Knowledge: Difference between revisions

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sense of how to evaluate information sources... The days when everything you saw on a screen had been carefully filtered, vetted, edited and checked are long gone. Product placement, advertorials and sponsorship are all becoming more common. An educated audience is the only realistic way to ensure that we are not duped, tricked, fleeced or offended by the media we consume, and learning that online information sources may not be as accurate as they pretend to be is an important part of that education. I use the Knowledge a lot. It is a good starting point for serious research, but I would never accept something that I read there without checking.

2064:, identified that among 42 entries tested, the difference in accuracy was not significant: the average science entry in Knowledge contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three. In the pairs of articles reviewed, eight serious errors such as misinterpretations of important concepts were detected, four from each encyclopaedia. Reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Knowledge and 123 in Britannica. Additionally, it was found that Knowledge articles are 2.6 times as long as Britannica articles, meaning that there is a lower error/omission per word ratio in Knowledge. 659: 1438:, a feature of Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model. Knowledge thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Knowledge gained early contributors from Nupedia, 597: 1726: 1451: 1344: 1227: 1400:, and in being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially broad base of contributors. Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, but later came to be viewed as too slow for producing a limited number of articles. Funded by Bomis, there were initial plans to recoup its investment by the use of advertisements. It was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GFDL before Knowledge's founding at the urging of 1639: 4237: 650: 1085: 4374: 4257: 4247: 1473:. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000, but it was after Sanger heard of its existence in January 2001 from Ben Kovitz, a regular at the wiki, that he proposed the creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales and Knowledge's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki-based production, the 4277: 1058: 71: 2265:

Seigenthaler's main criticisms. He also gave his opinion that encyclopedias as a whole (whether print or online) were not usually appropriate for primary sources and should not be relied upon as authoritative (as some were doing), but that nonetheless on balance Knowledge was more reliable as "background reading" on subjects than most online sources. He stated that Knowledge was a "work in progress".

4267: 2104:. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Knowledge was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light", and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves. 622: 2055:, that Knowledge provides a good starting point for research, and that articles are in general reasonably sound. However, these studies also suggest that due to its novel editorial model, it suffers omissions and inaccuracies which can sometimes be serious. A separate study suggests that in many cases, vandalism is reverted fairly quickly, but that this does not always happen. 403:

the eyes of most Wikipedians, is necessary for an article to be considered "high quality". However, performed by the science journal ] of sections of Knowledge and the ] found that the two were close in terms of the accuracy of their articles on the ]. This study was challenged by Encyclopædia Britannica, who described it as "fatally flawed".<ref>{{cite paper

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1826:, which number just over a thousand. Administrators are the largest such group, privileged with the ability to prevent articles from being edited, delete articles, or block users from editing in accordance with community policy. Any editor with a significant history of positive contributions and a firm understanding of Knowledge's policies and guidelines can be 1332: 1419:

bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source for content. So there's little downside, as far as I can determine.

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many edit sessions a piece of text has survived (red for new text, yellow for text that has survived 50 edits, green if 100, black if more than 150 edits). However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial. Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "

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as to its vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security". For example, Cross proposes a temporal provenance scheme which colors text based how

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It is the same with search engine results. Just because something comes up in the top 10 on MSN Search or Google does not automatically give it credibility or vouch for its accuracy or importance... One benefit that might come from the wider publicity that Knowledge is currently receiving is a better

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and inconsistency. Knowledge has also been criticized for its use of dubious sources, its biased but neutrally written perspective towards certain point of views, its disregard for credentials, its lack of understanding and international nature, and its vulnerability to vandalism and special interest

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sufficient fluency are encouraged to manually translate articles. The various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", though they may diverge on subtler points of policy and practice. Articles and images are shared between Knowledge editions, the former through "

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editorial policies and article ownership such as the expert-written '']'', ], ] and ]. Projects such as ], '']'' and ] are other wikis in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal process of review. Unlike many encyclopedias, Knowledge has licensed its content under the

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Knowledge has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. For example, like any Internet group, the site can become dominated by cliques of habitual users who express both condescension and hostility to

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Knowledge has traditionally measured its status by article count. In its first two years, it grew at a few hundred or fewer new articles per day; by 2004, this had accelerated to a total of 1,000 to 3,000 per day (counting all editions). The English Knowledge reached its 100,000-article milestone on

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No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. Jimmy Wales thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not. (…) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally

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Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles, including new updates, discussions, and vandalism. Most past edits to Knowledge articles also remain viewable after the fact, and are stored on "edit

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Some take advantage of Knowledge's openness to add nonsense to the encyclopedia. This real-time, collaborative model allows editors to rapidly update existing topics as they develop and to introduce new ones as they arise. However, this collaboration also sometimes leads to "edit wars" and prolonged

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There has been controversy over Knowledge's reliability and accuracy, with the site receiving criticism for its susceptibility to ], uneven quality and inconsistency, ], and preference for ] or popularity over ]s. Information is sometimes unconfirmed and questionable, lacking proper sources that, in

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had gone undetected, and steps being taken to address them. He stated that one problem was that Knowledge's use had grown faster than its self-monitoring system could comfortably handle, and that therefore new page creation would be deliberately restricted to account-holders only, addressing one of

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found that his biography had been written largely as a hoax, which had gone undetected for almost four months; this discovery led to several policy decisions within Wikimedia regarding creation of articles and the overview process, intended to address some of the flaws which had allowed the hoax to

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Some users have been temporarily or permanently blocked from editing Knowledge. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a warning or temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks for prolonged and serious infractions are given by Jimmy Wales or, on its English edition, an

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indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of its first year. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Knowledge coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003,

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Supporters argue that Knowledge does meet all the criteria for the basic definition of the word 'encyclopedia'. One difference from book encyclopedias is online web editing with Knowledge's history function. A deleted text will remain in the history tab and other users can look up an individual's

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Articles are always subject to editing, unless the article is protected for a short time due to the aforementioned vandalism or revert wars. Knowledge does not declare any of its articles to be "complete" or "finished". The authors of articles need not have any expertise or qualifications in the

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With increased usage and awareness, there has been an increasing number of references to Knowledge in popular culture. Many parody Knowledge's openness, with characters vandalising or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Still others feature characters using the references as a

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During December 2005, Knowledge had about 27,000 users who made at least five edits that month; 17,000 of these active users worked on the English edition. A more active group of about 4,000 users made more than 100 edits per month, over half of these users having worked in the English edition.

