851:. The sterile frond fragment is very similar to the fertile fragment in pinnae shape and vascularization. The leaves are weakly bipinnate, with the laminae modified into separated pinnules, which in turn are weakly lobed. The pinnules are oriented in an alternating pattern along the rachis, and fertile pinnules alternate with inertial ones. The thin pinnules have bifurcating veins running from the rachis at the lamina base apically. The veins fork up to three times with each veinlet diverging into a separate lobe and all terminating at lope tips. The basal most fork in the laminae arches to run parallel to the rachis, while all branches fork off basal sides of the main veins. The amount of vein forking in each pinnules decreases the closer the pinnule is to the apex. Scattered trichomes are found along the edges of the pinnule, often associated with sori.
244:
into separated pinnules, which in turn are weakly lobed. The pinnules are oriented in an alternating pattern along the rachis, and fertile pinnules alternate with inertial ones. The thin pinnules have bifurcating veins running from the rachis at the lamina base apically. The veins fork up to three times with each veinlet diverging into a separate lobe and all terminating at lope tips. The basal most fork in the laminae arches to run parallel to the rachis, while all branches fork off basal sides of the main veins. The amount of vein forking in each pinnules decreases the closer the pinnule is to the apex. Scattered trichomes are found along the edges of the pinnule, often associated with sori.<ref name="Pigg2021"/>
236:
into separated pinnules, which in turn are weakly lobed. The pinnules are oriented in an alternating pattern along the rachis, and fertile pinnules alternate with inertial ones. The thin pinnules have bifurcating veins running from the rachis at the lamina base apically. The veins fork up to three times with each veinlet diverging into a separate lobe and all terminating at lope tips. The basal most fork in the laminae arches to run parallel to the rachis, while all branches fork off basal sides of the main veins. The amount of vein forking in each pinnules decreases the closer the pinnule is to the apex. Scattered trichomes are found along the edges of the pinnule, often associated with sori.<ref name="Pigg2021"/>
435:
660:
1038:
taxa found at
Republic suggested mean annual temperatures around 13.5 ± 2.2 °C (56.3 ± 4.0 °F). This is lower than the mean annual temperature estimates given for the coastal Puget Group, which is estimated to have been between 15–18.6 °C (59.0–65.5 °F). The bioclimatic analysis for Republic suggests a mean annual precipitation amount of 115 ± 39 cm (45 ± 15 in).
68:
680:(1926). More recently land ferns are regularly but briefly mentioned in overviews of the Eocene Okanangan Highlands, no detailed descriptive work as happened. The Republic fossils were studied subsequently by a group of paleobotanists led by Kathleen B. Pigg, with the 2021 type description of the species being published in the
243:
The petiole is missing on both specimens, while the ] which is {{cvt|1.3|mm|in|frac=50}} at its widest and terminating in the uppermost ]. The sterile frond fragment is very similar to the fertile fragment in pinnae shape and vascularization. The leaves are weakly bipinnate, with the laminae modified
235:
The petiole is missing on both specimens, while the ] which is {{cvt|1.3|mm|in|frac=50}} at its widest and terminating in the uppermost ]. The sterile frond fragment is very similar to the fertile fragment in pinnae shape and vascularization. The leaves are weakly bipinnate, with the laminae modified
1037:
of the
Republic paleoflora. The CLAMP results after multiple linear regressions gave a mean annual temperature of approximately 8.0 °C (46.4 °F), with the LMA giving 9.2 ± 2.0 °C (48.6 ± 3.6 °F). A bioclimatic-based estimate based on modern relatives of the
1021:
range between 0.7–1.2 km (0.43–0.75 mi) higher than the coastal forests. This is consistent with the paleoelevation estimates for the lake systems, which range between 1.1–2.9 km (1,100–2,900 m), which is similar to the modern elevation 0.8 km (0.50 mi), but higher.
