Double Irish arrangement: Difference between revisions

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Taylor|title=Trump's U.S. tax reform a significant challenge for Ireland|publisher=Irish Times|date=30 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="tcja2">{{Cite web|title = U.S. corporations could be saying goodbye to Ireland|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/us-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050|publisher=Irish Times|author=Suzanne Lynch|date=17 January 2018}}</ref> Donald Trump had "singled out" Ireland in 2017 speeches promoting the TCJA,<ref>{{cite web|author=Suzanne Lynch| url= https://www.irishtimes.com/business/donald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149|title=Donald Trump singles out Ireland in tax speech|publisher=Irish Times|date=29 November 2017}}</ref> and Trump administration economic advisor, ], predicted "a flood of companies" would leave Ireland due to the TCJA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/flood-of-companies-to-leave-ireland-due-to-us-tax-cuts-35206322.html|title='Flood of companies' to leave Ireland due to U.S. tax cuts|author1=Niall O'Connor|author2=Colm Kelpie|author3=Laura Larkin|author4=and Brian Hutton|date=11 November 2017}}</ref> Leading U.S. tax academic, ]{{efn|Desai had written ] with James R. Hines Jr., including the second most cited academic paper on tax havens, ''The demand for tax haven operations'' (2006).<ref name="desai">{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272705001350 |author1=]|author2=C Fritz Foley|author3=]|title=The demand for tax haven operations | journal=] | volume=90 | issue=3 | pages=513–531 | date=February 2006|quote=Examples of such tax havens include Ireland and Luxembourg in Europe, Hong Kong and Singapore in Asia, and various Caribbean island nations in the Americas|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.04.004}}</ref>}} in a post–TCJA 26 December 2017 interview in the '']'' said that: "So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they’re not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the U.S.<ref name="hbr">{{cite web|url=https://hbr.org/ideacast/2017/12/breaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law|title=Breaking Down the New U.S. Corporate Tax Law|publisher=]|author=]|date=26 December 2017|quote=So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they’re not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the U.S.}}</ref>

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587:{{quote|''Intellectual Property'': The effective corporation tax rate can be reduced to as low as 2.5% for Irish companies whose trade involves the exploitation of intellectual property. The Irish IP regime is broad and applies to all types of IP. A generous scheme of capital allowances .... in Ireland offer significant incentives to companies who locate their activities in Ireland. A well-known global company recently moved the ownership and exploitation of an IP portfolio worth approximately $ 7 billion to Ireland.|source=Arthur Cox Law Firm,{{efn|name="law"|Arthur Cox is Ireland's largest law firm,<ref name="big">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/big-seven-irish-law-firms-earned-720m-last-year-36238417.html|title='Big Seven' Irish law firms earned €720m last year|publisher=Irish Independent|date=18 October 2017}}</ref> ] describes itself as the Irish law firm with the ''largest tax practice group'', and ] is the world's largest ] law firm}} Uses of Ireland for German Companies (January 2012)<ref name="coxx">{{cite web|url= http://www.finfacts.com/biz10/Ireland_tax_multinationals_IP_intellectual_Property.pdf | title=Uses of Ireland for German Companies: Irish "Intellectual Property" Tax of 2.5% ETR | publisher=Arthur Cox Law Firm|page=3|date=January 2012|quote=Intellectual Property: The effective corporation tax rate can be reduced to as low as 2.5% for Irish companies whose trade involves the exploitation of intellectual property. The Irish IP regime is broad and applies to all types of IP. A generous scheme of capital allowances in Ireland offers significant incentives to companies who locate their activities in Ireland. A well-known global company recently moved the ownership and exploitation of an IP portfolio worth approximately $ 7 billion to Ireland}}</ref><ref name="coxx1">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/firm-gets-tax-relief-on-7bn-rights-211760.html|title=Firm gets tax relief on $ 7bn rights: Accenture| publisher=Irish Examiner|date=24 January 2012|quote=Multinational management consultancy Accenture is receiving tax relief on the $ 7bn (€5.4bn) it spent building up a portfolio of intellectual property rights. The Arthur Cox document, ‘Uses of Ireland for German Companies’, states: “A well-known global company recently moved the ownership and exploitation of an intellectual property portfolio worth approximately $ 7bn to Ireland.”|author=Vincent Ryan}}</ref>}} 953:

incentivises investment in tangible assets abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-tax-abbvie/how-u-s-tax-reform-rewards-companies-that-shift-profit-to-tax-havens-idUSKBN1JE12Q|title=How U.S. tax reform rewards companies that shift profit to tax havens|author1=Michael Erman|author2=Tom Bergin|publisher=Reuters|date=18 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=The Consequences of the TCJA's International Provisions: Lessons from Existing Research (RP No. 856) | author=] | date=August 2018 | quote=It concludes that the TCJA increases the tax burden on U.S. residence for many, and perhaps most, U.S. MNCs. The paper also argues that the GILTI and “Foreign-Derived Intangible Income” (FDII) provisions are likely to create substantial distortions to the ownership of assets, both in the U.S. and around the world | publisher=University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics|ssrn = 3212072}}</ref> However, a more serious concern, was the acceptance of capital allowances, both tangible and intangible, as deductible against GILTI taxation, which would enable U.S. users of the CAIA BEPS tool to convert their Irish ETR of 0–3%, into a final U.S. ETR of 0–3%.<ref name="harvd">{{cite web|url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2018/05/mihir-desai-tax-reform|title=Tax Reform: Round One|publisher=]|author=]|date=June 2018}}</ref><ref name="brook">{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/05/25/6-ways-to-fix-the-tax-system-post-tcja/|title=6 ways to fix the tax system post TCJA|author=]|publisher=]|date=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/gone-fishing-0|title=Gone Fishing|publisher=]|author=]|date=30 July 2018|quote= most of the profits booked by U.S. firms abroad continue to appear in a few low tax jurisdictions, and well, the resulting data distortions are getting pretty big. I am pretty confident the U.S. tax reform didn't solve the issue of profit-shifting.}}</ref> In May–July 2018, Google and Facebook announced large expansions of their Dublin office campuses in Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amp.independent.ie/business/commercial-property/google-to-pay-over-115m-to-buy-treasury-building-37154126.html|title=Google, Facebook and Salesforce.com dramatically expand their Dublin office hubs|date=26 July 2018|publisher=Irish Independent}}</ref>

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web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/WILLIAMS_slides.pdf|title=The inversion experience in the US and the UK|publisher=]|author=Mike Williams (HMRC Director of International Tax)|date=23 January 2015|quote=In 2007 to 2009, WPP, United Business Media, Henderson Group, Shire, Informa, Regus, Charter and Brit Insurance all left the UK. By 2015, WPP, UBM, Henderson Group, Informa and Brit Insurance have all returned}}</ref><ref name="uuk1">{{cite web|url= https://taxfoundation.org/tax-reform-uk-reversed-tide-corporate-tax-inversions/|title=How Tax Reform solved UK inversions|publisher=Tax Foundation|date=14 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="uuk2">{{cite web|url= https://taxfoundation.org/united-kingdom-s-experience-inversions/|title=The United Kingdom's Experience with Inversions|publisher=Tax Foundation|date=5 April 2016}}</ref> and turned the U.K. into one of the leading destinations for U.S. corporate ]s (although Ireland is still the most popular).<ref name="economist">{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21608751-restricting-companies-moving-abroad-no-substitute-corporate-tax-reform-how-stop|title=How to stop the inversion perversion|work=]|date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="bloominv">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/tax-inversion-tracker/|title=Tracking Tax Runaways|publisher=]|date=1 March 2017|quote=Bloomberg Special Reports: Corporate Tax Inversions}}</ref> A similar case study was cited in the switch by Japan in 2009 from a full US "worldwide" tax system (e.g. very high domestic tax rate, partially mitigated by a ''controlled foreign corporation'' regime), to a full "territorial" tax system, with positive results.<ref name="jap1">{{cite web|url=https://taxfoundation.org/japan-disproves-fears-territorial-taxation-0/|title=Japan Disproves Fears of Territorial Taxation|date=13 November 2012|publisher=]|author=TF Editorial}}</ref><ref name="jap2">{{cite web|url=https://taxfoundation.org/global-perspective-territorial-taxation/|title=A Global Perspective on Territorial Taxation|date=10 August 2012|author=Philip Dittmer|quote=Case Studies of transitions from "Worldwide" to "Territorial"}}</ref>

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closed their hybrid–Double Irish BEPS tool.<ref name="eu1"/> In January 2018, Irish economist ], Chairman of the State's ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/chairman-fiscal-advisory-council-theres-been-a-very-strong-recovery-we-are-now-living-within-our-means-36500320.html|title=Chairman, Fiscal Advisory Council: 'There's been a very strong recovery - we are now living within our means'|publisher=Irish Independent|date=18 January 2018}}</ref> and author of the State's 2017 ''Review of Ireland's Corporation Tax Code'',<ref name="coffey1">{{cite web|url=http://www.finance.gov.ie/updates/minister-donohoe-publishes-review-of-irelands-corporation-tax-code/|title=Minister Donohoe publishes Review of Ireland's Corporation Tax Code|publisher=Department of Finance|date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="cof3">{{cite web|url=http://www.finance.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/170912-Review-of-Irelands-Corporation-Tax-Code.pdf|title=REVIEW OF IRELAND'S CORPORATION TAX CODE, PRESENTED TO THE MINISTER FOR FINANCE AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND REFORM BY MR. SEAMUS COFFEY|publisher=Department of Finance|date=30 January 2017}}</ref> showed Apple restructured ASI into the CAIA BEPS tool in Q1 2015.<ref name="cof2">{{cite web|url=http://economic-incentives.blogspot.ie/2018/01/what-apple-did-next.html|title=What Apple did next|publisher=Economic Perspectives, ]|author=Seamus Coffey ]|date=24 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="cofr">{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/tax-avoidance-and-irish-balance-payments|title=Tax Avoidance and the Irish Balance of Payments|publisher=]|author=]|date=25 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="brads">{{Cite web|title=Apple's Exports Aren't Missing: They Are in Ireland|url = https://www.cfr.org/blog/apples-exports-arent-missing-they-are-ireland|publisher=]|author=]|date=30 October 2017}}</ref>

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give the BEPS tool a degree of credibility and substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.revenue.ie/en/companies-and-charities/reliefs-and-exemptions/capital-allowances-for-intangible-assets/index.aspx|title=Capital allowances for intangible assets|publisher=Irish Revenue | date=15 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="rev1"/><ref name="ref2">{{cite web|url=https://www.revenue.ie/en/tax-professionals/tdm/income-tax-capital-gains-tax-corporation-tax/part-09/09-02-05.pdf|title=Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets under section 291A of the Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 (Part 9 / Chapter 2)|publisher=Irish Revenue|date=February 2018}}</ref> In effect, it can equate to an "employment tax" on the Irish subsidiary, however, to the extent that the "relevant activities" are needed within the Group (e.g. they are performing real tasks), then the effect of this "employment tax" is mitigated. While the Irish State has never published the employment metrics for using Irish BEPS tools, the evidence is that even where the "relevant activities" were completely unnecessary, the "employment tax" equates to circa 2–3% of profits ''shifted'' through Ireland (see ]).}}<ref name="acox"/> A "business plan" must be produced with Irish employment and salary levels that are acceptable to the Irish State during the period capital allowances are claimed.{{efn|name="tsg"|In documents released under ] from the Irish Department of Finance ''Tax Strategy Group'', they describe the CAIA BEPS tool as a: "measure was introduced to support the development of the knowledge economy and the provision of high-quality employment.<ref name="tsg1"/><ref name="tsg2"/>}} If the Irish subsidiary is wound up within 5 years,{{efn|For CAIA plans after 13 February 2013; before 13 February 2013, it is 10 years}} the CAIA intangible capital allowances are repayable, which is called "clawback".

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example, in 2016, Facebook recorded global revenues of $ 27 billion, while Facebook in Ireland paid €30 million in Irish tax on Irish revenues of €13 billion (approximately half of all global revenues).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/technology/facebook-paid-just-30m-tax-in-ireland-despite-earning-12bn-36362527.html|title=Facebook paid just €30m tax in Ireland despite earning €12bn|publisher=]|author=Adrian Weckler|date=29 November 2017}}</ref> Similarly, when the EU introduced the ] regulations in 2018, Facebook disclosed that all of its non–U.S. accounts (circa 1.9 billion, of which 1.5 billion were non-E.U), were legally based in Dublin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-privacy-eu-exclusive/exclusive-facebook-to-put-1-5-billion-users-out-of-reach-of-new-eu-privacy-law-idUSKBN1HQ00P|title=Exclusive: Facebook to put 1.5 billion users out of reach of new EU privacy law|publisher=]|author=David Ingram|date=18 April 2018}}</ref> Similarly, Google is also believed to run most of its non–U.S. sales revenue and profits through its Dublin operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/nov/04/google-pays-47m-euros-tax-ireland-22bn-euros-revenue|title=Google pays €47m in tax in Ireland on €22bn sales revenue|publisher=]|author=Simon Bowers|date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1026612.shtml|title=Google booked 41% of global revenues in Ireland in 2012; A leprechaun's gold?|publisher=Finfacts.ie|date=30 September 2013}}</ref> }} {{efn|name="bush"}}{{efn|name="bush2"}} Traditionally, it was also used with the ] BEPS tool; however, changes to Irish tax law in 2010 dispensed with this requirement for most users.

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BEPS tools.<ref name="zucwright"/><ref name="japantimes"/> In 2016, leading tax academic ], showed that multinationals from "territorial" tax systems, the system used by almost all global economies bar a handful but which included the US,{{efn|name="worldwide"|Before the passing of the TCJA in December 2017, the US was one of eight remaining jurisdictions to run a "worldwide" taxation system, which was the principal obstacle to US corporate tax reform, as it was not possible to differentiate between the source of income. The seven other "worldwide" tax systems, are: Chile, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Korea, Mexico, and Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp13205.pdf|title=Territorial vs. Worldwide Corporate Taxation: Implications for Developing Countries|publisher=IMF| date=2013|page=4}}</ref> The positive experience of the UK switch to a "territorial" system in 2009-12,<ref name="uuk1"/><ref name="uuk2"/> and the Japanese switch to a "territorial" system in 2009,<ref name="jap1"/> amongst others,<ref name="jap2"/> was continually highlighted by US tax academics.}} make little use of tax havens.<ref name="hines2016"/>

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tools, or ], including those that had recently switched, such as Japan (2009), and the UK (2009–12). By 2018, non–US tax academics showed US multinationals were the largest users of BEPS tools and Ireland was the largest global BEPS hub or tax haven. They showed Ireland was almost exclusively a US corporate tax haven, and that US multinationals represented the largest component of the Irish economy, and that Ireland had failed to attract multinationals from "territorial" tax systems.{{efn|name="taxhaven"|It is believed that Ireland's extreme economic exposure to US corporate BEPS activity, had led Ireland to expand into more traditional ]–type tools, such as the '']'' (designed to compete with the Cayman Islands SPC), and the '']'' (designed to compete with the Luxembourg SPV).<ref name="ftt">{{Cite web|title = Ireland enjoys tax boom but fears a reckoning: Dublin concerned about reliance on revenue from small group of multinational companies|url = https://www.ft.com/content/c69ed976-fbab-11e7-9b32-d7d59aace167|publisher=]|author=Authur Beesley|date=31 January 2018}}</ref>}}

627:{{quote|''Structure 1'': The profits of the Irish company will typically be subject to the corporation tax rate of 12.5% if the company has the requisite level of substance to be considered trading. The tax depreciation and interest expense can reduce the effective rate of tax to a minimum of 2.5%.|source=] Law Firm,{{efn|name="law"}} Irish Intellectual Property Tax Regime (February 2018)<ref name="maples">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/377485537/Maples-and-Calder-Ireland-Intellectual-Property-2018|title=Maples and Calder Irish Intellectual Property Tax Regime - 2.5% Effective Tax| publisher=] Law Firm|date=February 2018|quote=Structure 1: The profits of the Irish company will typically be subject to the corporation tax rate of 12.5% if the company has the requisite level of substance to be considered trading. The tax depreciation and interest expense can reduce the effective rate of tax to a minimum of 2.5%}}</ref>}} 4176: 921:

https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-08-10/vantiv-won-t-be-the-last-buyer-to-forego-an-inversion|title=Vantiv decides against Inversion|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=10 December 2017}}</ref> In March 2018, the Head of Life Sciences in '']'', Jami Rubin, stated that: "Now that corporate tax reform has passed, the advantages of being an ] company are less obvious".<ref name="example2"/> In August 2018, U.S. multinational ], who had been headquartered in Ireland since 2001, announced that as a result of the TCJA, it was moving back to the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/us-tech-firm-leaves-ireland-for-us-after-trump-tax-cuts-37268690.html|title=U.S. tech firm leaves Ireland for U.S. after Trump tax cuts|author=Gavin McLaughlin|publisher=Irish Independent|date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

6971:(23-26) Tax relief for acquisition of intangible assets: A number of amendments to the scheme were made in Finance Act 2010 on foot, among other reasons, of the recommendations of the Innovation Taskforce Report. (1) The period in which a specified intangible asset must be used in the trade to avoid a clawback of allowances was reduced from 15 years to 10 years. (2) The list of specified intangible assets covered by the scheme was augmented by the inclusion of applications for the grant or registration of patents, copyright etc. and a broader definition of "know-how". (3) Relief will now be available for capital expenditure incurred prior to the commencement of a trade on the provision of specified intangible assets for the purposes of the trade. 1295: 3467: 4737:, users of Irish BEPS tools must conduct a "relevant trade" and perform "relevant activities" in Ireland to give the BEPS tool a degree of credibility and substance. In effect, it can equate to an "employment tax" on the Irish subsidiary, however, to the extent that the "relevant activities" are needed within the Group (e.g. they are performing real tasks), then the effect of this "employment tax" is mitigated. While the Irish State has never published the employment metrics for using Irish BEPS tools, the evidence is that even where the "relevant activities" were completely unnecessary, the "employment tax" equates to circa 2–3% of profits 2947: 3020:("TCJA"), and as a result, forecast the demise of Irish BEPS tools. However, by mid–2018, other tax academics, including the IMF, noted technical flaws in the TCJA had increased the attractiveness of Ireland's BEPS tools, and the CAIA BEPS tool in particular, which post-TCJA, delivered a total effective tax rate ("ETR") of 0–3% on profits that can be fully repatriated to the US without incurring any additional US taxation. In July 2018, one of Ireland's leading tax economists forecasted a "boom" in the use of the Irish CAIA BEPS tool, as US multinationals close existing Double Irish BEPS schemes before the 2020 deadline. 4034: 463:. However, by mid–2018, other tax academics, including the IMF, noted technical flaws in the TCJA had increased the attractiveness of Ireland's BEPS tools, and the CAIA BEPS tool in particular, which post-TCJA, delivered a total effective tax rate ("ETR") of 0–3% on profits that can be fully repatriated to the US without incurring any additional US taxation. In July 2018, one of Ireland's leading tax economists forecasted a "boom" in the use of the Irish CAIA BEPS tool, as US multinationals close existing Double Irish BEPS schemes before the 2020 deadline. 3541: 796:]s who are US–controlled). Eurostat (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economic-incentives.blogspot.com/2018/06/who-shifts-profits-to-ireland.html|title=Who shifts profits to Ireland|publisher=Economic Incentives, ]|author=Seamus Coffey, ]|date=18 June 2018|quote=Eurostat’s structural business statistics give a range of measures of the business economy broken down by the controlling country of the enterprises. Here is the Gross Operating Surplus generated in Ireland in 2015 for the countries with figures reported by Eurostat.}}</ref>]] 789:]s who are US–controlled). Eurostat (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economic-incentives.blogspot.com/2018/06/who-shifts-profits-to-ireland.html|title=Who shifts profits to Ireland|publisher=Economic Incentives, ]|author=Seamus Coffey, ]|date=18 June 2018|quote=Eurostat’s structural business statistics give a range of measures of the business economy broken down by the controlling country of the enterprises. Here is the Gross Operating Surplus generated in Ireland in 2015 for the countries with figures reported by Eurostat.}}</ref>]] 4098:, paid 80% of Irish business taxes, and directly employed 25% of the Irish labour force, and created 57% of Irish value-add. The past President of the Irish Tax Institute stated they pay 50% of all Irish salary taxes (due to higher paying jobs), 50% of all Irish VAT, and 92% of all Irish customs and excise duties. The American-Ireland Chamber of Commerce estimated the value of US investment in Ireland in 2018 was €334 billion, exceeding Irish GDP (€291 billion in 2016), and exceeding the combined investment of US investment in the 3459: 2973: 4556: 860:

extraordinary {{slink|#Concentration of U.S. multinationals}} in Ireland's economy, and the equal failure of Ireland to attract non-U.S. multinationals or any multinationals from "territorial" tax systems. While Ireland sometimes describes itself as a "global knowledge hub for selling into Europe", it is more accurately described as a U.S. corporate tax haven for shielding non-U.S. revenues from the historical U.S. "worldwide" tax system.<ref name="desai"/>{{efn|name="taxhaven"}}

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regulations that enabled U.S. multinationals to avoid some of these rules by electing to treat their foreign subsidiaries as if they were not corporations but disregarded entities for tax purposes. This move is called “checking the box” because that is all that needs to be done on IRS form 8832 to make it work and use Irish BEPS tools on non–U.S. revenues was a compromise to keep U.S. multinationals from leaving the U.S. (page 10.)