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software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until

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Knowledge has a set of policies identifying types of information appropriate for inclusion. These policies often are cited in disputes over whether particular content should be added, revised, transferred to a sister project, or removed. One of Knowledge's core policies is that articles must be

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perspectives on an issue along with the evidence supporting them. The project also forbids the use of ]. Knowledge articles do not attempt to determine an ] truth on their subjects, but rather to describe them impartially from all significant viewpoints. Following the introduction of a more ] ]

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work right with respect to this article's history.--> in the ]. There are 250 language editions of Knowledge, and 17 of them have more than 50,000 articles each. The ] has been distributed on ], and there have been proposals for an English DVD or print edition. Since inception, Knowledge has

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consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity,

1768:. Wikimedia has begun building a global network of caching servers with the addition of three such servers in France. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, Knowledge page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of Knowledge's website is posted by users at a 1072:

Language editions operate independently from one another. Editions are not bound to the content of other language editions, nor are articles on the same subject required to be translations of each other. Automated translation of articles is explicitly disallowed, though multilingual editors of

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An experimental feature planned for the German version of Knowledge has been reported which could eventually improve the quality of editing for Knowledge and protect it from vandalism. The concept being tested is to still allow anyone to make article edits, but to only allow editors judged as

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Knowledge's content has been reflected and forked by hundreds of resources from database dumps. Knowledge content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences, albeit more rarely, and very recently, in movies. Knowledge was once used in a United States court case, and the

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was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project. Knowledge has received plaudits from sources including

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Knowledge has become increasingly controversial as it has gained prominence and popularity, with critics alleging that Knowledge's open nature makes it unauthoritative and unreliable, with unconfirmed information that is often without any proper sources, that it exhibits severe

1718:. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. Ultimately, the software was rewritten again, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called MediaWiki. It was licensed under the 2178:

editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued this case, as has former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger who stated in 2004 that "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."

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Knowledge entries are "stylistically homogenous, typically describe only a single, core sense of an item, and are often presented in a standard format" (attributed partly to policies and partly to the norms of conventional print encyclopedias "which Knowledge effectively

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Almost all visitors may edit Knowledge's content: registered users can also create new articles. Changes made to pages are instantly displayed. Knowledge is built on the expectation that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that

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A common criticism is that editors, being volunteers, write on what interests them, and what they are aware of. Therefore coverage both within topics, and across the encyclopedia, is uneven and may at times be seriously unbalanced, with obvious and notable omissions.

2115:) are more prone to be edited poorly, but this is uncertain — often such articles receive extra attention and strong consensus exactly because they are the subject of heated debate. Other articles that do not produce such emotive responses may tend to be more stable. 363:

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Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger has said that having the GFDL license as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a 💕". In a study of Knowledge as a community, economics professor Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low

2135:, who wrote, "the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived." 1096:'s audience measurement service, the English sub-domain (en.wikipedia.org) receives approximately 60% of Knowledge's cumulative traffic, with the remaining 40% being splintered between the numerous other languages in which Knowledge is offered. 2067:

Critics of Knowledge often charge that allowing anyone to edit makes Knowledge an unreliable work, and that some editors may employ clever use of semantics to make possibly biased statements sound more credible. Knowledge contains no formal

266:'''Knowledge''' is a ], ]-based ] ] project. The name ''Knowledge'' is a ] of the words '']'' and ''encyclopedia''. Knowledge is written collaboratively by ]s, allowing most articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the 255:'''Knowledge''' is a ], ]-based ] ] project. The name ''Knowledge'' is a ] of the words '']'' and ''encyclopedia''. Knowledge is written collaboratively by ]s, allowing most articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the 4790: 1498:

in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that Knowledge would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org. Various other projects have since forked from Knowledge for editorial reasons, such as

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on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the incident. Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Knowledge is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.

2696:. Further, many editions that have more articles also have fewer contributors. Although the French, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish and Italian Wikipedias have more articles than the Spanish Knowledge, they have fewer users. 923:", allowing visitors to add, remove, or otherwise edit and change its content. It therefore is possible for large numbers of people to create articles and update them quickly as new information becomes available; it also means 1911:

stated "We want to let anybody edit but we don't want to show vandalized versions. It would be fun for me to announce to the press that the front page of Knowledge is open for public editing for the first time in five years".

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history" pages sorted chronologically, making it possible to see former versions of any page at any time. The only exceptions are the entire histories of articles that have been deleted, and many individual edits that contain

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Note that the article count, however, is a limited metric for comparing the editions, for a variety of reasons. In some Knowledge versions, for example, nearly half of the articles are short articles created automatically by

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The same fluidity that allows articles to be patchy has also led to Knowledge being praised for making it possible for articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the

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groups. Critics of Knowledge include Knowledge's own editors (and ex-editors), representatives of other encyclopedias, and even subjects of articles, especially those that find information presenting them in a bad light.

2224:, the community view is argued that Knowledge is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen. Knowledge editions also often contain 529:

often cited in disputes over whether particular content should be added, revised, transferred to a sister project, or removed. One of Knowledge's core policies is that articles must be written from a "]", presenting all

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cited in disputes over whether particular content should be added, revised, transferred to a sister project, or removed. One of Knowledge's core policies is that articles must be written from a "]", presenting all

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inception, Knowledge has steadily risen in popularity,<ref>See plots at "", Knowledge Statistics, ] ]</ref> and has spawned several sister projects. According to ], Knowledge ranks among the top

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Other commentators have drawn a middle ground, that it contains much valuable knowledge and has some reliability, even if the degree is not yet assessed with certainty. People taking such a view include

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and ] are other wikis in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal process of review. Unlike many encyclopedias, Knowledge has licensed its content under the ] (GFDL).

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Currently Knowledge encompasses 171 "active" language editions (ones with 100+ articles). In total, Knowledge contains 250 language editions of varying states, with a combined 5 million articles.

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functionality (''cite.php'', early 2006), articles increasingly include an extensive reference section to support the information presented in the article and to allow verification of the article.

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functionality (''cite.php'', early 2006), articles increasingly include an extensive reference section to support the information presented in the article and to allow verification of the article.

