847:. The sterile frond fragment is very similar to the fertile fragment in pinnae shape and vascularization. The leaves are weakly bipinnate, with the laminae modified into separated pinnules, which in turn are weakly lobed. The pinnules are oriented in an alternating pattern along the rachis, and fertile pinnules alternate with inertial ones. The thin pinnules have bifurcating veins running from the rachis at the lamina base apically. The veins fork up to three times with each veinlet diverging into a separate lobe and all terminating at lope tips. The basal most fork in the laminae arches to run parallel to the rachis, while all branches fork off basal sides of the main veins. The amount of vein forking in each pinnules decreases the closer the pinnule is to the apex. Scattered trichomes are found along the edges of the pinnule, often associated with sori.
431:
656:
1034:
taxa found at
Republic suggested mean annual temperatures around 13.5 ± 2.2 °C (56.3 ± 4.0 °F). This is lower than the mean annual temperature estimates given for the coastal Puget Group, which is estimated to have been between 15–18.6 °C (59.0–65.5 °F). The bioclimatic analysis for Republic suggests a mean annual precipitation amount of 115 ± 39 cm (45 ± 15 in).
71:
676:(1926). More recently land ferns are regularly but briefly mentioned in overviews of the Eocene Okanangan Highlands, no detailed descriptive work as happened. The Republic fossils were studied subsequently by a group of paleobotanists led by Kathleen B. Pigg, with the 2021 type description of the species being published in the
1033:
of the
Republic paleoflora. The CLAMP results after multiple linear regressions gave a mean annual temperature of approximately 8.0 °C (46.4 °F), with the LMA giving 9.2 ± 2.0 °C (48.6 ± 3.6 °F). A bioclimatic-based estimate based on modern relatives of the
1017:
range between 0.7–1.2 km (0.43–0.75 mi) higher than the coastal forests. This is consistent with the paleoelevation estimates for the lake systems, which range between 1.1–2.9 km (1,100–2,900 m), which is similar to the modern elevation 0.8 km (0.50 mi), but higher.
957:
biotas that are preserved. The highlands temperate biome preserved across a large transect of lakes recorded many of the earliest appearances of modern genera, while also documenting the last stands of ancient lines. The warm temperate highland floras in association with downfaulted
962:
and active volcanism are noted to have no exact modern equivalents. This is due to the more seasonally equitable conditions of the Early Eocene, resulting in much lower seasonal temperature shifts. However, the highlands have been compared to the upland ecological islands of the
159:
63:
977:
The
Klondike Mountain Formation represents an upland lake system that was surrounded by a warm temperate ecosystem with nearby volcanism dating from during and just after the early Eocene climatic optimum. The Okanagan Highlands likely had a
821:
fossils, and as such the rhizome anatomy and spore morphology are unknown. The two described fronds are both incomplete, with the fertile frond section measuring 4.0 cm × 2.8 cm (1.6 in × 1.1 in) with 6 pairs of
1338:
Greenwood, D.R.; Archibald, S.B.; Mathewes, R.W; Moss, P.T. (2005). "Fossil biotas from the
Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape".
740:. The fronds are distinctly thin as in the modern species, with similar leaf shapes and dissection. The genus as of 2023 included approximately 430 species which are mostly found in the tropics globally, but having a
826:, and the vegetative specimen being approximately 3.0 cm (1.2 in) long. The rachis has a slightly ribbed appearance and there are narrow laminae wings along the plane of pinnae running up both sides of it.
854:
of about 1 mm × 1 mm (0.039 in × 0.039 in) located along the apical and basal margins of fertile pinnules. Where preserved the sori are composed of numerous sporangia. Within each
1078:
Pigg, K. B.; DeVore, M. L.; Greenwood, D. R.; Sundue, M. A.; Schwartsburd, P.; Basinger, J. F. (2021). "Fossil
Dennstaedtiaceae and Hymenophyllaceae from the Early Eocene of the Pacific Northwest".
989:
climate, in which winter temperatures rarely dropped low enough for snow, and which were seasonably equitable. The paleoforest surrounding the lakes have been described as precursors to the modern
927:
was an epiphyte or note will depend on more fossils being found and described, in particular the rhizome and root structure will be key to determining where in the
Republic paleoforest lived.
15:
867:
showed that some of the sporangia enclosed between 7-10 dark ovoid structures. While no details of the structures was discernable, the location suggests them to be spore casts.
222:
142:
768:
786:
672:, commonly called leptosporangiate ferns, have been reported in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands since the late 1890s, and the first fertile fond material report came from
792:
762:
881:
780:
774:
715:
661:
943:, including the Early Eocene formations between Driftwood Canyon at the north and Republic at the south, have been described as one of the "Great Canadian
736:. The placement of the fossil sori are along the pinnae edges, and each of the sori are enclosed by a bivalved globose indusia, occasionally surrounded by
698:
paleontology collection. The holotype and paratype were collected from the
Klondike Mountain Formations "Boot Hill" site "B4131". The team coined the
154:
93:
31:
28:
1400:
954:
950:
695:
72:
864:
1026:
150:
89:
1282:"Urticaceae leaves with stinging trichomes were already present in latest early Eocene Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada"
863:
is between 10 to 12 cells wide and are interpreted to have been sessile, typical for the family. Examination of the fossils via an
850:
Sori are located in funnel shaped receptacles which are flush with the pinnae surface. The sori are surrounded by globose bivalved
1410:
678:
624:, with a suggested to be closest to a group of tropical species in the subgenus that are all specialized as sheltered epiphytes.