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Ireland's BEPS tools, and the CAIA BEPS tool in particular, which post-TCJA, delivered a total effective tax rate ("ETR") of 0–3% on profits that can be fully repatriated to the US without incurring any additional US taxation. In July 2018, one of Ireland's leading tax economists forecasted a "boom" in the use of the Irish CAIA BEPS tool, as US multinationals close existing Double Irish BEPS schemes before the 2020 deadline.

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achieve U.S. ETRs, which net of the TCJA's 100% capital relief provisions, are similar to the ETRs they would achieve in Ireland when the TCJA's new GILTI provisions are taken into account (e.g. ETR of circa 11–12%). In Q1 2018, U.S. multinationals like Pfizer announced in Q1 2018, a post-TCJA global tax rate for 2019 of circa 17%, which is close to the circa 15–16% 2019 tax rate announced by past U.S. corporate

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end-consumer market, (b) from taxation in Ireland, and (c) from US taxation. The 2017 TCJA placed a 15.5% US tax on these untaxed profits, and they were deemed to be automatically repatriated (regardless of whether the US multinational wanted to repatriate the untaxed profits or not).}} and was the main tool by which US multinationals built up untaxed offshore reserves of US$ 1 trillion from 2004 to 2018.

4528: 5012:: It was interesting that when Matt Carthy put that to the Minister's predecessor (Michael Noonan), his response was that this was very unpatriotic and he should wear the green jersey. That was the former Minister's response to the fact there is a major loophole, whether intentional or unintentional, in our tax code that has allowed large companies to continue to use the Double Irish . 3335:

request that royalties like Google's should be able to flow directly to units in Bermuda and Cayman without being taxed. In 2008, O'Rourke's cousin Brian Lenihan became finance minister, setting much of the Revenue's policy. Two years later, after continued entreaties by O'Rourke, the Revenue's office announced that it would no longer impose withholding taxes on such transactions.

4227:("TCJA"), the U.S. changed from a "worldwide" tax system to a hybrid–"territorial" tax system, to encourage U.S. multinationals to relocate functions back from tax havens. In addition, the US, as the UK had done in 2009–12, aimed to become a favoured destination for foreign multinational to relocate. In their October 2017 report on the proposed TCJA legalisation, the U.S. 5416: 3580:). If the Bermuda–controlled Irish company (IRL2) was relocated to a country with whom (a) Ireland had a tax treaty, (b) with wording on "management and control" tax residency, and (c) had a zero corporate tax rate, then the Double Irish effect could be replicated. They highlighted Malta as a candidate. The Irish media picked up the article, but when an Irish 3069:, ensuring that its German profits are zero. The $ 95 is paid to the location in which the IP is legally housed. Microsoft would prefer to house this IP in a tax haven, however, higher-tax locations like Germany do not sign full tax treaties with tax havens, and would not accept the IP charged from a tax haven as deductible against German taxation. The 607:{{quote|The tax deduction can be used to achieve an effective tax rate of 2.5% on profits from the exploitation of the IP purchased . Provided the IP is held for five years, a subsequent disposal of the IP will not result in a clawback.|source=] Law Firm,{{efn|name="law"}} Ireland as a European gateway (March 2013)<ref name="matheson1"/>}} 7135: 6574: 6559: 3099:. By 2010, US$ 95 billion of U.S. profits were shifted annually to Ireland,, which increased to US$ 106 billion by 2015. As the BEPS tool with which U.S. multinationals built up untaxed offshore reserves of circa US$ 1 trillion from 2004 to 2017, the Double Irish is the largest tax avoidance tool in history. In 2016, when the 6072: 4025:) estimated Ireland was the world's largest BEPS hub, and also the world's largest tax haven. In September 2018, Zucman and Wright showed that US corporates were the largest users of BEPS tools, representing almost half of all BEPS activity. The concentration of BEPS activity impacted Ireland's economy in a number of ways: 4286:

allowances, both tangible and intangible, as deductible against GILTI taxation, which would enable U.S. users of the CAIA BEPS tool to convert their Irish ETR of 0–3%, into a final U.S. ETR of 0–3%. In May–July 2018, Google and Facebook announced large expansions of their Dublin office campuses in Ireland.

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and could "hamper global investment and growth due to uncertainty around taxation". The letter said that "keeping the current standard will make Ireland a more attractive location for a regional headquarters by reducing the level of uncertainty in the tax relationship with Ireland's trading partners".

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representing a coalition of 24 multinational U.S. software firms, including Microsoft, lobbied Michael Noonan, as minister for finance, to resist the proposals in January 2017. In a letter to him, the group recommended Ireland not adopt article 12, as the changes "will have effects lasting decades"

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U.S. multinationals use tax havens more than multinationals from other countries which have kept their controlled foreign corporations regulations. No other non-haven OECD country records as high a share of foreign profits booked in tax havens as the United States. This suggests that half of all the

5795:

Brussels is challenging the "Double Irish" tax avoidance measure prized by big U.S. tech and pharma groups, putting pressure on Dublin to close it down or face a full-blown investigation. The initial enquiries have signalled that Brussels wants Dublin to call time on the tax gambit, which has helped

4249:

In March–April 2018, major U.S. tax law firms showed that pre the TCJA, U.S. multinationals with the IP needed to use Irish BEPS tools, would achieve effective Irish tax rates ("ETR") of 0–3% versus 35% under the historical U.S. system. However, post the TCJA, these multinationals can use their IP to

3979:

In December 2017, the Irish Government accepted the recommendation of Coffey that the corporation tax relief for the Irish CAIA BEPS tool be capped at 80% for new arrangements, to restore the CAIA's effective Irish corporate tax rate ("ETR") back to 2.5%. This was enacted in the 2017 Finance Budget,

3970:

As with all Irish BEPS tools, the Irish subsidiary must conduct a "relevant trade" on the acquired IP. A "business plan" must be produced with Irish employment and salary levels that are acceptable to the Irish State during the period capital allowances are claimed. If the Irish subsidiary is wound

3386:

accounting techniques. U.S. congressional investigations into the tax practices of U.S. multinationals were aware of such BEPS tools for many years. However, the U.S. did not try to force the closure of the Double Irish BEPS tool, instead it was the EU which forced Ireland to close the Double Irish

3334:

O'Rourke set out to simplify those structures, eliminating the need for a Dutch intermediary. In October 2007, he met at Google's Dublin headquarters on Barrow Street with Tadhg O'Connell, the head of the Revenue division that audits tech companies. O'Connell is understood to have rejected O'Rourke's

3091:

As with all Irish BEPS tools, the Irish subsidiary must conduct a "relevant trade" on the IP in Ireland. A "business plan" must be produced with Irish employment and salary levels that are acceptable to the Irish State during the period the BEPS tool is in operation. Despite these requirements, the

818:

In June 2018, tax academics showed that Ireland had become the world's largest global BEPS hub,<ref name="gabrielzucmanx"/> or corporate-focused tax haven.<ref name="zuc10"/><ref name="zuc11"/> In September 2018, tax academics showed that US multinationals were the largest users of

699:

During Q1 2018, Coffey, and international economists,<ref name="cofr"/><ref name="brads"/> proved Ireland's 2015 "]" GDP growth of 33.4%, was almost solely attributable to Apple's new CAIA BEPS tool. Coffey noted the significance of Apple's endorsement of the CAIA BEPS tool, given Apple's

6598:

Using a structure dubbed the "single malt", some US multinationals have been using Irish-registered, Malta-resident, companies to cut tax liabilities in countries where they sell their goods and services. Minister for Finance Paschal Donohoe confirmed on Tuesday that a new agreement between Revenue

4791:

Before 1996, the United States, like other high-income countries, had anti-avoidance rules—known as “controlled foreign corporations” provisions—designed to immediately tax in the United States some foreign income (such as royalties and interest) conducive of profit shifting. In 1996, the IRS issued

3940:

The CAIA and Double Irish (and Single Malt) share the same basic components and techniques (e.g. an intangible asset needs to be created and significantly re-valued in a tax haven). The key differences between the CAIA BEPS tool and the Double Irish (and Single Malt) BEPS tools are noted as follows:

3495:

Apple was not using the standard Double Irish arrangement of two Irish companies (IRL1 in Ireland, and IRL2 in Bermuda). Instead, Apple combined the functions of the two companies inside one Irish company (namely, Apple Sales International, or ASI), which was split into two internal "branches". The

741:

In June 2018, Apple's post Q1 2015 BEPS tax structure in Ireland was labelled "]" by the EU Parliament's ] body and described in detail.<ref name="emmaclancy">{{cite web|url= https://www.taxjustice.net/2018/06/25/new-report-is-apple-paying-less-than-1-tax-in-the-eu/|title=New Report on Apple's

8011: 7466:

Germany taxes only 5% of the active foreign business profits of its resident corporations. Furthermore, German firms do not have incentives to structure their foreign operations in ways that avoid repatriating income. Therefore, the tax incentives for German firms to establish tax haven affiliates

6421:

Another sophisticated loophole in the tax system means the removal of the "Double Irish" tax-avoidance strategy won't actually have any real impact for U.S. firms in Ireland seeking to lower their tax bills. An influential U.S. tax journal has found that the Irish subsidiaries of U.S. companies can

4214:

in Ireland's economy, and the equal failure of Ireland to attract non-U.S. multinationals or any multinationals from "territorial" tax systems. While Ireland sometimes describes itself as a "global knowledge hub for selling into Europe", it is more accurately described as a U.S. corporate tax haven

3984:

In 2015 there were a number of “balance-sheet relocations” with companies who had acquired IP while resident outside the country becoming Irish-resident. It is possible that companies holding IP for which capital allowances are currently being claimed could become non-resident and remove themselves

3836:

made additional amendments to the rules regarding the acquisition of intangible assets from "connected parties", and the "employment tax" users of the CAIA BEPS tool must pay. The 2012 Finance Act removed the minimum amortisation period for the acquired intangible assets, and reduced the "clawback"

3777:

of a U.S. multinational's non–U.S. business. However, the CAIA is more powerful, as Apple demonstrated by effectively doubling the tax shield (e.g. to US$ 600 billion in allowances), via Irish interest relief on the intergroup virtual loans used to purchase the IP. While Apple's CAIA had an ETR of

3757:

A hypothetical multinational with an equity market capitalisation of €1,000 million, but tangible assets of €100 million, can argue that the gap of €900 million represents its intangible asset base, which can be legally created and appropriately located. Ireland's Capital Allowances for Intangible

2992:

Despite US knowledge about the Double Irish for a decade, it was the EU who forced Ireland to close the scheme in October 2014, starting January 2015. However, users of existing schemes, such as Apple, Google, Facebook, and Pfizer, were given until January 2020 to close them. At the announcement of

536:

As with all Irish BEPS tools, the Irish subsidiary must conduct a "relevant trade" on the acquired IP.{{efn|name="employment"|Under Section 291A of the ''1997 Irish Tax and Consolidated Acts'', users of Irish BEPS tools must conduct a "relevant trade" and perform "relevant activities" in Ireland to

528:

348:

340:

4838:

When the Irish State applied a cap of 80% on the total amount of Irish intangible capital allowances that can be used against taxable profits in any year, it gave an Irish effective tax rate ("ETR") of 2.5%, being the Irish corporation tax rate of 12.5% multiplied by 20%. Therefore, the ETR of the

4687:

While various sources quote the amount of untaxed cash reserves as being closer to USD 2 trillion, a component of this figure represents cash flow that is awaiting reinvestment in the overseas markets, non-cash assets, and U.S. banking flows; the strong consensus is that the pure cash figure is at

4289:

A June 2018 IMF country report on Ireland, while noting the significant exposure of Ireland's economy to U.S. corporates, concluded that the TCJA may not be as effective as Washington expects in addressing Ireland as a U.S. corporate tax haven. In writing its report, the IMF conducted confidential

4239:

As a "carrot", the TCJA enables these firms to charge out their IP globally (just like with a Double Irish or Single Malt arrangement) but from a U.S. base, at a preferential FDII tax rate of 13.125% . In addition, the extra reliefs of 100% capital expensing, and 21% relief on U.S. costs, make the

4093:

Tax academics show multinationals from countries with "territorial" tax systems make little use of tax havens like Ireland. Since the UK changed its tax regime to a "territorial" system in 2009–12, Ireland has failed to attract corporates from any other jurisdiction except the US, one of the last

3768:

For example, in Q1 2015, Apple used the CAIA tool when its Irish subsidiary purchased US$ 300 billion in intangible assets from an Apple subsidiary based in Jersey. The CAIA tool enabled Apple to write-off the US$ 300 billion price as a capital allowance against future Irish profits (e.g. the next

3272:

for IRL1 as it is clearly a foreign subsidiary selling to non–U.S. locations. The U.S. tax code will rightly ignore IRL1 from U.S. tax calculations. However, because the U.S. tax code also views IRL2 as foreign (i.e. Irish), it also ignores the transactions between IRL1 and IRL2 (even though they

8319:

The use of private "unlimited liability company" (ULC) status, which exempts companies from filing financial reports publicly. The fact that Apple, Google and many others continue to keep their Irish financial information secret is due to a failure by the Irish government to implement the 2013 EU

8109:

It concludes that the TCJA increases the tax burden on U.S. residence for many, and perhaps most, U.S. MNCs. The paper also argues that the GILTI and "Foreign-Derived Intangible Income" (FDII) provisions are likely to create substantial distortions to the ownership of assets, both in the U.S. and

6994:

2.2 Tax Relief for Acquisition of Intangible Assets: A scheme of tax relief for the acquisition of specified intangible assets was announced in the 2009 Supplementary Budget and introduced in Finance Act 2009. This measure was introduced to support the development of the knowledge economy and the

5246:

By our reckoning, the 500 largest U.S. nonfinancial companies have now accumulated around $ 1 trillion more than their businesses need. The majority of this is held offshore, in non-U.S. overseas subsidiaries, to avoid the incremental U.S. income taxes they would pay if they repatriated the money

3816:

attracting Irish capital allowances deductible against Irish taxable profits. These "specified intangible assets" cover more esoteric intangibles such as types of general rights, general know-how, general goodwill, and the right to use software. It includes types of "internally developed" group

3306:

scheme, no Irish withholding tax is payable as Ireland does not levy withholding tax on transfers within EU states. In addition, under the Dutch tax code DUT1 can send money to IRL2 under another royalty scheme without incurring Dutch withholding tax, as the Dutch do not charge withholding tax on

3264:

in Ireland (so under the U.S. tax code it is Irish), but which is "managed and controlled" from Bermuda (so under the Irish tax code it is from Bermuda). IRL2 will be placed between BER1 and IRL1 (i.e. owned by BER1, and owning IRL1). Up until the 2015 shut-down of the Double Irish, the Irish tax

720:

In January 2018, there was ] over Apple's CAIA BEPS tool when Coffey pointed out that it is prohibited under Ireland's tax code (Section 291A(c) of the Taxes and Consolation Act 1997), to use the CAIA BEPS tool for reasons that are not "commercial bona fide reasons", and in schemes where the main

678:

The EU Commission's 30 August 2016 findings against Apple's hybrid–Double Irish BEPS tool, Apple Sales International ("ASI"), covered the period from 2004 to end 2014 (see above). The EU's August 2016 report on Apple, notes that Apple had informed the Commission at the start of 2015 that they had

4823:

In simple terms, Apple gave its Irish subsidiary a USD 300 billion intergroup loan to buy the intangible assets from the Apple subsidiary in Jersey. Apple in Ireland can charge the interest on this intergroup loan against Irish tax, while the Apple subsidiary in Jersey, who is receiving the loan

435:

US tax academics showed as far back as 1994, that US multinational use of tax havens and BEPS tools had maximised long-term US exchequer receipts. They showed that multinationals from "territorial" tax systems, which all but a handful of countries follow,{{efn|name="worldwide"}} did not use BEPS

294:

The '''Double Irish''' is a ] ("BEPS") corporate tax tool, used mostly by US multinationals since the late 1980s, to avoid corporate taxation on most non–U.S. profits.{{efn|name="mistake"|The ''Double Irish'' is sometimes misunderstood as being only used for EU–sourced revenues and business. For

281:

7261:

U.S. companies are the most aggressive users of profit-shifting techniques, which often relocate paper profits without bringing jobs and wages, according to the study by economists Thomas Torslov and Ludvig Wier of the University of Copenhagen and Gabriel Zucman of the University of California,

4243:

As a "stick", the TCJA GILTI tax rate forces these firms to pay a minimum U.S. tax rate of 10.5% on their global IP, regardless of where their IP is located. In addition, only getting 80% relief (not 100%), against foreign taxes paid, means that the effective GILTI rate is 1–2% higher again (or

