Moa - Knowledge

1893: 1318: 7179: 259: 2492: 2273: 1099: 1343: 790: 1248: 2467:, a trader who lived on the East Coast of the North Island from 1834 to 1837, recorded in 1838 that he had been shown "several large fossil ossifications" found near Mt Hikurangi. He was certain that these were the bones of a species of emu or ostrich, noting that "the Natives add that in times long past they received the traditions that very large birds had existed, but the scarcity of animal food, as well as the easy method of entrapping them, has caused their extermination". Polack further noted that he had received reports from Māori that a "species of 2357:. New Zealand had been isolated for 80 million years and had few predators before human arrival, meaning that not only were its ecosystems extremely vulnerable to perturbation by outside species, but also the native species were ill-equipped to cope with human predators. Polynesians arrived sometime before 1300, and all moa genera were soon driven to extinction by hunting and, to a lesser extent, by habitat reduction due to forest clearance. By 1445, all moa had become extinct, along with Haast's eagle, which had relied on them for food. Recent research using 4001: 1173: 1274: 1134: 2285: 658: 280: 779: 7670: 2925: 571: 8337: 7760: 2883: 2018: 2300: 7676: 6464: 6415: 6366: 6323: 6274: 6235: 6148: 5930: 5645: 5473: 5402: 3666: 3469: 1966: 2556: 2346: 2449: 8327: 2571:, often used to refer to pitfalls or vertical cave shafts). The two main ways that the moa bones were deposited in such sites were birds that entered the cave to nest or escape bad weather, and subsequently died in the cave and birds that fell into a vertical shaft and were unable to escape. Moa bones (and the bones of other extinct birds) have been found in caves throughout New Zealand, especially in the 8768: 2522: 1196: 2911: 2657: 1763: 2817: 1033:, about 5.8 Mya instead of the 18.5 Mya split suggested by Baker et al. (2005). This does not necessarily mean there was no speciation between the arrival 60 Mya and the basal split 5.8 Mya, but the fossil record is lacking and most likely the early moa lineages existed, but became extinct before the basal split 5.8 Mya. The presence of 2633:. Many explanations have been proposed to account for how these deposits formed, ranging from poisonous spring waters to floods and wildfires. However, the currently accepted explanation is that the bones accumulated slowly over thousands of years, from birds that entered the swamps to feed and became trapped in the soft sediment. 606:. The spine was attached to the rear of the head rather than the base, indicating the horizontal alignment. This would have let them graze on low vegetation, while being able to lift their heads and browse trees when necessary. This has resulted in a reconsideration of the height of larger moa. However, Māori 2439:

The rediscovery of the takahē in 1948 after none had been seen since 1898 showed that rare birds can exist undiscovered for a long time. However, the takahē is a much smaller bird than the moa, and was rediscovered after its tracks were identified—yet no reliable evidence of moa tracks has ever been

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recalled seeing monstrous birds along the coast of the South Island, and in the 1820s, a man named George Pauley made an unverified claim of seeing a moa in the Otago region of New Zealand. Occasional speculation since at least the late 19th century, and as recently as 2008, has suggested that some

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drowning. This does not imply that moa were previously absent from the North Island, but that only those from the South Island survived, because only the South Island was above sea level. Bunce et al. (2009) argued that moa ancestors survived on the South Island and then recolonised the North Island

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Because moa are a group of flightless birds with no vestiges of wing bones, questions have been raised about how they arrived in New Zealand, and from where. Many theories exist about the moa's arrival and radiation in New Zealand, but the most recent theory suggests that they arrived in New Zealand

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around the New Zealand coast. Thirty-six whole moa eggs exist in museum collections and vary greatly in size (from 120–240 millimetres (4.7–9.4 in) in length and 91–178 millimetres (3.6–7.0 in) wide). The outer surface of moa eggshell is characterised by small, slit-shaped pores. The eggs

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may have persisted in remote corners of New Zealand until the 18th and even 19th centuries, but this view is not widely accepted. Some Māori hunters claimed to be in pursuit of the moa as late as the 1770s; however, these accounts possibly did not refer to the hunting of actual birds as much as a

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Moa feathers are up to 23 cm (9 in) long, and a range of colours has been reported, including reddish-brown, white, yellowish, and purplish. Dark feathers with white or creamy tips have also been found, and indicate that some moa species may have had plumage with a speckled appearance.

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suggest that these very thin eggs were likely to have been incubated by the lighter males. The thin nature of the eggshells of these larger species of moa, even if incubated by the male, suggests that egg breakage in these species would have been common if the typical contact method of avian egg

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Maximum event, which occurred about 22 Mya, when only 18% of present-day New Zealand was above sea level, is very important in the moa radiation. Because the basal moa split occurred so recently (5.8 Mya), it was argued that ancestors of the Quaternary moa lineages could not have been

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is a Polynesian term for domestic fowl. The name was not in common use among the Māori by the time of European contact, likely because the bird it described had been extinct for some time, and traditional stories about it were rare. The earliest record of the name was by missionaries

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about 2 Myr later, when the two islands rejoined after 30 Myr of separation. The presence of Miocene moa in the Saint Bathans fauna seems to suggest that these birds increased in size soon after the Oligocene drowning event, if they were affected by it at all.

637:) exhibited tracheal elongation, that is, their trachea were up to 1 m (3 ft) long and formed a large loop within the body cavity. They are the only ratites known to exhibit this feature, which is also present in several other bird groups, including 706:

recovered from bones in museum collections suggest that distinct lineages exist within some of these. One factor that has caused much confusion in moa taxonomy is the intraspecific variation of bone sizes, between glacial and interglacial periods (see

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Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to a paucity of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same. The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species

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flax trader who was a natural-history enthusiast, was given a piece of unusual bone by a Māori who had found it in a river bank. He showed the 15 cm (6 in) fragment of bone to his uncle, John Rule, a Sydney surgeon, who sent it to

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Dieffenbach also refers to a fossil from the area near Mt Hikurangi, and surmises that it belongs to "a bird, now extinct, called Moa (or Movie) by the natives". 'Movie' is the first transcribed name for the bird. In 1839, John W. Harris, a

2100:, providing a grinding action that allowed them to eat coarse plant material. These stones were commonly smooth rounded quartz pebbles, but stones over 110 millimetres (4 in) long have been found among preserved moa gizzard contents. 2244:

A 2010 study by Huynen et al. found that the eggs of certain species were fragile, only around a millimetre in shell thickness: "Unexpectedly, several thin-shelled eggs were also shown to belong to the heaviest moa of the genera

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In addition to these specimens, loose moa feathers have been collected from caves and rock shelters in the southern South Island, and based on these remains, some idea of the moa plumage has been achieved. The preserved leg of

3595:"Regional comparisons of the thickness of moa eggshell fragments (Aves: Dinornithiformes). In Proceedings of the VII International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, ed. W.E. Boles and Trevor Worthy" 601:

Moa skeletons were traditionally reconstructed in an upright position to create impressive height, but analysis of their vertebral articulations indicates that they probably carried their heads forward, in the manner of a

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seems to have had the most pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females being up to 150% as tall and 280% as heavy as males—so much bigger that they were classified as separate species until 2003. A 2009 study showed that

2511:. His deduction was ridiculed in some quarters, but was proved correct with the subsequent discoveries of considerable quantities of moa bones throughout the country, sufficient to reconstruct skeletons of the birds. 4916: 2855:. Its iconic status, coupled with the facts that it only became extinct a few hundred years ago and that substantial quantities of moa remains exist, mean that it is often listed alongside such creatures as the 2394:

bush in 1887, and again on a Fiordland beach when she was 17 years old. She claimed that her brother had also seen a moa on another occasion. In childhood, Mackenzie saw a large bird that she believed to be a

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from the Old Man Range reveals that this species was feathered right down to the foot. This is likely to have been an adaptation to living in high-altitude, snowy environments, and is also seen in the

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combined with temporal variation such that specimens were larger during the Otiran glacial period (the last ice age in New Zealand). Similar temporal size variation is known for the North Island's

4099: 2272: 4973: 1866:, more widespread, named "upland moa" because its bones are commonly found in the subalpine zone. However, it also occurred down to sea level, where suitable steep and rocky terrain (such as 562:

in January 1838; Colenso speculated that the birds may have resembled gigantic fowl. In 1912, Māori chief Urupeni Pūhara claimed that the moa's traditional name was "te kura" (the red bird).

2640:– Tāmaki Paenga Hira has a significant collection, and in 2018 several moa skeletons were imaged and 3D scanned to make the collections more accessible. There is also a major collection in 2440:

found, and experts still contend that moa survival is extremely unlikely, since they would have to be living unnoticed for over 500 years in a region visited often by hunters and hikers.

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themselves. Excavations of rock shelters in the eastern North Island during the 1940s found moa nests, which were described as "small depressions obviously scratched out in the soft dry

3360: 2257:, making these, to our knowledge, the most fragile of all avian eggs measured to date. Moreover, sex-specific DNA recovered from the outer surfaces of eggshells belonging to species of 2503:

of a big animal, but it was uncharacteristically light and honeycombed. Owen announced to a skeptical scientific community and the world that it was from a giant extinct bird like an

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strongly suggests that the events leading to extinction took less than a hundred years, rather than a period of exploitation lasting several hundred years as previously hypothesised.