1390:
430:
990:
1118:"Filmy Ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) and Associated Spike-Mosses (Selaginellaceae) from the Mid-Cretaceous Kachin Amber, Myanmar"
1415:
188:
118:
1395:
196:
177:
122:
520:
1385:
111:
713:
for his many works in paleobotany, including the description of the oldest member of
Hymenophyllaceae the Triassic
215:
166:
639:
of
Central British Columbia and northeast central Washington state. Both of the described specimens are from the
100:
886:
687:
136:
699:
640:
1030:
936:
741:
636:
1405:
1261:
1. Early Eocene
Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)".
184:
173:
1380:
909:
species. These species are all restricted to humid mountain locations in the neotropics with
548:
107:
66:
1257:
Archibald, S.; Greenwood, D.; Smith, R.; Mathewes, R.; Basinger, J. (2011). "Great Canadian
1348:
1280:
DeVore, M. L.; Nyandwi, A.; Eckardt, W.; Bizuru, E.; Mujawamariya, M.; Pigg, K. B. (2020).
669:
644:
192:
8:
1006:
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in Northern Ferry County, Washington, being recovered from the "Boot Hill" site B4131 in
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The Republic sites are part of a larger fossil site system collectively known as the
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specialization for protected areas such as rock ledges or under tree branches.
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noted that despite the modern relatives epiphytic nature, the possibility
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682:. They designated two type specimens at the time of publication, the
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1176:(Hymenophyllaceae) from the Mid-Cretaceous Kachin Amber, Myanmar"
1022:
583:
407:
382:
1167:
Li, Y.; Ebihara, A.; Nosova, N.; Tan, Z.-Z.; Cui, Y.-M. (2023).
879:
is native to the greater Washington and British Columbia areas,
1256:
998:
993:
of Eastern North America and Eastern Asia. Based on the fossil
802:
has been noted one of the oldest unequivocal fossil species of
599:
333:
1337:
733:
729:
442:
1116:
Li, Y.; Wang, Y.-D.; Nosova, N.; Lu, N.; Xu, Y.-Y. (2022).
949:" based on the diversity, quality and unique nature of the
587:
475:
465:
1279:
1231:(Hymenophyllaceae), a new filmy fern species from Taiwan"
1077:
843: in) at its widest and terminating in the uppermost
722:
The group placed the new species into the modern genus
752:
is most similar in its known morphology to a group of
635:
fossils have been recovered from a single site in the
54:
829:
The petiole is missing on both specimens, while the
1166:
1027:climate leaf analysis multivariate program (CLAMP)
1372:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1115:
1009:of Western Washington, which are described as
806:, and the only firm record from the Cenozoic.
760:species found in the neotropics. The species,
650:
1322:
1224:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
696:Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
686:"SR 05-15-13" which was accessioned in the
1225:Chang, Z.X.; Hsu, T.C.; Kuo, L.Y. (2022).
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
997:the lakes were higher and cooler then the
901:noted the probable affinity to a group of
865:environmental scanning electron microscope
732:plus placement and shape of the preserved
1297:
1273:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1201:
1191:
1143:
1133:
1111:
1109:
796:are native to central and South America.
654:
1401:Flora of the Northwestern United States
1218:
1080:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1044:
679:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1373:
1245:
1106:
885:which is confined to the coast of the
614:, Canada. The species is included in
315:Revision as of 15:44, 4 September 2024
151:Revision as of 15:44, 4 September 2024
90:Revision as of 05:27, 4 September 2024
991:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
690:paleobotanical collection, while the
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46:
930:
221:
212:
165:
148:
141:
134:
99:
87:
13:
1341:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
317:
35:
1427:
1001:coastal forests preserved in the
887:Pacific Northwest Coast ecoregion
429:
350:
870:
627:
1411:Eocene plants of North America
1229:Hymenophyllum chamaecyparicola
1160:
809:
694:"UWBM 77726a" was part of the
1:
1391:Fossil taxa described in 2021
1037:
1013:ecosystems. Estimates of the
688:Stonerose Interpretive Center
668:Fern fossils of the subclass
313:
272:
265:
610:, United States and central
598:. The species is known from
18:Browse history interactively
7:
1416:Klondike Mountain Formation
641:Klondike Mountain Formation
10:
1432:
1396:Ferns of the United States
1286:American Journal of Botany
1031:leaf margin analysis (LMA)
815:Dennstaedtia christophelii
651:History and classification
937:Eocene Okanagan Highlands
742:Cosmopolitan distribution
637:Eocene Okanagan Highlands
554:
547:
426:Scientific classification
424:
326:
232:
229:
197:Pending changes reviewers
147:
123:Pending changes reviewers
86:
1386:Plants described in 2021
1169:"First Fossil Record of
817:is known only from leaf
189:Extended confirmed users
119:Extended confirmed users
1135:10.3390/biology11111629
1025:have been derived from
1023:mean annual temperature
1011:lowland tropical forest
925:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
800:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
633:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
579:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
561:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
328:Hymenophyllum axsmithii
85:
833:which is 1.3 mm (
716:Hopetedia praetermissa
665:
662:Hymenophyllum plumieri
594:related to the modern
319:Fossil species of fern
744:. Of the species in
658:
1193:10.3390/life13081709
969:African rift valleys
645:Republic, Washington
1353:2005CaJES..42..167G
1007:Chuckanut Formation
983:upper microthermal
728:based on the thin
666:
606:sites of northern
269:{{Taxonbar|from=}}
163:
97:
1299:10.1002/ajb2.1548
1292:(10): 1449–1456.
