1030:
most infections is therefore unknown. Colomycin has a recommended intravenous dose of 1 to 2 million units three times daily for patients weighing 60 kg or more with normal renal function. Coly-Mycin has a recommended dose of 2.5 to 5 mg/kg colistin base a day, which is equivalent to 6 to 12 mg/kg colistimethate sodium per day. For a 60 kg man, therefore, the recommended dose for
Colomycin is 240 to 480 mg of colistimethate sodium, yet the recommended dose for Coly-Mycin is 360 to 720 mg of colistimethate sodium. Likewise, the recommended "maximum" dose for each preparation is different (480 mg for Colomycin and 720 mg for Coly-Mycin). Each country has different generic preparations of colistin, and the recommended dose depends on the manufacturer. This complete absence of any regulation or standardisation of dose makes intravenous colistin dosing difficult for the physician.
586:
563:
38:
1482:
659:
701:
InChI=1S/C52H98N16O13/c1-9-29(6)11-10-12-40(71)59-32(13-19-53)47(76)68-42(31(8)70)52(81)64-35(16-22-56)44(73)63-37-18-24-58-51(80)41(30(7)69)67-48(77)36(17-23-57)61-43(72)33(14-20-54)62-49(78)38(25-27(2)3)66-50(79)39(26-28(4)5)65-45(74)34(15-21-55)60-46(37)75/h27-39,41-42,69-70H,9-26,53-57H2,1-8H3,(H,58,80)(H,59,71)(H,60,75)(H,61,72)(H,62,78)(H,63,73)(H,64,81)(H,65,74)(H,66,79)(H,67,77)(H,68,76)/t29?,30-,31-,32+,33+,34+,35+,36+,37+,38+,39-,41+,42+/m1/s1
795:; it is produced by the reaction of colistin with formaldehyde and sodium bisulfite, which leads to the addition of a sulfomethyl group to the primary amines of colistin. Colistimethate sodium is less toxic than colistin when administered parenterally. In aqueous solutions it undergoes hydrolysis to form a complex mixture of partially sulfomethylated derivatives, as well as colistin. Resistance to colistin began to appear as of 2015.
29:
5132:
1478:. The first step is to have a loading domain, 6-methylheptanoic acid, associate with the A and PCP domains. Now with a C, A, and PCP domain that is associated with 2,4-diaminobutryic acid. This continues with each amino acid until the linear peptide chain is completed. The last module will have a thioesterase to complete the cyclization and form the product colistin.
1349:(damage to the nerves), but this may reflect the very high doses given, which are much higher than the doses currently recommended by any manufacturer and for which no adjustment was made for pre-existing renal disease. Neuro- and nephrotoxic effects appear to be transient and subside on discontinuation of therapy or reduction in dose.
1093:. It was found in 2011 in China on a pig farm where colistin is routinely used and became publicly known in November 2015. The presence of this plasmid-borne gene was confirmed starting December 2015 in South-East Asia, several European countries, and the United States. It is found in certain strains of the bacteria
1029:
Because colistin was introduced into clinical practice over 50 years ago, it was never subject to the regulations that modern drugs are subject to, and therefore there is no standardised dosing of colistin and no detailed trials on pharmacology or pharmacokinetics. The optimal dosing of colistin for
1409:
Colistin binds to lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It competitively displaces divalent cations (Ca and Mg) from the phosphate groups of membrane lipids, which leads to disruption of the outer cell membrane, leakage of intracellular contents
1441:
Colistimethate sodium, a less toxic prodrug, became available for injection in 1959. In the 1980s, polymyxin use was widely discontinued because of nephro- and neurotoxicity. As multi-drug resistant bacteria became more prevalent in the 1990s, colistin started to get a second look as an emergency
1102:
India reported the first detailed colistin-resistance study, which mapped 13 colistin-resistant infections recorded over 18 months. It concluded that pan-drug-resistant infections, particularly those in the bloodstream, have a higher mortality. Multiple other cases were reported from other Indian
1048:
Colistimethate sodium aerosol (Promixin; Colomycin
Injection) is used to treat pulmonary infections, especially in cystic fibrosis. In the UK, the recommended adult dose is 1–2 million units (80–160 mg) nebulised colistimethate twice daily. Nebulized colistin has also been used to decrease
1418:
No clinically useful absorption of colistin occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. For systemic infection, colistin must therefore be given by injection. Colistimethate is eliminated by the kidneys, but colistin is eliminated by non-renal mechanism(s) that are as of yet not characterised.
1009:
Colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium may both be given intravenously, but the dosing is complicated. The different labeling of the parenteral products of colistin methanesulfonate in different parts of the world was noted by Li et al. Colistimethate sodium manufactured by
1462:, and 2,4-diaminobutryic acid. The linear form of colistin is synthesized before cyclization. Non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis begins with a loading module and then the addition of each subsequent amino acid. The subsequent amino acids are added with the help of an
1110:
A recent review from 2016 to 2021 fount that E. coli is the dominant species harbouring mcr genes. Plasmid - mediated colistin resistance is also conferred upon other species that carry different genes resistant to antibiotics. The emergence of the
4201:
943:. Colistin sulfate is stable, whereas colistimethate sodium is readily hydrolysed to a variety of methanesulfonated derivatives. Colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium are eliminated from the body by different routes. With respect to
2814:
Liu YY, Wang Y, Walsh TR, Yi LX, Zhang R, Spencer J, et al. (February 2016). "Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study".
360:-(4-amino-1-(1-(4-amino-1-oxo-1-(3,12,23-tris(2-aminoethyl)- 20-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6,9-diisobutyl-2,5,8,11,14,19,22-heptaoxo- 1,4,7,10,13,18-hexaazacyclotricosan-15-ylamino)butan-2-ylamino)- 3-hydroxybutan-2-ylamino)-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-
1103:
hospitals. Although resistance to polymyxins is generally less than 10%, it is more frequent in the
Mediterranean and South-East Asia (Korea and Singapore), where colistin resistance rates are increasing. Colistin-resistant
4194:
1445:
Colistin has also been used in agriculture, particularly in China from the 1980s onwards. Chinese production for agriculture exceeded 2700 tons in 2015. China banned colistin use for livestock growth promotion in 2016.
909:
infection in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. Biofilms have a low-oxygen environment below the surface where bacteria are metabolically inactive, and colistin is highly effective in this environment. However,
2403:
Motaouakkil S, Charra B, Hachimi A, Nejmi H, Benslama A, Elmdaghri N, et al. (October 2006). "Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial infections from multiresistant
Acinetobacter baumannii".
4187:
3585:
Conway SP, Etherington C, Munday J, Goldman MH, Strong JJ, Wootton M (November 2000). "Safety and tolerability of bolus intravenous colistin in acute respiratory exacerbations in adults with cystic fibrosis".
2964:
1066:
1356:
that subsequently replaced it, and it has been used for extended periods up to six months with no ill effects. Colistin-induced nephrotoxicity is particularly likely in patients with hypoalbuminemia.
3431:
Koch-Weser J, Sidel VW, Federman EB, Kanarek P, Finer DC, Eaton AE (June 1970). "Adverse effects of sodium colistimethate. Manifestations and specific reaction rates during 317 courses of therapy".