283:
of numerous sporangia. Within each ], the ] is between 10 to 12 cells wide and are interpreted to have been sessile, typical for the family. Examination of the fossils via an ] showed that some of the sporangia enclosed between 7-10 dark ovoid structures. While no details of the structures was
270:
of numerous sporangia. Within each ], the ] is between 10 to 12 cells wide and are interpreted to have been sessile, typical for the family. Examination of the fossils via an ] showed that some of the sporangia enclosed between 7-10 dark ovoid structures. While no details of the structures was
961:
biotas that are preserved. The highlands temperate biome preserved across a large transect of lakes recorded many of the earliest appearances of modern genera, while also documenting the last stands of ancient lines. The warm temperate highland floras in association with downfaulted
966:
and active volcanism are noted to have no exact modern equivalents. This is due to the more seasonally equitable conditions of the Early Eocene, resulting in much lower seasonal temperature shifts. However, the highlands have been compared to the upland ecological islands of the
170:
278:
Sori are located in funnel shaped receptacles which are flush with the pinnae surface. The sori are surrounded by globose bivalved ] of about {{cvt|1x1|mm|in}} located along the apical and basal margins of fertile pinnules. Where preserved the sori are
265:
Sori are located in funnel shaped receptacles which are flush with the pinnae surface. The sori are surrounded by globose bivalved ] of about {{cvt|1x1|mm|in}} located along the apical and basal margins of fertile pinnules. Where preserved the sori are
60:
981:
The
Klondike Mountain Formation represents an upland lake system that was surrounded by a warm temperate ecosystem with nearby volcanism dating from during and just after the early Eocene climatic optimum. The Okanagan Highlands likely had a
825:
fossils, and as such the rhizome anatomy and spore morphology are unknown. The two described fronds are both incomplete, with the fertile frond section measuring 4.0 cm × 2.8 cm (1.6 in × 1.1 in) with 6 pairs of
1342:
Greenwood, D.R.; Archibald, S.B.; Mathewes, R.W; Moss, P.T. (2005). "Fossil biotas from the
Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape".
744:. The fronds are distinctly thin as in the modern species, with similar leaf shapes and dissection. The genus as of 2023 included approximately 430 species which are mostly found in the tropics globally, but having a
830:, and the vegetative specimen being approximately 3.0 cm (1.2 in) long. The rachis has a slightly ribbed appearance and there are narrow laminae wings along the plane of pinnae running up both sides of it.
858:
of about 1 mm × 1 mm (0.039 in × 0.039 in) located along the apical and basal margins of fertile pinnules. Where preserved the sori are comprised of numerous sporangia. Within each
1082:
Pigg, K. B.; DeVore, M. L.; Greenwood, D. R.; Sundue, M. A.; Schwartsburd, P.; Basinger, J. F. (2021). "Fossil
Dennstaedtiaceae and Hymenophyllaceae from the Early Eocene of the Pacific Northwest".
993:
climate, in which winter temperatures rarely dropped low enough for snow, and which were seasonably equitable. The paleoforest surrounding the lakes have been described as precursors to the modern
931:
was an epiphyte or note will depend on more fossils being found and described, in particular the rhizome and root structure will be key to determining where in the
Republic paleoforest lived.
15:
871:
showed that some of the sporangia enclosed between 7-10 dark ovoid structures. While no details of the structures was discernable, the location suggests them to be spore casts.
153:
772:
790:
676:, commonly called leptosporangiate ferns, have been reported in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands since the late 1890s, and the first fertile fond material report came from
796:
766:
885:
784:
778:
719:
665:
947:, including the Early Eocene formations between Driftwood Canyon at the north and Republic at the south, have been described as one of the "Great Canadian
740:. The placement of the fossil sori are along the pinnae edges, and each of the sori are enclosed by a bivalved globose indusia, occasionally surrounded by
702:
paleontology collection. The holotype and paratype were collected from the
Klondike Mountain Formations "Boot Hill" site "B4131". The team coined the
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958:
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1286:"Urticaceae leaves with stinging trichomes were already present in latest early Eocene Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada"
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is between 10 to 12 cells wide and are interpreted to have been sessile, typical for the family. Examination of the fossils via an
854:
Sori are located in funnel shaped receptacles which are flush with the pinnae surface. The sori are surrounded by globose bivalved
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682:
628:, with a suggested to be closest to a group of tropical species in the subgenus that are all specialized as sheltered epiphytes.