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Analyses of ancient DNA have determined that a number of cryptic evolutionary lineages occurred in several moa genera. These may eventually be classified as species or subspecies;

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suggested that bringing back some smaller species of moa within 50 years was a viable idea. The idea was ridiculed by many, but gained support from some natural history experts.

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have long been suggested to constitute males and females, respectively. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material.

3637:; Scofield, R.P. (2012). "Twenty-first century advances in knowledge of the biology of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes): A new morphological analysis and moa diagnoses revised". 2332:

that was used and perhaps maintained by moa, for both nesting material and food. Neither the forests nor moa existed when European settlers came to the area in the 1850s.

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Latham, A. David M.; Latham, M. Cecilia; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Forsyth, David M.; Gormley, Andrew M.; Pech, Roger P.; Perry, George L. W.; Wood, Jamie R. (March 2020).

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with muscle attached, and a row of neck vertebrae with muscle, skin, and feathers collected from Earnscleugh Cave near the town of Alexandra in 1870 (currently held by

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Analyses of fossil moa bone assemblages have provided detailed data on the habitat preferences of individual moa species, and revealed distinctive regional moa faunas:

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of moa were supported by many small rings of bone known as tracheal rings. Excavation of these rings from articulated skeletons has shown that at least two moa genera (

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Burrows, C.; et al. (1981). "The diet of moas based on gizzard contents samples from Pyramid Valley, North Canterbury, and Scaifes Lagoon, Lake Wanaka, Otago".

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gizzards could often contain several kilograms of stones. Moa likely exercised a certain selectivity in the choice of gizzard stones and chose the hardest pebbles.

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in London placed on display the moa bone fragment Owen had first examined, to celebrate 200 years since his birth, and in memory of Owen as founder of the museum.

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The cladogram below gives a more detailed, species-level phylogeny, of the moa branch (Dinornithiformes) of the "ancient jawed" birds (Palaeognathae) shown above:

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incubation was used." Despite the bird's extinction, the high yield of DNA available from recovered fossilised eggs has allowed the moa's genome to be sequenced.

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were synonyms. A 2010 study explained size differences among them as sexual dimorphism. A 2012 morphological study interpreted them as subspecies, instead.

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portrayed moa being hunted by Māori in the classic German collecting cards about extinct and prehistoric animals, "Tiere der Urwelt", in the early 1900s.

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continue to search for them, but their claims and supporting evidence (such as of purported footprints) have earned little attention from experts and are

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region of the South Island, where the dry climate has preserved plant material used to build the nesting platform (including twigs clipped by moa bills).

7221: 3919:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 3877:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 3312:"Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 2938: 9817: 7008: 6955: 6056: 2044:

of their bones. Moa fed on a range of plant species and plant parts, including fibrous twigs and leaves taken from low trees and shrubs. The beak of

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and is both singular and plural. Usage in New Zealand English and in the scientific literature in recent years has been changing to reflect this.

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No evidence has been found to suggest that moa were colonial nesters. Moa nesting is often inferred from accumulations of eggshell fragments in

490:, reached about 3.6 metres (12 ft) in height with neck outstretched, and weighed about 230 kilograms (510 lb) while the smallest, the 8376: 7740: 7705: 7418: 6963: 4362:"A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand" 698:

Although dozens of species were described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many were based on partial skeletons and turned out to be

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Wood, J.R. (2008). "Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) nesting material from rockshelters in the semi-arid interior of South Island, New Zealand".

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Memoirs on the Extinct Wingless Birds of New Zealand, with an Appendix of Those of England, Australia, Newfoundland, Mauritius and Rodriguez

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An expedition in the 1850s under Lieutenant A. Impey reported two emu-like birds on a hillside in the South Island; an 1861 story from the

1065:, and landscape changes. The cladogram below is a phylogeny of Palaeognathae generated by Mitchell (2014) with some clade names after Yuri 7281: 7085: 6159:; Rawlence, N.J.; Jones, S.M.; Read, S.E. (2008). "A deposition mechanism for Holocene miring bone deposits, South Island, New Zealand". 3162:"A refined model of body mass and population density in flightless birds reconciles extreme bimodal population estimates for extinct moa" 9792: 7726: 7040: 6977: 5817: 5652:

Horrocks, M.; et al. (2004). "Plant remains in coprolites: diet of a subalpine moa (Dinornithiformes) from southern New Zealand".

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Milberg, Per; Tyrberg, Tommy (1993). "Naïve birds and noble savages – a review of man-caused prehistoric extinctions of island birds".

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Palaeontologists working on moa bone deposits in the 'Graveyard', Honeycomb Hill Cave System: This cave is a closed scientific reserve.

1069:(2013). It provides the position of the moa (Dinornithiformes) within the larger context of the "ancient jawed" (Palaeognathae) birds: 2198:

species took as long to reach adult size as small moa species, and as a result, had fast skeletal growth during their juvenile years.

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dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (

1874:) existed. Their distributions in coastal areas have been rather unclear, but were present at least in several locations such as on 7033: 6431:"Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and paleofaunal reconstructions in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand" 5163: 7796: 6600: 1957:

were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.

6337:(1994). "Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in Takaka Valley and on Takaka Hill, northwest Nelson, South Island, New Zealand". 8033: 7178: 2424:. A 1993 report initially interested the Department of Conservation, but the animal in a blurry photograph was identified as a 5339: 2684:

after the bird died at a dry site (for example, a cave with a constant dry breeze blowing through it). Most were found in the

9797: 6487: 5967: 5420: 5328: 5309: 5287: 5109:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand" 4623: 4600: 3876: 3681:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand" 3311: 5897:"Tinamous and Moa Flock Together: Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Independent Losses of Flight among Ratites" 2529:

Since the discovery of the first moa bones in the late 1830s, thousands more have been found. They occur in a range of late

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New Zealand: Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures During a Residence in that Country Between the Years 1831 and 1837

4512: 3958:"Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals" 2485: 2225:

within moa coprolites found among the nesting material provide evidence that the nesting season was late spring to summer.

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Densely intermingled moa bones have been encountered in swamps throughout New Zealand. The most well-known example is at

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however, comprises three distinct genetic lineages and may eventually be classified as many species, as discussed above.

2089:(the horoeka or lancewood), which has tough juvenile leaves, are possible examples of plants that evolved in such a way. 1914:), but most were exclusive to one island, reflecting divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the 765:. Known from multiple eggshells and hind limb elements, these represent at least two already fairly large-sized species. 755:. Some of the other size variation for moa species can probably be explained by similar geographic and temporal factors. 4956: 9827: 8369: 7952: 5542: 5282:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98. 4710: 4418: 4173: 3791: 3617: 1892: 5495:) found in a cave at the head of the Waikaia River, with a notice of a moa-hunters camping place on the Old Man Range" 2009:(1973). Analysis of the spacing of these tracks indicates walking speeds between 3 and 5 km/h (1.75–3 mph). 9782: 8117: 7892: 4754: 2970: 2077:. Some biologists contend that a number of plant species evolved to avoid moa browsing. Divaracating plants such as 1057:

Bunce et al. also concluded that the highly complex structure of the moa lineage was caused by the formation of the

745:(Owen) because the bones of both share all essential characters. Size differences can be explained by a north–south 9528: 9251: 86: 37: 4494: 2870:

Interest in the moa's potential for revival was further stirred in mid-2014 when New Zealand Member of Parliament

2399:, but after its rediscovery in the 1940s, she saw a picture of it and concluded that she had seen something else. 1317: 9731: 8131: 8124: 8075: 5346:. New Zealand: New Zealand Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Archived from 4869:"DNA content and distribution in ancient feathers and potential to reconstruct the plumage of extinct avian taxa" 2630: 122: 110: 9479: 9474: 9469: 5007: 4990: 2741: 2515: 9812: 8362: 5572:; Jacomb, C. (2000). "Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications". 1981:, with fossilised moa footprint impressions in fluvial silts, have been found in the North Island, including 541:. Moa extinction occurred within 100 years of human settlement of New Zealand, primarily due to overhunting. 279: 2606:, which frequently occur in dunes near harbours and river mouths (for example the large moa hunter sites at 534: 126: 106: 75: 26: 6475: 6426: 6377: 6334: 6285: 5999: 5611: 5569: 5553: 4777: 3816:; Willerslev, E.; Hailef, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kampk, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009). 3813: 3531: 2637: 1061:

about 6 Mya, and the habitat fragmentation on both islands resulting from Pleistocene glacial cycles,

118: 6075: 5978: 5856: 4069: 9692: 9687: 8089: 7789: 6593: 3534:; Willerslev, E.; Haile, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kamp, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009). 2602:' between dune ridges. Many such moa bones antedate human settlement, although some originate from Māori 2594:

Moa bones and eggshell fragments sometimes occur in active coastal sand dunes, where they may erode from

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group. However, genetic studies have found that their closest relatives are the flighted South American

9837: 9678: 9599: 8673: 8138: 7972: 7669: 3118: 2899:'s poem, "The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch" was published in 1943. 6184: 4361: 3436:"Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites" 2278:

The skeleton of female upland moa with egg in unlaid position within the pelvic cavity in Otago Museum

258: 9741: 9440: 7897: 7887: 4070:"The Moa-Hunters of New Zealand: Sportsman of the Stone Age – Chapter I. Did The Maori Know The Moa?" 2725:

with skin and foot pads preserved, found in a crevice on the Knobby Range in 1874 (currently held by

555: 4000: 3769:"Moa's Ark: Miocene fossils reveal the great antiquity of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) in Zealandia" 2491: 2299: 9558: 9452: 9019: 9007: 7834: 6671: 5690: 5620:"A reappraisal of the late Quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury" 5490: 5008:"A poem a day: The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch – Allen Curnow" 2794: 2387: 2085: 1655: 1503: 588: 576: 382: 362: 97: 54: 6290:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in the Punakaiki area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand" 3114:"A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)" 2751:, with skin and muscle, from the Hector Range in 1884; (currently held by the Zoology Department, 1896:

The skeletons of an eastern moa (l), ostrich (rear), and Fiordland penguin (r) in the Otago Museum

143: 9072: 9060: 8808: 8306: 7967: 7877: 7862: 6382:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves on Mt. Cookson, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand" 5511: 3361:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" 2737: 2625:

in north Canterbury, where bones from at least 183 individual moa have been excavated, mostly by

1594: 618:) with necks upright, indicating that moa were more than capable of assuming both neck postures. 6573: 5107:

Baker, Allan J.; Huynen, Leon J.; Haddrath, Oliver; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (2005).