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Emigh and Herring (2005) in a study of Knowledge, note that there are not yet many formal studies of Knowledge or its model. Their main conclusions regarding style and encyclopedic quality were:

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specifies that extended confirmed protection can be applied to combat disruption, if semi-protection has proven to be ineffective. Extended confirmed protection may also be applied to enforce

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subjects that they edit, and users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will" by anyone who wishes to do so. Its articles are not controlled or

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software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation. Knowledge has been viewed as an experiment in a variety of

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therefore possible for large numbers of people to create articles and update them quickly as new information becomes available; it also means ] and disagreement about content are common.

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over it is retained by them, but they agree to make the work available under the GFDL. However, a significant proportion of images and sounds on Knowledge are not free. Items such as

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are other wikis in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal process of review. Unlike many encyclopedias, Knowledge has licensed its content under the

841:. Wales has described Knowledge as "an effort to create and distribute a multi-lingual 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". 344:

steadily risen in popularity,<ref>See plots at "", Knowledge Statistics, ] ]</ref> and has spawned several sister projects. According to ], Knowledge ranks among the top

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process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may not be well-versed in the topics they write about, leading to criticism that its contents lack authority, and according to

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Knowledge has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually submit

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possible for large numbers of people to create articles and update them quickly as new information becomes available; it also means ] and disagreement about content are common.

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discourage their students from using any encyclopedia as a reference in academic work, preferring primary sources instead. A critical website, Knowledge Watch, was created by

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now operated by the ] ]. It was created by ] and ]; Sanger resigned from both ] and Knowledge on ], ]. Wales has described Knowledge as "an effort to create and distribute a

314:💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".<ref>], "", March 8 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org></ref> 299:💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".<ref>], "", March 8 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org></ref> 2141:, a well known technology writer, commented that the debate is probably symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today, arguing that: 2100:

Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Knowledge as a reference. Knowledge articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in

997:, early 2006), articles increasingly include an extensive reference section to support the information presented in the article and to allow verification of the article. 310:

operated by the ] ]. It was created by ] and ]; Sanger resigned from both ] and Knowledge on ], ]. Wales has described Knowledge as "an effort to create and distribute a

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violations, and other content that could incur legal liability or be otherwise detrimental to Knowledge. These edits may only be viewed by Knowledge administrators.

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Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger criticized Knowledge in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for

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Note that this user count includes both sockpuppets, accounts solely used for vandalism, and unused accounts. The number of true accounts is significantly less.

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development as well). It has also been described as "cult-like", although, as these instances demonstrate, not always with entirely negative connotations.

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A variety of studies to date have tended to suggest that some Knowledge articles (scientific articles most notably) are of a similar degree of accuracy to

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In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Knowledge articles. The idea is to provide

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Knowledge has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness and authority. It is criticised as having no or limited utility as a

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The "In Memoriam: September 11" site is not widely considered a "sister project" as of 2006; there has been calls to close the site, or move it to

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In 2006, in a Multiscope research, the Dutch Knowledge was rated the third best Dutch language site (after Google and Gmail), with a score of 8.3.

1740:. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running 608:

Extended confirmed protection prevents edits from all unregistered editors and registered users with fewer than 30 days tenure and 500 edits. The

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as saying: "The premise of Knowledge is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven." and former

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The following is a list of the largest editions — those containing over 100,000 articles — sorted by number of articles as of

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by any particular user or editorial group; decisions on the content and editorial policies of Knowledge are instead made largely through

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truth on their subjects, but rather to describe them impartially from all significant viewpoints. Following the introduction of a more

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The "recent changes" page shows the newest edits to the English Knowledge. This page is often watched by users who revert vandalism.

978:", presenting all note-worthy perspectives on an issue along with the evidence supporting them. The project also forbids the use of 2458: 1503:, which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view". 875:

There has been controversy over Knowledge's reliability and accuracy, with the site receiving criticism for its susceptibility to

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users not involved in the "in-group" — habitual users also feel a sense of "ownership" over "their" pages, leading to edit wars.

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According to Wikimedia, one-quarter of Knowledge's traffic comes from users without accounts, who are less likely to be editors.

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Knowledge uses a type of ] called a "]", allowing visitors to add, remove, or otherwise edit and change its content. It therefore

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criticized the wiki approach on the grounds that "What certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him".

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million articles in many languages, including more than 1.4 million <!--Please do not use {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} because it

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million articles in many languages, including more than 1.4 million <!--Please do not use {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} because it

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Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.

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and four other locations around the world. MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Knowledge ran on

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Statistically speaking, "the language of Knowledge entries is as formal as that in the traditional print encyclopedia".

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Knowledge uses a type of ] called a "]", allowing visitors to add, remove, or otherwise edit and change its content. It

181: 31: 28: 2151: 2138: 1558:. This figure had doubled less than a year later, with the millionth article in the English edition being created on 3373:

Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Knowledge

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Knowledge receives over 2000 page requests per second. More than 100 servers have been set up to handle the traffic.

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There are currently plans to license the usage of the Knowledge trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.

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servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world.

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for Nupedia and later Knowledge. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being

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Currently Knowledge has more than five million articles in many languages, including more than 1.4 million in the

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Susceptibility to, and exclusion and removal of, false information (a criterion specific to the Knowledge process)

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Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Knowledge, users of the

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for the "community" category. Knowledge was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In September 2004, the

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servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the

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Knowledge has a set of policies identifying types of information appropriate for inclusion. These policies often

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editorial policies and article ownership such as the expert-written '']'', ], ] and ]. Projects such as ], '']''

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invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses, which can lead to a

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Knowledge was launched as an ] project on ], ] as a complement to the expert-written and now defunct ], and now

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Knowledge's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki", was created in October 2002 to detail the

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Knowledge won two major awards in May 2004. The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, awarded by

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Knowledge was served from a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed

1544:. Knowledge reached its one millionth article, among the 105 language editions that existed at the time, on 5393: 5368: 5342: 5263: 4015: 2775: 2418: 2184: 1895: 291:

Knowledge was launched as an ] project on ], ] as a complement to the expert-written and now defunct ], and

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project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive, and its creator,

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Knowledge has a set of policies identifying types of information appropriate for inclusion. These policies

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of Knowledge, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Knowledge are often unjustly labeled "

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database in January 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Knowledge project by

1470: 865: 4744: 4490: 4474: 848:. There are 250 language editions of Knowledge, and 17 of them have more than 50,000 articles each. The 159: 89: 5211: 1719: 1507: 4362: 2051: 900: 779:, allowing most articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the Web site. Knowledge's main 4391: 4229: 1267: 3870: 2556: 1769: 4532: 4308: 4303: 3967: 3735: 3287: 2987: 2012: 1823: 1306:, a collection of Knowledge articles that have been verified, ready for printing or burning to CD. 983: 4761: 3894: 934:

use traditional multi-lingual editorial policies and article ownership such as the expert-written

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Although Knowledge has a policy of citing reputable sources, this is only sometimes adhered to.