2439:
Karakitsos D, Paramythiotou E, Samonis G, Karabinis A (November 2006). "Is intraventricular colistin an effective and safe treatment for post-surgical ventriculitis in the intensive care unit?".
3877:
Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Milne RW, Coulthard K, Rayner CR, Paterson DL (September 2006). "Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections".
2482:
Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Milne RW, Coulthard K, Rayner CR, Paterson DL (September 2006). "Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections".
3218:
254:
935:
Two forms of colistin are available commercially: colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium (colistin methanesulfonate sodium, colistin sulfomethate sodium). Colistin sulfate is
3850:
Domínguez-Ortega J, Manteiga E, Abad-Schilling C, Juretzcke MA, Sánchez-Rubio J, Kindelan C (2007). "Induced tolerance to nebulized colistin after severe reaction to the drug".
1080:
sets a MIC cutoff of 4 mg/L or less as sensitive, and 8 mg/L or more as resistant. No standards for describing colistin sensitivity are given in the United States.
1218:
2122:"Tolerance to the antimicrobial peptide colistin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is linked to metabolically active cells, and depends on the pmr and mexAB-oprM genes"
1015:
1868:"Detection of mcr-1 encoding plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from human bloodstream infection and imported chicken meat, Denmark 2015"
2859:
2954:
914:
reside in the top layers of the biofilm, where they remain metabolically active. This is because surviving tolerant cells migrate to the top of the biofilm via
5167:
1224:
1000:
Colistin A (polymyxin E1) and colistin B (polymyxin E2) can be purified individually to research and study their effects and potencies as separate compounds.
149:
1352:
At a dose of 160 mg colistimethate IV every eight hours, very little nephrotoxicity is seen. Indeed, colistin appears to have less toxicity than the
3507:
Li J, Nation RL, Milne RW, Turnidge JD, Coulthard K (January 2005). "Evaluation of colistin as an agent against multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria".
1164:, the phenomenon wherein apparently genetically identical microbes exhibit a range of resistance to an antibiotic, has been observed in some species of
2575:
Ahmed N, Wahlgren NG (2003). "Effects of blood pressure lowering in the acute phase of total anterior circulation infarcts and other stroke subtypes".
717:
1244:
1557:"Colomycin 1 million International Units (IU) Powder for solution for injection, infusion or inhalation – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
1744:
Falagas ME, Grammatikos AP, Michalopoulos A (October 2008). "Potential of old-generation antibiotics to address current need for new antibiotics".
4143:
4802:
1077:
3955:"Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to study the pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate in rats following intravenous administration"
2881:
1485:
The loading domain 6-methylheptanoic acid is shown in salmon; yellow is 2,4-diaminobutryic acid; light blue is threonine; magenta is leucine.
60:
3210:
2919:
1071:
2661:"Combined colistin and rifampicin therapy for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: clinical outcome and adverse events"
2055:
673:
1406:
just like a detergent, solubilizing the membrane in an aqueous environment. This effect is bactericidal even in an isosmolar environment.
965:
infection, although resistant forms have been reported. Colistimethate sodium has also been given intrathecally and intraventricularly in
2026:
1122:
infections has led to the development of resistant bacterial strains. They have also developed resistance to the antimicrobial compounds
1065:
Resistance to colistin is rare, but has been described. As of 2017, no agreement exists about how to define colistin resistance. The
3035:
811:
681:
O=C(N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N1C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)NCC1)(O)C)CCN)CCN)CC(C)C)CC(C)C)CCN)CCN)(O)C)CCN)CCCC(C)CC
4030:
2550:
840:
Colistin was discovered in 1947 and colistimethate sodium was approved for medical use in the United States in 1970. It is on the
3914:"Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate"
2279:
1135:
2620:"In-vitro activity of the combination of colistin and rifampicin against multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii"
1608:
4179:
4746:
2749:
2291:
1050:
841:
4002:
Koyama Y, Kurosasa A, Tsuchiya A, Takakuta K (1950). "A new antibiotic 'colistin' produced by spore-forming soil bacteria".
2520:
111:
3811:"Inhalation solutions: which one are allowed to be mixed? Physico-chemical compatibility of drug solutions in nebulizers"
2851:
4795:
2081:"Colistin-tobramycin combinations are superior to monotherapy concerning the killing of biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
1583:"Promixin 1 million International Units (IU) Powder for Nebuliser Solution – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
3347:"Intravenous colistin in the treatment of sepsis from multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli in critically ill patients"
3057:
Chatzidimitriou M, Kavvada A, Kavvadas D, Kyriazidi MA, Meletis G, Chatzopoulou F, Chatzidimitriou D (December 2021).
2354:"Intrathecal colistin for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventriculitis: report of a case with successful outcome"
3298:
Exhibiting
Clinically Undetected Colistin Heteroresistance Leads to Treatment Failure in a Murine Model of Infection"
2171:"Selective labelling and eradication of antibiotic-tolerant bacterial populations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms"
2006:
1982:
1801:
844:. The World Health Organization classifies colistin as critically important for human medicine. It is available as a
750:
693:
3396:
Wolinsky E, Hines JD (April 1962). "Neurotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of colistin in patients with renal disease".
724:
5162:
4763:
876:
4053:"Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections"
3157:"The evolution of colistin resistance increases bacterial resistance to host antimicrobial peptides and virulence"
349:
239:
92:
5152:
1211:
4788:
3345:
Markou N, Apostolakos H, Koumoudiou C, Athanasiou M, Koutsoukou A, Alamanos I, Gregorakos L (October 2003).
1130:, produced by the human immune system. This cross-resistance is caused by gain-of-function mutations to the
1503:
1286:
1197:
581:
466:
1045:
evidence of synergy for colistimethate sodium used in combination with other antipseudomonal antibiotics.
1014:(Colomycin injection) is prescribed in international units, whereas colistimethate sodium manufactured by
542:
531:
5122:
4611:
1532:"Colobreathe 1,662,500 IU inhalation powder, Hard Capsules – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
1160:
Not all resistance to colistin and some other antibiotics is due to the presence of resistance genes.
3108:"Clinical use of colistin induces cross-resistance to host antimicrobials in Acinetobacter baumannii"
2702:"In vitro assessment of colistin's antipseudomonal antimicrobial interactions with other antibiotics"
1960:
1932:
1639:
5157:
4240:
2941:"Emergence of Pan drug resistance amongst gram negative bacteria! The First case series from India"
2889:
2659:
Petrosillo N, Chinello P, Proietti MF, Cecchini L, Masala M, Franchi C, et al. (August 2005).
1395:
1204:
558:
1664:"Clinical considerations for optimal use of the polymyxins: A focus on agent selection and dosing"
4828:
4751:
4685:
4522:
2911:
1271:
986:
122:
50:
4209:
3711:
Giacobbe DR, di Masi A, Leboffe L, Del Bono V, Rossi M, Cappiello D, et al. (August 2018).
2048:
1634:
5084:
4556:
4531:
4328:
1257:
1095:
759:
1866:
Hasman H, Hammerum AM, Hansen F, Hendriksen RS, Olesen B, Agersø Y, et al. (2015-12-10).