3274: 9777: 9754: 9640: 9332: 8983: 8714: 8340: 8265: 8220: 8210: 7782: 6586: 5835:"And then there were twelve: the taxonomic status of Anomalopteryx oweni (Aves: Dinornithidae)" 1098: 847: 837: 486: 480: 266: 9570: 8978: 8973: 8861: 5944: 5708:"Ancient DNA Reveals Extreme Egg Morphology and Nesting Behavior in New Zealand's Extinct Moa" 1342: 9749: 9611: 9435: 9430: 9320: 9164: 9036: 8995: 8637: 8330: 8145: 7763: 5959: 5953: 2798: 2778: 2417: 2167:

were reclassified as two species, one each formerly occurring on New Zealand's North Island (

1612: 789: 9718: 5254: 4292: 2186:, as are many other large endemic New Zealand birds. They are characterised by having a low 649:. The feature is associated with deep resonant vocalisations that can travel long distances. 9700: 9261: 8946: 8574: 8473: 8401: 8385: 8296: 8166: 6725: 6442: 6393: 6346: 6301: 6254: 6215: 6120: 6015: 5772: 5719: 5661: 5583: 5443: 5380: 5222: 5122: 4443: 4260: 4206: 3918: 3829: 3818:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography" 3692: 3547: 3536:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography" 3375: 3173: 3127: 2752: 1569: 1437: 159: 82: 33: 6051:

Vickers-Rich, P; Trusler, P; Rowley, MJ; Cooper, A; Chambers, GK; Bock, WJ; Millener, PR;

5512:"A preliminary report on the nesting habits of moas in the East Coast of the North Island" 4513:"Alice Mackenzie describes seeing a moa and talks about her book, Pioneers of Martins Bay" 1029:

about 60 million years ago (Mya) and split from the "basal" (see below) moa species,

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wings that all other ratites have. They were the largest terrestrial animals and dominant

8: 9391: 9379: 8844: 8832: 8796: 8497: 8230: 8195: 7932: 7907: 7675: 5554:"The Moa – Legendary, Historical and Geographical: Why and When the Moa disappeared" 4077: 2324: 2079: 1994: 1986: 1915: 1853: 1845: 1247: 1037:-aged species certainly suggests that moa diversification began before the split between 708: 419: 61: 6446: 6397: 6350: 6305: 6258: 6219: 6124: 6019: 5877: 5776: 5723: 5665: 5587: 5447: 5384: 5226: 5126: 4447: 4264: 4210: 3833: 3696: 3551: 3379: 3177: 3131: 2499:

Owen puzzled over the fragment for almost four years. He established it was part of the

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published an additional account from a farmer and his shepherd. An 80-year-old woman,

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This article is about the extinct New Zealand birds known as moa. For other uses, see

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Wood, J.R. (2007). "Moa gizzard content analyses: further information on the diet of

6031: 5963: 5938: 5918: 5788: 5747: 5599: 5574: 5538: 5416: 5324: 5305: 5283: 5238: 5200:; Ford, Tom; Hoppitt, Will; Willerslev, Eske; Drummond, Alexei; Cooper, Alan (2003). 5150: 4898: 4716: 4706: 4414: 4395: 4383: 4276: 4179: 4169: 3989: 3938: 3899: 3857: 3787: 3720: 3613: 3575: 3457: 3413: 3401: 3334: 3191: 2836: 2700: 2685: 2599: 1485: 1264: 1133: 1111: 716: 622: 594: 503: 344: 139: 21: 5760: 5706:

Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (30 August 2010).

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Examination of growth rings in moa cortical bone has revealed that these birds were

1990: 9802: 9616: 9587: 9506: 9420: 9176: 9159: 8738: 8449: 8291: 8250: 8200: 8068: 8007: 8002: 7852: 7824: 7712: 7360: 6906: 6450: 6401: 6354: 6314: 6309: 6289: 6262: 6245:(1998b). "The Quaternary fossil avifauna of Southland, South Island, New Zealand". 6223: 6168: 6128: 6043: 6023: 6003: 5908: 5883: 5800: 5780: 5737: 5727: 5669: 5631: 5591: 5451: 5393: 5388: 5364: 5250: 5230: 5213: 5140: 5130: 5066: 4888: 4880: 4451: 4373: 4288: 4268: 4214: 3979: 3969: 3930: 3891: 3847: 3837: 3783: 3710: 3700: 3646: 3609: 3565: 3555: 3447: 3391: 3383: 3326: 3181: 3135: 3109: 2975: 2704: 2358: 2354: 2066: 2041: 1998: 1089: 985: 959: 949: 927: 920: 762: 751: 712: 538: 521:

to ratites. The nine species of moa were the only wingless birds, lacking even the

467: 6455: 6430: 6406: 6381: 6358: 6266: 6227: 5895:

Phillips, Matthew J.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Crimp, Elizabeth A.; Penny, David (2010).

5636: 5619: 5595: 1273: 679:

The moa's closest relatives are small terrestrial South American birds called the

506:

settled New Zealand circa 1300 vary between 58,000 and approximately 2.5 million.

9511: 9484: 9125: 9048: 8625: 8260: 8245: 8190: 8159: 7957: 7238: 7054: 6970: 6890: 6656: 5410: 5297: 5084: 4540: 4246:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis" 3650: 2890: 1978: 1879: 746: 559: 463: 456: 3934: 3895: 3330: 2191: 9342: 9222: 9193: 9181: 8883: 8649: 8215: 8061: 7982: 7977: 7962: 7857: 7842: 7591: 6853: 6004:"Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa" 2871: 2622: 2229: 1295: 1238: 702:. Currently, 11 species are formally recognised, although recent studies using 8856: 6552: 6132: 5456: 5431: 5088: 4100:"The material culture of the Moa-hunters in Murihiku – 2. Evidence of Zoology" 2040:, as well as indirectly through morphological analysis of skull and beak, and 9771: 9663: 9315: 9310: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9217: 8301: 8225: 8173: 8047: 7997: 7937: 7867: 7819: 7805: 7564: 7500: 7408: 7118: 7096: 6883: 6795: 6782: 6737: 6609: 6562: 6497: 6471: 6422: 6373: 6330: 6281: 6242: 6203: 6180: 6156: 6052: 5759:

Huynen, Leon J.; Millar, Craig D.; Scofield, R.P.; Lambert, David M. (2003).

5615: 5347: 5197: 4917:

Scientists plan to resurrect a range of extinct animals using DNA and cloning

4720: 4387: 4241: 3809: 3764: 3679:

Baker, A.J.; Huynen, L.J.; Haddrath, O.; Millar, C.D.; Lambert, D.M. (2005).

3634: 3527: 3356: 3195: 2949: 2860: 2852: 2763: 2688: 2433: 2429: 2382: 2329: 2214: 1871: 1800: 1680: 1268: 1058: 876: 582: 499: 331: 216: 5913: 5896: 5732: 5135: 4744: 4341:

Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; and Lambert, David M. (2010)

4183: 3842: 3705: 3560: 3452: 3435: 3387: 2006: 9494: 9337: 9205: 9084: 8958: 8820: 8685: 8509: 8235: 8205: 8110: 8096: 8040: 7922: 7902: 7882: 7719: 7522: 7438: 6948: 6938: 6035: 5922: 5792: 5751: 5603: 5242: 5154: 4902: 4884: 4280: 3993: 3974: 3942: 3903: 3861: 3724: 3579: 3461: 3405: 3338: 2916: 2896: 2822: 2767: 2726: 2715: 2641: 2481: 2453: 2083:(the kaikōmako), which have small leaves and a dense mesh of branches, and 1218: 1163: 996: 778: 642: 522: 518: 412: 388: 371: 6567: 4244:; Ford, T.; Hoppitt, W.; Willerslev, E.; Drummond, A.; Cooper, A. (2003). 4074:

Victoria University of Wellington Catalogue – New Zealand Texts Collection

2213:". Moa nesting material has also been recovered from rock shelters in the 657: 9672: 9300: 9135: 8922: 8255: 8240: 7992: 7619: 7607: 7580: 7540: 7531: 7479: 7445: 7353: 7288: 7230: 7108: 6816: 6710: 6206:(1998a). "Quaternary fossil faunas of Otago, South Island, New Zealand". 2681: 2537: 2476: 2412: 2183: 1919: 1308: 1242: 1128: 969: 905: 703: 684: 662: 646: 603: 191: 6622: 6027: 5784: 5234: 5202:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa 4272: 2372:

told of three-toed footprints measuring 36 cm (14 in) between

1875: 570: 9548: 9096: 9024: 8437: 8354: 8103: 8082: 7947: 7550: 7493: 7463: 7367: 7326: 7261: 7209: 6869: 6827: 3186: 3161: 3022: 2957: 2626: 2611: 2530: 2306: 2233: 2093: 2046: 1784: 1553: 1333: 1124: 1003: 942: 863: 806: 530: 236: 201: 6172: 5887: 3396: 3221: 2882: 2636:

Many New Zealand and international museums hold moa bone collections.