5322: 5006: 4648: 4515: 4288: 4179: 4162: 3377: 2468: 1937: 1737: 177: 4604: 2898: 2235:

criticized Knowledge in that he couldn't even change the article about himself in Knowledge.

907:. This study was challenged by Encyclopædia Britannica, who described it as "fatally flawed". 5221: 4841: 3694: 2656: 2543: 2438: 1891: 1819: 1081:

repository. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions.

66: 4671: 4557: 860:, Knowledge ranks among the top fifteen most visited sites, and many of its pages have been 5258: 5216: 5116: 4918: 4834: 4727: 4387: 4323: 3669: 3422: 3260: 3232: 3135: 3112: 3089: 3066: 2959: 2495: 2290: 2214: 1798:, played a significant part in the early development of Knowledge and the network itself. 1785: 1781: 1703:

for links; later it was also possible to use double brackets. Knowledge began running on a

1351: 1326: 1180: 1034: 892: 818: 691: 107: 4080: 4036: 3992: 3948: 3728: 3594: 3453: 3394: 3192: 3042: 2923: 2870: 2824: 2569: 2529:"Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature" 8: 4985: 4939: 4797: 4055: 3541:, Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences. ( 3029: 2396: 2372: 2312: 924: 649: 627: 144: 1874:. Its founder has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence. 1794:, an online advertising company that caters to a generally male audience and has hosted 1088:

Knowledge's article count has shown rapid growth in some of the major language editions.

5378: 5316: 5206: 5188: 5121: 4965: 4960: 4067: 4023: 3979: 3971: 3935: 3581: 3179: 2910: 2857: 2811: 2400:. Founder Jimmy Wales was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by 2390: 2302: 2221: 1745: 1494: 1150: 1042: 958: 861: 780: 122: 5241: 5138: 5021: 4970: 4705: 4163:

Cross, Tom. "Puppy smoothies: Improving the reliability of open, collaborative Wikis"

3780: 3756: 3711: 3699: 3440: 3348: 3274: 2348: 2336: 2330: 2261: 1489: 1279: 1210: 1200: 1190: 1170: 1110: 1078: 1038: 1009:, the license through which Knowledge's articles are made available, is one of many " 979: 916: 845: 373:

most visited sites, and many of its pages have been ] or ] by other sites, such as ].

348:

most visited sites, and many of its pages have been ] or ] by other sites, such as ].

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controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices." Editors on

2060: 1843: 1482: 1401: 1240: 1140: 1130: 1120: 904: 896: 849: 799: 617: 16: 4830: 4690:

Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal

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Comprehensiveness, scope and coverage within articles and in the range of articles

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Knowledge is wide open. Why is it growing so fast? Why isn't it full of nonsense?

3665: 3542: 3466: 2232: 2128: 1879: 1565:; meanwhile, the millionth user registration had been made just two days before. 1466: 1389: 1314: 1160: 1062: 1014: 3850: 903:

found that the two were close in terms of the accuracy of their articles on the

5046: 5036: 5016: 4975: 4801: 4545: 3661: 3557:"Knowledge and Britannica about as accurate in science entries, reports Nature" 3470: 3062: 2463: 2366: 2225: 2210: 2112: 2094: 1957: 1863: 1725: 1666: 1605: 1450: 1239:

develops. Some of Knowledge's editors have explained its editing process as a "

1093: 1022: 857: 784: 747: 681: 5071: 4094: 3228: 2508: 1811: 5362: 5183: 5086: 5051: 5011: 4576: 4293: 3108: 2453: 2402: 2378: 2318: 1977: 1925: 1875: 1715: 1707: 1478: 1443: 1343: 1226: 880: 743: 4778: 2679: 1144: 47: 5309: 5236: 5076: 5056: 4881: 4849: 4826: 4624: 4548: 4443: 4059: 3927: 3898: 3784: 3752: 3618: 3344: 3252: 3093: 2937: 2887: 2838: 2792: 2771: 2693: 2473: 2360: 2342: 2298: 2249: 2124: 2085: 1674: 1665:. As well as allowing articles to be written, it includes a basic internal 1616: 1580: 1545: 1393: 1385: 1299: 822: 754: 751: 701: 2131:'s "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow") and technology figure 1815: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1184: 1174: 1164: 1154: 1134: 1124: 5253: 5173: 5163: 5041: 5031: 4990: 4681: 4662: 4477: 4465: 4451: 4127: 3764: 3673: 3570: 3390: 2955: 2607: 2491: 2424:

source, or positively comparing a character's intelligence to Knowledge.

2384: 2254: 2069: 1999: 1908: 1883: 1756: 1749: 1651: 1620: 1598: 1434:, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. It had been, from 1377: 1358: 1347: 1271: 1263: 1236: 949: 869: 826: 762: 705: 4858: 1309:

Published copies of selected Knowledge articles are also available from

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Knowledge can be assessed for reliability in several areas, including:

1700: 1696: 1638: 1609: 1587: 1538: 1522: 1435: 1424: 1408: 1310: 1114: 1100: 953: 888: 803: 4450:, essay within Sanger's English Knowledge user page, wiki revision of 4437: 4431: 2197: 1077:" links and pages to request translations, and the latter through the 5268: 5248: 5153: 5148: 4657: 4628: 4426: 4379:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated

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Identification of reputable third party source references (citations)

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either do not consider Wales to be a dictator, or consider him to be

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Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of

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Knowledge itself runs on its own in-house created software, known as

1573: 1530: 1526: 1510:; The Wikimedia Foundation was created from Knowledge and Nupedia on 1283: 1243: 1018: 987: 884: 876: 788: 776: 1335:

Knowledge originally developed out of another encyclopedia project,

1025:, song samples, or copyrighted news photos are used with a claim of 5168: 5143: 4818: 4769: 4716: 4612: 4569: 4565: 4207: 4098: 3878: 3854: 3760: 3561: 3352: 3329: 3305: 3116: 2963: 2941: 2902: 2891: 2730: 2714: 2664: 2638: 2592: 2324: 2307: 2111:. It is possible that articles subject to strong opinions (such as 1965: 1887: 1859: 1855: 1681: 1677: 1624: 1552: 1529:, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched; and 1517:. Knowledge and its sister projects thereafter operated under this 1474: 1455: 1439: 1397: 1274:

retains final judgement on Knowledge policies and user guidelines.