3670:

In November 2018, the Irish Government amended the Ireland–Malta tax treaty to prevent the Single Malt BEPS tool being used between Ireland and Malta (it can still be used with the UAE for example); however, the exact closure date of the Irish Single Malt BEPS tool with Malta was deferred until

3596:

The Single Malt is also an IP–based BEPS tool, and as a small variation of the Double Irish, required little additional development, except choosing specific locations with the necessary specific wording in their Irish bilateral tax treaties (e.g. Malta and the UAE); thus the basic structure is

5989:

The U.S. didn't sign the groundbreaking tax treaty inked by 68 countries in Paris June 7, because the U.S. tax treaty network has a low degree of exposure to base erosion and profit shifting issues", a U.S. Department of Treasury official said at a transfer pricing conference co-sponsored by

3630:

Figures released in April 2017 show that since 2015 there has been a dramatic increase in companies using Ireland as a low-tax or no-tax jurisdiction for intellectual property (IP) and the income accruing to it, via a nearly 1000% increase in the uptake of a tax break expanded between 2014 and

952:

However, in contrast, it was reported in May–July 2018, that U.S. tax academics and tax economists were discovering ] that incentivise the U.S. use of tax havens like Ireland. Of particular note was the exclusion from the GILTI tax of the first 10% of profits on overseas tangible assets, which

944:

901:

As the TCJA was being passed in December 2017, the new corporate tax provisions were recognised by the Irish media, as a challenge.<ref name="tcja1">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/trump-s-us-tax-reform-a-significant-challenge-for-ireland-1.3310866|author=Cliff

893:

566:

Irish BEPS tools are not overtly marketed as brochures showing near-zero effective tax rates ("ETR") would damage Ireland's ability to sign and operate bilateral tax treaties (i.e. higher-tax countries do not sign full treaties with known tax havens).{{efn|name="treaty"}} However, in the Irish

470:

US tax academics advocated the US switch to a "territorial" tax system in the December 2017 ] ("TCJA"), and as a result, forecast the demise of Irish BEPS tools. However, by mid–2018, other tax academics, including the IMF, noted technical flaws in the TCJA had increased the attractiveness of

372:

US tax academics showed as far back as 1994, that US multinational use of BEPS tools had maximised long-term US exchequer receipts. They showed that multinationals from "territorial" tax systems, which all but a handful of countries follow,{{efn|name="worldwide"}} did not use BEPS tools, or ],

7535:

The total value of U.S. business investment in Ireland - ranging from data centres to the world's most advanced manufacturing facilities - stands at $ 387bn (€334bn) - this is more than the combined U.S. investment in South America, Africa and the Middle East, and more than the BRIC countries

4102:

countries. The US multinational subsidiaries in Ireland, are not simply used for booking EU sales, in most cases, they handle the entire non–US business of the Group. Apart from US corporates, and legacy UK corporates (pre 2009–12), there are no foreign corporates in Ireland's top 50 firms.

859:

As discussed in {{slink|#Controversial closure (2015)}}, Hines had shown as early as 1994, that under the U.S. "worldwide" tax system, U.S. multinational use of tax havens and BEPS tools, had increased long-term U.S. exchequer returns. Academics point to these facts as the explanation for the

851:

4657:

is sometimes misunderstood as being only used for EU–sourced revenues and business. For example, in 2016, Facebook recorded global revenues of $ 27 billion, while Facebook in Ireland paid €30 million in Irish tax on Irish revenues of €13 billion (approximately half of all global revenues).

4285:

that incentivise the U.S. use of tax havens like Ireland. Of particular note was the exclusion from the GILTI tax of the first 10% of profits on overseas tangible assets, which incentivises investment in tangible assets abroad. However, a more serious concern, was the acceptance of capital

284:

It is the largest tax avoidance tool in history and by 2010, was shielding US$ 100 billion annually in US multinational foreign profits from taxation,{{efn|Before the US 2017 TCJA repatriation tax, the Double Irish shielded all non–US profits of US multinationals from: (a) taxation in the

7619:

Suggestions that Ireland are a tax haven simply because of our longstanding 12.5% corporate tax rate are totally out of line with the agreed global consensus that a low corporate tax rate applied to a wide tax base is good economic policy for attracting investment and supporting economic

3402:

Lower foreign tax rates entail smaller credits for foreign taxes and greater ultimate U.S. tax collections (Hines and Rice, 1994). Dyreng and Lindsey (2009), offer evidence that U.S. firms with foreign affiliates in certain tax havens pay lower foreign taxes and higher U.S. taxes than do

742:

New Irish Tax Structure|publisher=]|author=Naomi Fowler|date=25 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="emma">{{cite web|url= http://src.bna.com/zNy|title=Apple's Irish Tax Deals|publisher=] EU Parliament|author1=Martin Brehm Christensen|author2=Emma Clancy|date=21 June 2018}}</ref>

6453:

Prior to opening a Single Malt structure, Teleflex operated a Double Irish tax structure, according to Christian Aid. "Since Teleflex set up its Double Irish structure, through this and other tax strategies its global effective tax rate has dropped to just over 3 per cent," the NGO

4194:

Hines, and others, had previously quoted the example of the U.K., who transitioned from a "worldwide" system to a "territorial" system in 2009-2012, which led to a reversal of many UK inversions to Ireland, and turned the U.K. into one of the leading destinations for U.S. corporate

4662:

regulations in 2018, Facebook disclosed that all of its non–U.S. accounts (circa 1.9 billion, of which 1.5 billion were non-E.U), were legally based in Dublin. Similarly, Google is also believed to run most of its non–U.S. sales revenue and profits through its Dublin operation.

3980:

but only for new CAIA BEPS schemes (e.g. Apple's 2015 CAIA scheme would not be affected). Given the dramatic take-up in the CAIA tool in 2015, when the cap lifted (e.g. the ETR was 0%), Irish commentators challenged Coffey's recommendation. He responded in a paper in late 2017.

3106:

The earliest recorded versions of the Double Irish-type BEPS tools are by Apple in the late 1980s, and the EU discovered Irish Revenue tax rulings on the Double Irish for Apple in 1991. Irish State documents released to the Irish national archives in December 2018 showed that

721:

purpose is "... the avoidance of, or reduction in, liability to tax". In addition, it was realised in hindsight, that changes former Finance Minister ] made in the Irish 2015 Finance Budget, was to ensure the ETR of Apple's CAIA tool was reduced to zero.<ref name="app1"/>

323:] closed the Double Irish BEPS tool to new entrants in October 2014 (existing schemes to close by 2020), but expanded the CAIA BEPS tool as a replacement in 2011–2016, and famously told an Irish ] who alerted him to the Single Malt BEPS tool, to "]".<ref name="pearse"/>]] 316:] closed the Double Irish BEPS tool to new entrants in October 2014 (existing schemes to close by 2020), but expanded the CAIA BEPS tool as a replacement in 2011–2016, and famously told an Irish ] who alerted him to the Single Malt BEPS tool, to "]".<ref name="pearse"/>]] 5890:

Finally, we find that U.S. firms with operations in some tax haven countries have higher federal tax rates on foreign income than other firms. This result suggests that in some cases, tax haven operations may increase U.S. tax collections at the expense of foreign country tax

3758:

Assets program enables these intangible assets to be turned into tax deductible charges. With appropriate structuring, the intergroup acquisition financing for the purchase of these intangible assets, can also be used to further amplify the quantum of tax deductible charges.

3080:. The Double Irish enables the hypothetical $ 95 which was sent from Germany to Ireland, to be sent-on to a tax haven like Bermuda, without incurring any Irish taxation. The techniques of using IP to relocate profits from higher-tax locations to low-tax locations are called 8026: 7601:

But Mr Kenny noted that Oxfam included Ireland's 12.5 per cent corporation tax rate as one of the factors for deeming it a tax haven. "The 12.5 per cent is fully in line with the OECD and international best practice in having a low rate and applying it to a very wide tax

3008:

196: 6380:

However, Mr O'Rourke, who is also a cousin of the late Finance Minister Brian Lenihan, told Bloomberg that changes in Ireland and across the globe on tax was inevitable. Mr O'Rourke was also a member of the Government's Commission on Taxation, which sat in 2008 and

3203:

While there have been variations (e.g. Apple), the standard Double Irish arrangement, in simplified form, takes the following structure (note that the steps below initially exclude the Dutch sandwich component for simplicity, which is explained in the next section;

5295:

Ever hear of a Double Irish? It's not a drink, but one of the dodgy tax strategies that help American companies keep their profits nearly tax free abroad. Such strategies are at the heart of what may well turn out to be the most important corporate tax case in

3394:, had in 1994. Hines realised in 1994, that: "low foreign tax rates ultimately enhance U.S. tax collections". Hines would revisit this concept several times, as would others, and it would guide U.S. policy in this area for decades, including introducing the " 8385:

Meanwhile, through a myriad of subsidiaries and system of inter-company charges involving a variation on the infamous so-called 'double Irish' structure, its local operations have also legally shaved their tax bills with the Exchequer despite pulling in huge

7775:

Eurostat's structural business statistics give a range of measures of the business economy broken down by the controlling country of the enterprises. Here is the Gross Operating Surplus generated in Ireland in 2015 for the countries with figures reported by

3387:

to new schemes in October 2014. Even still, existing users of the Double Irish BEPS tool (e.g. Apple, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, amongst many others), were given five more years until January 2020, before the tool would be fully shut-down to all users.

3613:, showed how quickly the Single Malt BEPS tool was replacing the Double Irish. The report detailed Microsoft's (via LinkedIn), and Allergen's schemes and extracts from advisers to their clients. The report also showed that Ireland was behaving like a " 7415:

Why, then, when we look at debt on a per-capita basis, is it still so high? Per person, the Irish are right up the top of the leaderboard, with government debt per person of $ 45,941 (€43,230) as of March 1st, behind only Japan ($ 80,465) and the US ($

4210:, Hines had shown as early as 1994, that under the U.S. "worldwide" tax system, U.S. multinational use of tax havens and BEPS tools, had increased long-term U.S. exchequer returns. Academics point to these facts as the explanation for the extraordinary 7649: 4262:

As the TCJA was being passed in December 2017, the new corporate tax provisions were recognised by the Irish media, as a challenge. Donald Trump had "singled out" Ireland in 2017 speeches promoting the TCJA, and Trump administration economic advisor,

3123:

saying: "In order to retain the maximum tax advantage, US corporations will wish to locate FSCs in a country where they will have to pay little or no tax. Therefore unless FSCs are given favourable tax treatment in Ireland, they will not locate here."

63: 5223:

We also know that the cash component of that is about $ 1 trillion. Therefore, we know from this that we're not talking simply about foreign investment in real foreign assets because somewhere in the neighborhood of $ 1 trillion is in cash and cash

6621:

The new agreement will not come into force until near the end of September 2019 but a Department of Finance spokesman said that this would effectively shut off the loophole immediately because companies needed a lead-in time of about a year to use

5711:

Applying Hines and Rice's (1994) findings to a statutory corporate rate reduction of 15 percentage points (from 35 to 20 percent) suggests that reduced profit shifting would result in more than $ 140 billion of repatriated profit based on 2016

5269:

Earlier this year, anti-poverty charity Oxfam had estimated U.S. companies had $ 1.4tn in subsidiaries based offshore, while the $ 1.68tn that Moody's estimates is being stashed by U.S. companies is a sum equivalent to the size of the Canadian

3621:

to protect the Single Malt BEPS tool (it was also later pointed out in September 2018, that Malta had similarly opted out of Article 4 of the initiative to enable it to be the recipient of the Single Malt). The then Irish Finance Minister

829:

821:

3832:, the CAIA BEPS tool was upgraded, reducing the amortisation and "clawback" period from 15 to 10 years, and expanding the range of intangible assets to include "a broader definition of know-how". In the 2011 and 2012 Finance Acts, the 3481:, was over one quarter of Irish GDP. Apple's use of the Double Irish BEPS tool to achieve tax rates <1%, dates back to the late 1980s, and was investigated by the U.S. Senate in May 2013, and covered in the main financial media. 8200:

most of the profits booked by U.S. firms abroad continue to appear in a few low tax jurisdictions, and well, the resulting data distortions are getting pretty big. I am pretty confident the U.S. tax reform didn't solve the issue of

567:

financial crisis, some Irish tax law firms in the ] produced CAIA brochures openly marketing that its ETR was 2.5%.{{efn|name="cap"}}<ref name="maples"/><ref name="mhc"/><ref name="acox"/><ref name="coxx"/>

4075:(e.g. BEPS tools artificially inflated Ireland's GDP by 62%). In contrast EU–28 2017 GDP was 100% of GNI. Irish public indebtedness changes dramatically depending on whether Debt-to-GDP, Debt-to-GNI* or Debt-per-Capita is used ( 5749:

Together the seven tax havens with populations greater than one million (Hong Kong, Ireland, Liberia, Lebanon, Panama, Singapore, and Switzerland) account for 80 percent of total tax haven population and 89 percent of tax haven

4824:

interest, pays no tax. If a rate of circa 7% was used, and the loan runs for 15 years, the full amortisation period of the CAIA, that will add another USD 315 billion in Irish tax relief from loan interest charges paid to Jersey

4277:

said that: "So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they’re not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the U.S.

3157: 7023:

The tax deduction can be used to achieve an effective tax rate of 2.5% on profits from the exploitation of the IP purchased. Provided the IP is held for five years, a subsequent disposal of the IP will not result in a

4839:

CAIA is often described as being 0-2.5%, depending on the Irish State rules regarding caps. During Apple's creation of an Irish CAIA BEPS tool in 2015, the CAIA cap was temporarily lifted to 100% (e.g. the ETR was 0%).

5971:

As a result of the Bush Administration's efforts, the OECD backed away from its efforts to target "harmful tax practices" and shifted the scope of its efforts to improving exchanges of tax information between member

3433:

in relation to the closure of the Double Irish that "A lot of emphasis has been put on residency rules and I think that emphasis has been misplaced and the changes didn’t have that much effect". On 3 January 2019,

2239: 5869:

Scott Dyreng; Bradley P. Lindsey (12 October 2009). "Using Financial Accounting Data to Examine the Effect of Foreign Operations Located in Tax Havens and Other Countries on U.S. Multinational Firms' Tax Rates".

3381:

The 2014–16 EU investigation into Apple in Ireland (see below), showed that the Double Irish existed as far back as 1991. Early U.S. academic research in 1994 into U.S. multinational use of tax havens identified

8341:

Local subsidiaries of multinationals must always be required to file their accounts on public record, which is not the case at present. Ireland is not just a tax haven at present, it is also a corporate secrecy

8068:

So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they're not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the

7359:

Nevertheless the rise in GNI is still very substantial because the additional income flows of the companies (interest and dividends) concerned are considerably smaller than the value added of their activities

3492:. The Commission ordered Apple to pay €13 billion, plus interest, in unpaid Irish taxes on circa €111 billion of profits, for the ten-year period, 2004–2014. It was the largest corporate tax fine in history. 3817:

intangible assets and intangible assets purchased from "conntected parties". The control is that the intangible assets must be acceptable under GAAP (older 2004 Irish GAAP is used), and auditable by an Irish

4199:(although Ireland is still the most popular). A similar case study was cited in the switch by Japan in 2009 from a full US "worldwide" tax system (e.g. very high domestic tax rate, partially mitigated by a 920:

In December 2017, U.S technology firm ], the world's largest payment processing company, confirmed that it had abandoned its plan to execute a corporate ] to Ireland.<ref name="vantiv">{{cite web|url=

8672:

Round Island's legal address is in the headquarters of a Dublin law firm, Matheson Ormsby Prentice, that advertises its expertise in helping multinational companies use Ireland to shelter income from taxes.

3782:

I cannot see a justification for giving large amounts of Irish tax relief to the intragroup acquisition of a virtual group asset, except that it is for the purposes of facilitating corporate tax avoidance.

3684:(Ireland), identified as a user of the Single Malt tool in 2017 (see above), had announced in filings that it had sold a major IP asset to its parent, Microsoft (Ireland). Earlier in July 2018, Ireland's 6036:"Ireland solidifies its position as the #1 tax haven," Zucman said on Twitter. "U.S. firms book more profits in Ireland than in China, Japan, Germany, France & Mexico combined. Irish tax rate: 5.7%." 7801:

In 2007 to 2009, WPP, United Business Media, Henderson Group, Shire, Informa, Regus, Charter and Brit Insurance all left the UK. By 2015, WPP, UBM, Henderson Group, Informa and Brit Insurance have all

7658:

A study by Dr Jim Stewart, associate professor in finance at Trinity College Dublin, suggests that in 2011 the subsidiaries of U.S. multinationals in Ireland paid an effective tax rate of 2.2 per cent.

4675:

2004 was the date of the last Bush Administration tax amnesty, when pre–2004 offshore untaxed cash was repatriated at a special U.S. tax rate of 5%; in 2018, the TCJA repatriation tax rate was 15.5%.

3576:

published an article by Jeffrey L Rubinger and Summer Lepree, showing that Irish based subsidiaries of U.S. corporations could replace the Double Irish arrangement with a new structure (now known as

8744: 5046:

It focuses particularly on the dominant approach within the economics literature on income shifting, which dates back to Hines and Rice (1994) and which we refer to as the "Hines–Rice" approach.

3889:

The CAIA follows the first three steps of the Double Irish, and Single Malt, basic structure (see above, except in this case the example is not a per-unit example, but for the entire sales of a

2980:

closed the Double Irish BEPS tool to new entrants in October 2014 (existing schemes to close by 2020), but expanded the CAIA BEPS tool as a replacement in 2011–2016, and famously told an Irish

4950: 15: 5675: 8320:

Accounting Directive, which would require full public financial statements, until 2017, and even then retaining an exemption from financial reporting for certain holding companies until 2022

6644:

The Irish arm of LinkedIn reported a 20 per cent rise in revenues last year and returned to the black, helped by the disposal of intellectual property assets to its parent Microsoft Ireland.

8099:(August 2018). "The Consequences of the TCJA's International Provisions: Lessons from Existing Research (RP No. 856)". University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics. 4290:

anonymous interviews with Irish corporate tax experts. In July 2018, it was reported that Microsoft was preparing to execute Apple's "Green Jersey" CAIA BEPS transaction. In July 2018,

287:{{efn|name="bush"}}{{efn|name="bush2"}} Traditionally, it was also used with the ] BEPS tool; however, changes to Irish tax law in 2010 dispensed with this requirement for most users. 5337:

In the late 1980s, Apple was among the pioneers in creating a tax structure – known as the Double Irish – that allowed the company to move profits into tax havens around the world ...

4893:

Close to 0% for the Double Irish and Single Malt BEPS tools; 0–2.5% for the CAIA BEPS tool depending on whether the cap on capital allowances was 80% or 100% when the tool was started

7530: 5237: 2965:("BEPS") corporate tax tool, used mostly by US multinationals since the late 1980s, to avoid corporate taxation on most non–U.S. profits. Traditionally, it was also used with the 230:

User: "Britishfinance", most likely a political organisation, attempting to manipulate the information by targeting a certain country and presenting one sided information.

