:: 4279:. 4267:: 4240:. 4228:: 4220:. 4202:^ 3965:^ 3908:^ 3875:^ 3857:. 3833:^ 3728:^ 3684:. 3637:^ 3592:. 3588:. 3573:^ 3537:^ 3520:. 3509:^ 3411:əm 3171:, 2772:A 2500:, 2496:, 2492:, 2486:, 2463:, 2247:, 2243:: 2168:. 2138:, 2126:, 2107:. 2071:, 2003:, 1987:. 1979:, 1965:, 1910:, 1874:. 1836:, 1832:: 1822:CE 1793:. 1761:. 1659:. 1651:, 1647:, 1643:, 1639:, 1631:: 1623:: 1595:, 1579:, 1575:, 1557:, 1553:, 332:on 270:, 266:, 231:. 203:, 195:, 183:, 168:, 164:, 160:, 156:, 152:, 148:, 144:, 133:, 129:, 125:, 121:, 117:, 105:, 10482:: 9219:e 9212:t 9205:v 9030:/ 9021:/ 8858:) 8854:( 8666:e 8659:t 8652:v 8436:" 8432:" 7946:e 7939:t 7932:v 7906:. 7874:. 7781:. 7595:. 7570:. 7546:. 7505:. 7480:. 7437:. 7369:. 7324:. 7297:. 7270:. 7243:. 7216:. 7189:. 7177:: 7154:. 7124:. 7097:. 7067:. 7040:. 6986:. 6959:. 6917:. 6860:. 6668:. 6601:. 6531:. 6504:. 6492:: 6466:. 6432:. 6399:. 6356:; 6354:. 6230:. 6200:. 6173:. 6133:. 6090:. 6086:: 6050:. 6023:. 5996:. 5956:. 5929:. 5904:. 5877:. 5843:. 5816:. 5786:. 5759:. 5697:. 5665:. 5638:. 5608:. 5581:. 5554:. 5527:. 5515:: 5492:. 5465:. 5435:. 5408:. 5381:. 5354:. 5327:. 5295:. 5261:. 5234:. 5207:. 5180:. 5153:. 5126:. 5099:. 5079:: 5048:. 4993:. 4958:. 4923:. 4888:. 4874:: 4842:. 4807:. 4706:. 4670:: 4641:. 4621:: 4573:. 4527:. 4500:. 4473:. 4447:: 4388:. 4359:. 4332:. 4318:: 4289:. 4275:: 4248:. 4236:: 4222:9 4196:. 4171:. 4144:. 4117:. 4083:. 4056:. 4029:. 3989:. 3959:. 3932:. 3869:. 3827:. 3810:. 3783:. 3756:. 3722:. 3695:. 3661:. 3631:. 3604:. 3594:3 3567:. 3531:. 3437:) 3431:( 3414:/ 3408:z 3405:ɪ 3402:s 3399:ɪ 3396:t 3393:ɛ 3390:s 3387:ˈ 3384:ə 3381:/ 3193:. 3152:) 3146:( 3141:) 3137:( 3123:. 2859:. 2794:( 2574:( 2405:( 2239:( 2158:( 1828:( 1619:( 1538:e 1531:t 1524:v 1304:( 1050:· 973:· 766:· 729:· 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.