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An example of Knowledge's range in language editions: Knowledge in

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illustrating the editing process on a selected Knowledge article,

2706: 270:. Knowledge's main ] are in ], with additional servers in ] and ]. 259:. Knowledge's main ] are in ], with additional servers in ] and ]. 4805: 4752: 4256: 4246: 4183: 3902: 3874: 3799: 3489: 3356: 3139: 3046: 2779: 2754: 2630: 2294: 2202: 2132: 1969: 1760: 1692: 1559: 1511: 1500: 1366: 1362: 1336: 941: 834: 830: 811: 4779:

Can History be Open Source? Knowledge and the Future of the Past

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For an expanded list maintained by Knowledge contributors, see

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The Main Page of English-language Knowledge at various times:

4143: 2746: 2281:", the marketing technique of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt". 1744:, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the 605:

This article is currently under extended confirmed protection.

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Links to content created under a Wikimedia Foundation project

4147: 3021: 2526: 1791: 1741: 1711: 1688: 1662: 1594: 1431: 1373: 792: 4462: 2726: 4865: 4852: 4821: 4808: 4772: 4755: 4719: 4684: 4665: 4643: 4631: 4615: 4598: 4572: 4551: 4496: 4480: 4468: 4454: 4210: 4186: 4150: 4130: 4101: 3905: 3881: 3857: 3837: 3830: 3810: 3787: 3767: 3676: 3649: 3626: 3573: 3477: 3401: 3359: 3332: 3308: 3167: 3142: 3119: 3096: 3073: 3049: 2966: 2944: 2894: 2845: 2799: 2757: 2733: 2667: 2641: 2595: 2515: 2257: 2033: 1847: 1654: 1612: 1601: 1590: 1583: 1562: 1555: 1551:, while the English edition alone reached its 500,000th on 1548: 1541: 1514: 1458: 1427: 1411: 1369: 1103: 1006: 945: 920: 838: 807: 767: 4556:

Viegas, Fernanda B., Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "

1998:

Knowledge achieves its results by social means, including

1901: 1465:

Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to

1331: 4580: 4440:, English Knowledge community newsletter published weekly 4199: 2533: 1765: 1704: 1658: 1295: 1294:

For some articles there is a spoken version available in

853: 3321: 1972:

of more formally written encyclopedias. Many university

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Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteer

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format. The encyclopedia is also available on a CD from

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Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with

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in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the

1525:, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002; 1013:" licenses that permit the redistribution, creation of 4791:

Growing Knowledge Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy

2899:"The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir" 1396:, in not having size limitations, due to being on the 810:

as a complement to the expert-written and now defunct

54: 4425:, policy-related and technical discussions regarding 1729:

Overview of system architecture, May 2006 (see also:

4605:

The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir

1801: 1788:, with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget. 982:. Knowledge articles do not attempt to determine an 1376:, a Web portal company. Its principal figures were 2651: 2649: 2498:", March 8 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org> 2449:List of media personalities to vandalise Knowledge 1699:by Clifford Adams (Phase I). At first it required 1680:system for page enhancement, and features such as 1049:, maintain (noncomprehensive) lists of such uses. 4815:"The Many Voices of Knowledge, Heard in One Place 3415:"Knowledge is not an oligarchy or a dictatorship" 2044: 5360: 3748: 3746: 3492:"Death by Knowledge: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles" 3490:Frank Ahrens, The Washington Post (2006-07-09). 3063:Knowledge, the 💕, reaches its 100,000th article 2978: 2527:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (March 22, 2006). 2023:Accuracy of information provided within articles 626:to ask for uncontroversial changes supported by 4422: 2882: 2880: 2646: 1350:, Knowledge co-founder and current head of the 1302:, and an editorial team is working on creating 3924:"Log on and join in, but beware the web cults" 2657:Complete list of language Wikipedias available 2083:s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in 1619:, the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of 1586:. The mark was granted registration status on 1447:and its text was incorporated into Knowledge. 715: 5333:Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects 4903: 4798:Know It All: Can Knowledge conquer expertise? 4732:: The Kid’s All Right (And So’s the Old Man)" 4680:comparison between Knowledge and Britannica, 4404: 3743: 3132:English Knowledge Publishes Millionth Article 3109:Knowledge Publishes 500,000th English Article 2618: 1289: 4637:Interview with Jimmy Wales, CEO of WikiPedia 4114:Professor James Fetzer Exposes Knowledge.org 3757:Why Knowledge Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism 2877: 2767: 2765: 1915: 1784:. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $ 321,000 1357:The Knowledge concept was not novel — 196: 135: 4542:Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You 4499:, from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine 3688: 2623: 2272:on each interval of text in an article and 1461:, two and a half months after its founding. 927:and disagreement about content are common. 4910: 4896: 4787:, Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46 4410: 3695:"A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light" 2297:later that year. The second was a Judges' 2238: 2228:in which the community answers questions. 1984:work history to gauge the author's merit. 1896:one who rarely gives non-negotiable orders 1430:, as a single English-language edition at 775:. Knowledge is written collaboratively by 4527:Reports and news articles (chronological) 4361: 2762: 2032:Susceptibility to editorial and systemic 1687:Knowledge runs on a cluster of dedicated 1570:United States Patent and Trademark Office 1037:website refers to Knowledge's article on 4917: 4373: 3539:A Genre Analysis of Online Encyclopedias 3531: 3529: 3527: 3349:Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of 💕s 3245: 2886: 2837: 2791: 2459:Congressional staffer edits to Knowledge 1724: 1637: 1633: 1568:The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the 1449: 1342: 1330: 1252: 1225: 1083: 1056: 4861:, a library video course on Knowledge, 4672:Internet encyclopaedias go head to head 4314:Knowledge:Why Knowledge is not so great 4299:Knowledge:Knowledge in academic studies 3804:Knowledge attacked by ignorant reporter 2260:, Wales discussed the reasons that the 1902:Future directions for authoring content 1593:. Trademark protection was accorded by 5361: 4383:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 4319:Knowledge:Replies to common objections 3851:Knowledge:Replies to common objections 3608: 3606: 3604: 3086:Knowledge Reaches One Million Articles 1944: 587:Revision as of 03:45, 12 November 2006 160:Revision as of 03:45, 12 November 2006 90:Revision as of 13:01, 11 November 2006 4891: 4709:responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica 3968:"Knowledge: The know-it-all Web site" 3524: 3471:Can German engineering fix Knowledge? 3002:"Wikinfo - Sympathetic point of view" 2412: 4095:Knowledge:Researching with Knowledge 4049: 4005: 3961: 3895:Wiki-fiddlers defend Clever Big Book 1722:and used by all Wikimedia projects. 1492:forked from Knowledge to create the 1250:disputes when editors do not agree. 1052: 879:, uneven quality and inconsistency, 616:. Please discuss any changes on the 590: 80: 46: 3601: 3537:Collaborative Authoring on the Web: 3300:Paragraph's statistics taken from " 3251: 3052:, <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org> 1423:Knowledge was formally launched on 937:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 203: 195: 169: 157: 150: 134: 99: 87: 13: 4793:The New York Times (June 17, 2006) 4434:, parent organization of Knowledge 4219: 3917: 3217:Wikimedia servers at wikimedia.org 2969:,<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org> 910: 589: 355:Currently Knowledge has more than 335:Currently Knowledge has more than 35: 5415: 4940:Knowledge community (Wikipedians) 4884:, a satirical parody of Knowledge 4329: 3404:, <wikien-l@wikimedia.org>. 1802:Authorship and management process 1485:, lent his support to Knowledge. 1041:in the "further reading" list of 899:of sections of Knowledge and the 895:performed by the science journal 4372: 4363: 4351: 4275: 4265: 4255: 4245: 4235: 3162: 1780:Knowledge is funded through the 657: 648: 638: 595: 5279:Monkey selfie copyright dispute 4653:"A false Knowledge 'biography'" 4192: 4168: 4156: 4136: 4125:Knowledge: "A Work in Progress" 4118: 4107: 4087: 4043: 3999: 3955: 3911: 3887: 3863: 3843: 3816: 3793: 3773: 3682: 3655: 3632: 3549: 3515: 3504: 3483: 3460: 3407: 3384: 3365: 3338: 3314: 3294: 3221: 3210: 3199: 3156: 3147: 3124: 3101: 3078: 3055: 3043:Announcing Wikimedia Foundation 3035: 3014: 2994: 2972: 2949: 2930: 2831: 2785: 2739: 2719: 2699: 2685: 2672: 1454:Knowledge's English edition on 1000: 4471:, from nostalgia.wikipedia.org 4056:"Who owns your Knowledge bio?" 3026:Proposals for closing projects 2612: 2601: 2581: 2563: 2520: 2501: 2485: 2045:Accuracy and comprehensiveness 2006: 1890:" of Knowledge; however, most 968:GNU Free Documentation License 932:Internet encyclopedia projects 496:Many other ]s use traditional 484:Many other ]s use traditional 1: 4745:The Six Sins of the Knowledge 4588:Heavy metal umlaut: the movie 2479: 2434:Internet encyclopedia project 1941:go undetected for that time. 814:, and now is operated by the 798:Knowledge was launched as an 787:, with additional servers in 672:Internet encyclopedia project 585: 538: 521: 492: 480: 455: 444: 351: 331: 302: 287: 262: 251: 5343:Knowledge for World Heritage 5264:WikiConference North America 4012:"What is it with Knowledge?" 3666:The Faith-Based Encyclopedia 3172:"Growing on volunteer power" 2682:", Knowledge. (March 9 2005) 2496:Knowledge is an encyclopedia 2419:Knowledge in popular culture 2191: 2185:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 1830:to become an administrator. 