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1122:"Filmy Ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) and Associated Spike-Mosses (Selaginellaceae) from the Mid-Cretaceous Kachin Amber, Myanmar"
1419:
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119:
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for his many works in paleobotany, including the description of the oldest member of
Hymenophyllaceae the Triassic
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97:
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of
Central British Columbia and northeast central Washington state. Both of the described specimens are from the
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1. Early Eocene
Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)".
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115:
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species. These species are all restricted to humid mountain locations in the neotropics with
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63:
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Archibald, S.; Greenwood, D.; Smith, R.; Mathewes, R.; Basinger, J. (2011). "Great Canadian
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DeVore, M. L.; Nyandwi, A.; Eckardt, W.; Bizuru, E.; Mujawamariya, M.; Pigg, K. B. (2020).
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648:
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8:
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in Northern Ferry County, Washington, being recovered from the "Boot Hill" site B4131 in
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discernable, the location suggests them to be spore casts.<ref name="Pigg2021"/>
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discernable, the location suggests them to be spore casts.<ref name="Pigg2021"/>
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The Republic sites are part of a larger fossil site system collectively known as the
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specialization for protected areas such as rock ledges or under tree branches.
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noted that despite the modern relatives epiphytic nature, the possibility
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1180:(Hymenophyllaceae) from the Mid-Cretaceous Kachin Amber, Myanmar"
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Li, Y.; Ebihara, A.; Nosova, N.; Tan, Z.-Z.; Cui, Y.-M. (2023).
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is native to the greater Washington and British Columbia areas,
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of Eastern North America and Eastern Asia. Based on the fossil
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has been noted one of the oldest unequivocal fossil species of
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Li, Y.; Wang, Y.-D.; Nosova, N.; Lu, N.; Xu, Y.-Y. (2022).
953:" based on the diversity, quality and unique nature of the
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1235:(Hymenophyllaceae), a new filmy fern species from Taiwan"
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847: in) at its widest and terminating in the uppermost
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The group placed the new species into the modern genus
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is most similar in its known morphology to a group of
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fossils have been recovered from a single site in the
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The petiole is missing on both specimens, while the
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1031:climate leaf analysis multivariate program (CLAMP)
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1013:of Western Washington, which are described as
810:, and the only firm record from the Cenozoic.
764:species found in the neotropics. The species,
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319:Latest revision as of 16:00, 4 September 2024
162:Latest revision as of 16:00, 4 September 2024
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700:Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
690:"SR 05-15-13" which was accessioned in the
1229:Chang, Z.X.; Hsu, T.C.; Kuo, L.Y. (2022).
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1001:the lakes were higher and cooler then the
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800:are native to central and South America.