8644: 6915: 3390:

This approach by successive U.S. administrations is explained by an early insight that one of the most cited U.S. academic researchers into tax havens, and corporate taxation,

3311:

and DUT1 is described as the "dutch slice" (sitting between IRL1 and IRL2). Thus, with the addition of IRL2 and DUT1, we have the "Double Irish dutch sandwich" tax structure.

234: 179: 3065:

is small) would be realised in Germany, and German tax payable. With such IP, Microsoft can additionally charge Microsoft Germany $ 95 in IP royalty payments on each copy of

7208: 5839: 7097: 3658:, had created a new Single Malt scheme in July 2018, and had reduced their overall effective corporate tax rate to circa 3%. The same article quoted a spokesman from the 203: 6027: 700:

status as one of the longest users of the Double Irish BEPS tool,<ref name="DUHIGG"/> and one of the largest users of BEPS tools worldwide.<ref name="apple"/>

5820:

TWO YEARS AFTER the controversial 'double Irish' loophole was closed to new entrants, Google continued using the system to funnel billions in untaxed profits to Bermuda.

8082: 5763:"INTERNATIONAL TAXATION: Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions" 4170: 4088: 6770: 4331:

This is not a comprehensive list as many US multinationals in Ireland use "unlimited liability companies" (ULCs), which do not file public accounts with the Irish

3905: 3265:

code was one of the few that allowed a company be legally incorporated in its jurisdiction, but not be subject to its taxes (if managed and controlled elsewhere).

3222: 7842: 6160: 4765:, they describe the CAIA BEPS tool as a: "measure was introduced to support the development of the knowledge economy and the provision of high-quality employment. 3956:

While the ETR of the Double Irish is close to zero, the Irish State has from time-to-time capped the level of allowances under CAIA to 80%, giving an ETR of 2.5%;

8684: 4607: 3535: 7252: 6946: 6092: 4187: 4153: 4133: 3847: 3774: 459:

US tax academics advocated the US switch to a "territorial" tax system in the December 2017 ] ("TCJA"), and as a result, forecast the demise of Irish BEPS tools

7149: 6901: 5403:

The grand architect of much of that success: Feargal O'Rourke, the scion of a political dynasty who heads the tax practice in PriceWaterhouseCoopers in Ireland

5260: 4742: 4103:

Academics say Ireland is more accurately described as a "US corporate tax haven", and a shield for non–US profits from the historic US "worldwide" tax system.

3084:("BEPS") tools. There are many types of BEPS tools (e.g. Debt–based BEPS tools), however, IP-based BEPS tools are the largest group. The Double Irish is an 8754: 8419: 7584:

Examples of such tax havens include Ireland and Luxembourg in Europe, Hong Kong and Singapore in Asia, and various Caribbean island nations in the Americas

5156:

This selective treatment allowed Apple to pay an effective corporate tax rate of 1 per cent on its European profits in 2003 down to 0.005 per cent in 2014.

3512:

This selective treatment allowed Apple to pay an effective corporate tax rate of 1 per cent on its European profits in 2003 down to 0.005 per cent in 2014.

8577: 7962: 5612: 4931: 8545: 8213: 7596: 6371: 5562: 4231:, quoted Hines' work on tax havens, and used Hines' calculations, to estimate the quantum of U.S. investment that should return as a result of the TCJA. 4072: 3959:

By providing the inter-group finance to purchase the intangible asset (step vi. above), the tax avoided by CAIA is almost twice that of the Double Irish;

4595: 4012: 3854: 3521: 3489: 3453: 3100: 191: 93: 4234:

As well as switching to a hybrid–"territorial" tax system, the TCJA contains a unique "carrot" and a "stick" aimed at U.S. multinationals in Ireland:

6827:"Commission on Taxation Report Ireland 2009: Proposed property tax, a carbon tax, and domestic water charges as part of overhaul of Irish tax system" 6175: 5398: 5066: 3103:, the largest tax fine in history, it only covered the period 2004–14, during which Apple shielded €111 billion in profits from U.S (and Irish) tax. 31: 28: 8354: 7713: 6884: 3416:

By September 2018, tax academics proved U.S. multinationals were the largest users of BEPS tools, and that Ireland was the largest global BEPS hub.

9698: 7996: 6635: 5654: 5436: 8332: 8041: 7730: 6862: 4814:

While not stating it explicitly, it is implied in the document, that the location is one where the rate of tax is zero, such as Bermuda or Jersey

4613: 8610: 7429: 6532: 6412: 4055:", is a feature of tax havens, due to the BEPS flows. In February 2017, Ireland's national accounts became so distorted by BEPS flows that the 8727: 7118: 7057: 6724: 6698: 4865: 4805:

programs that give tax relief on capital expenditure that is amortised over the life of the capital asset on which the capital was invested in.

4707: 8624: 8264: 7632: 6315: 6110: 72: 6493: 3626:

said that it would be investigated, however, questions were raised regarding the Irish State's policy of addressing corporate tax avoidance.

2585: 7747: 3350: 9688: 6273: 6007:"International Tax Advisory: Impact of the Multilateral Instrument on U.S. Taxpayers: Why Didn't the United States Choose to Sign the MLI?" 5319: 3662:

saying they had not as yet taken any action regarding the Single Malt BEPS tool, but they were keeping the matter, "under consideration".

6444: 4175: 7410: 6397: 4969: 6612: 4590: 187: 89: 5140:"European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - State aid: Ireland gave illegal tax benefits to Apple worth up to €13 billion" 3962:

While the loophole behind the Double Irish has been closed, CAIA is a more established tax concept internationally, although only for

3923:

During the 10 years, IRL1 charges out this asset to end-customers globally (as per step v. in the Double Irish), accumulating profits;

8592: 7163: 5037: 3618: 2442: 151: 7396: 6747:

When combined with other features of Ireland's IP tax regime, an effective rate as low as 2.5% can be achieved on IP related income

5472: 3932:

At the end of the 10 years, BER1, who received the $ 1 billion purchase price, and $ 0.7 billion in loan interest, has paid no tax;

2307: 2302: 8479: 6589: 6422:

easily opt to use another loophole, known as the "check the box" rule, to enjoy the same tax benefits created by the Double Irish.

3995:

In July 2018, it was reported that Microsoft was preparing to execute another "Green Jersey" CAIA BEPS transaction. which, due to

3985:

from the charge to tax in Ireland. If they leave in this fashion there will be no transaction that triggers an exit tax liability.

3917:

Additionally, BER1 gives IRL1 a $ 1 billion 10-year inter-group loan to buy the intangible asset, at an interest rate of circa 7%;

404:|CAIA, can provide up to twice the tax shield of Single Malt, or Double Irish, and was identified with Apple in the 2015 ] affair. 8826: 8507: 5699: 5094: 4332: 4149: 3999:, makes the CAIA BEPS tool attractive to U.S. multinationals. In July 2018, Coffey posted that Ireland could see a "boom" in the 3818: 3562: 3315: 3249:

U.S. tax code allows foreign income to be left in foreign subsidiaries (deferring U.S. taxes), but it will consider BER1 to be a

2950: 8846: 7456: 6476: 3920:

Over the next 10 years IRL1 claims tax relief on both the $ 1 billion purchase (under CAIA), and the inter-group loan interest;

2656: 2249: 1470: 8310: 3804:, the "grand architect" of the Double Irish tool. In September 2009, the Commission recommended that the Irish State provide 3111:

ministers in 1984 sought legal advice on how U.S. corporations could avoid taxes by operating from Ireland. The former Irish

8169: 7291: 3549: 3485: 2977: 6291:"COMMISSION DECISION of 30.8.2016 on STATE AID SA. 38373 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) (ex 2014/CP) implemented by Ireland to Apple" 5640: 3935:

At the end of the 10 years, IRL1, repeats steps iv. to ix. above, and buys a new intangible asset from BER1 for $ 1 billion.

9189: 7678: 7036: 5919: 5626: 5196: 3398:" rules in 1996, curtailing the 2000–10 OECD initiative on tax havens, and not signing the 2016 OECD anti-BEPS initiative. 2856: 2037: 7516: 7479: 7230: 6128: 4719:

In September 2018, Ireland had a global network of 73 bilateral tax treaties, and a 74th with Ghana awaiting ratification.

4282: 4067:

reported that Modified GNI* did not remove all of the distortions from Irish economic date. By September 2018, the Irish

3996: 393:|Single malt, is almost identical to the Double Irish, and was identified with Microsoft (LinkedIn), and Allergan in 2017; 9194: 8798: 7451: 7239:

IP onshoring is something we should be expecting to see much more of as we move towards the end of the decade. Buckle up!

4585: 4068: 2731: 6662: 6093:"Zucman:Corporations Push Profits Into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says" 3741:

for the purchase of assets. However, Ireland turns it into a BEPS tool by providing the allowances for the purchase of

9535: 9435: 7499: 5454: 2933: 2796: 1919: 1431: 7981: 7947: 7696: 6885:"Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets under section 291A of the Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 (Part 9 / Chapter 2)" 5169: 3926:

During the 10 years, CORP in line with its product cycle, has created new software and repeated step i. to iii. above;

3504:

to Apple in 1991 and 2007 regarding this hybrid-double Irish structure, which the EU Commission considered as illegal

9288: 9179: 9040: 7766: 6006: 5770:

Table 1: Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions and the Sources of Those Jurisdictions

5679: 4484:

Major companies in Ireland known to employ the capital-allowances for intangible assets ("CAIA") BEPS tool, include:

4186:(i.e. profits), by the controlling country of the company (note: a material part of the Irish figure is also from US 4125:

labels as unfair criticism of its low, but legitimate, 12.5% Irish corporate tax rate, which it defends as being the

3581: 3440:

reported that Google avoided corporate taxes on US$ 23 billion of profits in 2017 by using the Double Irish with the

3376: 2981: 2257: 2005: 6932: 6146: 4884:

for IP–heavy U.S. multinationals, has led some to qualify the new U.S. TCJA system as a hybrid–"territorial" system.

4281:

However, in contrast, it was reported in May–July 2018, that U.S. tax academics and tax economists were discovering

3473:, announcing Apple's €13 billion fine for Irish taxes avoided from 2004–14 via an illegal "Double Irish" BEPS scheme 9693: 5844: 5494: 4112: 3753:

assets, and critically, where the owner of the intangible assets is a "connected party" (e.g. a Group subsidiary).

3081: 3076:

The Double Irish enables the IP to be charged-out from Ireland, which has a large global network of full bilateral

3040: 2962: 1722: 7814: 7011: 6840: 6290: 9678: 9281: 8336: 3825: 3659: 3137: 3092:

effective tax rate ("ETR") of the Double Irish is almost 0%, as the EU Commission discovered with Apple in 2016.

1904: 1500: 7467:

are likely to differ from those of U.S. firms and bear strong similarities to those of other G–7 and OECD firms.

3914:

Under the CAIA rules, IRL1 can write-off the $ 1 billion paid for this group intangible asset against Irish tax;

349:

the closure it was known that Ireland had replacement BEPS tools, the '']'' (2014), and the '']'' (CAIA) (2009):

341:

the closure it was known that Ireland had replacement BEPS tools, the '']'' (2014), and the '']'' (CAIA) (2009):

8059: 7311: 6986: 6963: 5966: 5872: 4600: 4369: 4060: 4042: 3395: 3269: 3250: 2861: 2580: 214: 7701:

Meanwhile, the tax rate reported by those Irish subsidiaries of U.S. companies plummeted to 3% from 9% by 2010

3614: 3156: 9216: 7762: 7347: 7226: 4295: 4224: 3424: 3368: 3246: 3017: 2866: 1825: 1294: 6791: 5593: 3703: 3572:

In October 2014, as the EU forced the Irish State to close the Double Irish BEPS tool, the influential U.S.

3160:

Chart 1: Reproduction of the classic IMF diagram of the full "Double Irish with a Dutch Sandwich" BEPS tool:

8917: 8787: 8260: 8195: 7789: 6216: 5706: 5374: 5214: 4630: 4424: 4314: 4228: 3466: 3364: 2564: 1855: 159: 122: 111: 8369: 7863: 7561: 7177: 9703: 9335: 8907: 8882: 8819: 7903: 7566: 6680: 5498: 3734: 3718: 2806: 2776: 3360: 9360: 9209: 7274: 4399: 4095: 3505: 2187: 1659: 8227: 6181: 3260:

To get around this, the U.S. corporation needs to create a second Irish company (IRL2, or A), legally

9055: 9018: 8706:"Corporate Tax 2014: Yahoo! joins "Double Irish Dutch Sandwich" club; IDA Ireland wants more members" 7882: 5733: 5356: 5058:

Clemens Fuest; Christoph Spengel; Katharina Finke; Jost Heckemeyer; Hannah Nusser (15 October 2013).

4145: 3971:

up within 5 years, the CAIA intangible capital allowances are repayable, which is called "clawback".

3254: 3085: 3029: 2969:

BEPS tool; however, changes to Irish tax law in 2010 dispensed with this requirement for most users.

2234: 1812: 1769: 1620: 1475: 1324: 172: 8129: 7828: 7614: 7194: 6511: 5944: 5811: 5627:"Treatment of Certain Patent Royalties Paid to Companies Resident Outside the State (e-brief 55/10)" 4903: 4267:, predicted "a flood of companies" would leave Ireland due to the TCJA. Leading U.S. tax academic, 3733:), enables Ireland to act as the terminus for the untaxed profits (e.g. Ireland becomes Bermuda, a " 9276: 8954: 8897: 8856: 8405: 8296: 7312:"CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN-OWNED COMPANIES: The Case of Ireland" 6666: 6259: 6055: 5542: 3690:, disclosed that Microsoft (Ireland) were preparing a restructure of their Irish BEPS tools into a 3597:

almost identical to the Double Irish with often a Maltese company replaced as BER1 (from earlier).

3340:

Jesse Drucker, Bloomberg, "Man Making Ireland Tax Avoidance Hub Proves Local Hero", 28 October 2013

3261: 2826: 2244: 1101: 1050: 126: 100: 8563: 7371: 7332: 7318: 5786: 5516: 5004: 2946: 9580: 9132: 8976: 8924: 8063: 7770: 7256: 7234: 4881: 4575: 4306:

of U.S. IP, via the CAIA BEPS tool, between now and 2020, when the Double Irish is fully closed.

4273: 4056: 4003:

of U.S. IP, via the CAIA BEPS tool, between now and 2020, when the Double Irish is fully closed.

3990:

Seamus Coffey, "Intangibles, taxation and Ireland's contribution to the EU Budget", December 2017

3585: 3133: 2985: 2841: 2781: 2292: 2287: 1909: 1790: 1441: 118: 8705: 6826: 6340:

Rita Barrera; Jessica Bustamante (2 August 2017). "The Rotten Apple: Tax Avoidance in Ireland".

4987: 3552:

gave the CAIA BEPS tool for Apple in 2015, and promised to investigate the Single Malt BEPS tool

9748: 9683: 9645: 9520: 9162: 9152: 9035: 8971: 8902: 8887: 8812: 8165: 7796: 6798: 5984: 4758: 4264: 3929:

At the end of the 10 years, IRL1 has shielded $ 1.7 billion of Irish profits against Irish tax;

3788: 3561:

In an October 2013 interview, the noted "grand architect" of the Double Irish BEPS tool, Irish

3129: 3057:

to end-customers. Without such IP, if Microsoft charged a German end-customer, say $ 100, for

2926: 2751: 2636: 2631: 2227: 1806: 1625: 1273: 8104: 5038:"What Do We Know About Base Erosion and Profit Shifting? A Review of the Empirical Literature" 9460: 9298: 9030: 8959: 8173: 8147: 8116: 7615:"'Ireland is not a tax haven': Department of Finance dismisses 'tax haven' research findings" 7136:"Change in tax treatment of intellectual property and subsequent and reversal hard to fathom" 5931: 5812:"Two years after the 'double Irish' was shelved, Google used it to shift billions to Bermuda" 5241: 5098: 5041: 4625: 4619: 4580: 4374: 4052: 3749: 3497: 3322:, relaxed the rules for sending royalty payments to non–EU countries without incurring Irish 3302:

like BER1. However, if IRL1 sends the money to a new Dutch company DUT1 (or S), via another

3046: 2831: 2756: 2721: 2706: 2626: 2616: 1860: 1780: 1775: 1696: 66: 8794: 7531:"Denouncing Ireland as a tax haven is as dated as calling it homophobic because of our past" 7075: 5057: 3901:

CORP sells it to its wholly owned Bermuda company (BER1) for $ 1 million (at cost, ideally);

3016:

US tax academics advocated the US switch to a "territorial" tax system in the December 2017

9585: 9490: 9303: 9271: 9261: 9246: 9147: 9142: 9085: 5375:"Fine Gael ministers discussed US corporations paying 'little or no tax' here in the 1980s" 4492: 4409: 4046: 3725:

as higher-tax locations would not sign full tax treaties with locations like Bermuda), the

3686: 3573: 3478: 3013:, including those that had recently switched, such as Japan (2009), and the UK (2009–12). 2851: 2816: 2791: 2671: 2651: 1818: 1495: 1356: 5563:"Ireland's move to close the 'Double Irish' tax loophole unlikely to bother Apple, Google" 3218:

CORP sells it to its wholly owned Bermuda company (BER1, or H) for $ 1 (at cost, ideally);

8: 9708: 9122: 9112: 9107: 9090: 8981: 8964: 8877: 8691: 8667: 8314: 8096: 8039: 7018: 7012:"Ireland as a European gateway jurisdiction for China – outbound and inbound investments" 6742: 5790: 5658: 5520: 5139: 5033: 4570: 4384: 4354: 3801: 3566: 3319: 3234:

IRL1 uses the $ 100 from Germany to pay the $ 100 royalty to BER1 (no profit in Ireland);

3125: 2871: 2771: 2766: 2711: 2696: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2621: 2611: 2606: 2590: 2460: 2406: 2209: 1717: 9365: 7253:"Corporations Push Profits Into Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Study Says" 3522:

State aid (SA.38373): Ireland gave illegal tax benefits to Apple worth up to €13 billion

3330:), but they are subject to conditions that will not suit all Double Irish arrangements. 373:

including those that had recently switched, such as Japan (2009), and the UK (2009–12).