1263:Geoscience Canada
1021:Estimates of the
987:lower mesothermal
965:Virunga Mountains
960:lacustrine basins
889:, and placed in
575:
574:
540:H. axsmithii
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931:Paleoenvironment
842:
841:
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711:Brian J. Axsmith
700:specific epithet
659:Illustration of
612:British Columbia
608:Washington state
602:fronds found in
596:hayscented ferns
592:Hymenophyllaceae
563:
559:
525:
519:
496:Hymenophyllaceae
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332:Temporal range:
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769:H. lobatoalatum
674:Edward W. Berry
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1092:10.1086/715633
1086:(9): 793–807.
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1015:paleoelevation
972:Albertine Rift
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907:Sphaerocionium
872:
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811:
808:
787:H. pyramidatum
758:Sphaerocionium
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622:Sphaerocionium
590:in the family
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522:Hymenophyllum
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877:Hymenophyllum
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804:Hymenophyllum
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793:H. verecundum
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754:Hymenophyllum
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750:H. axsmithii
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746:Hymenophyllum
743:
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725:Hymenophyllum
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616:Hymenophyllum
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549:Binomial name
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507:Hymenophyllum
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1259:Lagerstätten
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1234:
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1162:
1128:(11). 1629.
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976:
946:Lagerstätten
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871:Paleoecology
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763:H. dependens
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734:sori indusia
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677:
670:Polypodiidae
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628:Distribution
621:
615:
604:early Eocene
578:
577:
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560:
555:
539:
538:
521:
506:
449:
327:
321:
137:comprised of
1186:(8). 1709.
1171:Trichomanes
1003:Puget Group
967:within the
955:paleofaunal
951:paleofloral
882:H. wrightii
810:Description
781:H. plumosum
775:H. plumieri
586:species of
345:51–49
248:{{reflist}}
241:{{reflist}}
223:Next edit →
218:to taxonbar
201:Rollbackers
193:Page movers
102:Giraffedata
32:Next edit →
1375:Categories
1174:sensu lato
1038:References
514:Subgenus:
462:Division:
278:Q130236043
216:Q130236043
1316:225050834
1235:PhytoKeys
1100:239036762
941:highlands
914:substrate
857:sporangia
738:trichomes
709:honoring
703:axsmithii
533:Species:
439:Kingdom:
214:Add from=
1308:33091153
1212:37629566
1203:10455793
1154:36358330
911:epiphyte
897:. Pigg
895:Mecodium
707:patronym
692:paratype
684:holotype
619:subgenus
492:Family:
338:Ypresian
233:Line 45:
230:Line 45:
178:contribs
112:contribs
56:Wikitext
1349:Bibcode
1145:9687414
1122:Biology
861:annulus
852:indusia
845:crosier
838:⁄
584:extinct
558:†
537:†
502:Genus:
482:Order:
472:Class:
443:Plantae
414:↓
206:461,413
1314:
1306:
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1200:
1152:
1142:
1098:
999:coeval
995:biotas
939:. The
905:subg.
893:subg.
859:, the
831:rachis
824:pinnae
790:, and
756:subg.
730:fronds
600:fossil
582:is an
569:et al.
334:Eocene
128:97,664
67:Inline
49:Visual
1312:S2CID
1241:(23).
1096:S2CID
980:mesic
921:et al
919:Pigg
899:et al
819:frond
705:as a
567:Pigg
524:subg.
450:Clade
208:edits
130:edits
1304:PMID
1208:PMID
1180:Life
1150:PMID
1005:and
953:and
875:One
588:fern
353:PreꞒ
174:talk
160:undo
155:edit
108:talk
94:edit
1357:doi
1294:doi
1290:107
1239:204
1198:PMC
1188:doi
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388:T
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373:D
368:S
363:O
358:Ꞓ
342:~
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