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1405:Flora of the Northwestern United States
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1084:International Journal of Plant Sciences
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683:International Journal of Plant Sciences
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889:which is confined to the coast of the
618:, Canada. The species is included in
87:Revision as of 15:44, 4 September 2024
995:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
694:paleobotanical collection, while the
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1005:coastal forests preserved in the
891:Pacific Northwest Coast ecoregion
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1415:Eocene plants of North America
1233:Hymenophyllum chamaecyparicola
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813:
698:"UWBM 77726a" was part of the
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1395:Fossil taxa described in 2021
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1017:ecosystems. Estimates of the
692:Stonerose Interpretive Center
672:Fern fossils of the subclass
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614:, United States and central
602:. The species is known from
18:Browse history interactively
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1420:Klondike Mountain Formation
645:Klondike Mountain Formation
10:
1436:
1400:Ferns of the United States
1290:American Journal of Botany
1035:leaf margin analysis (LMA)
819:Dennstaedtia christophelii
655:History and classification
941:Eocene Okanagan Highlands
746:Cosmopolitan distribution
641:Eocene Okanagan Highlands
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430:Scientific classification
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204:Pending changes reviewers
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1390:Plants described in 2021
1173:"First Fossil Record of
821:is known only from leaf
200:Extended confirmed users
120:Extended confirmed users
1139:10.3390/biology11111629
1029:have been derived from
1027:mean annual temperature
1015:lowland tropical forest
929:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
804:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
637:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
583:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
565:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
332:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
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837:which is 1.3 mm (
720:Hopetedia praetermissa
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666:Hymenophyllum plumieri
598:related to the modern
323:Fossil species of fern
748:. Of the species in
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1197:10.3390/life13081709
973:African rift valleys
649:Republic, Washington
1357:2005CaJES..42..167G
1011:Chuckanut Formation
987:upper microthermal
732:based on the thin
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610:sites of northern
217:revert POV crusade
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1303:10.1002/ajb2.1548
1296:(10): 1449–1456.
1267:Geoscience Canada
1025:Estimates of the
991:lower mesothermal
969:Virunga Mountains
964:lacustrine basins
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704:specific epithet
663:Illustration of
616:British Columbia
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600:hayscented ferns
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312:==Paleoecology==
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38:Content added
30:
20:
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1263:Lagerstätten
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1242:
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1129:
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950:Lagerstätten
948:
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875:Paleoecology
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738:sori indusia
727:
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718:
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674:Polypodiidae
671:
664:
636:
635:
632:Distribution
625:
619:
608:early Eocene
582:
581:
580:
572:
564:
559:
543:
542:
525:
510:
453:
331:
325:
1190:(8). 1709.
1175:Trichomanes
1007:Puget Group
971:within the
959:paleofaunal
955:paleofloral
886:H. wrightii
814:Description
785:H. plumosum
779:H. plumieri
590:species of
349:51–49
149:to taxonbar
132:Rollbackers
124:Page movers
1379:Categories
1178:sensu lato
1042:References
518:Subgenus:
466:Division:
147:Q130236043
1320:225050834
1239:PhytoKeys
1104:239036762
945:highlands
918:substrate
861:sporangia
742:trichomes
713:honoring
707:axsmithii
537:Species:
443:Kingdom:
281:comprised
145:Add from=
1312:33091153
1216:37629566
1207:10455793
1158:36358330
915:epiphyte
901:. Pigg
899:Mecodium
711:patronym
696:paratype
688:holotype
623:subgenus
496:Family:
342:Ypresian
268:composed
227:Line 28:
224:Line 28:
189:contribs
109:contribs
53:Wikitext
1353:Bibcode
1149:9687414
1126:Biology
865:annulus
856:indusia
849:crosier
842:⁄
588:extinct
562:†
541:†
506:Genus:
486:Order:
476:Class:
447:Plantae
418:↓
137:461,413
1318:
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1146:
1102:
1003:coeval
999:biotas
943:. The
909:subg.
897:subg.
863:, the
835:rachis
828:pinnae
794:, and
760:subg.
734:fronds
604:fossil
586:is an
573:et al.
338:Eocene
209:46,839
179:Kevmin
64:Inline
46:Visual
1316:S2CID
1245:(23).
1100:S2CID
984:mesic
925:et al
923:Pigg
903:et al
823:frond
709:as a
571:Pigg
528:subg.
454:Clade
211:edits
139:edits
1308:PMID
1212:PMID
1184:Life
1154:PMID
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957:and
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592:fern
357:PreꞒ
185:talk
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166:edit
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91:edit
1361:doi
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346:~
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