1270:and, occasionally, by vote. 829:; Sanger resigned from both 147:) to last version by Kimyu12 18:Browse history interactively 7: 5285:Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA 4981:Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight 4784:Journal of American History 3871:Critical views of Knowledge 3535:Emigh & Herring (2005) 2427: 2162: 1731:meta:Server layout diagrams 1471:Portland Pattern Repository 1045:. Some Knowledge users, or 10: 5420: 5212:List of Wikimedia chapters 4176:The FUD-based Encyclopedia 3740:(subscription access only) 2416: 2222:researching with Knowledge 2156:What is it with Knowledge? 2010: 1919: 1775: 1720:GNU General Public License 1508:September 11, 2001 attacks 1324: 1320: 1290:Knowledge in other formats 1221: 5399:Advertising-free websites 5301: 5199: 5104: 4999: 4948: 4932: 4925: 4740:Vol. 14 No. 3, March 2006 4228:by searching Knowledge's 4224:Find more information on 3304:" (Knowledge Statistics, 3032:, discusses this process. 2511:", Knowledge Statistics, 2284: 2176:Encyclopædia Britannica's 1916:Criticism and controversy 1432:http://www.wikipedia.com/ 1268:consensus decision-making 915:Knowledge uses a type of 729: 721: 716:http://www.wikipedia.org/ 711: 697: 687: 677: 665: 656: 647: 411: 408: 214: 211: 156: 86: 4533:Knowledge:Press coverage 4309:Knowledge:Press coverage 4304:Knowledge:Press releases 3521:www.wikipedia-watch.org/ 2988:Free Software Foundation 2680:Translation into English 2619:http://he.wikipedia.org/ 2081:Encyclopædia Britannica' 2013:Reliability of Knowledge 868:by other sites, such as 852:has been distributed on 846:English-language version 119:Extended confirmed users 5127:Censorship of Knowledge 4697:Encyclopedia Britannica 4649:Seigenthaler, John, Sr. 4407:, multi-lingual portal 4381:Error: no date provided 3511:Wide World of WIKIPEDIA 3480:, <CNET News.com> 2938:Multilingual statistics 2776:Q & A about Nupedia 2239:Responses to criticisms 2058:One of the studies, by 2052:Encyclopædia Britannica 1519:non-profit organization 1372:under the ownership of 901:Encyclopædia Britannica 850:German-language edition 610:policy on community use 85: 5323:Wikimedian of the Year 5007:Hampton Lintorn-Catlin 4575:. Preliminary report " 4516:Open Directory Project 4336:Listen to this article 4289:Knowledge:Introduction 4241:Dictionary definitions 4180:Free Software Magazine 4075:Check date values in: 4031:Check date values in: 3987:Check date values in: 3943:Check date values in: 3719:Check date values in: 3643:Academia and Knowledge 3589:Check date values in: 3448:Check date values in: 3395:Re: Illegitimate block 3187:Check date values in: 2918:Check date values in: 2865:Check date values in: 2819:Check date values in: 2551:Cite journal requires 2469:User-generated content 2160: 1938:John Seigenthaler, Sr. 1920:Further information: ] 1738:multitier architecture 1733: 1643: 1462: 1421: 1354: 1340: 1258: 1231: 1089: 1066: 623:submit an edit request 5404:General encyclopedias 4842:Textbook free for all 3833:) and Chicago Times ( 2608:Knowledge as a source 2439:List of encyclopedias 2143: 1836:Arbitration Committee 1796:soft-core pornography 1728: 1641: 1634:Software and hardware 1453: 1416: 1346: 1334: 1256: 1229: 1087: 1060: 976:neutral point of view 883:, and preference for 614:arbitration sanctions 439:== Characteristics == 432:== Characteristics == 5374:Online encyclopedias 5338:Google and Knowledge 5259:WikiConference India 4919:Wikimedia Foundation 4835:The Atlantic Monthly 4607:, from Slashdot and 4521:Template:SourceWatch 4448:Origins of Knowledge 4432:Wikimedia Foundation 4392:More spoken articles 4324:Knowledge:Statistics 4144:Knowledge:Provenance 3853:", Knowledge, 22:53 3670:Tech Central Station 3423:Wikimedia Foundation 3371:Andrea Ciffolilli, " 3261:The Atlantic Monthly 3233:Wikimedia Foundation 3136:Wikimedia Foundation 3113:Wikimedia Foundation 3090:Wikimedia Foundation 3067:Wikimedia Foundation 2960:Re: Sanger's memoirs 2291:Prix Ars Electronica 2215:open-source software 1932:At the end of 2005, 1846:of participating in 1782:Wikimedia Foundation 1748:software, and seven 1352:Wikimedia Foundation 1327:History of Knowledge 1237:open-source software 1035:Parliament of Canada 821:. It was created by 819:Wikimedia Foundation 692:Wikimedia Foundation 580:=== Free content === 573:=== Free content === 5394:Virtual communities 5369:2001 establishments 4817:", New York Times, 4726:Berinstein, Paula, 4621:Worldwide Wikimania 4579:" available on the 3962:Lu Stout, Kristie ( 3030:Wikimedia Meta-Wiki 2852:. Internet Archive. 2806:. Internet Archive. 2804:"Let's make a wiki" 2707:Knowledge sociology 2397:The Daily Telegraph 2373:The Financial Times 2313:The Washington Post 2274:temporal provenance 2198:Knowledge community 1945:The Knowledge model 1862:systems, including 1691:servers located in 952:. Projects such as 887:or popularity over 644: 5384:Wikimedia projects 5317:Knowledge Monument 5207:Wikimedia movement 5189:Abstract Knowledge 5122:List of Wikipedias 4966:Dariusz Jemielniak 4961:Lisa Seitz-Gruwell 4762:The Knowledge FAQK 4438:Knowledge Signpost 4050:Orlowski, Andrew ( 3893:Andrew Orlowski, " 3806:", Joi Ito's Web, 3302:Active wikipedians 3282:Unknown parameter 3206:MediaWiki Homepage 2850:"Knowledge is up!" 2631:List of Wikipedias 2413:In popular culture 2303:Japanese Knowledge 1734: 1657:system written in 1644: 1495:Enciclopedia Libre 1469:'s WikiWikiWeb or 1463: 1355: 1341: 1259: 1241:socially Darwinian 1232: 1090: 1067: 1043:Civil Marriage Act 959:Enciclopedia Libre 757:project. The name 637: 230:| author = ] and ] 223:| author = ] and ] 167: 139:Reverted edits by 97: 5351: 5350: 5139:Wikimedia Commons 5100: 5099: 5022:Florence Devouard 4971:Rebecca MacKinnon 4777:Rosenzweig, Roy, 4356: 3918:Arthur, Charles ( 3734:CS1 maint: year ( 3721:|accessdate= 3689:Linden, Hartmut ( 3645:", Many-to-Many, 3028:", a page of the 2349:Chicago Sun-Times 2331:Los Angeles Times 2270:source provenance 2262:Seigenthaler hoax 1936:after journalist 1934:controversy arose 1844:transaction costs 1490:Spanish Knowledge 1079:Wikimedia Commons 1053:Language editions 1039:same-sex marriage 980:original research 893:a 2005 comparison 833:and Knowledge on 737: 736: 635: 634: 584: 158: 88: 68: 5411: 5355:Template:Link FA 5328:Tides Foundation 5293:Knowledge Engine 5062:Patricio Lorente 5027:Oscar van Dillen 4986:Esra'a Al Shafei 4956:Maryana Iskander 4930: 4929: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4840:Pearson, Helen, 4837:, September 2006 4813:Levine, Robert, 4609:Open Sources 2.0 4485:Internet Archive 4415:English language 4411:en.wikipedia.org 4376: 4375: 4367: 4365: 4358: 4357: 4345: 4343: 4337: 4279: 4271:Images and media 4269: 4259: 4249: 4239: 4214: 4196: 4190: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4140: 4134: 4122: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4063: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4019: 4006:Thompson, Bill ( 4003: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3975: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3931: 3915: 3909: 3891: 3885: 3867: 3861: 3847: 3841: 3820: 3814: 3797: 3791: 3777: 3771: 3750: 3741: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3707: 3705: 3704:. Retrieved 2005 3686: 3680: 3659: 3653: 3636: 3630: 3612:Simon Waldman, " 3610: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3553: 3547: 3533: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3487: 3481: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3411: 3405: 3388: 3382: 3369: 3363: 3342: 3336: 3318: 3312: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3225: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3175: 3174:. Business Line. 