2353:

Before the arrival of humans, the moa's only predator was the massive

1840:, the rarest moa species, the only moa species not yet found in Māori 621:

No records survive of what sounds moa made, though some idea of their

9234: 8963: 8934: 8661: 7942: 7927: 7628: 7573: 7507: 7429: 7023: 7001: 6923: 6876: 6862: 6838: 6683: 6578: 6557: 4218: 3025:

Catalogue of fossil birds 1. Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes

2980: 2572: 2421: 2391: 2206: 2187: 2037: 2017: 1867: 1824: 1312: 1062: 1050: 830: 692: 526: 291: 241: 185: 9634: 8620: 8557: 5981:. New Zealand: Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Archived from 5673: 3113: 2396: 2373: 1857: 9657: 9457: 8709: 7645: 7635: 7472: 7346: 7319: 7271: 6634: 6154: 5982: 5860: 5537:(3rd ed.). London: Kegan Paul International Ltd. Chapter 10. 2943: 2867:

has been undertaken by Japanese geneticist Ankoh Yasuyuki Shirota.

2677: 2668:

Several examples of moa remains have been found with soft tissues (

2595: 2568: 2534: 2468: 2425: 2319: 2097: 2070: 2057: 2052: 1982: 1883: 1469: 883: 820: 721: 671: 615: 607: 491: 471: 311: 231: 226: 211: 206: 196: 178: 4378: 2318:

Studies of accumulated dried vegetation in the pre-human mid-late

2237:

of most moa species were white, although those of the upland moa (

1831:, and the two other moa species that existed in the South Island: 1799:

The fauna of the dry rainshadow forest and shrublands east of the

8750: 8311: 8281: 7486: 7452: 7382: 7337: 7249: 7126: 5195: 4675:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

3434:

Baker, A.J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J.D.; Cloutier, A. (2014).

2809: 2645: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2504: 2033: 1965: 1849: 1167: 1093: 1034: 1020:

Two unnamed species are also known from the Saint Bathans Fauna.

759: 680: 666: 514: 475: 246: 221: 174: 9705: 7774: 6522:"DNA from the Largest Bird Ever Sequenced from Fossil Eggshells" 5558:

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

4867:

Rawlence, N.J.; Wood, J.R.; Armstrong, K.N.; Cooper, A. (2009).

4676: 2808:

with muscle, skin, and feather bases collected from a cave near

2777:

found near Cromwell sometime before 1949 (currently held by the

2555: 2345: 8697: 8425: 6628: 6068:

Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand te Papa Tongarewa

6050: 5432:"Eggshell characteristics of moa eggs (Aves: Dinornithiformes)" 5164:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Order Dinornithiformes" 2953: 2785:

Two specimens are known from outside the Central Otago region:

2669: 2603: 2576: 2448: 2408: 2380:

that were found by a surveying party; and finally in 1878, the

2377: 2362: 2222: 2210: 2074: 2029: 1841: 1049:

present on both the South and North Island remnants during the

510: 301: 3433: 3354: 2521: 2484:, who at that time was working at the Hunterian Museum at the 2069:

occupied in other countries by large browsing mammals such as

1195: 5278:

Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Moas". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).

4703:

Moa : the life and death of New Zealand's legendary bird

3159: 2549: 2500: 2218: 2202: 2194:

period, taking about 10 years to reach adult size. The large

991: 898: 611: 5761:"Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa" 2656: 2456:

holding the first discovered moa fossil and standing with a

1778:

The two main faunas identified in the South Island include:

1762: 9415: 8878: 6640: 6057:"Morphology, myology, collagen and DNA of a mummified moa, 5859:. Ornithological Society of New Zealand Inc. Archived from 5758: 5089:"On evidence for the survival of moa in European Fiordland" 4866: 3807: 3762: 3525: 2856: 2816: 2673: 2545: 2541: 2540:

deposits, but are most common in three main types of site:

1949:

occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of

638: 321: 3355:

Mitchell, K.J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N.J.;

3107: 2956:

up to over 3 metres tall that once lived on the island of

64:

to this revision, which may differ significantly from the

8968: 5695:

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

5499:

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

3916: 3678: 3031:

Biological Sciences, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum

2864: 2055:, and could clip the fibrous leaves of New Zealand flax ( 1945:) tended to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats. 1337: 688: 574:

A size comparison between four moa species and a human1.

114: 3108:

Perry, George L.W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.;

6185:"Mummified moa remains from Mt. Owen, northwest Nelson" 5705: 4873:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2691:

region, the driest part of New Zealand. These include:

2416:

moa may still exist, particularly in the wilderness of

5894: 4239: 4166:

Ghosts of Gondwana: the history of life in New Zealand

1844:. Its bones have been found in caves in the northwest 5302:

A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, The Ancestor's Tale

4545:

Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa-Hunting in New Zealand

2839:, which lives in a similar seasonally snowy habitat. 2471:" still existed in remote parts of the South Island. 2092:

Like many other birds, moa swallowed gizzard stones (

7641: 7603: 7561: 7546: 7414: 7404: 7394: 7303: 7277: 7267: 7257: 7218: 7114: 7104: 7051: 7020: 6988: 6935: 6919: 6850: 6834: 6823: 6812: 5979:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database" 5857:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database" 5065:

At least two distinct forms are also known from the

4677:"4. – Moa – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 4337: 4335: 2906: 378: 5997: 5688: 4974:

Mallard: Bring the moa back to life within 50 years

4624:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid" 4601:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid" 3359:; Wood, J.; Lee, M.S.Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). 3310:Allentoft, M.E.; Rawlence, N.J. (20 January 2012). 2939:

List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene

5568: 5529: 5415:. London, England: The Rainbird Publishing Group. 5323:. Vol. II. London: John Murray. p. 195. 3767:; Jones, C.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Hand, S.J. (2010). 2349:An early 20th-century reconstruction of a moa hunt 2062:) and twigs up to at least 8 mm in diameter. 529:in New Zealand's forest, shrubland, and subalpine 5943:. Vol. I. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 4700: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4332: 4138: 4136: 4134: 3874: 3309: 2703:Valley by gold miners in 1864 (currently held by 2205:and rock shelters, little evidence exists of the 1782:The fauna of the high-rainfall west coast beech ( 801:The currently recognised genera and species are: 9788:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to New Zealand 9769: 7144: 2797:near Nelson in the 1980s (currently held by the 695:were thought to be most closely related to moa. 6553:TerraNature list of New Zealand's extinct birds 5712:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4413:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 5–6. 3822:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3685:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3540:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3350: 3348: 3020: 2863:. Preliminary work involving the extraction of 6655: 6470: 6421: 6372: 6329: 6280: 5610: 4578: 4433: 4131: 3633: 2851:The creature has frequently been mentioned as 2744:, London; see photograph of foot on this page) 2163:were females. Therefore, the three species of 8370: 7790: 6594: 5028:. Wellington: Progressive Publishing Society. 4733:Holdaway, Richard & Worthy, Trevor (1997) 4097: 4058:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1996) 4049:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1995) 4040:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1994) 4031:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1993) 3875:Allentoft, Morten; Rawlence, Nicolas (2012). 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3303: 3054: 3052: 2390:, claimed in 1959 that she had seen a moa in 2228:Fragments of moa eggshell are often found in 652: 66: 6793: 5491:"On the feathers of a small species of moa ( 4197:Smalley, I.J. (1979). "Moas as rockhounds". 3917:Allentoft, Morten; Nicloas Rawlence (2012). 3345: 3081:"Little bush moa | New Zealand Birds Online" 3007: 3005: 2877: 2853:a potential candidate for revival by cloning 2651: 466:formerly endemic to New Zealand. During the 9620: 9603: 9591: 9574: 9562: 9520: 9498: 9461: 9444: 9407: 9395: 9383: 9358: 9346: 9324: 9287: 9265: 9238: 9226: 9209: 9197: 9185: 9168: 9151: 9139: 9112: 9100: 9088: 9076: 9064: 9052: 9040: 9028: 9011: 8999: 8987: 8950: 8938: 8926: 8914: 8887: 8870: 8848: 8836: 8824: 8812: 8800: 8788: 8754: 8742: 8730: 8718: 8701: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8612: 8600: 8578: 8566: 8549: 8537: 8525: 8513: 8501: 8489: 8477: 8465: 8453: 8441: 8429: 8417: 8405: 6570:in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6435:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6386:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6339:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6294:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6247:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6208:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6113:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5436:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5409:Fuller, Errol (1987). Bunney, Sarah (ed.). 5373:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5318: 4526: 4524: 4522: 3207: 3205: 2335: 2139:For example, before 2003, three species of 1749: 8377: 8363: 7797: 7783: 6601: 6587: 6563:Tree of Life classification and references 6061:(Aves: Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand" 5976: 5816:. APN News & Media Ltd. Archived from 4408: 4067: 3749: 3049: 2024:skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin 478:(in six genera). The two largest species, 257: 136: 8153:The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids 6482:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 6454: 6405: 6313: 6094:, and the first evidence for the diet of 5912: 5741: 5731: 5635: 5455: 5392: 5304:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 292. 5144: 5134: 4892: 4817: 4815: 4736: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4377: 3983: 3973: 3851: 3841: 3714: 3704: 3569: 3559: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3451: 3427: 3395: 3319:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 3185: 3002: 2143:were recognised: South Island giant moa ( 2112:The pairs of species of moa described as 2096:), which were retained in their muscular 793:Fossil skeleton of the heavy-footed moa ( 9818:Species made extinct by human activities 8384: 6506:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 5832: 5651: 5488: 5083: 4963:, February 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4923:, 23 April 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4539: 4519: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3202: 3066: 3064: 2881: 2815: 2655: 2554: 2520: 2490: 2447: 2402:Some authors have speculated that a few 2344: 2016: 1964: 1960: 1891: 1761: 788: 777: 656: 625:can be gained from fossil evidence. The 569: 47: 6241: 6202: 5951: 5810:"Birdman says moa surviving in the Bay" 5509: 5362: 5296: 5264: 4809:Hutton, F.W. & Coughtrey, M. (1875) 4796: 4794: 4621: 4598: 4592: 4316: 4314: 4196: 2407:now-lost ritual among South Islanders. 758:The earliest moa remains come from the 502:. Estimates of the moa population when 73: 14: 9833:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte 9770: 6608: 6496: 6179: 5936: 5408: 5337: 5277: 5186: 5161: 4997:, 9 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4980:, 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4812: 4471: 3519: 3489: 3475: 3259: 610:depicts moa or moa-like birds (likely 74:Revision as of 07:06, 17 June 2024 by 9639: 9638: 8358: 7778: 7691: 7196: 7195: 6780: 6621: 6582: 5807: 5479: 5189:A history of the birds of New Zealand 5014:from the original on 1 February 2020. 4932: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4104:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 3503: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3061: 2563:Bones are commonly found in caves or 934:(North and South Island, New Zealand) 890:(North and South Island, New Zealand) 44: 25: 9742:a8c35225-5f72-4c82-8a08-ef7b88fe5104 8326: 6519: 6110: 6085: 5977:Stephenson, Brent (5 January 2009). 5875: 5854: 5689:Hutton, F.W.; Coughtrey, M. (1874). 5551: 5429: 4935:"Moa genes could rise from the dead" 4791: 4742: 4359: 4311: 3955: 3592: 3103: 3101: 2846: 2443: 2313: 1827:fauna' might include the widespread 509:Moa are traditionally placed in the 17: 8034:Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World 5998:Turvey, Samuel T.; Green, Owen R.; 5365:"A partially mummified skeleton of 4750:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 2886:Harder's illustration of a moa hunt 404: 135: 104: 5280:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 4674: 4456:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00213.x 4168:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton Pub. 4154: 3279:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3272: 3236: 2695:Dried muscle on bones of a female 2525:An excavation in Kapua Swamp, 1894 1918:had made a land bridge across the 719:being evident in several species. 153: 9849: 9793:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 8118:Monsters and Mysteries in America 7804: 6781: 6546: 5162:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). 4755:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3098: 2971:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 2028:Their diet has been deduced from 2001:(1911) (see photograph to left), 768: 683:, which can fly. Previously, the 100:) to last revision by ObserveOwl) 60:. The present address (URL) is a 57:) to last revision by ObserveOwl) 9529:North Island little spotted kiwi 8766: 8336: 8335: 8325: 7759: 7758: 7674: 7668: 7177: 6462: 6413: 6364: 6321: 6272: 6233: 6146: 6100:Records of the Canterbury Museum 5928: 5691:"Notice of the Earnscleugh Cave" 5643: 5471: 5400: 5267:Records of the Canterbury Museum 4991:Expert supports Moa revival idea 4411:A Concise History of New Zealand 3999: 3788:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1546 3776:Records of the Australian Museum 3664: 3614:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1535 3602:Records of the Australian Museum 3467: 2923: 2909: 2758:The complete feathered leg of a 2298: 2283: 2271: 2155:). However, DNA showed that all 1341: 1316: 1272: 1246: 1194: 1171: 1132: 1097: 278: 189: 8132:Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science 8125:On the Track of Unknown Animals 8076:Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files 5535:On the Track of Unknown Animals 5018: 5000: 4983: 4966: 4949: 4926: 4909: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4824: 4803: 4770: 4761: 4727: 4694: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4615: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4533: 4505: 4487: 4462: 4427: 4402: 4360:Pole, Mike (31 December 2021). 4353: 4344: 4323: 4302: 4233: 4190: 4145: 4122: 4091: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3949: 3910: 3868: 3801: 3740: 3731: 3672: 3627: 3586: 3440:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3285: 3266: 3214: 3153: 3140:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025 2290:An egg and embryo fragments of 2107: 1900: 1757: 9480:North Island stout-legged wren 9475:South Island stout-legged wren 6315:10.1080/03036758.1993.10721222 5808:Laing, Doug (5 January 2008). 