9738: 9728: 9723: 9430: 9256: 9204: 9167: 8912: 8770: 7557: 7447: 5835: 5729: 5343: 4906:

with James R. Hines Jr., including the second most cited academic paper on tax havens,

4561: 3949:

the effect of the Double Irish in the Irish national accounts, leading to even greater

3898:

A U.S. corporate (CORP) develops new software in the U.S. costing $ 1 million to build;

3812:, creating the CAIA BEPS tool. The 2009 Finance Act, materially expanded the range of 3517: 3470: 3408: 3391: 3356: 3277: 2846: 2836: 2821: 2811: 2786: 2736: 2701: 2691: 2661: 2646: 2641: 2496: 2411: 2199: 2163: 2084: 1963: 1681: 1319: 210: 6812: 5912: 4121:"effective tax rate" (ETR) of Ireland's corporate tax regime. The Irish State refutes 3911:

An Irish subsidiary, IRL1, purchases this intangible asset from BER1, for $ 1 billion;

9718: 9618: 9485: 9370: 9251: 9157: 9023: 8929: 8685:"TAX JUSTICE NETWORK: Irish Subsidiary Lets Microsoft Slash Taxes in U.S. and Europe" 8392: 8283: 8100: 7904:"A Hybrid Approach: The Treatment of Foreign Profits under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" 7287: 6477:"'Impossible' structures: tax outcomes overlooked by the 2015 tax Spillover analysis" 6416: 6199: 6042: 5885: 5440: 5081:"Intellectual Property Tax Planning in the light of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting" 4935: 4802: 4033: 3871: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3743: 3738: 3215:

A U.S. corporate (CORP, or X) develops new software in the U.S. costing $ 1 to build;

3145: 2972: 2919: 2761: 2746: 2741: 2716: 2666: 2466: 2177: 2129: 2069: 1985: 1926: 1638: 1605: 1411: 8663: 7922: 7098:"As Treasury Moves to Bring Back Inversions, Here are 7 of the Biggest Recent Deals" 3540: 9525: 9505: 9420: 9345: 9174: 9045: 8944: 8151: 7963:"Reassessing the Beloved Double Irish Structure (as Single Malt) in Light of GILTI" 7943: 7575: 6349: 6097:

Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $ 200 billion globally

6028:"Half of U.S. foreign profits booked in tax havens, especially Ireland: NBER paper" 6010: 5881: 5700:"TAX CUTS AND JOBS ACT OF 2017 Corporate Tax Reform and Wages: Theory and Evidence" 5576: 5468: 5286: 4775: 4533: 4389: 3865: 3769:

US$ 300 billion of profits Apple books in Ireland are free of Irish tax). The CAIA

3141: 3050: 3049:("IP"), which are mostly technology and life sciences firms, can turn this into an 2801: 2726: 2332: 2297: 2277: 2089: 2057: 1931: 1785: 1536: 107: 16: 8214:"Google, Facebook and Salesforce.com dramatically expand their Dublin office hubs" 7787: 7579: 7209:"IRISH ECONOMY: Intangibles, taxation and Ireland's contribution to the EU Budget" 6353: 4323:

article highlighting material issues with TCJA in terms of combatting tax havens.

3458: 9743: 9713: 9657: 9608: 9540: 9515: 9480: 9395: 9266: 9184: 9102: 9011: 8939: 8892: 8424: 6512:"How often is the 'Single Malt' tax loophole used? The government is finding out" 6448: 6375: 6031: 5959: 4951:"Exclusive: Facebook to put 1.5 billion users out of reach of new EU privacy law" 4215:

for shielding non-U.S. revenues from the historical U.S. "worldwide" tax system.

3623: 3545: 3323: 3303: 3295: 3054: 2895: 2511: 2369: 2364: 2099: 2062: 1973: 1938: 1840: 1764: 1600: 1560: 1526: 1436: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1334: 8439: 8040:

Niall O'Connor; Colm Kelpie; Laura Larkin; and Brian Hutton (11 November 2017).

7683:

Ireland's effective tax rate on all foreign corporates (U.S. and non-U.S.) is 4%

6278:

Explanatory video from the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists

6177:

Memorandum: Offshore profit shifting and the U.S. tax code - Part 2 (Apple Inc.)

6077:

Study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean

5059: 4343:

Major companies in Ireland known to employ the Double Irish BEPS tool, include:

3569:(see above), said that: "the days of the Double Irish tax scheme are numbered". 9510: 9375: 9350: 9221: 9067: 9006: 8861: 8749: 8484: 8268: 8143: 8055: 7926: 7907: 7867: 7670: 7553: 7348:"Globalisation at work in statistics — Questions arising from the 'Irish case'" 7079: 6542: 5991: 5908: 5594:"'Dutch Sandwich' saves Google and many other U.S. companies billions in taxes" 5324: 5315: 5218: 5188: 5112: 5009: 4988:"Google booked 41% of global revenues in Ireland in 2012; A leprechaun's gold?" 4547: 4519: 4456:

Major companies in Ireland known to employ the single-malt BEPS tool, include:

4414: 4319: 4268: 4018: 3441: 3363:, the most cited paper in all research into tax havens, was relied upon by the 3327: 3308: 3289: 2966: 2454: 2426: 2401: 2262: 2104: 1899: 1835: 1733: 1671: 1575: 1570: 1553: 1531: 8645:"Medtronic's $ 43 Billion Covidien Buyout Is More Than Just A Tax Saving Deal" 7714:"Pinning Down Apple's Alleged 0.005% Tax Rate in Ireland Is Nearly Impossible" 7446: 7178:"Revenue eBrief No. 016/18 Capital allowances for specified intangible assets" 4848:

For CAIA plans after 13 February 2013; before 13 February 2013, it is 10 years

4171:

Ireland as a tax haven § Global "knowledge hub" for "selling into Europe"

4089:

Ireland as a tax haven § Global "knowledge hub" for "selling into Europe"

9672: 9623: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9545: 9455: 9425: 9385: 9293: 9060: 8934: 8835: 8373: 8243:"Seamus Coffey: Strong Irish corporate tax receipts 'sustainable' until 2020" 7847: 7552: 6516: 6297: 6161:"iPhone exports accounted for quarter of Irish economic growth in 2017 - IMF" 5815: 5796:

Ireland become a hub for American tech and pharma giants operating in Europe.

5378: 5290: 4359: 4291: 4251: 4196: 3773:

the effect of the Double Irish or Single Malt BEPS tools, and behaves like a

3636: 3606: 3420: 3228:

BER1 licenses it to its wholly owned Irish subsidiary (IRL1, or B) for $ 100;

2526: 2194: 2119: 2010: 1943: 1877: 1845: 1712: 1654: 1615: 1595: 1565: 1480: 1401: 1396: 1371: 1361: 1303: 499:=={{anchor|Double Irish}}{{anchor|Explanation of Double Irish}}Double Irish== 492:=={{anchor|Double Irish}}{{anchor|Explanation of Double Irish}}Double Irish== 8370:"How the IDA's top client used Ireland to siphon billions offshore tax-free" 7760: 7224: 6180:(memorandum of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations), archived from 5762: 47: 9733: 9603: 9530: 9500: 9445: 9355: 9127: 8629: 8546:"Google 2.4% Rate Shows How $ 60 Billion Lost to Tax Loopholes – Bloomberg" 8469:

Chitum, Ryan (2007). "How 60 billion are lost in tax loopholes", Bloomberg.

6132: 5264: 4973: 4774:

The most cited academic explanation of the Double Irish Dutch Sandwich, is

4429: 4094:"worldwide" tax systems. By September 2018, US–controlled corporates were 3536:

Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Multinational tax schemes

3436: 3273:

are related parties). This is the essence of the Double Irish arrangement.

3077: 2907: 2421: 2204: 2173: 2144: 2124: 2015: 2000: 1980: 1894: 1889: 1691: 1485: 167: 8191: 6863:"Intangible Assets Scheme under Section 291A Taxes Consolidation Act 1997" 1454: 9613: 9495: 9450: 9440: 9390: 9380: 9330: 9137: 8420:"Abbott Laboratories Irish subsidiary paid no tax on €1.8 billion profit" 8256: 8255: 8187: 7960: 7653: 7433: 6639: 6593: 6319: 5613:"'Double Irish' and 'Dutch Sandwich' saved Google $ 3.7bn in tax in 2016" 5417:"Scion of a prominent political dynasty who gave his vote to accountancy" 5080: 4434: 4310: 3857:

for U.S. corporate tax inversions in history, and would have the largest

3676: 3650: 3116: 2416: 2154: 2114: 2032: 1968: 1914: 1850: 1676: 1666: 1610: 1490: 1391: 1386: 1344: 1329: 5784: 9555: 9550: 9415: 9340: 9199: 9117: 9097: 8083:"How U.S. tax reform rewards companies that shift profit to tax havens" 7982:"U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act: Corporate tax reform - Winners and Losers" 7697:"Ireland: Where Profits Pile Up, Helping Multinationals Keep Taxes Low" 7669: 6575:"Three years of silence on 'Single Malt' tax loophole raises questions" 6494:"Multinationals replacing 'Double Irish' with new tax avoidance scheme" 6413:"Multinationals replacing 'Double Irish' with new tax avoidance scheme" 5925:

global profits shifted to tax havens are shifted by U.S. multinationals

5187: 5170:"Ireland: Where Profits Pile Up, Helping Multinationals Keep Taxes Low" 5120:

Intellectual property (IP) has become the leading tax avoidance vehicle

4488: 4348: 3713:

The Double Irish and Single Malt BEPS tools enable Ireland to act as a

3367:

in October 2017 when advocating the corporate tax cuts proposed by the

3299: 3120: 3010: 2521: 2491: 2374: 2359: 2282: 2214: 2182: 2134: 2109: 2094: 1995: 1990: 1958: 1884: 1590: 1585: 1406: 1366: 1312: 7788:

Mike Williams (HMRC Director of International Tax) (23 January 2015).

6771:"Ireland as a Location for Your Intellectual Property Trading Company" 6395: 5060:"Profit Shifting and "Aggressive" Tax Planning by Multinational Firms" 3280:), however, it is rare for a U.S. corporation to "own" IRL2 directly. 3095:

Most major U.S. technology and life sciences multinationals have been

2993:

the closure it was known that Ireland had replacement BEPS tools, the

9226: 9050: 8949: 8596: 7966: 7517:"FactCheck: How much do multinationals actually contribute in taxes?" 6616: 6560:"Paschal Donohoe says Government will examine 'Single Malt' loophole" 6372:"Days of 'Double Irish' tax scheme are numbered, says PwC's O'Rourke" 6114: 6073:"Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics" 4498: 4460: 4439: 4419: 4136:

is between 2.2% to 4.5% (depending on assumptions made). This lower

4122: 3859: 3842: 3429: 3112: 3108: 3061:, a profit of circa $ 95 (as the cost of Microsoft selling copies of 3053:("IA") on their balance sheet, and charge it out as a tax-deductible 2354: 2272: 2267: 1953: 1948: 1759: 1686: 1376: 155: 6987:"Department of Finance Tax Strategy Group: Irish Corporate Taxation" 6964:"Department of Finance Tax Strategy Group: Irish Corporate Taxation" 6234:"Senate Probe Finds Apple Used Unusual Tax Structure to Avoid Taxes" 6233: 5455:"Feargal O'Rourke Turning Ireland Into 'A Global Tax-Avoidance Hub'" 4203:

regime), to a full "territorial" tax system, with positive results.

4144:

effective tax rates of US multinationals in Ireland, as well as the

4059:

replaced Irish GDP and Irish GNP with a new economic measure, Irish

3721:" rerouting untaxed profits to places like Bermuda (e.g. it must be 3584:

notified the then Finance Minister, Michael Noonan, he was told to "

3237:

BER1 holds the $ 100 cash in perpetuity, thus avoiding U.S. 35% tax;

8512: 8355:"Pinning Down Apple's Alleged 0.005% Tax Rate Is Nearly Impossible" 7375: 7354: 7195:"Intangibles, taxation and Ireland's contribution to the EU Budget" 5985:"Treasury Official Explains Why U.S. Didn't Sign OECD Super-Treaty" 4472: 4466: 4379: 4064: 3681: 3655: 2516: 2484: 2168: 2158: 2079: 2074: 2047: 2020: 1830: 1580: 1521: 1516: 1349: 260:] ("IFSC") the centre of US multinational tax planning in Ireland]] 253:] ("IFSC") the centre of US multinational tax planning in Ireland]] 8333:"Ireland's playing games in the last chance saloon of tax justice" 6260:"After a Tax Crackdown, Apple Found a New Shelter for Its Profits" 6147:"Quarter of Irish economic growth due to Apple's iPhone, says IMF" 6129:"Google shifted $ 23bn to tax haven Bermuda in 2017, filing shows" 4218: 3697: 4954: 4013:

Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Low tax economy

3877: 3276:

Note that in some explanations and diagrams BER1 is omitted (the

2327: 2149: 2052: 2042: 1381: 1339: 8804: 8745:"U.S. Companies Dodge $ 60 Billion in Taxes With Global Odyssey" 8664:"Irish Subsidiary Lets Microsoft Slash Taxes in U.S. and Europe" 7597:"Irish Taoiseach rebuts Oxfam claim that Ireland is a tax haven" 7345: 6947:"Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) tax diagnostic toolkit" 5655:"Withhold No More - Outbound Patent Royalties Can Be Paid Gross" 3240:

BER1 lends the $ 100 cash back to CORP (and other subsidiaries).

9652: 8564:"'Double Irish' limits Facebook's tax bill to €1.9m in Ireland" 7961:

Lewis J. Greenwald; Witold Jurewicz; John Wei (23 April 2018).

7480:"An Analysis of 2015 Corporation Tax Returns and 2016 Payments" 4513: 4444: 4394: 4364: 3462:

The EU Commission's diagram of Apple's "Double Irish" BEPS tool

2953:("IFSC") the centre of US multinational tax planning in Ireland 2890: 2536: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2139: 2027: 8611:"Google's 'Dutch Sandwich' Shielded 16 Billion Euros From Tax" 8578:"Facebook paid just €30m tax in Ireland despite earning €12bn" 7220: 7218: 6339: 6274:"Apple's cash mountain, how it avoids tax, and the Irish link" 5868: 5728: 5238:"The real story behind U.S. companies' offshore cash reserves" 4932:"Facebook paid just €30m tax in Ireland despite earning €12bn" 4880:

The TCJA's GILTI tax regime, which acts like an international

4117:

One of the most contested aspects of Ireland's economy is the

3904:

BER1 revalues it to $ 1 billion (as an intangible asset under

3853:

By March 2017, Bloomberg would report that Ireland had become

3298:

on transfers from an Irish company like IRL1, to companies in

7997:"Trump's U.S. tax reform a significant challenge for Ireland" 7887:

Case Studies of transitions from "Worldwide" to "Territorial"

6916:"Ireland's Tax Regime for Investing in Intellectual Property" 6902:"Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets "Specified Assets"" 6789: 5785:

Alex Barker; Vincent Boland; Vanessa Houlder (October 2014).

5261:"U.S. corporate giants hoarding more than a trillion dollars" 5201:

Table 2: Shifted Profits: Country-by-Country Estimates (2015)

4159: 3001: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2531: 2506: 2501: 2448: 2320: 8625:"IBM gooses its sales numbers thanks to overseas tax tricks" 8042:"'Flood of companies' to leave Ireland due to U.S. tax cuts" 7674: 7333:"Ireland's deglobalised data to calculate a smaller economy" 6636:"LinkedIn's Irish subsidiary pays $ 127m on $ 2.67bn profit" 6396:

JEFFREY L. RUBINGER; SUMMER AYERS LEPREE (23 October 2014).

5192: 4326: 4006: 8265:"The Global Con Hidden in Trump's Tax Reform Law, Revealed" 7283: 7215: 5907: 5734:"FISCAL PARADISE: FOREIGN TAX HAVENS AND AMERICAN BUSINESS" 5437:"Controversial tax strategies brainchild of O'Rourke's son" 4970:"Google pays €47m in tax in Ireland on €22bn sales revenue" 4659: 4479: 4129:

tax rate ("ETR"). Independent studies show that Ireland's

4099: 3257:(i.e. IRL1). It will apply full U.S. taxes to BER1 at 35%. 7675:"APPENDIX 1 Table 2 : The Missing Profits of Nations" 6743:"World IP Day: IRELAND'S 2.5% IP Tax Rate (Section 4.1.1)" 6111:"Double Irish move 'was not enough to tax close loophole'" 4351:

original user, and known in operation since the late 1980s

8593:"US pharma giant Gilead uses 'Double Irish' tax loophole" 8440:"Abbott subsidiaries paid no tax on €2.9 billion profits" 8311:"New report: is Apple paying less than 1% tax in the EU?" 6398:"Death of the "Double Irish Dutch Sandwich"? Not so Fast" 6302:

Brussels. 30.8.2016 C(2016) 5605 final. Total Pages (130)

6257: 4404: 4211: 3359:

is the most cited academic on tax haven research and his

3314:

In 2010, the Irish State, on lobbying from PwC Ireland's

1286: 8228:"IRELAND SELECTED ISSUES Section E: The U.S. Tax Reform" 6599:

and the Maltese tax authorities will close the loophole.

5641:"Ireland Expands Withholding Tax Exemption On Royalties" 5399:"Man Making Ireland Tax Avoidance Hub Proves Local Hero" 4782:, however it is not possible to reference a copy online. 4257: 4148:

openly marketed by the main Irish tax-law firms, in the

3837:

to 5 years for CAIA schemes set up after February 2013.

3737:"). The CAIA uses the accepted tax concept of providing 3691: 3221:

BER1 revalues it to $ 100 (as an intangible asset under

8080: 6316:"Apple's Irish company structure key to EU tax finding" 4608:

Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF)

3477:

By 2016, Apple was Ireland's largest company, and post

3283: 8164: 8012:"U.S. corporations could be saying goodbye to Ireland" 7037:"Irish Revenue Note for Guidance on Intangible Assets" 5787:"Brussels in crackdown on 'Double Irish' tax loophole" 5287:"Apple vs the EU is the biggest tax battle in history" 5235: 5113:"Intellectual Property Law Solutions to Tax Avoidance" 3824:

In the 2010 Finance Act, on the recommendation of the

3617:", and for example had opted out of Article 12 of the 3231:

IRL1 then sells it in Germany to a customer for $ 100;

3151: 54: 7948:"Tax Reform - Considerations for U.S. Multinationals" 7748:"Oracle paid just €11m tax on Irish turnover of €7bn" 7009: 4082: 3447: 2251:

European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base

8795:

An illustration of the "Double Irish Dutch Sandwich"

7942: 7923:"Inversions under the New Tax Law: Carrot and Stick" 7346:

SILKE STAPEL-WEBER; JOHN VERRINDER (December 2017).