1791:
5172:
4707:
4443:
4339:
4334:
3542:
Beringer P (November 2001). "The clinical use of colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis".
1819:"Colistin methanesulfonate is an inactive prodrug of colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
1716:
1251:
1237:
1151:
947:, colistimethate is the inactive prodrug of colistin. The two drugs are not interchangeable.
803:
780:
765:
455:
70:
4459:
3724:
3629:
Littlewood JM, Koch C, Lambert PA, Høiby N, Elborn JS, Conway SP, et al. (July 2000).
3155:
Jangir PK, Ogunlana L, Szili P, Czikkely M, Shaw LP, Stevens EJ, et al. (April 2023).
3027:
2182:
1403:
1190:
830:
483:
475:
328:
2763:
Bruguera-Avila N, Marin A, Garcia-Olive I, Radua J, Prat C, Gil M, Ruiz-Manzano J (2017).
1884:
1867:
1041:
synergy exists, and the combination has been used successfully in patients. There is also
980:
Some studies have indicated that colistin may be useful for treating infections caused by
390:
382:
222:
212:
202:
192:
182:
8:
4298:
2022:
1471:
1364:
1264:
1230:
818:
746:
373:
133:
4022:
3728:
3183:
3156:
2186:
1025:
Coly-mycin M 150 mg colistin base is 360 mg colistimethate or 4,500,000 units.
585:
562:
4780:
4407:
4082:
3745:
3712:
3611:
3567:
3322:
3293:
3266:
3241:
3132:
3107:
3088:
3009:
2959:
2791:
2764:
2718:
2701:
2600:
2557:
2464:
2380:
2353:
2252:
2227:
2203:
2170:
2151:
1843:
1818:
1769:
1399:
845:
129:
3979:
3954:
3890:
3520:
3373:
3346:
2912:"First discovery in United States of colistin resistance in a human E. coli infection"
2828:
2495:
2297:
2049:"Colistin sulfate, USP Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Data"
1907:
1427:
Colistin was first isolated in Japan in 1949 by Y. Koyama, from a flask of fermenting
37:
4217:
4172:
4101:
4074:
3984:
3935:
3894:
3859:
3832:
3791:
3786:
3769:
3750:
3693:
3652:
3603:
3559:
3555:
3524:
3489:
3448:
3413:
3378:
3327:
3271:
3188:
3137:
3092:
3080:
3028:"Discovery of first mcr-1 gene in E. coli bacteria found in a human in United States"
3001:
2832:
2796:
2723:
2682:
2677:
2660:
2641:
2592:
2499:
2456:
2452:
2421:
2385:
2334:
2287:
2257:
2208:
2143:
2138:
2121:
2102:
2002:
1978:
1889:
1848:
1797:
1793:
Mandell, Douglas, and
Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book
1761:
1685:
1556:
1531:
997:
flora. Colistin sulfate is also used in topical creams, powders, and otic solutions.
291:
278:
266:
84:
4086:
3970:
3615:
3571:
3059:"mcr Genes Conferring Colistin Resistance in Enterobacterales; a Five Year Overview"
3013:
2604:
2468:
2155:
1773:
415:
4832:
4678:
4628:
4151:
4064:
3974:
3966:
3925:
3886:
3822:
3781:
3740:
3732:
3683:
3642:
3595:
3551:
3516:
3479:
3466:
Ledson MJ, Gallagher MJ, Cowperthwaite C, Convery RP, Walshaw MJ (September 1998).
3440:
3405:
3368:
3358:
3317:
3309:
3261:
3253:
3178:
3168:
3127:
3119:
3106:
Napier BA, Burd EM, Satola SW, Cagle SM, Ray SM, McGann P, et al. (May 2013).
3070:
2991:
2824:
2786:
2776:
2713:
2672:
2631:
2584:
2491:
2448:
2413:
2375:
2365:
2324:
2247:
2239:
2198:
2190:
2133:
2092:
1968:
1940:
1879:
1838:
1830:
1753:
1675:
1391:
1329:
1172:
in 2017–2018. In some cases this phenomenon has significant clinical consequences.
1161:
598:
310:
172:
162:
3468:"Four years' experience of intravenous colomycin in an adult cystic fibrosis unit"
2996:
2979:
1582:
5136:
4819:
4702:
4638:
3713:"Hypoalbuminemia as a predictor of acute kidney injury during colistin treatment"
3484:
3467:
2741:
994:
956:
799:
318:
4815:
4144:"Spread of antibiotic-resistance gene does not spell bacterial apocalypse — yet"
3409:
2528:
2169:
Chua SL, Yam JK, Hao P, Adav SS, Salido MM, Liu Y, et al. (February 2016).
2079:
Herrmann G, Yang L, Wu H, Song Z, Wang H, Høiby N, et al. (November 2010).
5023:
4757:
4574:
4479:
4413:
4344:
4263:
4221:
4210:
3849:
3736:
3444:
2940:
2417:
2313:"Successful treatment of Acinetobacter meningitis with intrathecal polymyxin E"
1353:
1342:
1142:) located on the bacterial chromosome. Similar results have been obtained with
919:
4156:
3827:
3810:
1680:
1663:
5146:
5099:
5079:
5028:
4956:
4936:
4644:
4596:
4527:
4257:
1757:
1508:
1481:
1467:
1346:
1322:
977:
961:
850:
791:
is mainly applied to the skin or taken by mouth. Colistimethate sodium is a
784:
771:
574:
141:
3953:
Li J, Milne RW, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Smeaton TC, Coulthard K (May 2003).
3912:
Li J, Milne RW, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Smeaton TC, Coulthard K (May 2004).
3075:
3058:
993:
Colistin sulfate may be used to treat intestinal infections, or to suppress
5008:
5003:
4917:
4727:
4621:
4581:
4464:
4360:
4313:
4225:
4078:
3988:
3939:
3898:
3863:
3836:
3754:
3697:
3656:
3647:
3630:
3607:
3563:
3528:
3417:
3382:
3331:
3275:
3192:
3141:
3084:
3005:
2836:
2800:
2742:"Promixin 1 million International Units (IU) Powder for Nebuliser Solution"
2727:
2686:
2636:
2619:
2596:
2551:"COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS: COLISTIN: SUMMARY REPORT (2)"
2503:
2460:
2425:
2389:
2338:
2261:
2243:
2212:
2147:
2106:
1937:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
1893:
1852:
1765:
1689:
1475:
1360:
217:
207:
197:
187:
177:
167:
157:
3795:
3770:"Nebulized colistin causes chest tightness in adults with cystic fibrosis"
3493:
3452:
3313:
3123:
2765:"Effectiveness of treatment with nebulized colistin in patients with COPD"
2645:
879:(MIC) susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms:
5089:
5064:
5013:
4974:
4898:
4865:
4855:
4850:
4811:
4659:
4547:
4469:
4303:
4273:
3930:
3913:
3292:
Band VI, Satola SW, Burd EM, Farley MM, Jacob JT, Weiss DS (March 2018).