5624:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5394:10.1080/03036758.1987.10426481 5096:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 5059: 5042: 4705:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton. 3639:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3073: 3014: 2993: 2721:An articulated foot of a male 2567:(the Māori word for doline or 565: 537:, and were hunted only by the 13: 1: 6456:10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514 6407:10.1080/03014223.1995.9517494 6359:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517474 6267:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517575 6228:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517573 5637:10.1080/03014223.1997.9518107 5596:10.1126/science.287.5461.2250 5076: 4611:(1). Center for Inquiry: 8–9. 4547:. Cambridge University Press. 4409:Mein Smith, Philippa (2012). 2340: 2328:or Kōwai forest ecosystem in 1856:), and some sites around the 1796:(South Island giant moa), and 741:(Archey) is synonymised with 150:, was based on this revision. 9798:Extinct birds of New Zealand 5340:"Skeptics Meet Moa Spotters" 4622:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017). 4599:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017). 4495:"Alice McKenzie and the Moa" 4468:Holdaway & Jacomb (2000) 3651:10.1080/03014223.2012.665060 3263:Worthy & Holdaway (2002) 2986: 2826:foot, Natural History Museum 2638:Auckland War Memorial Museum 1774:, both from the South Island 1023: 544: 498:), was around the size of a 7: 9823:Animals with only two limbs 9808:Bird extinctions since 1500 6098:(Aves: Dinornithiformes)". 5882:. London: John van Voorst. 5344:New Zealand Skeptics Online 4961:New Zealand Science Monthly 4839:Vickers-Rich, et al. (1995) 3935:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 3896:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 3500:Huynen, L.J., et al. (2003) 3331:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 2902: 2766:in 1894 (currently held by 2740:in 1878 (currently held by 2699:found at Tiger Hill in the 2579:areas of northwest Nelson, 2147:), North Island giant moa ( 2051:was analogous to a pair of 2005:(1939), and under water in 1010:(South Island, New Zealand) 976:(South Island, New Zealand) 966:(North Island, New Zealand) 956:(South Island, New Zealand) 912:(South Island, New Zealand) 854:(South Island, New Zealand) 844:(North Island, New Zealand) 773: 24:of this page, as edited by 10: 9854: 9600:New Zealand owlet-nightjar 8674:South Island oystercatcher 8139:Strange Abominable Snowmen 7973:Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans 7692: 6520:Yong, Ed (10 March 2010). 5952:Purcell, Rosamond (1999). 4701:Berentson, Quinn. (2012). 4366:Palaeontologia Electronica 3293:"Te Manunui Rock Art Site" 3119:Quaternary Science Reviews 2859:as leading candidates for 2495:Owen's first bone fragment 2130:Pachyornis septentrionalis 1969:Preserved footprints of a 653:Evolutionary relationships 462:) are an extinct group of 157: 9828:Miocene first appearances 9647: 9441:Auckland Island merganser 9370: 9250: 9124: 8899: 8775: 8764: 8392: 8320: 8274: 8183: 8016: 7833: 7812: 7754: 7700: 7687: 7665: 7618: 7599: 7590: 7560: 7530: 7521: 7462: 7428: 7390: 7381: 7336: 7314: 7302: 7248: 7217: 7208: 7204: 7191: 7174: 7140: 7095: 7050: 7019: 6987: 6934: 6915: 6904: 6849: 6808: 6804: 6789: 6776: 6736: 6718: 6709: 6691: 6682: 6664: 6651: 6617: 6480:The Lost World of the Moa 6133:10.1080/03014220809510550 5958:. Mariner Books. p. 5457:10.1080/03014220709510542 4767:Wood, J.R., et al. (2008) 4164:Gibbs, George W. (2006). 2878:In literature and culture 2652:Feathers and soft tissues 2486:Royal College of Surgeons 1694: 1676: 1669: 1651: 1644: 1608: 1590: 1583: 1565: 1558: 1545: 1499: 1481: 1474: 1461: 1433: 1426: 1418: 1411: 1331: 1306: 1299: 1261: 1236: 1229: 1222: 1186: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1122: 1115: 1087: 1080: 813:(Gadow 1893) Ridgway 1901 432: 425: 418: 411: 401: 396: 377: 370: 275:Scientific classification 273: 265: 256: 169: 9783:Extinct flightless birds 9453:Chatham Island merganser 9020:Northern royal albatross 9008:New Zealand storm petrel 5367:Anomalopteryx didiformis 5319:Dieffenbach, E. (1843). 5168:Project: The Taxonomicon 5035: 4557:Purcell, Rosamond (1999) 3516:Bunce, M., et al. (2003) 3021:Brodkob, Pierce (1963). 3011:Stephenson, Brent (2009) 2806:Anomalopteryx didiformis 2336:Relationship with humans 2086:Pseudopanax crassifolius 1931:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1927:Dinornis novaezealandiae 1912:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1790:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1788:) forests that included 1750:Distribution and habitat 1656:Anomalopteryx didiformis 888:Anomalopteryx didiformis 842:Dinornis novaezealandiae 783:Anomalopteryx didiformis 589:Anomalopteryx didiformis 577:Dinornis novaezealandiae 496:Anomalopteryx didiformis 383:Dinornis novaezealandiae 9073:South Island saddleback 9061:North Island saddleback 9037:Orange-fronted parakeet 8809:North Island brown kiwi 8307:Young Earth creationism 7863:David Hatcher Childress 6574:3D model of a moa skull 6558:TerraNature page on Moa 6096:Pachyornis elephantopus 5833:Millener, P.R. (1982). 5733:10.1073/pnas.0914096107 5480:Gould, Charles (1886). 5338:Dutton, Dennis (1994). 5136:10.1073/pnas.0409435102 4957:Life in the Old Moa Yet 4151:Horrocks, et al. (2004) 3843:10.1073/pnas.0906660106 3706:10.1073/pnas.0409435102 3561:10.1073/pnas.0906660106 3388:10.1126/science.1251981 3275:"Cave drawing of a moa" 3211:Phillips, et al. (2010) 3070:Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003) 2749:Pachyornis elephantopus 2169:D. novaezealandiae 2149:D. novaezealandiae 2042:stable isotope analysis 2012: 1805:Pachyornis elephantopus 1772:Pachyornis elephantopus 954:Pachyornis elephantopus 824:Owen 1843 (giant moa) 795:Pachyornis elephantopus 487:Dinornis novaezelandiae 9621: 9604: 9592: 9575: 9563: 9521: 9499: 9462: 9445: 9408: 9396: 9384: 9359: 9347: 9325: 9288: 9266: 9239: 9227: 9210: 9198: 9186: 9169: 9152: 9140: 9113: 9101: 9089: 9077: 9065: 9053: 9041: 9029: 9012: 9000: 8988: 8984:New Zealand fairy tern 8951: 8939: 8927: 8915: 8888: 8871: 8849: 8837: 8825: 8813: 8801: 8789: 8755: 8743: 8731: 8719: 8715:Variable oystercatcher 8702: 8690: 8678: 8666: 8654: 8642: 8630: 8613: 8601: 8579: 8567: 8550: 8538: 8526: 8514: 8502: 8490: 8478: 8466: 8454: 8442: 8430: 8418: 8406: 8266:George Gaylord Simpson 6074:: 1–26. Archived from 6055:; Yaldwyn, JC (1995). 5876:Owen, Richard (1879). 5510:Hartree, W.H. (1999). 5484:. W.H. Allen & Co. 5363:Forrest, R.M. (1987). 5321:Travels in New Zealand 5024:Curnow, Allen (1944). 4885:10.1098/rspb.2009.0755 4665:Dieffenbach, E. (1843) 4128:Burrows, et al. (1981) 4098:Teviotdale D. (1932). 4022:Worthy, Trevor (1998)b 4013:Worthy, Trevor (1998)a 3975:10.3390/biology2010419 2887: 2827: 2742:Natural History Museum 2665: 2560: 2526: 2516:Natural History Museum 2496: 2461: 2350: 2322:period suggests a low 2025: 1974: 1897: 1870:on the west coast and 1775: 848:South Island giant moa 838:North Island giant moa 798: 786: 676: 675:(r), each with its egg 598: 267:North Island giant moa 155:Extinct order of birds 9750:Paleobiology Database 9612:New Zealand musk duck 9559:Scarlett's shearwater 9436:South Island adzebill 9431:North Island adzebill 9321:Erect-crested penguin 9165:Chatham oystercatcher 8996:New Zealand king shag 8638:New Zealand rock wren 8146:The Hunt for the Buru 5937:Polack, J.S. (1838). 5914:10.1093/sysbio/syp079 5855:OSNZ (January 2009). 5489:Hamilton, A. (1894). 5187:Buller, W.L. (1888). 4848:Worthy, Trevor (1989) 4745:"Roger Shepherd Duff" 3746:Worthy, et al. (1988) 3453:10.1093/molbev/msu153 2885: 2819: 2799:Museum of New Zealand 2779:Museum of New Zealand 2732:The type specimen of 2659: 2558: 2524: 2494: 2451: 2348: 2020: 1968: 1961:Behaviour and ecology 1943:Pachyornis geranoides 1925:In the North Island, 1895: 1765: 964:Pachyornis geranoides 792: 781: 660: 573: 9813:Holocene extinctions 9262:Antipodean albatross 9252:Subantarctic islands 8575:New Zealand dotterel 8474:Double-banded plover 8386:Birds of New Zealand 8297:Hypothetical species 8167:The Secret Saturdays 6532:on 22 September 2020 6161:Journal of Taphonomy 6059:Megalapteryx didinus 5493:Megalapteryx didinus 5102:(Supplement): 39–44. 4857:Forrest, R.M. (1987) 4575:Heuvelmans, B (1959) 4484:Fuller, Errol (1987) 4078:W & T Avery Ltd. 3486:Turvey et al. (2005) 3297:Heritage New Zealand 3110:Wilmshurst, Janet M. 3085:nzbirdsonline.org.nz 2753:Cambridge University 2734:Megalapteryx didinus 2680:) preserved through 2662:Megalapteryx didinus 2598:and concentrate in ' 2404:Megalapteryx didinus 2239:Megalapteryx didinus 2171:) and South Island ( 2159:were males, and all 2157:D. struthioides 2153:D. struthioides 2151:), and slender moa ( 1864:Megalapteryx didinus 1838:Pachyornis australis 1807:(heavy-footed moa), 1438:Megalapteryx didinus 1041:and the other taxa. 1008:Megalapteryx didinus 974:Pachyornis australis 739:Megalapteryx benhami 535:arrival of the Māori 517:, once considered a 160:Moa (disambiguation) 92:(Reverted 1 edit by 49:(Reverted 1 edit by 9571:North Island takahē 9446:rakiraki maungahuka 9392:New Zealand bittern 9380:South Island piopio 9333:Reischek's parakeet 8979:South Island kōkako 8974:North Island kōkako 8862:South Island takahē 8845:Yellow-eyed penguin 8833:Southern brown kiwi 8797:Little spotted kiwi 8231:Sherrie Lynne Lyons 8196:Robert Todd Carroll 7933:Aleksandr Kondratov 7908:John Willison Green 6447:1996JRSNZ..26..275W 6398:1995JRSNZ..25..333W 6351:1994JRSNZ..24..297W 6306:1993JRSNZ..23..147W 6259:1998JRSNZ..28..537W 6220:1998JRSNZ..28..421W 6125:2008JRSNZ..38..115W 6028:10.1038/nature03635 6020:2005Natur.435..940T 5785:10.1038/nature01838 5777:2003Natur.425..175H 5724:2010PNAS..10716201H 5718:(30): 16201–16206. 5666:2004EmuAO.104..149H 5588:2000Sci...287.2250H 5582:(5461): 2250–2254. 5448:2007JRSNZ..37..139G 5430:Gill, B.J. (2007). 