6663:"Irish Microsoft firm worth $ 100bn ahead of merger" 6587: 6533:"Ireland resists closing corporation tax 'loophole'" 6445:"Ireland's 'Single Malt' still aiding tax avoidance" 4509: 3674:

On the same day that the closure was announced, the

8590: 8095: 7731:"Facebook Ireland pays tax of just €30m on €12.6bn" 7231:"When can we expect the next wave of IP onshoring?" 7084:

Bloomberg Special Reports: Corporate Tax Inversions

6613:"Corporate tax loophole closure 'won't stop firms'" 6610: 6108: 5215:"Making Sense of Profit Shifting: Edward Kleinbard" 5032: 4298:and author of the Irish State's 2016 review of the 4164: 3763:

KPMG, "Intellectual Property Tax" (4 December 2017)

3377:

Ireland as a tax haven § Political compromises

1743: 8240: 7411:"Why do the Irish still owe more than the Greeks?" 5834: 5314: 4596:EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland 3974: 3840:The first known user of the CAIA BEPS tool was by 3548:reversed some of the benefits ex-Finance Minister 3454:EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland 2984:who alerted him to the Single Malt BEPS tool, to " 7979: 7829:"The United Kingdom's Experience with Inversions" 6745:. Mason Hayes and Curran (Law Firm). April 2013. 5183: 5181: 5179: 4302:, posted that Ireland could see a "boom" in the 4271:in a post–TCJA 26 December 2017 interview in the 4240:effective FDII rate 1–2% lower again (or 11–12%). 4207: 4113:Ireland as a tax haven § Effective tax rates 3881:(2013) U.S. corporate tax inversions in history. 3349: 3144:, cousin of the 2008–2011 Irish Finance Minister 9670: 8661: 8027:"Donald Trump singles out Ireland in tax speech" 7633:"Effective Corporate Tax in Ireland: April 2014" 7397:"Who owes more money - the Irish or the Greeks?" 5957: 3950: 3821:accounting firm, like PwC or Ernst & Young. 7864:"Japan Disproves Fears of Territorial Taxation" 7790:"The inversion experience in the US and the UK" 6846:. Industrial Development Authority (IDA). 2018. 6258:Jesse Drucker; Simon Bowers (6 November 2017). 5514: 4219:U.S. change to a territorial system (post 2017) 3800:, to review Ireland's tax regime, and included 3698:Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA) 3654:revealed that U.S. medical device manufacturer 3345: 1738: 8480:"The Sharing Economy Doesn't Share the Wealth" 8142: 8060:"Breaking Down the New U.S. Corporate Tax Law" 8054: 7920: 7901: 7883:"A Global Perspective on Territorial Taxation" 7880: 7663: 6633: 6442: 5320:"How Apple Sidesteps Billions in Global Taxes" 5212: 5176: 4929: 4053:artificially inflated GDP-per-capita statistic 4028: 3796:In June 2009, the Irish State established the 1226:* ], leader in academic research on tax havens 1215:* ], leader in academic research on tax havens 1204:* ], leader in academic research on tax havens 8820: 8543: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8024: 8009: 7694: 7309: 7250: 7095: 7005: 7003: 6590:"Revenue to close 'single malt' tax loophole" 6557: 6022: 6020: 5434: 5396: 5284: 5167: 5007:. House of the Oireachtas. 23 November 2017. 5005:"Dáil Éireann debate - Thursday, 23 Nov 2017" 4729: 4727: 4725: 4106: 3307:royalty payment schemes. This is called the 3294:The Irish tax code historically levied a 20% 2927: 8367: 7994: 7938: 7936: 7861: 7650:"Effective Corporate Tax calculations: 2.2%" 7430:"Who still owes more, Ireland or the Greeks" 7427: 7133: 7070: 7068: 7066: 6410: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5741:Quarterly Journal of Economics (Harvard/MIT) 5560: 5540: 5467: 5414: 5258: 4967: 4948: 4856: 4854: 4254:to Ireland, Eaton, Allergan, and Medtronic. 3708: 3556: 3034: 884:=== Early implications for Ireland (2018)=== 877:=== Early implications for Ireland (2018)=== 139: 8637: 8186: 7673:; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). 7164:"Tax break for IP transfers is cut to 80pc" 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6369: 6173: 5806: 5804: 5643:. Mason Hayes Curran Law Firm. August 2010. 5556: 5554: 5552: 5372: 5191:; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). 4904:several major academic papers on tax havens 4801:Most tax codes in developed countries have 4698: 4696: 4694: 4212:§ Concentration of U.S. multinationals 4037:OECD public debt per-capita table for 2015. 647:===Apple's "leprechaun economics" (2015)=== 8827: 8813: 8528: 8081:Michael Erman; Tom Bergin (18 June 2018). 7835: 7742: 7740: 7440: 7364: 7339: 7150:"Capital allowances for intangible assets" 7109: 7107: 7089: 7000: 6660: 6572: 6530: 6474: 6017: 5780: 5778: 5768:. U.S. GAO. 18 December 2008. p. 12. 5607: 5605: 5603: 5368: 5366: 4876: 4874: 4722: 4591:Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland 4160:Effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) 4140:effective tax rate is consistent with the 3704:Ireland as a tax haven § Green Jersey 3692:CAIA (or Green Jersey) Irish tax structure 3195:D. IRL2 pays $ 100 to BER1 (H) as royalty. 3193:C. DUT1 pays $ 100 to IRL2 (A) as royalty. 3191:B. IRL1 pays $ 100 to DUT1 (S) as royalty. 3030:Corporate haven § IP-based BEPS tools 2934: 2920: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8347: 7973: 7933: 7725: 7723: 7625: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7509: 7500:"IRELAND Trade and Statistical Note 2017" 7494: 7492: 7450:; Anna Gumpert; Monika Schnitzer (2016). 7166:. Department of Finance. 11 October 2017. 7063: 7048: 7046: 7039:. Chartered Accountants of Ireland. 2016. 6365: 6363: 6228: 6226: 5896: 5755: 5670: 5668: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 4851: 4649: 4647: 4327:Multinationals that used Irish BEPS tools 4007:Effect of BEPS tools on Ireland's economy 3665: 2443:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy 8603: 8241:Eoin Burke-Kennedy (12 September 2017). 8170:"6 ways to fix the tax system post TCJA" 7954: 7129: 7127: 6981: 6979: 6958: 6956: 6933:"Ireland's Intellectual Property Regime" 6427: 6313: 6253: 6251: 6087: 6085: 6067: 6065: 5864: 5862: 5801: 5577:"Taxation Guide to Investing in Ireland" 5565:. The Guardian and University of Sydney. 5549: 4999: 4997: 4691: 4480:Capital allowances for intangible assets 4190:who are US–controlled). Eurostat (2015). 4174: 4032: 3908:), and books gain in Bermuda (tax-free); 3791:, "MNE Tax Strategies in Ireland" (2016) 3727:Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets 3539: 3465: 3457: 3225:), and books gain in Bermuda (tax free); 3155: 3148:) is regarded as its "grand architect". 3002:Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets 2971: 2945: 461:, and Ireland as aUS corporate tax haven 9699:Corporate taxation in the United States 8742: 8726:was invoked but never defined (see the 7984:. Taxnotes International. p. 1235. 7914: 7897: 7895: 7737: 7305: 7303: 7189: 7187: 7117:was invoked but never defined (see the 7104: 7056:was invoked but never defined (see the 6879: 6877: 6875: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6785: 6783: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6723:was invoked but never defined (see the 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6697:was invoked but never defined (see the 5775: 5694: 5692: 5600: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5363: 5318:; Kocieniewski, David (28 April 2012). 5280: 5278: 5073: 4871: 4864:was invoked but never defined (see the 4706:was invoked but never defined (see the 4683: 4681: 3563:International Financial Services Centre 3403:otherwise-similar large U.S. companies. 2951:International Financial Services Centre 9671: 8698: 8580:. Irish Independent. 29 November 2017. 8570: 8556: 8508:"Low Irish taxes boost Airbnb profits" 8450: 8400:Italic or bold markup not allowed in: 8291:Italic or bold markup not allowed in: 8234: 8158: 8136: 8003: 7988: 7843:"How to stop the inversion perversion" 7720: 7541: 7489: 7457:The Review of Economics and Statistics 7317:. IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute, 7043: 7010:John Ryan; Alan Connell (March 2013). 6790:Adjunct Professor Jim Stewart (2016). 6737: 6735: 6733: 6360: 6223: 6174:Levin, Carl; McCain, John (May 2013), 6050:Italic or bold markup not allowed in: 5665: 5457:. Broadsheet Ireland. 29 October 2013. 5301: 5236:David Cogman; Tim Koller (June 2017). 4834: 4832: 4830: 4753: 4751: 4713: 4671: 4669: 4658:Similarly, when the EU introduced the 4644: 4244:11–12%, similar to the net FDII rate). 4017:In June 2018, academic tax researcher 3245:This structure has a problem. The pre– 3119:, wrote to the then Finance Minister, 1107: 1093:* ] Ireland's largest U.S. tax advisor 1056: 8808: 8716: 7874: 7855: 7821: 7815:"How Tax Reform solved UK inversions" 7807: 7781: 7688: 7562:"The demand for tax haven operations" 7325: 7267: 7124: 6976: 6953: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6588:Barry O'Halloran (28 November 2018). 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6391: 6389: 6248: 6095:. Wall Street Journal. 10 June 2018. 6082: 6062: 5977: 5859: 5830: 5828: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5067:Centre for European Economic Research 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4994: 4785: 4761:from the Irish Department of Finance 4258:Early implications for Ireland (2018) 3486:European Commissioner for Competition 3253:(or "CFC"), sheltering income from a 3101:EU levied a €13 billion fine on Apple 1082:* ] architect of Ireland's BEPS tools 772:===Microsoft's Green Jersey (2018)=== 765:===Microsoft's Green Jersey (2018)=== 555:===Marketing of the CAIA BEPS tool=== 9190:New international division of labour 8662:Glenn R. Simpson (7 November 2005). 8591:Paul O'Donoghue (26 December 2018). 8230:. IMF. 11 June 2018. pp. 27–33. 8048: 7892: 7679:National Bureau of Economic Research 7638:. Department of Finance. April 2014. 7523: 7485:. Revenue Commissioners. April 2017. 7472: 7452:"Multinational Firms and Tax Havens" 7300: 7184: 6995:provision of high-quality employment 6872: 6850: 6841:"Corporate Taxation in Ireland 2016" 6833: 6813:"Commission on Taxation report 2009" 6780: 6752: 6704: 6687: 6611:Paul O'Donoghue (28 November 2018). 6443:Peter Hamilton (26 September 2018). 6153: 6139: 6109:Paul O'Donoghue (31 December 2018). 5951: 5920:National Bureau of Economic Research 5689: 5527: 5447: 5423: 5385: 5275: 5252: 5197:National Bureau of Economic Research 5118:. UCLA Law Review. 2015. p. 4. 4735:1997 Irish Tax and Consolidated Acts 4678: 4283:material technical flaws in the TCJA 4096:25 of Ireland's 50 largest companies 3884: 3729:("CAIA") BEPS tool (also called the 3284:Elimination of Dutch sandwich (2010) 3176:5. IRL2 (A) licenses IP to DUT1 (S). 3174:4. BER1 (H) licenses IP to IRL2 (A). 3097:identified as using the Double Irish 3045:Under OECD rules, corporations with 80: 46: 9689:Taxation in the Republic of Ireland 8799:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 8721: 8566:. Financial Times. 5 December 2013. 7980:Amanda Athanasiou (19 March 2018). 7750:. Irish Independent. 28 April 2014. 7733:. Irish Examiner. 29 November 2017. 7716:. Bloomberg News. 1 September 2016. 7533:. Irish Independent. 21 June 2018. 7211:. irisheconomy.ie. 19 October 2017. 7152:. Irish Revenue. 15 September 2017. 7112: 7051: 6805: 6730: 6718: 6692: 6634:Charlie Taylor (28 November 2018). 6551: 6524: 6283: 5960:"The OECD Initiative on Tax Havens" 5408: 5229: 5161: 5105: 5095:"Revenue: Double Taxation Treaties" 5083:. University of Tilburg. June 2017. 5051: 4930:Adrian Weckler (29 November 2017). 4908:The demand for tax haven operations 4859: 4827: 4748: 4701: 4666: 4586:Taxation in the Republic of Ireland 4208:§ Controversial closure (2015) 4079:removes all BEPS tool distortion). 3893:of intellectual property), namely: 3600: 3189:A. Customer pays $ 100 to IRL1 (B). 3180:7. IRL1 sells software to customer. 3152:Basic structure (no Dutch sandwich) 1263:Revision as of 12:25, 16 April 2019 233: 228: 202: 188:Revision as of 12:25, 16 April 2019 185: 178: 165: 138: 99: 90:Revision as of 19:49, 11 April 2019 87: 13: 8216:. Irish Independent. 26 July 2018. 8025:Suzanne Lynch (29 November 2017). 7817:. Tax Foundation. 14 October 2014. 7519:. thejournal.ie. 9 September 2016. 7428:Fiona Reddan (12 September 2018). 7197:. Seamus Coffey. 19 December 2017. 6649: 6558:Suzanne Lynch (14 November 2017). 6459: 6404: 6386: 5958:James K. Jackson (11 March 2010). 5911:; Thomas Wright (September 2018). 5825: 5717: 5515:Vanessa Houlder (9 October 2014). 5508: 5351:Cite has empty unknown parameter: 5125: 5017: 4083:Concentration of US multinationals 3951:§ Distortion of Irish GDP/GNP 3591: 3448:Apple's €13 billion EU fine (2016) 3411:, "Treasure Islands" p. 107 (2010) 3352:File:James R. Hines Jr. C-SPAN.jpg 1269:Irish corporate tax avoidance tool 1265: 35: 9760: 8834: 8736: 8544:Jesse Drucker (21 October 2010). 8010:Suzanne Lynch (17 January 2018). 7995:Cliff Taylor (30 November 2017). 7881:Philip Dittmer (10 August 2012). 7862:TF Editorial (13 November 2012). 7599:. Irish Times. 14 December 2016. 7180:. Irish Revenue. 2 February 2018. 5680:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5435:Jesse Drucker (3 November 2013). 5397:Jesse Drucker (28 October 2013). 5168:Jesse Drucker (23 October 2013). 4990:. Finfacts.ie. 30 September 2013. 4338: 3170:2. CORP (X) sells IP to BER1 (H). 3168:1. CORP (X) creates the software. 3096: 2258:Global minimum corporate tax rate 145: 9651: 9641: 9640: 8851: 8722:Cite error: The named reference 8677: 8655: 8617: 8584: 8500: 8472: 8432: 8412: 8361: 8325: 8303: 8249: 8220: 8206: 8180: 8089: 8074: 8033: 8018: 7921:Kyle Pomerleau (13 March 2018). 7754: 7706: 7642: 7607: 7589: 7421: 7403: 7389: 7335:. Financial Times. 17 July 2017. 7244: 7201: 7170: 7156: 7142: 7134:Cliff Taylor (8 November 2017). 7113:Cite error: The named reference 7052:Cite error: The named reference 7029: 6939: 6925: 6908: 6904:. Irish Revenue. September 2017. 6719:Cite error: The named reference 6693:Cite error: The named reference 6411:Sarah McCabe (9 November 2014). 6276:. Irish Times. 6 November 2017. 5886:10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00346.x 5845:Journal of Economic Perspectives 5732:; Eric M. Rice (February 1994). 5541:Rodger Royse (1 November 2013). 5373:Rónán Duffy (29 December 2018). 5285:RANA FOROOHAR (30 August 2016). 5213:Eric Cederwall (15 March 2015). 5193:"The Missing Profits of Nations" 4968:Simon Bowers (4 November 2016). 4896: 4887: 4860:Cite error: The named reference 4842: 4702:Cite error: The named reference 4554: 4540: 4526: 4512: 4451: 4165:US corporate tax haven (to 2017) 4073:Irish GDP was 162% of Irish GNI* 3351: 3178:6. DUT1 licenses IP to IRL1 (B). 3082:base erosion and profit shifting 3041:Base erosion and profit shifting 2995: 2963:base erosion and profit shifting 2901: 2889: 1723:Base erosion and profit shifting 1293: 8852: 7831:. Tax Foundation. 5 April 2016. 7767:"Who shifts profits to Ireland" 7617:. thejournal.ie. 13 June 2018. 6992:. 19 November 2012. p. 7. 6949:. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2016. 6894: 6890:. Irish Revenue. February 2018. 6819: 6815:. UCD Archives. September 2009. 6792:"MNE Tax Strategies in Ireland" 6673: 6627: 6604: 6581: 6573:Cantillion (16 November 2017). 6566: 6531:Jack Power (10 November 2017). 6504: 6486: 6370:Colm Kelpie (30 October 2013). 6342:The International Trade Journal 6333: 6307: 6266: 6167: 6121: 6102: 5999: 5647: 5633: 5619: 5586: 5569: 5487: 5461: 5206: 5146:. EU Commission. 30 August 2016 5087: 4817: 4808: 4795: 4768: 3975:Microsoft's Green Jersey (2018) 3660:Department of Finance (Ireland) 3172:3. BER1 (H) revalues IP higher. 3023: 1501:Optimal capital income taxation 382:{{ordered list|type=lower-roman 8743:Drucker, Jesse (13 May 2010). 8368:Peter Bodkin (19 March 2019). 7695:Jesse Drucker (October 2013). 7681:, Working Papers. p. 31. 7310:Heike Joebges (January 2017). 7251:Richard Rubin (10 June 2018). 7096:Emily Stewart (22 July 2017). 5987:. Bloomberg BNA. 8 June 2017. 5967:Congressional Research Service 5913:"THE EXORBITANT TAX PRIVILEGE" 5873:Journal of Accounting Research 5615:. Irish Times. 2 January 2018. 5582:. A&L Goodbody. June 2016. 5495:"FISCAL MONITOR: Taxing Times" 5199:, Working Papers. p. 31. 4980: 4961: 4949:David Ingram (18 April 2018). 4942: 4923: 4601:Modified gross national income 4201:controlled foreign corporation 4063:. However, in December 2017, 4043:Modified gross national income 3997:technical issues with the TCJA 3778:0%, some have an ETR of 2.5%. 3619:2016 OECD anti-BEPS initiative 3529: 3490:illegal State aid from Ireland 3251:controlled foreign corporation 3210:includes the Dutch sandwich): 3199:F. BER1 can lend cash to CORP. 2581:List of countries by tax rates 1024:* ] Apple BEPS tool in Ireland 1: 7902:Kyle Pomerleau (3 May 2018). 7763:Irish Fiscal Advisory Council 7580:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.04.004 7413:. Irish Times. 7 March 2017. 7227:Irish Fiscal Advisory Council 6921:. FGS Partnership. June 2011. 6829:. FinFacts. 7 September 2009. 6776:. Arthur Cox Law. April 2015. 6354:10.1080/08853908.2017.1356250 6163:. Irish Times. 17 April 2018. 6075:. Irish Times. 13 June 2018. 5561:Anthony Ting (October 2014). 4917: 4296:Irish Fiscal Advisory Council 3488:concluded Apple had received 3425:Irish Fiscal Advisory Council 3197:E. BER1 accumulates the cash. 2006:Natural resources consumption 1261: 1222: 1211: 1200: 1193: 1148: 1089: 1078: 1067: 1020: 1009: 998: 916: 907: 825: 813: 737: 728: 716: 707: 695: 686: 674: 665: 658:{{Main|Leprechaun economics}} 654: 643: 634: 623: 614: 603: 594: 583: 574: 562: 551: 542: 466: 455: 431: 422: 411: 400: 389: 378: 368: 290: 277: 152:links to disambiguation pages 8613:. Bloomberg. 2 January 2018. 8261:Council on Foreign Relations 8196:Council on Foreign Relations 6935:. BDO Ireland. October 2016. 6475:Mike Lewis (November 2017). 5707:Council of Economic Advisors 5501:. October 2013. p. 47. 5259:Jill Treanor (20 May 2016). 4757:In documents released under 4631:United States as a tax haven 4315:Council on Foreign Relations 4229:Council of Economic Advisors 4134:effective corporate tax rate 3855:the most popular destination 3365:Council of Economic Advisors 3346:Controversial closure (2015) 3206: 1856:United States as a tax haven 18:Browse history interactively 7: 8908:Environmental globalization 8883:Anti-globalization movement 7969:and TaxNotes International. 7567:Journal of Public Economics 7399:. Irish Times. 4 June 2015. 6969:. 10 June 2011. p. 5. 6681:"Intellectual Property Tax" 6661:Ian Guider (24 June 2018). 5629:. Irish Revenue. June 2010. 5543:"Double Irish Tax Sandwich" 5503:Figure 5.1 The Double Irish 5499:International Monetary Fund 5415:Fiona Reddan (8 May 2015). 4505: 4491:, started in 2015 with the 4223:In December 2017, the U.S. 4029:Distortion of Irish GDP/GNP 1109:* ] Irish tax-free vehicles 10: 9765: 9056:Offshore financial centres 7286:. March 2018. p. 34. 6149:. RTE News. 17 April 2018. 5517:"What is the Double Irish" 4733:Under Section 291A of the 4688:least over USD 1 trillion. 4168: 4152:, with ETRs of 0–3% (see " 4110: 4107:Disagreement on Irish ETRs 4086: 4040: 4010: 3701: 3605:A November 2017 report by 3533: 3451: 3374: 3287: 3268:The U.S. corporation will 3038: 3027: 1770:Offshore financial centres 1660:Repatriation tax avoidance 1271: 1143:* ] analysis of tax havens 1136:* ] analysis of tax havens 1042:* ] replaced Irish GDP/GNP 1035:* ] replaced Irish GDP/GNP 143: 9636: 9594: 9469: 9404: 9321: 9312: 9239: 9076: 8997: 8990: 8870: 8842: 5596:. MSNBC. 22 October 2010. 4180:Dominance of US companies 4069:Central Statistics Office 3709:Concept and origin (2009) 3565:("IFSC") PWC tax partner 3557:Concept and origin (2014) 3255:related party transaction 3035:Concept and origin (1991) 2235:Financial transaction tax 1325:Property tax equalization 1229: 1218: 1207: 1191: 1155: 1112: 1096: 1085: 1074: 1062:] Irish tax-free vehicles 1047: 1027: 1016: 1005: 961: 958: 924: 912: 868: 865: 780: 777: 745: 733: 724: 712: 703: 691: 682: 670: 661: 650: 639: 630: 619: 610: 599: 590: 579: 570: 558: 547: 507: 504: 439: 427: 418: 407: 396: 385: 366: 331: 328: 244: 241: 184: 86: 8898:Democratic globalization 7276:OECD Ireland Survey 2018 7233:. Economics Incentives, 6683:. KPMG. 4 December 2017. 