3257:
2781:
2329:
2312:
2023:"Polymyxin E (Colistin) – The Antimicrobial Index Knowledgebase – TOKU-E"
1834:
1463:
1384:
834:
807:
137:
78:
20:
3173:
2194:
1973:
1945:
1018:(Coly-Mycin M Parenteral) is prescribed in milligrams of colistin base:
902:
For example, colistin in combination with other drugs is used to attack
435:
5094:
5059:
5054:
5044:
4994:
4984:
4946:
4941:
4875:
4870:
4860:
4845:
4732:
4722:
4717:
4654:
4649:
4606:
4601:
4591:
4552:
4381:
4354:
4318:
4214:
3056:
2438:
1388:
1368:
1315:
1034:
981:
973:
742:
631:
446:
3599:
3242:"Antimicrobial heteroresistance: an emerging field in need of clarity"
2588:
5104:
5074:
5069:
5049:
5018:
4969:
4927:
4885:
4840:
4537:
4512:
4454:
4426:
4397:
4391:
4375:
4365:
4308:
4283:
4278:
4021:
MacLaren G, Spelman D (22 November 2022). Hopper DC, Hall KK (eds.).
3344:
3211:"Common 'Superbug' Found to Disguise Resistance to Potent Antibiotic"
2700:
Rynn C, Wootton M, Bowker KE, Alan Holt H, Reeves DS (January 1999).
1455:
1301:
826:
822:
754:
401:
64:
2762:
2527:. electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). 18 May 2016. Archived from
2119:
1454:
The biosynthesis of colistin requires the use of three amino acids:
5109:
4979:
4964:
4586:
4507:
4496:
4492:
4434:
4293:
4288:
4069:
4052:
3688:
3671:
3465:
3363:
2852:"Resistance to the Antibiotic of Last Resort Is Silently Spreading"
2370:
2120:
Pamp SJ, Gjermansen M, Johansen HK, Tolker-Nielsen T (April 2008).
2097:
2080:
1496:
1380:
1278:
1183:
1127:
959:, and it has come into recent use for treating multidrug-resistant
936:
511:
503:
426:
106:
4102:"How China is getting its farmers to kick their antibiotics habit"
2658:
1398:
by displacing magnesium and calcium bacterial counter ions in the
658:
4908:
4502:
4439:
1459:
1084:
940:
906:
792:
3852:
2280:"Molecular Basis of Antibiotic Resistance in Acinetobacter spp."
2228:"Polymyxin-resistant Acinetobacter spp. isolates: what is next?"
4483:
4449:
1743:
1308:
1011:
522:
4001:
3710:
3584:
3430:
2955:"New worry: Resistance to 'last antibiotic' surfaces in India"
2769:
International
Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
2226:
Reis AO, Luz DA, Tognim MC, Sader HS, Gales AC (August 2003).
1865:
4712:
3034:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 31 May 2016.
2402:
1341:
The main toxicities described with intravenous treatment are
1123:
1089:
915:
867:
Colistin has been effective in treating infections caused by
649:
1967:(6th revision ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
1402:. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions interact with the
547:
3154:
494:
28:
3628:
2748:. electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). 12 January 2016.
2699:
1359:
The main toxicity described with aerosolised treatment is
2565:
NB. Colistin base has an assigned potency of 30 000 IU/mg
2556:. European Medicines Agency. January 2002. Archived from
1959:
1931:
1789:
4810:
2882:"Apocalypse Pig Redux: Last-Resort Resistance in Europe"
2001:(76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 547.
1949:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
1466:
domain (A), a peptidyl carrier protein domain (PCP), an
1168:
since at least 2016 and was observed in some strains of
2310:
1150:, which became better at surviving a mixture of animal
1022:
Colomycin 1,000,000 units is 80 mg colistimethate;
842:
3204:
3202:
1965:
Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine
1087:
which can be transferred between bacterial strains is
5120:
3952:
3911:
3876:
3506:
3105:
2481:
1363:, which can be treated or prevented with the use of
1157:
and more effective at killing infected caterpillars.
3291:
3050:
2977:
1908:"Colistimethate (Coly Mycin M) Use During Pregnancy"
1816:
829:
class of medications. It works by breaking down the
3199:
2980:"Colistin, mechanisms and prevalence of resistance"
2311:Benifla M, Zucker G, Cohen A, Alkan M (July 2004).
1817:Bergen PJ, Li J, Rayner CR, Nation RL (June 2006).
1790:Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, Mandell GL (2009).
1717:"Colistimethate Sodium Monograph for Professionals"
798:Common side effects of the injectable form include
3808:
3672:"Colistin: an antimicrobial for the 21st century?"
2225:
2078:
3239:
1438:, and became available for clinical use in 1959.
1107:was identified in the United States in May 2016.
5144:
3767:
1661:
414:
4050:
4020:
3287:
3285:
1627:
1076:uses a MIC cut-off of 2 mg/L, whereas the
389:
381:
3809:Kamin W, Schwabe A, Krämer I (December 2006).
2813:
2168:
1083:The first known colistin-resistance gene in a
1078:British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
5168:World Health Organization essential medicines
4796:
4195:
3768:Maddison J, Dodd M, Webb AK (February 1994).
3509:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
3395:
2574:
4099:
3843:
3338:
3282:
2617:
1662:Pogue JM, Ortwine JK, Kaye KS (April 2017).
925:
110:
4093:
3669:
1394:. These cationic regions interact with the
1033:Colistin has been used in combination with
951:Colistimethate sodium may be used to treat
848:. It is derived from bacteria of the genus
221:
211:
201:
191:
181:
55:Xylistin, Coly-Mycin M, Colobreathe, others
4803:
4789:
4202:
4188:
3240:El-Halfawy OM, Valvano MA (January 2015).
2978:Bialvaei AZ, Samadi Kafil H (April 2015).
2515:
2513:
2351:
1785:
1783:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
825:is safe for the fetus. Colistin is in the
584:
561:
454:
4155:
4068:
3978:
3929:
3918:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
3826:
3785:
3744:
3687:
3646:
3483:
3372:
3362:
3321:
3265:
3182:
3172:
3131:
3074:
2995:
2790:
2780:
2717:
2676:
2635:
2624:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2379:
2369:
2328:
2317:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2273:
2271:
2251:
2202:
2137:
2096:
1972:
1944:
1883:
1842:
1796:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 469.
1739:
1737:
1679:
1371:or following a desensitisation protocol.
862:
806:. Other serious side effects may include
482:
474:
4127:(Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
3541:
2618:Hogg GM, Barr JG, Webb CH (April 1998).
1999:British national formulary : BNF 76
1900:
1609:"Coly-Mycin M- colistimethate injection"
1480:
1136:lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferases
4141:
2879:
2510:
1925:
1780:
1746:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
1696:
1175:
1134:gene, which controls the expression of
557:
434:
83:
5145:
4122:
2967:from the original on 31 December 2014.
2277:
2268:
1734:
1655:
1474:(C). Cyclization is accomplished by a
1374:
1294:
1049:severe exacerbations in patients with
575:
297:
272:
4784:
4183:
4173:"Colistin topics page (bibliography)"
3959:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
3544:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
3208:
2807:
1991:
1939:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1885:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.49.30085
1823:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1051:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
757:. These may involve bacteria such as
530:
285:
101:
69:
4051:Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK (May 2005).