5385:1987JRSNZ..17..399F 5260:on 28 January 2019. 5235:10.1038/nature01871 5227:2003Natur.425..172B 5127:2005PNAS..102.8257B 5067:Saint Bathans Fauna 5026:Sailing or Drowning 4879:(1672): 3395–3402. 4830:Hamilton, A. (1894) 4821:Buller, W.L. (1888) 4647:Polack, J.S. (1838) 4448:1993Ecogr..16..229M 4298:on 28 January 2019. 4273:10.1038/nature01871 4265:2003Natur.425..172B 4211:1979Natur.281..103S 4068:Buick L.T. (1937). 3834:2009PNAS..10620646B 3828:(49): 20646–20651. 3697:2005PNAS..102.8257B 3593:Gill, B.J. (2010). 3552:2009PNAS..10620646B 3546:(49): 20646–20651. 3380:2014Sci...344..898M 3178:2020Ecogr..43..353L 3132:2014QSRv..105..126P 3112:(1 December 2014). 2793:found in a cave on 2789:A complete foot of 2325:Sophora microphylla 2241:) were blue-green. 2080:Pennantia corymbosa 1854:Honeycomb Hill Cave 1852:districts (such as 763:Saint Bathans Fauna 420:6 genera, 9 species 111:← Previous revision 45:07:06, 17 June 2024 9539:South Island snipe 9534:North Island snipe 9355:Subantarctic snipe 9306:Campbell albatross 9296:Antipodes parakeet 9240:kawau o rangihaute 8911:Black-fronted tern 8785:Great spotted kiwi 8727:White-fronted tern 8592:North Island robin 8587:South Island robin 8546:Long-tailed cuckoo 8486:New Zealand falcon 7918:Bernard Heuvelmans 7873:William R. Corliss 5901:Systematic Biology 5531:Bernard Heuvelmans 4628:Skeptical Inquirer 4589:Laing, Doug (2008) 3812:; Phillips, M.J.; 3763:Tennyson, A.J.D.; 3530:; Phillips, M.J.; 3187:10.1111/ecog.04917 2931:New Zealand portal 2888: 2828: 2666: 2561: 2527: 2514:In July 2004, the 2497: 2462: 2351: 2305:Restoration of an 2114:Euryapteryx curtus 2032:contents of their 2026: 2022:D. novaezealandiae 1975: 1971:D. novaezealandiae 1935:Euryapteryx gravis 1908:Euryapteryx gravis 1898: 1809:Euryapteryx gravis 1776: 1699:Euryapteryx curtus 1504:D. novaezealandiae 1409:†Dinornithiformes 1046:Oligocene Drowning 932:Euryapteryx curtus 799: 787: 752:Pachyornis mappini 728:Euryapteryx curtus 677: 661:A comparison of a 599: 474:, there were nine 9838:Notopalaeognathae 9765: 9764: 9641:Taxon identifiers 9632: 9631: 9583:New Zealand goose 9404:New Zealand quail 9148:Chatham albatross 8867:Fiordland penguin 8609:Paradise shelduck 8597:New Zealand scaup 8534:Sacred kingfisher 8522:Grey-faced petrel 8414:Black-billed gull 8352: 8351: 8287:Fearsome critters 8055:Destination Truth 8027:Animalia Paradoxa 7988:Ivan T. Sanderson 7953:Vladimir Markotic 7913:Richard Greenwell 7848:Jon-Erik Beckjord 7772: 7771: 7750: 7749: 7683: 7682: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7517: 7516: 7377: 7376: 7298: 7297: 7222:Opisthodactylidae 7198:Notopalaeognathae 7187: 7186: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7146:Notopalaeognathae 7136: 7135: 6900: 6899: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6526:Discover Magazine 6502:"A moa sighting?" 6489:978-0-253-34034-4 6476:Holdaway, Richard 6427:Holdaway, Richard 6378:Holdaway, Richard 6335:Holdaway, Richard 6286:Holdaway, Richard 6088:Dinornis robustus 6014:(7044): 940–943. 6000:Holdaway, Richard 5969:978-0-395-89228-2 5955:Swift as a Shadow 5771:(6954): 175–178. 5612:Holdaway, Richard 5570:Holdaway, Richard 5552:Hill, H. (1913). 5482:Mythical Monsters 5422:978-0-8160-1833-8 5330:978-1-113-50843-0 5311:978-0-618-00583-3 5289:978-0-7876-5784-0 5221:(6954): 172–175. 5191:. London: Buller. 5121:(23): 8257–8262. 5010:. 25 April 2011. 4933:Young, E (1997). 4743:Davidson, Janet. 4499:Radio New Zealand 4329:Gill, B.J. (2007) 4320:Wood, J.R. (2008) 4259:(6954): 172–175. 4205:(5727): 103–104. 3956:Yuri, T. (2013). 3923:Annals of Anatomy 3884:Annals of Anatomy 3814:Holdaway, Richard 3797:on 11 April 2019. 3691:(23): 8257–8262. 3623:on 11 April 2019. 3532:Holdaway, Richard 3374:(6186): 898–900. 2999:Brands, S. (2008) 2847:Potential revival 2747:The lower leg of 2710:Several bones of 2701:Manuherikia River 2697:Dinornis robustus 2631:Canterbury Museum 2444:Surviving remains 2314:Pre-human forests 1817:Dinornis robustus 1794:Dinornis robustus 1768:Dinornis robustus 1766:A restoration of 1746: 1745: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1633: 1632: 1624: 1623: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1515: 1514: 1449: 1448: 1424:Megalapterygidae 1399: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1362: 1354: 1353: 1285: 1284: 1265:Aepyornithiformes 1208: 1207: 1112:Notopalaeognathae 869: 852:Dinornis robustus 814: 717:sexual dimorphism 687:, the Australian 595:Dinornis robustus 481:Dinornis robustus 450: 449: 444: 438: 366: 345:Notopalaeognathae 9845: 9758: 9757: 9745: 9744: 9735: 9734: 9722: 9721: 9709: 9708: 9696: 9695: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9679:Dinornithiformes 9668: 9667: 9666: 9649:Dinornithiformes 9636: 9635: 9624: 9617:New Zealand swan 9607: 9595: 9578: 9566: 9524: 9502: 9470:Long-billed wren 9465: 9448: 9411: 9399: 9387: 9362: 9350: 9328: 9291: 9269: 9242: 9230: 9213: 9201: 9189: 9177:Chatham parakeet 9172: 9160:Chatham gerygone 9155: 9143: 9116: 9104: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9056: 9044: 9032: 9015: 9003: 8991: 8954: 8942: 8930: 8918: 8891: 8874: 8852: 8840: 8828: 8816: 8804: 8792: 8770: 8758: 8746: 8734: 8722: 8705: 8693: 8681: 8669: 8657: 8645: 8633: 8616: 8604: 8582: 8570: 8553: 8541: 8529: 8517: 8505: 8493: 8481: 8469: 8457: 8450:Buff-banded rail 8445: 8433: 8421: 8409: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8356: 8355: 8339: 8338: 8329: 8328: 8292:Folklore studies 8251:Benjamin Radford 8201:Steuart Campbell 8069:Extinct or Alive 8008:Odette Tchernine 8003:Roderick Sprague 7853:John Bindernagel 7835:Cryptozoologists 7825:List of cryptids 7799: 7792: 7785: 7776: 7775: 7762: 7761: 7713:Incognitoolithus 7689: 7688: 7678: 7673: 7672: 7643: 7605: 7597: 7596: 7563: 7548: 7528: 7527: 7416: 7406: 7396: 7388: 7387: 7312: 7311: 7307:Dinornithiformes 7305: 7279: 7269: 7259: 7220: 7215: 7214: 7206: 7205: 7193: 7192: 7182: 7181: 7142: 7141: 7116: 7106: 7053: 7022: 6990: 6937: 6921: 6913: 6912: 6907:Struthioniformes 6852: 6836: 6825: 6814: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6791: 6790: 6778: 6777: 6716: 6715: 6689: 6688: 6662: 6661: 6653: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6619: 6618: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6580: 6579: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6528:. Archived from 6516: 6514: 6512: 6493: 6467: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6418: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6326: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6277: 6276: 6270: 6238: 6237: 6231: 6199: 6189: 6176: 6151: 6150: 6144: 6107: 6082: 6080: 6065: 6047: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5985:on 25 April 2015 5973: 5948: 5933: 5932: 5926: 5916: 5891: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5863:on 25 April 2015 5851: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5814:Hawkes Bay Today 5804: 5755: 5745: 5735: 5702: 5685: 5648: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5607: 5565: 5548: 5526: 5516: 5506: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5459: 5426: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5334: 5315: 5298:Dawkins, Richard 5293: 5274: 5261: 5259: 5253:. Archived from 5210: 5196:Bunce, Michael; 5192: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5170:. Archived from 5158: 5148: 5138: 5103: 5093: 5085:Anderson, Atholl 5070: 5063: 5057: 5046: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5004: 4998: 4989:Tohill, M.-J., " 4987: 4981: 4970: 4964: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4930: 4924: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4896: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4778:"Digitising moa" 4774: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4605:Skeptical Briefs 4596: 4590: 4587: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4566:Gould, C. (1886) 4564: 4558: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4541:Anderson, Atholl 4537: 4531: 4528: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4381: 4357: 4351: 4350:Yong, Ed. (2010) 4348: 4342: 4339: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4291:. Archived from 4250: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4219:10.1038/281103b0 4194: 4188: 4187: 4161: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3987: 3977: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3881: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3855: 3845: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3790:. Archived from 3773: 3760: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3708: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3662: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3616:. Archived from 3599: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3573: 3563: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3501: 3498: 3487: 3484: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3465: 3455: 3446:(7): 1686–1696. 