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3128: 3122: 3105: 3099: 3082: 3076: 3059: 3053: 3039: 3033: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2984:"The 💕 Project" 2980:Richard Stallman 2976: 2970: 2953: 2947: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2906: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2789: 2783: 2769: 2760: 2743: 2737: 2723: 2717: 2703: 2697: 2689: 2683: 2676: 2670: 2653: 2644: 2627: 2621: 2616: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2585: 2579: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2524: 2518: 2505: 2499: 2489: 2158: 1882:has referred to 1615:. Technically a 1483:Richard Stallman 1402:Richard Stallman 1015:derivative works 974:written from a " 905:natural sciences 800:English language 661: 652: 645: 642: 636: 625: 599: 591: 201: 198: 190: 185: 166: 148: 137: 129: 115: 96: 69: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 42: 39: 21: 19: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5347: 5297: 5195: 5096: 5067:Katherine Maher 4995: 4944: 4921: 4916: 4857:Hubbard, John, 4796:Schiff, Stacy, 4760:Sjöberg, Lore, 4728:"Knowledge and 4603:Sanger, Larry, 4540:Meyers, Peter, 4487:Wayback Machine 4396: 4395: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4339:(2 parts, 4338: 4335: 4332: 4285: 4274: 4264: 4254: 4244: 4243:from Wiktionary 4233: 4230:sister projects 4222: 4220:Further reading 4217: 4197: 4193: 4174:Aaron Krowne, " 4173: 4169: 4165:. First Monday. 4161: 4157: 4141: 4137: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4092: 4088: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4048: 4044: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3960: 3956: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3916: 3912: 3892: 3888: 3868: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3821: 3817: 3798: 3794: 3778: 3774: 3751: 3744: 3733: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3687: 3683: 3660: 3656: 3637: 3633: 3611: 3602: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3534: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3467:Daniel Terdiman 3465: 3461: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3429: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3389: 3385: 3370: 3366: 3343: 3339: 3319: 3315: 3299: 3295: 3283: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3200: 3188: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3129: 3125: 3106: 3102: 3083: 3079: 3060: 3056: 3040: 3036: 3019: 3015: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2977: 2973: 2954: 2950: 2935: 2931: 2919: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2885: 2878: 2866: 2864: 2855: 2854: 2836: 2832: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2790: 2786: 2770: 2763: 2747:Power structure 2744: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2673: 2654: 2647: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2602: 2586: 2582: 2568: 2564: 2552: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2506: 2502: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2391:Reader's Digest 2287: 2241: 2233:James H. Fetzer 2226:reference desks 2194: 2165: 2159: 2150: 2047: 2015: 2009: 1947: 1921: 1918: 1904: 1892:Knowledge users 1880:Knowledge Watch 1804: 1778: 1661:and built upon 1636: 1467:Ward Cunningham 1390:editor-in-chief 1329: 1323: 1315:Print on Demand 1292: 1224: 1055: 1023:corporate logos 1003: 993:functionality ( 913: 911:Characteristics 698:Created by 668: 631: 621: 607: 600: 581: 574: 565: 560: 553: 550: 545: 536: 533: 528: 517: 512: 505: 503: 499: 490: 487: 476: 471: 464: 462: 453: 451: 440: 433: 424: 419: 404: 396: 386: 381: 374: 372: 367: 362: 358: 349: 347: 342: 338: 327: 322: 315: 313: 309: 300: 298: 294: 283: 278: 271: 269: 260: 258: 247: 240: 231: 224: 207: 202: 200:No edit summary 199: 194: 193: 192: 188: 175: 173: 168: 162: 154: 152:← Previous edit 149: 138: 133: 132: 131: 127: 125: 105: 103: 98: 92: 84: 83: 82: 81: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75: 74: 65: 61: 55: 53: 48: 45: 43: 40: 38:Content deleted 37: 34: 29:← Previous edit 26: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5417: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5082:María Sefidari 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5047:Aaron Halfaker 5044: 5039: 5037:Arnnon Geshuri 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5017:Bishakha Datta 5014: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4976:Raju Narisetti 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4869: 4868: 4855: 4838: 4824: 4811: 4802:The New Yorker 4794: 4788: 4775: 4758: 4749:YoursDaily.com 4741: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4703: 4668: 4646: 4634: 4618: 4601: 4584: 4562:Visualizations 4554: 4546:New York Times 4537: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4488: 4472: 4457: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4401: 4400: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4359: 4348: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330:External links 4328: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4283:from Wikinews 4263:from Wikiquote 4253:from Wikibooks 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4191: 4167: 4155: 4146:", Knowledge ( 4135: 4117: 4106: 4097:", Knowledge ( 4086: 4042: 3998: 3954: 3910: 3886: 3862: 3842: 3815: 3792: 3772: 3742: 3681: 3662:Robert McHenry 3654: 3631: 3600: 3548: 3523: 3514: 3503: 3482: 3459: 3406: 3383: 3381:December 2003. 3364: 3337: 3313: 3293: 3244: 3220: 3209: 3198: 3155: 3146: 3123: 3100: 3077: 3054: 3041:Jimmy Wales: " 3034: 3013: 2993: 2971: 2948: 2940:", Knowledge, 2929: 2876: 2830: 2784: 2761: 2738: 2729:", Knowledge ( 2718: 2698: 2684: 2678:For example, " 2671: 2645: 2622: 2611: 2600: 2591:", LEGISINFO ( 2580: 2562: 2553:|journal= 2519: 2509:Visits per day 2507:See plots at " 2500: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2464:Self-reference 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2417:Main article: 2414: 2411: 2367:Globe and Mail 2286: 2283: 2240: 2237: 2193: 2190: 2164: 2161: 2148: 2113:George W. 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1942: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1926:systemic bias 1913: 1910: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876:Daniel Brandt 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1757:Squid caching 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1716:Magnus Manske 1713: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1479:free-software 1476: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1444:search engine 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1304:Knowledge 1.0 1301: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1228: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1092:According to 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1059: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 998: 996: 992: 989: 988:user friendly 985: 981: 977: 971: 969: 965: 961: 960: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881:systemic bias 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769: 765:of the words 764: 760: 756: 753: 749: 745: 744:multi-lingual 741: 732: 728: 724: 720: 717: 714: 710: 707: 703: 700: 696: 693: 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