2984:Current Medical Research and Opinion
1336:
171:
161:
4567:Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents
3398:The New England Journal of Medicine
2706:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
2665:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
2441:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
1668:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
1413:
510:
502:
405:
13:
4135:
4100:Schoenmakers K (21 October 2020).
3670:Stein A, Raoult D (October 2002).
2904:
2752:from the original on 16 July 2017.
2719:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00095.x
2525:Summary of Product Characteristics
2085:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1067:Société Française de Microbiologie
875:species. The following represents
749:treatment for multidrug-resistant
14:
5184:
4624:agents, excluding corticosteroids
4165:
3521:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.10.001
2849:
817:. The inhaled form may result in
248:
5130:
3631:"A ten year review of colomycin"
3556:10.1097/00063198-200111000-00013
3472:The European Respiratory Journal
2678:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01198.x
2453:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01126.x
2139:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06152.x
2029:from the original on 28 May 2016
1442:solution, in spite of toxicity.
877:minimum inhibitory concentration
615:
609:
36:
27:
4116:
4044:
4033:from the original on 2016-05-31
4014:
3995:
3971:10.1128/AAC.47.5.1766-1770.2003
3946:
3905:
3879:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
3870:
3802:
3761:
3704:
3663:
3622:
3578:
3535:
3500:
3459:
3424:
3389:
3233:
3221:from the original on 2018-04-03
3148:
3099:
3038:from the original on 2016-07-11
3020:
2971:
2947:
2933:
2922:from the original on 2016-05-27
2873:
2862:from the original on 2017-01-13
2843:
2817:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
2756:
2734:
2693:
2652:
2611:
2568:
2543:
2484:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
2475:
2432:
2396:
2345:
2304:
2284:Acinetobacter Molecular Biology
2219:
2162:
2113:
2072:
2061:from the original on 2016-03-04
2041:
2015:
1953:
1859:
1810:
1449:
857:
819:constriction of the bronchioles
706:Key:YKQOSKADJPQZHB-QNPLFGSASA-N
1601:
1575:
1549:
1524:
1212:Elizabethkingia meningoseptica
821:. It is unclear if use during
621:
603:
261:
1:
4671:Antidiarrheal micro-organisms
3891:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70580-1
3588:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
3246:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2997:10.1185/03007995.2015.1018989
2829:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7
2496:10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70580-1
1489:
1060:
833:, which generally results in
4057:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3787:10.1016/0954-6111(94)90028-0
3676:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3485:10.1183/09031936.98.12030592
2232:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1345:(damage to the kidneys) and
1287:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
1198:Chryseobacterium indologenes
955:infections in patients with
918:and form new aggregates via
7:
4142:Reardon S (December 2015).
3433:Annals of Internal Medicine
3410:10.1056/NEJM196204122661505
1219:Francisella tularensis spp.
939:; colistimethate sodium is
10:
5189:
4513:Camphorated opium tincture
4250:Intestinal anti-infectives
4125:Medicinal Natural Products
3815:Journal of Cystic Fibrosis
3737:10.1038/s41598-018-30361-5
3445:10.7326/0003-4819-72-6-857
2746:Patient Information Leafle
2418:10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.019
2286:. Caister Academic Press.
1422:
1115:gene is quite remarkable.
593:Chemical and physical data
5037:
4993:
4955:
4926:
4907:
4884:
4827:
4741:
4695:
4670:
4566:
4478:
4424:
4249:
4233:
4157:10.1038/nature.2015.19037
3828:10.1016/j.jcf.2006.03.007
2352:Yagmur R, Esen F (2006).
1961:World Health Organization
1933:World Health Organization
1681:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.02.023
1640:European Medicines Agency
1118:Use of colistin to treat
1004:
926:Administration and dosage
775:. It comes in two forms:
714:
689:
669:
647:
630:
597:
592:
573:
541:
521:
493:
465:
445:
425:
400:
372:
345:
340:
327:
317:
309:
238:
233:
148:
121:
91:
77:
59:
49:
44:
35:
26:
4446:, known as Pepto-Bismol)
4241:Oral rehydration therapy
3209:McKay B (6 March 2018).
2880:McKenna M (2015-12-03).
2577:Cerebrovascular Diseases
2406:The Journal of Infection
1758:10.1586/14787210.6.5.593
1396:bacterial outer membrane
1016:Parkdale Pharmaceuticals
930:
869:Pseudomonas, Escherichia
751:Gram-negative infections
5163:Polypeptide antibiotics
4686:Saccharomyces boulardii
4023:"Colistin: An overview"
3217:. Wall Street Journal.
3076:10.5644/ama2006-124.355
1504:"Drug Product Database"
1120:Acinetobacter baumannii
987:Acinetobacter baumannii
984:-resistant isolates of
967:Acinetobacter baumannii
810:, muscle weakness, and
3648:10.1053/rmed.2000.0834
3294:"Carbapenem-Resistant
2244:10.3201/eid0908.030052
2126:Molecular Microbiology
1486:
1365:β2-adrenergic receptor
1258:Neisseria meningitidis
1152:antimicrobial peptides
1096:Paenibacillus polymyxa
1055:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
971:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
953:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
945:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
896:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
863:Antibacterial spectrum
785:injected into a muscle
760:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
364:,5-dimethylheptanamide
5153:Polymyxin antibiotics
4708:Bismuth subsalicylate
4444:bismuth subsalicylate
4340:Succinylsulfathiazole
4335:Phthalylsulfathiazole
3314:10.1128/mBio.02448-17
3296:Klebsiella pneumoniae
3124:10.1128/mBio.00021-13
3063:Acta Medica Academica
2521:"Colomycin Injection"
2175:Nature Communications
1484:
1410:and bacterial death.
1383:peptide and has both
1252:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
1238:Moraxella catarrhalis
1170:Klebsiella pneumoniae
898:: ≤0.06–16 μg/mL
892:: 0.25–128 μg/mL
890:Klebsiella pneumoniae
886:: 0.12–128 μg/mL
813:Clostridium difficile
804:neurological problems
777:colistimethate sodium
766:Klebsiella pneumoniae
745:medication used as a
5038:Other antibacterials
4696:Other antidiarrheals
3774:Respiratory Medicine
3635:Respiratory Medicine
3258:10.1128/CMR.00058-14
3118:(3): e00021–e00013.
2963:. 28 December 2014.
2916:www.sciencedaily.com
2782:10.2147/COPD.S138428
2637:10.1093/jac/41.4.494
1835:10.1128/AAC.00035-06
1404:cytoplasmic membrane
1191:Burkholderia cepacia
1176:Inherently resistant
835:bacterial cell death
831:cytoplasmic membrane
815:-associated diarrhea
781:injected into a vein
4545:does not cross BBB:
3729:2018NatSR...811968G
3174:10.7554/eLife.84395
2195:10.1038/ncomms10750
2187:2016NatCo...710750C
1643:. 17 September 2018
1589:. 23 September 2020
1472:condensation domain
1375:Mechanism of action
1295:Variable resistance
1231:Helicobacter pylori
1225:Gram-negative cocci
1053:and infection with
281:(Prescription only)
257:(Prescription only)
23:
4768:Never to phase III
4123:Dewick PM (2009).
4029:. Wolters Kluwer.