6667:The Sunday Business Post 6400:. Taxes Without Borders. 5684:Tax Havens by Most Cited 4637: 4300:Irish corporate tax code 2976:Former Finance Minister 2586:Tax revenue to GDP ratio 2245:Currency transaction tax 1826:Liechtenstein tax affair 1127:* ] Debt-based BEPS tool 1120:* ] Debt-based BEPS tool 9694:Corporate tax avoidance 9180:Investor-state disputes 9133:Illicit financial flows 8977:Political globalization 8925:Global financial system 8148:"Tax Reform: Round One" 8064:Harvard Business Review 7771:University College Cork 7769:. Economic Incentives, 7257:The Wall Street Journal 7235:University College Cork 7076:"Tracking Tax Runaways" 5247:under current U.S. laws 4882:alternative minimum tax 4610:Irish tax-free vehicles 4576:Criticism of Apple Inc. 4274:Harvard Business Review 4184:Gross Operating Surplus 4057:Central Bank of Ireland 3875:(2012) and 6th-largest 3848:corporate tax inversion 3808:for the acquisition of 3787:Professor Jim Stewart, 3775:corporate tax inversion 3648:In September 2018, the 3586:Put on the green jersey 3544:Irish Finance Minister 2986:put on the green jersey 2293:Permanent establishment 2288:Exchange of Information 1791:Financial Secrecy Index 1442:Medical savings account 85: 9679:International taxation 9521:Christopher Chase-Dunn 9289:Primitive accumulation 8972:Military globalization 8903:Economic globalization 8888:Cultural globalization 8166:Ben Harris (economist) 8124:Cite journal requires 7797:HM Revenue and Customs 6868:. Irish Revenue. 2010. 6799:Trinity College Dublin 5939:Cite journal requires 5854:Table 1: 52 Tax Havens 5676:"IDEAS/RePEc Database" 5242:McKinsey & Company 4622:analysis of tax havens 4603:replaced Irish GDP/GNP 4191: 4071:("CSO") reported that 4038: 3993: 3798:Commission on Taxation 3794: 3789:Trinity College Dublin 3766: 3666:Partial closure (2018) 3646: 3643:, November 2017 (p. 3) 3553: 3527: 3484:On 29 August 2016 the 3474: 3463: 3423:, the Chairman of the 3414: 3372: 3343: 3200: 2989: 2954: 2188:Vehicle miles traveled 1807:Ireland as a tax haven 1621:Private tax collection 1274:Ireland as a tax haven 8174:Brookings Institution 7372:"Real GDP per capita" 7319:Hans-Böckler-Stiftung 6034:. 10 September 2018. 5099:Revenue Commissioners 5042:University of Chicago 4741:through Ireland (see 4626:Panama as a tax haven 4620:Conduit and Sink OFCs 4581:Criticism of Facebook 4410:Johnson & Johnson 4375:Eli Lilly and Company 4294:, Chairperson of the 4225:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 4178: 4036: 3982: 3826:Department of Finance 3780: 3755: 3750:intellectual property 3641:Impossible Structures 3628: 3611:Impossible Structures 3543: 3510: 3469: 3461: 3400: 3369:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 3361:1994 Hines–Rice paper 3355: 3332: 3164:From the corporation: 3159: 3140:(and son of Minister 3047:intellectual property 3018:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 2975: 2949: 1861:Panama as a tax haven 1813:Ireland v. Commission 1781:Conduit and sink OFCs 1776:Offshore magic circle 1697:Unreported employment 9586:Immanuel Wallerstein 9247:Capital accumulation 9113:Endangered languages 8058:(26 December 2017). 7946:LLP (9 March 2018). 7656:. 14 February 2014. 5818:. 28 November 2018. 4616:Debt-based BEPS tool 4493:leprechaun economics 4461:Microsoft (LinkedIn) 4047:Leprechaun economics 3869:(2016), 4th-largest 3863:(2015), 3rd-largest 3850:to Ireland in 2009. 3687:Sunday Business Post 3574:National Tax Journal 3479:leprechaun economics 3073:fixes this problem. 2857:United Arab Emirates 2599:Individual Countries 2308:Foreign revenue rule 2100:Inheritance (estate) 1819:Leprechaun economics 9658:Business portal 9217:Transnational crime 9123:Forced displacement 9108:Economic inequality 8982:Trade globalization 8878:Alter-globalization 8712:. 10 February 2014. 8692:Tax Justice Network 8668:Wall Street Journal 8357:. 1 September 2016. 8315:Tax Justice Network 8263:(6 February 2019). 8097:Dhammika Dharmapala 7019:Matheson (law firm) 6520:. 15 November 2017. 6500:. 14 November 2017. 5791:The Financial Times 5709:. 17 October 2017. 5659:Matheson (law firm) 5521:The Financial Times 5101:. 3 September 2018. 5034:Dhammika Dharmapala 4571:Criticism of Google 4385:Forest Laboratories 4355:Abbott Laboratories 4146:IP-based BEPS tools 2896:Business portal 2591:Tax rates in Europe 2461:Tax Justice Network 2407:Dhammika Dharmapala 1910:Airport improvement 1718:Transfer mispricing 1509:Distribution of Tax 1281:Part of a series on 123:IP block exemptions 9704:Economy of Ireland 9431:Andre Gunder Frank 9205:Race to the bottom 9195:North–South divide 8913:Global citizenship 8778:Unknown parameter 8694:. 7 November 2005. 8633:. 4 February 2014. 7699:. Bloomberg News. 7558:James R. Hines Jr. 7448:James R. Hines Jr. 6562:. The Irish Times. 6541:Global legal firm 6300:. 30 August 2016. 6207:Unknown parameter 5990:Bloomberg BNA and 5840:"Treasure Islands" 5836:James R. Hines Jr. 5730:James R. Hines Jr. 5477:Florida Tax Review 5473:"Stateless Income" 5401:. Bloomberg News. 4902:Desai had written 4763:Tax Strategy Group 4562:Netherlands portal 4309:In February 2019, 4192: 4182:: Irish corporate 4154:effective tax rate 4039: 3834:Tax Strategy Group 3830:Tax Strategy Group 3806:capital allowances 3739:capital allowances 3554: 3524:", 30 August 2016. 3518:Margrethe Vestager 3475: 3471:Margrethe Vestager 3464: 3419:In December 2018, 3409:James R. Hines Jr. 3392:James R. Hines Jr. 3373: 3357:James R. Hines Jr. 3278:Bermuda black hole 3201: 3086:IP–based BEPS tool 2990: 2955: 2497:Eight per thousand 2412:James R. Hines Jr. 2303:European Union FTT 1320:Government revenue 200: 97: 9666: 9665: 9632: 9631: 9491:K. Anthony Appiah 9486:Daniele Archibugi 9235: 9234: 9024:COVID-19 pandemic 8930:Global governance 8784:|url-status= 8550:www.bloomberg.com 7560:(February 2006). 7556:; C Fritz Foley; 7293:978-92-64-29177-5 6417:Irish Independent 6262:. New York Times. 6213:|url-status= 6135:. 3 January 2019. 6011:Alston & Bird 5441:Irish Independent 4936:Irish Independent 4803:capital allowance 4501:, started in 2009 4467:Allergan (Zeitiq) 3872:Eaton Corporation 3846:, the first U.S. 3814:intangible assets 3810:intangible assets 3747:, and especially 3744:intangible assets 3326:(thus ending the 3184:From the customer 3146:Brian Lenihan Jnr 2944: 2943: 2879: 2878: 2475: 2474: 2467:Tax Policy Center 2210:Negative (income) 1986:Environmental tax 1868: 1867: 1786:Financial centres 1606:Tax investigation 1544: 1543: 1412:Tax harmonization 1260: 186: 88: 68: 9756: 9656: 9655: 9644: 9643: 9597: 9506:Jean Baudrillard 9474: 9421:Giovanni Arrighi 9409: 9366:Branko Milanović 9346:Jagdish Bhagwati 9324: 9319: 9318: 9210:pollution havens 9175:Invasive species 9079: 9000: 8995: 8994: 8945:Global workforce 8855: 8854: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8806: 8805: 8791: 8785: 8781: 8776: 8774: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8753:. Archived from 8731: 8725: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8710:FinFacts Ireland 8702: 8696: 8695: 8689: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8541: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8476: 8470: 8467: 8448: 8447: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8403: 8402:|publisher= 8398: 8396: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8317:. 28 June 2018. 8307: 8301: 8300: 8294: 8293:|publisher= 8289: 8287: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201:profit-shifting. 8190:(30 July 2018). 8184: 8178: 8177: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8152:Harvard Magazine 8140: 8134: 8133: 8127: 8122: 8120: 8112: 8110:around the world 8093: 8087: 8086: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7944:Haynes and Boone 7940: 7931: 7930: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7899: 7890: 7889: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7794: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7765:(18 June 2018). 7758: 7752: 7751: 7744: 7735: 7734: 7727: 7718: 7717: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7550: 7539: 7538: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7496: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7352: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7316: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7281: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7229:(18 July 2018). 7222: 7213: 7212: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7191: 7182: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7146: 7140: 7139: 7131: 7122: 7116: 7111: 7102: 7101: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7082:. 1 March 2017. 7072: 7061: 7055: 7050: 7041: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7016: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6991: 6983: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6960: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6881: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6859: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6796: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6767: 6750: 6749: 6739: 6728: 6722: 6717: 6702: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6658: 6647: 6646: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6482:. Christian Aid. 6481: 6472: 6457: 6456: 6440: 6425: 6424: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6367: 6358: 6357: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6295: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6255: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6230: 6221: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6203: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6186: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6069: 6060: 6059: 6053: 6052:|publisher= 6048: 6046: 6038: 6024: 6015: 6014: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5964: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5927: 5917: 5905: 5894: 5893: 5880:(5): 1283–1316. 5866: 5857: 5856: 5832: 5823: 5822: 5808: 5799: 5798: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5738: 5726: 5715: 5714: 5704: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5598: 5597: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5558: 5547: 5546: 5538: 5525: 5524: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5469:Edward Kleinbard 5465: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5432: 5421: 5420: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5394: 5383: 5382: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5354: 5353:|coauthors= 5349: 5347: 5339: 5334: 5332: 5312: 5299: 5298: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5185: 5174: 5173: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5136: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5030: 5015: 5014: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4927: 4911: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4878: 4869: 4863: 4858: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780:Stateless Income 4776:Edward Kleinbard 4772: 4766: 4755: 4746: 4731: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4700: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4673: 4664: 4651: 4606:jersey agenda]] 4564: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4534:Companies portal 4531: 4530: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4390:General Electric 4206:As discussed in 3991: 3866:Johnson Controls 3802:Feargal O'Rourke 3792: 3764: 3671:September 2019. 3644: 3601:Discovery (2017) 3567:Feargal O'Rourke 3525: 3412: 3353: 3341: 3320:Feargal O'Rourke 3126:Feargal O'Rourke 3067:Microsoft Office 3063:Microsoft Office 3059:Microsoft Office 3051:intangible asset 2999:(2014), and the 2936: 2929: 2922: 2908:Money portal 2906: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2893: 2570: 2569: 2391: 2390: 2298:Transfer pricing 2278:Tax equalization 2252: 2195:Corporate profit 1831:Luxembourg Leaks 1765:Corporate havens 1644: 1643: 1460: 1459: 1297: 1278: 1277: 231: 223: 218: 199: 194: 176: 175: 163: 162: 149: 141: 133: 115: 96: 69: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 42: 39: 21: 19: 9764: 9763: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9650: 9628: 9609:Thomas Friedman 9595: 9590: 9541:Anthony Giddens 9516:Manuel Castells 9481:Arjun Appadurai 9472: 9470: 9465: 9407: 9405: 9400: 9396:Joseph Stiglitz 9336:Richard Baldwin 9322: 9314: 9308: 9267:Fiscal localism 9231: 9185:McDonaldization 9103:Development aid 9077: 9072: 9041:Multilingualism 9036:Labor arbitrage 9012:Climate justice 8998: 8986: 8940:Global politics 8893:Deglobalization 8866: 8838: 8833: 8783: 8780:|dead-url= 8779: 8777: 8768: 8767: 8760: 8758: 8739: 8734: 8723: 8717: 8704: 8703: 8699: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8660: 8656: 8651:. 14 June 2014. 8643: 8642: 8638: 8623: 8622: 8618: 8609: 8608: 8604: 8589: 8585: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8542: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8491: 8489: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8451: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8425:The Irish Times 8418: 8417: 8413: 8401: 8399: 8390: 8389: 8378: 8376: 8366: 8362: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8339:. 4 July 2018. 8331: 8330: 8326: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8292: 8290: 8281: 8280: 8273: 8271: 8254: 8250: 8239: 8235: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8185: 8181: 8168:(25 May 2018). 8163: 8159: 8141: 8137: 8125: 8123: 8114: 8113: 8094: 8090: 8079: 8075: 8053: 8049: 8038: 8034: 8023: 8019: 8008: 8004: 7993: 7989: 7978: 7974: 7959: 7955: 7941: 7934: 7919: 7915: 7900: 7893: 7879: 7875: 7860: 7856: 7851:. 26 July 2014. 7841: 7840: 7836: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7761:Seamus Coffey, 7759: 7755: 7746: 7745: 7738: 7729: 7728: 7721: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7693: 7689: 7668: 7664: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7551: 7542: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7445: 7441: 7426: 7422: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7380: 7378: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7314: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7249: 7245: 7225:Seamus Coffey, 7223: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7193: 7192: 7185: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7132: 7125: 7114: 7105: 7094: 7090: 7074: 7073: 7064: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7014: 7008: 7001: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6977: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6794: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6753: 6741: 6740: 6731: 6720: 6705: 6694: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6659: 6650: 6632: 6628: 6609: 6605: 6586: 6582: 6571: 6567: 6556: 6552: 6537:The Irish Times 6529: 6525: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6473: 6460: 6449:The Irish Times 6441: 6428: 6409: 6405: 6394: 6387: 6376:The Irish Times 6368: 6361: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6312: 6308: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6256: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6224: 6212: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6187:on 29 June 2013 6184: 6172: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6107: 6103: 6091: 6090: 6083: 6071: 6070: 6063: 6051: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6032:The Japan Times 6026: 6025: 6018: 6013:. 14 July 2014. 6005: 6004: 6000: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5940: 5938: 5929: 5928: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5867: 5860: 5852:(24): 103–125. 5833: 5826: 5810: 5809: 5802: 5783: 5776: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5736: 5727: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5559: 5550: 5539: 5528: 5513: 5509: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5466: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5433: 5424: 5413: 5409: 5395: 5386: 5371: 5364: 5352: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5316:Duhigg, Charles 5313: 5302: 5283: 5276: 5257: 5253: 5234: 5230: 5211: 5207: 5186: 5177: 5166: 5162: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5137: 5126: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5031: 5018: 5003: 5002: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4966: 4962: 4947: 4943: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4879: 4872: 4861: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4773: 4769: 4756: 4749: 4732: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4703: 4692: 4686: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4614:Section 110 SPV 4560: 4555: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4508: 4482: 4454: 4449: 4341: 4329: 4260: 4247: 4221: 4173: 4167: 4162: 4115: 4109: 4091: 4085: 4049: 4041:Main articles: 4031: 4015: 4009: 3992: 3989: 3977: 3938: 3887: 3885:Basic structure 3793: 3786: 3765: 3762: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3668: 3645: 3635: 3624:Paschal Donohoe 3603: 3594: 3592:Basic structure 3559: 3546:Paschal Donohoe 3538: 3532: 3526: 3516: 3502:private rulings 3456: 3450: 3413: 3407: 3384:profit shifting 3379: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3324:withholding tax 3304:royalty payment 3296:withholding tax 3292: 3286: 3270:"check-the-box" 3243: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3055:royalty payment 3043: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3005:(CAIA) (2009): 2940: 2902: 2900: 2888: 2881: 2880: 2567: 2557: 2556: 2512:Fiscus Judaicus 2487: 2477: 2476: 2435:Advocacy groups 2388: 2380: 2379: 2370:Trade agreement 2365:Free-trade zone 2323: 2313: 2312: 2250: 2230: 2220: 2219: 1880: 1870: 1869: 1841:Paradise Papers 1682:Debtors' prison 1641: 1631: 1630: 1601:Tax preparation 1561:Revenue service 1556: 1546: 1545: 1457: 1447: 1446: 1427:Double taxation 1422:Tax withholding 1417:Tax competition 1335:Non-tax revenue 1315: 1276: 1270: 1257: 1252: 1245: 1244:{{div col end}} 1238: 1237:{{div col end}} 1227: 1216: 1205: 1196: 1187: 1180: 1171: 1164: 1153: 1144: 1137: 1128: 1121: 1110: 1094: 1083: 1072: 1063: 1061: 1060:jersey agenda]] 1043: 1036: 1025: 1014: 1003: 994: 987: 978: 971: 954: 946: 936: 931: 922: 910: 903: 895: 885: 878: 861: 853: 843: 838: 831: 823: 820: 809: 804: 797: 790: 773: 766: 757: 752: 743: 731: 722: 710: 701: 689: 680: 668: 659: 648: 637: 628: 617: 608: 597: 588: 577: 568: 556: 545: 538: 530: 520: 515: 500: 493: 484: 479: 472: 464: 462: 451: 446: 437: 425: 416: 405: 394: 383: 374: 362: 357: 350: 342: 324: 317: 308: 303: 296: 288: 286: 273: 268: 261: 254: 237: 232: 229: 227: 226: 225: 221: 208: 206: 201: 195: 190: 182: 180:← Previous edit 177: 171: 166: 164: 144: 142: 137: 136: 135: 131: 129: 105: 103: 98: 92: 84: 83: 82: 81: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75: 74: 65: 61: 55: 53: 48: 45: 43: 40: 38:Content deleted 37: 34: 29:← Previous edit 26: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9762: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9648: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9600: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9511:Zygmunt Bauman 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9477: 9475: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9412: 9410: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9376:Thomas Piketty 9373: 9371:Kevin O'Rourke 9368: 9363: 9361:Michael Hudson 9358: 9353: 9351:Robert Brenner 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9279: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9222:Westernization 9219: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9082: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9061:Tax inversions 9058: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9031:Digital divide 9028: 9027: 9026: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9007:Climate change 9003: 9001: 8992: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8962: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8849: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8832: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8792: 8757:on 1 July 2010 8738: 8737:External links 8735: 8733: 8732: 8715: 8697: 8676: 8654: 8636: 8616: 8602: 8583: 8569: 8555: 8527: 8516:. 