4004:J Antibiot (Tokyo)
3931:10.1093/jac/dkh167
3717:Scientific Reports
2960:The Times of India
2330:10.1093/jac/dkh289
2278:Towner KJ (2008).
1635:"Colobreathe EPAR"
1487:
1470:domain (E), and a
1400:lipopolysaccharide
846:generic medication
787:, or inhaled, and
19:
5118:
5117:
4833:Lipoglycopeptides
4778:
4777:
4218:anti-inflammatory
3600:10.1345/aph.19370
3594:(11): 1238–1242.
2589:10.1159/000069498
2447:(10): 1309–1310.
2293:978-0-306-43902-5
2091:(10): 1585–1592.
1872:Euro Surveillance
1615:. 3 December 2018
1367:agonists such as
1337:Adverse reactions
732:
731:
660:Interactive image
543:CompTox Dashboard
301:
289:
276:
264:
252:
104:
5180:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5126:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4679:Escherichia coli
4639:Aminosalicylates
4629:Cromoglicic acid
4204:
4197:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4161:
4159:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4072:
4063:(9): 1333–1341.
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3965:(5): 1766–1770.
3950:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3376:
3366:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3308:(2): e02448–17.
3289:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3176:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3078:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2999:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2943:. December 2014.
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2888:. Archived from
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2784:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2563:on 18 July 2006.
2562:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2296:. Archived from
2275:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2238:(8): 1025–1027.
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2141:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2054:. 3 March 2016.
2053:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1829:(6): 1953–1958.
1814:
1808:
1807:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1713:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1500:
1414:Pharmacokinetics
1330:Escherichia coli
1284:Some strains of
1162:Heteroresistance
1075:
884:Escherichia coli
789:colistin sulfate
737:, also known as
728:
727:
720:
662:
642:
640:
623:
617:
611:
605:
588:
577:
566:
565:
551:
549:
534:
514:
506:
486:
478:
458:
438:
418:
408:
407:
393:
385:
332:
299:
296:
287:
284:
274:
271:
263:
260:
250:
247:
225:
215:
205:
195:
185:
175:
165:
114:
103:
100:
87:
73:
40:
31:
24:
22:
18:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5158:Cyclic peptides
5143:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5121:
5119:
5114:
5033:
4989:
4951:
4922:
4903:
4880:
4831:
4823:
4809:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4758:Clinical trials
4737:
4703:Albumin tannate
4691:
4666:
4575:corticosteroids
4562:
4480:Antipropulsives
4474:
4420:
4245:
4229:
4208:
4171:
4168:
4138:
4136:Further reading
4133:
4132:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4094:
4049:
4045:
4036:
4034:
4019:
4015:
4000:
3996:
3951:
3947:
3910:
3906:
3875:
3871:
3848:
3844:
3807:
3803:
3766:
3762:
3709:
3705:
3668:
3664:
3627:
3623:
3583:
3579:
3540:
3536:
3505:
3501:
3464:
3460:
3429:
3425:
3404:(15): 759–762.
3394:
3390:
3343:
3339:
3290:
3283:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3207:
3200:
3153:
3149:
3104:
3100:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3021:
2976:
2972:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2848:
2844:
2812:
2808:
2761:
2757:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2698:
2694:
2657:
2653:
2616:
2612:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2531:on 16 July 2017
2519:
2518:
2511:
2480:
2476:
2437:
2433:
2401:
2397:
2350:
2346:
2309:
2305:
2294:
2276:
2269:
2224:
2220:
2167:
2163:
2118:
2114:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1958:
1954:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1864:
1860:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1788:
1781:
1742:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1697:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1512:. 25 April 2012
1502:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1452:
1425:
1416:
1377:
1354:aminoglycosides
1339:
1297:
1292:
1245:Morganella spp.
1178:
1069:
1063:
1007:
957:cystic fibrosis
933:
928:
865:
860:
800:kidney problems
723:
721:
718:(what is this?)
715:
710:
707:
702:
697:
696:
685:
682:
677:
676:
665:
638:
636:
626:
620:
614:
608:
569:
545:
537:
517:
489:
461:
441:
421:
404:
396:
368:
365:
353:
352:
330:
319:Bioavailability
311:Pharmacokinetic
305:
229:
124:
117:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5186:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5140:
5139:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5024:Nitrofurantoin
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4957:Pleuromutilins
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4911:antibacterials
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4825:
4824:
4812:Antibacterials
4808:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Hydrocortisone
4584:
4577:acting locally
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4517:
4516:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4493:Opium tincture
4489:
4487:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4414:Broxyquinoline
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4345:Sulfaguanidine
4342:
4337:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:Amphotericin B
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4222:anti-infective
4211:Antidiarrheals
4207:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:. Science.gov.
4167:
4166:External links
4164:
4163:
4162:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4115:
4092:
4070:10.1086/429323
4043:
4013:
3994:
3945:
3924:(5): 837–840.
3904:
3885:(9): 589–601.
3869:
3842:
3821:(4): 205–213.
3801:
3780:(2): 145–147.
3760:
3703:
3689:10.1086/342570
3682:(7): 901–902.
3662:
3641:(7): 632–640.
3621:
3577:
3550:(6): 434–440.
3534:
3499:
3478:(3): 592–594.
3458:
3439:(6): 857–868.
3423:
3388:
3364:10.1186/cc2358
3357:(5): R78–R83.
3337:
3281:
3252:(1): 191–207.
3232:
3198:
3147:
3098:
3069:(3): 365–371.
3049:
3019:
2990:(4): 707–721.
2970:
2946:
2932:
2903:
2892:on 28 May 2016
2872:
2842:
2823:(2): 161–168.
2806:
2755:
2733:
2692:
2671:(8): 682–683.
2651:
2630:(4): 494–495.
2610:
2583:(4): 235–243.
2567:
2542:
2509:
2490:(9): 589–601.
2474:
2431:
2412:(4): 274–278.
2395:
2371:10.1186/cc5088
2344:
2323:(1): 290–292.
2303:
2300:on 2012-02-07.
2292:
2267:
2218:
2161:
2132:(1): 223–240.
2112:
2098:10.1086/656788
2071:
2040:
2014:
2007:
1990:
1983:
1952:
1924:
1899:
1858:
1809:
1802:
1779:
1752:(5): 593–600.
1733:
1695:
1674:(4): 229–233.
1654:
1626:
1600:
1574:
1548:
1523:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1451:
1448:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1379:Colistin is a
1376:
1373:
1343:nephrotoxicity
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1062:
1059:
1037:; evidence of
1027:
1026:
1023:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
991:
932:
929:
927:
924:
920:quorum sensing
900:
899:
893:
887:
864:
861:
859:
856:
730:
729:
712:
711:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
692:
691:
690:
687:
686:
684:
683:
680:
672:
671:
670:
667:
666:
664:
663:
655:
653:
645:
644:
634:
628:
627:
624:
618:
612:
606:
601:
595:
594:
590:
589:
579:
571:
570:
568:
567:
554:
552:
539:
538:
536:
535:
527:
525:
519:
518:
516:
515:
509:as salt:
507:
499:
497:
491:
490:
488:
487:
481:as salt:
479:
471:
469:
463:
462:
460:
459:
451:
449:
443:
442:
440:
439:
431:
429:
423:
422:
420:
419:
411:
409:
398:
397:
395:
394:
388:as salt:
386:
378:
376:
370:
369:
367:
366:
356:
348:
347:
346:
343:
342:
338:
337:
334:
325:
324:
321:
315:
314:
307:
306:
304:
303:
294:
282:
269:
258:
244:
242:
236:
235:
231:
230:
228:
227:
154:
152:
146:
145:
127:
125:administration
119:
118:
116:
115:
112:Colistimethate
97:
95:
89:
88:
81:
75:
74:
67:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5185:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Spectinomycin
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Mandelic acid
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5029:Nitrofurazone
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Metronidazole
4935:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:Glycopeptides
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:Sulfasalazine
4643:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4612:Beclometasone
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Betamethasone
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4528:Diphenoxylate
4526:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4126:
4119:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:Critical Care
3348:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2775:: 2909–2915.
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:Critical Care
2355:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2008:9780857113382
2004:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1984:9789241515528
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1878:(49): 30085.
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
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1803:9781437720600
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1584:
1578:
1563:. 27 May 2020
1562:
1558:
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1527:
1511:
1510:
1509:Health Canada
1505:
1499:
1495:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:epimerization
1465:
1461:
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1355:
1350:
1348:
1347:neurotoxicity
1344:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:Fusobacterium
1320:
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1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1013:
999:
996:
992:
989:
988:
983:
979:
978:ventriculitis
975:
972:
968:
964:
963:
962:Acinetobacter
958:
954:
950:
949:
948:
946:
942:
938:
923:
921:
917:
913:
912:P. aeruginosa
908:
905:
904:P. aeruginosa
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
881:
880:
878:
874:
870:
855:
853:
852:
851:Paenibacillus
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
814:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:
772:Acinetobacter
768:
767:
762:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
726:
719:
713:
704:
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675:
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654:
651:
646:
635:
633:
629:
602:
600:
596:
591:
587:
583:
580:
578:
576:ECHA InfoCard
572:
564:
560:
559:DTXSID1040663
556:
555:
553:
544:
540:
533:
529:
528:
526:
524:
520:
513:
508:
505:
501:
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477:
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363:
359:
355:
354:
351:
344:
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335:
333:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
302: Rx-only
295:
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283:
280:
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268:
259:
256:
246:
245:
243:
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224:
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184:
179:
174:
169:
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147:
143:
142:intramuscular
139:
135:
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128:
126:
120:
113:
108:
99:
98:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:Clinical data
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
5173:Decapeptides
5009:Nifuroxazide
5004:Furazolidone
4918:Fusidic acid
4893:
4728:Racecadotril
4684:
4677:
4637:
4622:antiallergic
4620:
4582:Prednisolone
4573:
4557:+simethicone
4544:
4520:
4460:Crospovidone
4408:Oxyquinoline
4406:
4390:
4374:
4361:Nifuroxazide
4353:
4329:Sulfonamides
4327:
4314:Streptomycin
4268:
4256:
4147:
4124:
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4095:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4035:. Retrieved
4026:
4016:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3858:(1): 59–61.
3855:
3851:
3845:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3723:(1): 11968.
3720:
3716:
3706:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3515:(1): 11–25.
3512:
3508:
3502:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3214:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3031:
3022:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2958:
2949:
2935:
2924:. Retrieved
2915:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2890:the original
2885:
2875:
2864:. Retrieved
2856:The Atlantic
2855:
2845:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2745:
2736:
2712:(1): 32–36.
2709:
2705:
2695:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2558:the original
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:the original
2524:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2298:the original
2283:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2063:. Retrieved
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2017:
1998:
1993:
1974:10665/312266
1964:
1955:
1946:10665/325771
1936:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1792:
1749:
1745:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1612:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
1476:thioesterase
1453:
1450:Biosynthesis
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1381:polycationic
1378:
1361:bronchospasm
1358:
1351:
1340:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1285:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1217:
1210:
1205:Edwardsiella
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1169:
1166:Enterobacter
1165:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:(similar to
1131:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1064:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1008:
985:
970:
966:
960:
952:
944:
934:
911:
903:
901:
895:
889:
883:
872:
868:
866:
858:Medical uses
849:
839:
812:
797:
788:
776:
770:
764:
758:
738:
734:
733:
722:
716:
532:ChEMBL501505
361:
357:
329:Elimination
240:Legal status
234:Legal status
144:, inhalation
93:License data
5090:Nitroxoline
5085:Methenamine
5065:Furaltadone
5014:Nifurtoinol
4997:derivatives
4975:Retapamulin
4930:derivatives
4899:Polymyxin B
4866:Teicoplanin
4856:Oritavancin
4851:Dalbavancin
4754:from market
4660:Balsalazide
4548:Eluxadoline
4515:(paregoric)
4470:Diosmectite
4465:Attapulgite
4442:(including
4425:Intestinal
4304:Polymyxin B
4299:Paromomycin
4274:Fidaxomicin
4258:Antibiotics
4234:Rehydration
1917:11 November
1647:16 November
1619:16 November
1593:16 November
1567:16 November
1541:16 November
1464:adenylation
1385:hydrophilic
1272:Providencia
1070: [
808:anaphylaxis
747:last-resort
739:polymyxin E
643: g·mol
582:100.012.644
341:Identifiers
138:intravenous
79:MedlinePlus
51:Trade names
5147:Categories
5095:Novobiocin
5060:Fosfomycin
5055:Daptomycin
5045:Bacitracin
4995:Nitrofuran
4985:Valnemulin
4947:Tinidazole
4942:Ornidazole
4886:Polymyxins
4876:Vancomycin
4871:Telavancin
4861:Ristocetin
4846:Corbomycin
4814:: others (
4733:Kaopectate
4723:Octreotide
4718:Crofelemer
4655:Olsalazine
4650:Mesalazine
4607:Budesonide
4602:Tixocortol
4592:Prednisone
4553:Loperamide
4427:adsorbents
4382:Miconazole
4355:Nitrofuran
4319:Vancomycin
4215:intestinal
4037:2016-06-06
3167:: e84395.
2926:2016-05-27
2866:2017-01-12
2364:(6): 428.
2065:2014-02-10
1726:6 November
1516:13 January
1490:References
1436:colistinus
1389:lipophilic
1369:salbutamol
1316:Prevotella
1061:Resistance
1035:rifampicin
982:carbapenem
974:meningitis
873:Klebsiella
753:including
743:antibiotic
648:3D model (
632:Molar mass
484:XW0E5YS77G
476:Z67X93HJG1
447:ChemSpider
374:CAS Number
350:IUPAC name
16:Antibiotic
5105:Tedizolid
5075:Linezolid
5070:Lefamulin
5050:Clofoctol
5019:Nifurzide
4970:Lefamulin
4928:Imidazole
4841:Avoparcin
4764:Phase III
4752:Withdrawn
4713:Ceratonia
4538:Difenoxin
4532:+atropine
4398:Acetarsol
4392:Arsenical
4376:Imidazole
4366:Nifurzide
4309:Rifaximin
4284:Natamycin
4279:Kanamycin
3093:246826086
2886:Phenomena
2850:Zhang S.
2181:: 10750.