22 July 2014 8499: 8488:. 6 April 2016 8485:Bloomberg News 8471: 8449: 8431: 8428:. 31 May 2013. 8411: 8360: 8346: 8337:Richard Murphy 8324: 8302: 8269:New York Times 8248: 8245:. Irish Times. 8233: 8219: 8205: 8192:"Gone Fishing" 8179: 8157: 8144:Mihir A. Desai 8135: 8126:|journal= 8088: 8073: 8056:Mihir A. Desai 8047: 8032: 8029:. Irish Times. 8017: 8014:. Irish Times. 8002: 7999:. Irish Times. 7987: 7972: 7953: 7932: 7927:Tax Foundation 7913: 7908:Tax Foundation 7891: 7873: 7868:Tax Foundation 7854: 7834: 7820: 7806: 7780: 7753: 7736: 7719: 7705: 7687: 7671:Gabriel Zucman 7662: 7641: 7624: 7606: 7588: 7574:(3): 513–531. 7554:Mihir A. Desai 7540: 7522: 7508: 7488: 7471: 7439: 7420: 7402: 7388: 7363: 7357:. p. 31. 7338: 7324: 7299: 7292: 7266: 7243: 7214: 7200: 7183: 7169: 7155: 7141: 7138:. Irish Times. 7123: 7103: 7088: 7080:Bloomberg News 7062: 7042: 7028: 6999: 6975: 6952: 6938: 6924: 6907: 6893: 6871: 6849: 6832: 6818: 6804: 6779: 6751: 6729: 6703: 6686: 6672: 6648: 6626: 6603: 6580: 6577:. Irish Times. 6565: 6550: 6543:Baker McKenzie 6523: 6503: 6485: 6458: 6426: 6403: 6385: 6359: 6332: 6314:Cliff Taylor. 6306: 6282: 6265: 6247: 6222: 6209:|deadurl= 6166: 6152: 6138: 6120: 6101: 6081: 6061: 6016: 5998: 5992:Baker McKenzie 5976: 5950: 5941:|journal= 5909:Gabriel Zucman 5895: 5858: 5824: 5800: 5774: 5754: 5716: 5688: 5664: 5646: 5632: 5618: 5599: 5585: 5568: 5548: 5526: 5507: 5486: 5460: 5446: 5422: 5419:. Irish Times. 5407: 5384: 5362: 5325:New York Times 5300: 5274: 5251: 5228: 5219:Tax Foundation 5205: 5189:Gabriel Zucman 5175: 5160: 5124: 5104: 5086: 5072: 5050: 5016: 5010:Pearse Doherty 4993: 4979: 4960: 4941: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4895: 4886: 4870: 4850: 4841: 4826: 4816: 4807: 4794: 4784: 4767: 4747: 4721: 4712: 4690: 4677: 4665: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4551: 4548:Ireland portal 4537: 4523: 4520:Economy portal 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415:Medtronic Inc. 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4337: 4328: 4325: 4320:New York Times 4269:Mihir A. Desai 4259: 4256: 4252:tax inversions 4246: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4220: 4217: 4197:tax inversions 4188:tax inversions 4169:Main article: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4111:Main article: 4108: 4105: 4087:Main article: 4084: 4081: 4030: 4027: 4019:Gabriel Zucman 4008: 4005: 3987: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3883: 3784: 3760: 3710: 3707: 3699: 3696: 3680:reported that 3667: 3664: 3633: 3615:Captured State 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3558: 3555: 3550:Michael Noonan 3531: 3528: 3514: 3452:Main article: 3449: 3446: 3442:Dutch sandwich 3405: 3347: 3344: 3337: 3328:dutch sandwich 3309:dutch sandwich 3290:Dutch Sandwich 3288:Main article: 3285: 3282: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3153: 3150: 3036: 3033: 3025: 3022: 2978:Michael Noonan 2967:Dutch Sandwich 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2898: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2862:United Kingdom 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2455:Tax Foundation 2452: 2446: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2427:Gabriel Zucman 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2402:Mihir A. Desai 2396: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2335: 2330: 2324: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2263:Robin Hood tax 2260: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2200:Excess profits 2197: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2171: 2166: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2085:Gross receipts 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1836:Offshore Leaks 1833: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1801: 1800: 1799:Major examples 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1734:Dutch Sandwich 1731: 1726: 1720: 1715: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1672:Tax resistance 1669: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1576:Taxable income 1573: 1571:Tax assessment 1568: 1563: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1465: 1464: 1463:General Theory 1458: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1432:Representation 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 992: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 976: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 960: 956: 955: 951: 949: 947: 943: 941: 938: 937: 934: 932: 929: 926: 925: 923: 919: 917: 914: 913: 911: 908: 905: 904: 900: 898: 896: 892: 890: 887: 886: 883: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 867: 863: 862: 858: 856: 854: 850: 848: 845: 844: 841: 839: 836: 833: 832: 828: 826: 824: 817: 816: 814: 811: 810: 807: 805: 802: 799: 798: 795: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 782: 779: 775: 774: 771: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 755: 753: 750: 747: 746: 744: 740: 738: 735: 734: 732: 729: 726: 725: 723: 719: 717: 714: 713: 711: 708: 705: 704: 702: 698: 696: 693: 692: 690: 687: 684: 683: 681: 677: 675: 672: 671: 669: 666: 663: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 638: 635: 632: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 618: 615: 612: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 600: 598: 595: 592: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 578: 575: 572: 571: 569: 565: 563: 560: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 548: 546: 543: 540: 539: 535: 533: 531: 527: 525: 522: 521: 518: 516: 513: 510: 509: 506: 502: 501: 498: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 482: 480: 477: 474: 473: 469: 467: 465: 460: 458: 456: 453: 452: 449: 447: 444: 441: 440: 438: 434: 432: 429: 428: 426: 423: 420: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 371: 369: 367: 364: 363: 360: 358: 355: 352: 351: 347: 345: 343: 339: 337: 334: 333: 330: 326: 325: 322: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 306: 304: 301: 298: 297: 293: 291: 289: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 271: 269: 266: 263: 262: 259: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 220: 219: 204: 183: 146:→‎Double Irish 130: 127:Administrators 117: 116: 101: 70: 64: 62: 44: 36: 27: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9761: 9750: 9749:Global issues 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9684:Tax avoidance 9682: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9647: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9625: 9624:Vandana Shiva 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9576:Saskia Sassen 9574: 9572: 9571:George Ritzer 9569: 9567: 9566:Antonio Negri 9564: 9562: 9561:L. H. M. Ling 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9546:Michael Hardt 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9526:Alfred Crosby 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9468: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9456:Susan Strange 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9426:Robert W. Cox 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9403: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9386:Jeffrey Sachs 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9320: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9304:World-systems 9302: 9300: 9299:World history 9297: 9295: 9294:Social change 9292: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9272:Modernization 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9075: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9002: 8996: 8993: 8989: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8935:Global health 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8836:Globalization 8830: 8825: 8823: 8818: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8772: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8740: 8729: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8693: 8686: 8680: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8612: 8606: 8598: 8594: 8587: 8579: 8573: 8565: 8559: 8551: 8547: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8475: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8445: 8441: 8435: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8415: 8407: 8394: 8387: 8375: 8374:TheJournal.ie 8371: 8364: 8356: 8350: 8343: 8342:jurisdiction. 8338: 8334: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8298: 8285: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8244: 8237: 8229: 8223: 8215: 8209: 8202: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8146:(June 2018). 8145: 8139: 8131: 8118: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8043: 8036: 8028: 8021: 8013: 8006: 7998: 7991: 7983: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7858: 7850: 7849: 7848:The Economist 7844: 7838: 7830: 7824: 7816: 7810: 7803: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7749: 7743: 7741: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7715: 7709: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7634: 7628: 7621: 7616: 7610: 7603: 7598: 7592: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7518: 7512: 7505:. OECD. 2017. 7501: 7495: 7493: 7481: 7475: 7468: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7406: 7398: 7392: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7334: 7328: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7304: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7219: 7210: 7204: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7179: 7173: 7165: 7159: 7151: 7145: 7137: 7130: 7128: 7120: 7110: 7108: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7038: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7013: 7006: 7004: 6996: 6988: 6982: 6980: 6972: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6948: 6942: 6934: 6928: 6917: 6911: 6903: 6897: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6842: 6836: 6828: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6700: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6576: 6569: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6544: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6518: 6517:TheJournal.ie 6513: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6478: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6399: 6392: 6390: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6364: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6299: 6298:EU Commission 6292: 6286: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6261: 6254: 6252: 6235: 6229: 6227: 6218: 6201: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6170: 6162: 6156: 6148: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6057: 6044: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5994:in Washington 5993: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5969:. p. 7. 5968: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5816:TheJournal.ie 5813: 5807: 5805: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5779: 5771: 5764: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5642: 5636: 5628: 5622: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5595: 5589: 5578: 5572: 5564: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5483:(9): 699–744. 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5456: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5379:TheJournal.ie 5376: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5345: 5338: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5297: 5292: 5291:Time Magazine 5288: 5281: 5279: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5114: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5044:. p. 1. 5043: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4922: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4820: 4811: 4804: 4798: 4788: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4716: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4684: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4552: 4549: 4538: 4535: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4510: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4475:, using Malta 4474: 4471: 4469:, using Malta 4468: 4465: 4463:, using Malta 4462: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4360:Adobe Systems 4358: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4336: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4292:Seamus Coffey 4287: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4265:Stephen Moore 4255: 4253: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061:Modified GNI* 4058: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3986: 3981: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3790: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3642: 3638: 3637:Christian Aid 3632: 3627: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3607:Christian Aid 3598: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3421:Seamus Coffey 3417: 3410: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3396:check-the-box 3393: 3388: 3385: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3318:tax partner, 3317: 3312: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3185: 3165: 3158: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3142:Mary O'Rourke 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2867:United States 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2573:All Countries 2572: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527:Tolerance tax 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2423: 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1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1927:Capital gains 1925: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1846:Panama Papers 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1713:Tax inversion 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1655:Tax avoidance 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1639:Noncompliance 1635: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1616:Tax collector 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1596:Tax residence 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1566:Revenue stamp 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1481:Tax incidence 1479: 1477: 1476:Excess burden 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1402:Tax incentive 1400: 1398: 1397:Tax advantage 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1357:Tax threshold 1355: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304:fiscal policy 1302:An aspect of 1301: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1267: 1262: 1256: 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Saul 9604:Noam Chomsky 9596:Non–academic 9536:Susan George 9531:Nancy Fraser 9501:Walden Bello 9446:David Harvey 9436:Stephen Gill 9356:Jayati Ghosh 9262:Earth system 9128:Human rights 9068:Water crisis 8965:early modern 8786:suggested) ( 8759:. Retrieved 8755:the original 8748: 8718: 8709: 8700: 8679: 8671: 8657: 8648: 8639: 8630:ARS Technica 8628: 8619: 8605: 8586: 8572: 8558: 8549: 8518:. Retrieved 8511: 8502: 8490:. Retrieved 8483: 8474: 8443: 8434: 8423: 8414: 8384: 8377:. Retrieved 8363: 8349: 8340: 8327: 8318: 8305: 8272:. Retrieved 8251: 8236: 8222: 8208: 8199: 8182: 8160: 8138: 8117:cite journal 8108: 8091: 8076: 8067: 8050: 8035: 8020: 8005: 7990: 7975: 7956: 7916: 7886: 7876: 7857: 7846: 7837: 7823: 7809: 7800: 7783: 7774: 7756: 7708: 7700: 7690: 7682: 7665: 7657: 7644: 7627: 7618: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7583: 7571: 7565: 7534: 7525: 7511: 7474: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7442: 7423: 7414: 7405: 7391: 7379:. Retrieved 7366: 7358: 7341: 7327: 7275: 7269: 7260: 7246: 7238: 7203: 7172: 7158: 7144: 7100:. TheStreet. 7091: 7083: 7031: 7022: 6993: 6970: 6941: 6927: 6910: 6896: 6835: 6821: 6807: 6746: 6689: 6675: 6643: 6629: 6620: 6606: 6597: 6583: 6568: 6553: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6515: 6506: 6497: 6488: 6452: 6420: 6406: 6379: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6323:. Retrieved 6309: 6301: 6285: 6277: 6268: 6238:. Retrieved 6215:suggested) ( 6189:, retrieved 6182:the original 6176: 6169: 6155: 6141: 6133:The Guardian 6123: 6104: 6096: 6076: 6035: 6001: 5988: 5979: 5970: 5953: 5932:cite journal 5923: 5891:collections. 5889: 5877: 5871: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5819: 5794: 5769: 5757: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5710: 5683: 5661:. June 2011. 5649: 5635: 5621: 5588: 5571: 5510: 5502: 5489: 5480: 5476: 5463: 5449: 5410: 5402: 5336: 5329:. Retrieved 5323: 5294: 5268: 5265:The Guardian 5254: 5245: 5231: 5222: 5208: 5200: 5172:. Bloomberg. 5163: 5155: 5148:. Retrieved 5143: 5119: 5107: 5089: 5075: 5053: 5045: 5008: 4982: 4974:The Guardian 4963: 4944: 4925: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4844: 4819: 4810: 4797: 4787: 4779: 4770: 4762: 4738: 4734: 4715: 4655:Double Irish 4654: 4483: 4455: 4430:Oracle Corp. 4342: 4339:Double Irish 4330: 4318: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4288: 4280: 4272: 4261: 4248: 4233: 4222: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4183: 4179: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4116: 4092: 4076: 4050: 4022: 4016: 4000: 3994: 3983: 3978: 3969: 3963: 3946: 3939: 3890: 3888: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3841: 3839: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3797: 3795: 3781: 3770: 3767: 3756: 3748: 3742: 3731:Green Jersey 3730: 3726: 3723:confidential 3722: 3715:confidential 3714: 3712: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3649: 3647: 3640: 3629: 3610: 3604: 3595: 3577: 3571: 3560: 3511: 3501: 3494: 3483: 3476: 3437:The Guardian 3435: 3428: 3418: 3415: 3401: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3333: 3313: 3293: 3275: 3267: 3262:incorporated 3259: 3244: 3205: 3202: 3183: 3163: 3105: 3094: 3090: 3078:tax treaties 3075: 3071:Double Irish 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3044: 3024:Double Irish 3015: 3007: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2959:Double Irish 2958: 2956: 2827:South Africa 2422:Joel Slemrod 2090:Hypothecated 2058:Sugary drink 1932:Expatriation 1811: 1729:Double Irish 1728: 1692:Black market 1537:Proportional 1486:Laffer curve 1471:Price effect 1266: 154:, replaced: 9614:Naomi Klein 9496:Ulrich Beck 9471:Politics / 9461:Robert Wade 9451:Ronen Palan 9441:Peter Gowan 9391:Amartya Sen 9381:Dani Rodrik 9331:David Autor 9257:Development 9138:Imperialism 9086:Brain drain 8761:21 February 8444:Sligo Today 8274:24 February 8257:Brad Setser 8188:Brad Setser 7950:. Lexology. 7654:Irish Times 7434:Irish Times 7381:26 November 6640:Irish Times 6594:Irish Times 6348:: 150–161. 6325:2 September 6320:Irish Times 5545:. Rose Law. 5224:equivalents 5150:14 November 4452:Single malt 4435:Pfizer Inc. 4311:Brad Setser 3947:capitalises 3771:capitalises 3719:Conduit OFC 3677:Irish Times 3651:Irish Times 3578:Single Malt 3530:Single Malt 3444:extension. 3117:John Bruton 2996:Single Malt 2842:Switzerland 2807:Philippines 2782:New Zealand 2777:Netherlands 2417:Ronen Palan 2155:User charge 1974:Value-added 1939:Consumption 1851:Swiss Leaks 1739:Single Malt 1677:Tax shelter 1667:Tax evasion 1626:Tax farming 1611:Tax shelter 1527:Progressive 1491:Optimal tax 1392:Tax amnesty 1387:Tax holiday 1345:Tax bracket 1330:Tax revenue 235:Next edit → 32:Next edit → 9709:Apple Inc. 9673:Categories 9556:Paul Hirst 9551:David Held 9416:Samir Amin 9406:Political 9341:Ravi Batra 9282:history of 9277:ecological 9252:Dependency 9200:Offshoring 9163:scientific 9153:linguistic 9118:Fair trade 9098:Care drain 9051:Tax havens 9046:Population 8955:History of 8085:. 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