1912:Drugs.com
1721:Drugs.com
1456:threonine
1302:Aeromonas
1146:positive
827:polymyxin
823:pregnancy
755:pneumonia
391:8068-28-8
383:1066-17-7
331:half-life
123:Routes of
71:Monograph
65:Drugs.com
5137:Medicine
5110:Xibornol
4980:Tiamulin
4965:Azamulin
4894:Colistin
4521:crosses
4508:Morphine
4497:laudanum
4435:Charcoal
4294:Nystatin
4289:Neomycin
4269:Colistin
4224:agents (
4108:2 August
4104:. Nature
4087:21679015
4079:15825037
4031:Archived
4027:UpToDate
3989:12709357
3940:15044428
3899:16931410
3864:17323867
3837:16678502
3755:30097635
3698:12228836
3657:10926333
3616:42625124
3608:11098334
3572:38084953
3564:11706322
3529:15620821
3418:14008070
3383:12974973
3332:29511071
3276:25567227
3219:Archived
3193:37094804
3184:10129329
3142:23695834
3085:35164512
3036:Archived
3014:33476061
3006:25697677
2965:Archived
2920:Archived
2860:Archived
2837:26603172
2801:29042767
2750:Archived
2728:11856210
2687:16008625
2605:12205902
2597:12686786
2504:16931410
2469:25679033
2461:17067336
2426:16442632
2390:17214907
2339:15190037
2262:12971377
2213:26892159
2156:44556845
2148:18312276
2107:20942647
2056:Archived
2027:Archived
1963:(2019).
1935:(2019).
1894:26676364
1853:16723551
1774:13158593
1766:18847400
1690:28238870
1613:DailyMed
1432:polymyxa
1429:Bacillus
1392:moieties
1279:Serratia
1184:Brucella
1155:in vitro
1128:lysozyme
1043:in vitro
1039:in vitro
937:cationic
741:, is an
735:Colistin
725:(verify)
427:DrugBank
218:QJ51XB01
208:QJ01XB01
198:QG51AG07
188:QA07AA98
178:QA07AA10
150:ATC code
134:by mouth
107:DailyMed
21:Colistin
4909:Steroid
4503:Codeine
4484:opioids
4440:Bismuth
3796:8146414
3746:6086859
3725:Bibcode
3494:9762785
3453:5448745
3323:5844991
3267:4284305
3215:wsj.com
3133:3663567
3032:cdc.gov
2792:5634377
2646:9598783
2381:1794456
2253:3020604
2204:4762895
2183:Bibcode
1844:1479097
1460:leucine
1423:History
1265:Proteus
1148:E. coli
1105:E. coli
1085:plasmid
995:colonic
941:anionic
907:biofilm
793:prodrug
779:can be
599:Formula
456:4470591
436:DB00803
416:5311054
402:PubChem
336:5 hours
265::
220: (
210: (
200: (
190: (
180: (
170: (
168:J01XB01
166:)
160: (
158:A07AA10
130:Topical
109::
85:a682860
5123:Portal
4747:WHO-EM
4455:Kaolin
4450:Pectin
4148:Nature
4085:
4077:
3987:
3980:153303
3977:
3938:
3897:
3862:
3835:
3794:
3753:
3743:
3696:
3655:
3614:
3606:
3570:
3562:
3527:
3492:
3451:
3416:
3381:
3374:270720
3371:
3330:
3320:
3274:
3264:
3191:
3181:
3140:
3130:
3091:
3083:
3042:6 July
3012:
3004:
2896:28 May
2835:
2799:
2789:
2726:
2685:
2644:
2603:
2595:
2535:3 June
2502:
2467:
2459:
2424:
2388:
2378:
2337:
2290:
2260:
2250:
2211:
2201:
2154:
2146:
2105:
2033:28 May
2005:
1981:
1892:
1851:
1841:
1800:
1772:
1764:
1688:
1309:Vibrio
1012:Xellia
1005:Dosage
871:, and
674:SMILES
523:ChEMBL
512:D02049
504:D02138
292:℞-only
290:
277:
267:℞-only
253:
105:
4820:D06AX
4083:S2CID
3612:S2CID
3568:S2CID
3225:1 Nov
3161:eLife
3089:S2CID
3010:S2CID
2601:S2CID
2561:(PDF)
2554:(PDF)
2465:S2CID
2152:S2CID
2059:(PDF)
2052:(PDF)
1770:S2CID
1587:(emc)
1561:(emc)
1536:(emc)
1434:var.
1144:mcr-1
1140:mcr-1
1124:LL-37
1113:mcr-9
1090:mcr-1
1074:]
931:Forms
769:, or
694:InChI
650:JSmol
4816:J01X
4220:and
4110:2021
4075:PMID
3985:PMID
3936:PMID
3895:PMID
3860:PMID
3833:PMID
3792:PMID
3751:PMID
3694:PMID
3653:PMID
3604:PMID
3560:PMID
3525:PMID
3490:PMID
3449:PMID
3414:PMID
3379:PMID
3328:PMID
3302:mBio
3272:PMID
3227:2018
3189:PMID
3138:PMID
3112:mBio
3081:PMID
3044:2016
3002:PMID
2898:2016
2833:PMID
2797:PMID
2724:PMID
2683:PMID
2642:PMID
2593:PMID
2537:2017
2500:PMID
2457:PMID
2422:PMID
2386:PMID
2335:PMID
2288:ISBN
2258:PMID
2209:PMID
2144:PMID
2103:PMID
2035:2016
2003:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1919:2019
1890:PMID
1849:PMID
1798:ISBN
1762:PMID
1728:2019
1686:PMID
1649:2020
1621:2020
1595:2020
1569:2020
1543:2020
1518:2022
1387:and
1255:and
1132:pmrB
1126:and
976:and
969:and
916:pili
802:and
641:.455
495:KEGG
467:UNII
313:data
61:AHFS
4523:BBB
4226:A07
4152:doi
4065:doi
3975:PMC
3967:doi
3926:doi
3887:doi
3823:doi
3782:doi
3741:PMC
3733:doi
3684:doi
3643:doi
3596:doi
3552:doi
3517:doi
3480:doi
3441:doi
3406:doi
3402:266
3369:PMC
3359:doi
3318:PMC
3310:doi
3262:PMC
3254:doi
3179:PMC
3169:doi
3128:PMC
3120:doi
3071:doi
2992:doi
2825:doi
2787:PMC
2777:doi
2714:doi
2673:doi
2632:doi
2585:doi
2492:doi
2449:doi
2414:doi
2376:PMC
2366:doi
2325:doi
2248:PMC
2240:doi
2199:PMC
2191:doi
2134:doi
2093:doi
2089:202
1969:hdl
1941:hdl
1880:doi
1839:PMC
1831:doi
1754:doi
1676:doi
639:155
548:EPA
406:CID
279:POM
223:WHO
216:),
213:WHO
206:),
203:WHO
196:),
193:WHO
186:),
183:WHO
176:),
173:WHO
163:WHO
5149::
4818:,
4760::
4213:,
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4081:.
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4055:.
4025:.
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3957:.
3934:.
3922:53
3920:.
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3881:.
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3831:.
3817:.
3813:.
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3470:.
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