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3416:. Archived from 3399: 3365: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3059: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3000: 2997: 2976:Island gigantism 2933: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2705:Yorkshire Museum 2434:pseudoscientific 2430:Cryptozoologists 2359:carbon-14 dating 2302: 2287: 2275: 2177:D. robustus 2173:D. robustus 2161:D. robustus 2145:D. robustus 2067:ecological niche 2003:Rangitīkei River 1999:Palmerston North 1977:About eight moa 1672: 1671: 1647: 1646: 1586: 1585: 1561: 1560: 1548: 1547: 1477: 1476: 1464: 1463: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1405: 1345: 1320: 1302: 1301: 1276: 1250: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1199: 1198: 1190:Dinornithiformes 1175: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1136: 1118: 1117: 1101: 1090:Struthioniformes 1083: 1082: 1073: 1072: 986:Megalapterygidae 950:Heavy-footed moa 928:Broad-billed moa 868:(Bonaparte 1854) 867: 812: 810:Dinornithiformes 556:William Williams 468:Late Pleistocene 464:flightless birds 460:Dinornithiformes 442: 436: 380: 361: 358:Dinornithiformes 356: 283: 282: 261: 251: 188: 173:Temporal range: 167: 166: 140:accepted version 123:Newer revision → 101: 90: 69: 67:current revision 59: 58: 46: 42: 41: 9853: 9852: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9753: 9748: 9740: 9738: 9730: 9725: 9717: 9712: 9704: 9699: 9691: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9643: 9633: 9628: 9512:Waitaha penguin 9507:Chatham penguin 9372: 9366: 9254: 9246: 9128: 9126:Chatham Islands 9120: 9049:Red-billed gull 9042:kākāriki karaka 8903: 8901: 8895: 8777: 8771: 8762: 8394: 8388: 8383: 8353: 8348: 8347: 8316: 8270: 8261:Michael Shermer 8246:Donald Prothero 8191:Joshua Blu Buhs 8179: 8160:The X Creatures 8090:In Search of... 8018: 8012: 7958:Jeffrey Meldrum 7893:Richard Freeman 7829: 7808: 7803: 7773: 7768: 7746: 7696: 7679: 7667: 7651: 7614: 7586: 7556: 7513: 7458: 7424: 7373: 7332: 7294: 7244: 7239:Opisthodactylus 7200: 7183: 7176: 7160: 7132: 7091: 7055:Ergilornithidae 7046: 7015: 7009:Galligeranoides 6983: 6971:Palaeophasianus 6956:Galligeranoides 6930: 6909: 6896: 6891:Pseudocrypturus 6845: 6798: 6785: 6752: 6732: 6705: 6678: 6672:Avemetatarsalia 6657:Avemetatarsalia 6647: 6624: 6623: 6613: 6607: 6549: 6544: 6535: 6533: 6510: 6508: 6490: 6461: 6412: 6363: 6320: 6271: 6232: 6187: 6145: 6081:on 22 May 2010. 6078: 6063: 5988: 5986: 5970: 5927: 5866: 5864: 5837: 5823: 5821: 5820:on 24 July 2011 5674:10.1071/MU03019 5642: 5545: 5514: 5470: 5423: 5399: 5369:from Southland" 5353: 5351: 5350:on 8 March 2016 5331: 5312: 5290: 5257: 5208: 5177: 5175: 5174:on 7 March 2009 5091: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5064: 5060: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5023: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4988: 4984: 4971: 4967: 4954: 4950: 4931: 4927: 4914: 4910: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800:Owen, R. (1879) 4799: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4713: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656:Hill, H. (1913) 4655: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4620: 4616: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4538: 4534: 4530:Anderson (1989) 4529: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4407: 4403: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4248: 4238: 4234: 4195: 4191: 4176: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3954: 3950: 3915: 3911: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3771: 3761: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3504: 3499: 3490: 3485: 3476: 3466: 3432: 3428: 3423:on 30 May 2019. 3420: 3363: 3353: 3346: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3106: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2891:Heinrich Harder 2880: 2849: 2654: 2507:, and named it 2446: 2370:Nelson Examiner 2343: 2338: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2134:P. mappini 2126:E. crassus 2110: 2065:Moa filled the 2015: 1963: 1903: 1880:Otago Peninsula 1792:(bush moa) and 1760: 1752: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1634: 1625: 1595:P. elephantopus 1534: 1525: 1516: 1459:†Dinornithidae 1450: 1400: 1391: 1382: 1373: 1364: 1355: 1286: 1209: 1193: 1026: 776: 771: 743:M. didinus 709:Bergmann’s rule 655: 568: 560:William Colenso 547: 392: 386: 360: 354: 277: 252: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 184:17–0.0006 183: 182: 171: 163: 156: 152: 151: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 115:Latest revision 103: 102: 91: 80: 78: 65: 48: 31: 29: 12: 11: 5: 9851: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9746: 9736: 9723: 9710: 9697: 9684: 9669: 9653: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9614: 9609: 9597: 9585: 9580: 9568: 9556: 9554:Imber's petrel 9551: 9546: 9544:Forbes's snipe 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9517:Eyles' harrier 9514: 9509: 9504: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9455: 9450: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9401: 9389: 9376: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9352: 9343:Snares penguin 9340: 9335: 9330: 9326:tawaki nana hī 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9258: 9256: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9232: 9223:Magenta petrel 9220: 9215: 9203: 9194:Chatham pigeon 9191: 9182:Chatham petrel 9179: 9174: 9162: 9157: 9145: 9132: 9130: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9106: 9094: 9082: 9070: 9058: 9046: 9034: 9022: 9017: 9005: 8993: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8920: 8907: 8905: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8881: 8876: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8842: 8830: 8818: 8806: 8794: 8781: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8724: 8712: 8707: 8695: 8683: 8671: 8659: 8650:Shining cuckoo 8647: 8635: 8623: 8618: 8606: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8572: 8560: 8555: 8543: 8531: 8519: 8507: 8495: 8483: 8471: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8411: 8398: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8382: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8359: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8216:Sharon A. Hill 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8065: 8062:Exotic Zoology 8058: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7983:Boris Porshnev 7980: 7978:David Paulides 7975: 7970: 7968:Michael Newton 7965: 7963:John R. Napier 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7878:Peter Costello 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7858:Peter C. Byrne 7855: 7850: 7845: 7843:Henry H. Bauer 7839: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7802: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7639: 7632: 7624: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7600: 7594: 7592:Casuariiformes 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7567: 7565:Aepyornithidae 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7544: 7536: 7534: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7468: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7434: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7412: 7402: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7323: 7315: 7309: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7285: 7275: 7265: 7254: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7235: 7226: 7224: 7212: 7202: 7201: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7150: 7148: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7123: 7112: 7101: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7082: 7079:Sinoergilornis 7075: 7068: 7060: 7058: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7037: 7029: 7027: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7005: 6997: 6995: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6952: 6944: 6942: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6916: 6910: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6856: 6854:Lithornithidae 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6832: 6821: 6809: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6786: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6665: 6659: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6615: 6614: 6606: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6548: 6547:External links 6545: 6543: 6542: 6517: 6500:(March 2009). 6498:Worthy, Trevor 6494: 6488: 6472:Worthy, Trevor 6468: 6441:(3): 275–361. 6423:Worthy, Trevor 6419: 6392:(3): 333–370. 6374:Worthy, Trevor 6370: 6345:(3): 297–391. 6331:Worthy, Trevor 6327: 6300:(3): 147–254. 6282:Worthy, Trevor 6278: 6253:(4): 537–589. 6243:Worthy, Trevor 6239: 6214:(3): 421–521. 6204:Worthy, Trevor 6200: 6181:Worthy, Trevor 6177: 6157:Worthy, Trevor 6152: 6119:(3): 115–129. 6108: 6083: 6053:Worthy, Trevor 6048: 5995: 5974: 5968: 5949: 5934: 5892: 5873: 5852: 5830: 5805: 5756: 5703: 5686: 5660:(2): 149–156. 5649: 5616:Worthy, Trevor 5608: 5566: 5549: 5544:978-0710304988 5543: 5527: 5507: 5486: 5477: 5442:(4): 139–150. 5427: 5421: 5406: 5379:(4): 399–408. 5360: 5335: 5329: 5316: 5310: 5294: 5288: 5275: 5262: 5198:Worthy, Trevor 5193: 5184: 5159: 5104: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5058: 5054:Māori language 5040: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5017: 4999: 4982: 4965: 4948: 4925: 4915:Le Roux, M., " 4908: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4811: 4802: 4790: 4769: 4760: 4735: 4726: 4712:978-1877517846 4711: 4693: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4614: 4591: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4532: 4518: 4504: 4486: 4470: 4461: 4442:(3): 229–250. 4426: 4420:978-1107402171 4419: 4401: 4352: 4343: 4331: 4322: 4310: 4308:Hartree (1999) 4301: 4242:Worthy, Trevor 4232: 4189: 4175:978-1877333484 4174: 4153: 4144: 4130: 4121: 4090: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3968:(1): 419–444. 3948: 3909: 3867: 3810:Worthy, Trevor 3800: 3765:Worthy, Trevor 3748: 3739: 3730: 3671: 3635:Worthy, Trevor 3626: 3585: 3528:Worthy, Trevor 3518: 3502: 3488: 3474: 3426: 3357:Worthy, Trevor 3344: 3302: 3284: 3273:Schoon, Theo. 3265: 3235: 3213: 3201: 3172:(3): 353–364. 3152: 3097: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3013: 3001: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2962: 2961: 2950:Elephant birds 2947: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2920: 2904: 2901: 2879: 2876: 2872:Trevor Mallard 2848: 2845: 2814: 2813: 2804:A skeleton of 2802: 2783: 2782: 2773:The head of a 2771: 2756: 2745: 2730: 2719: 2708: 2653: 2650: 2623:Pyramid Valley 2460:skeleton, 1879 2445: 2442: 2418:South Westland 2388:Alice McKenzie 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2270: 2230:archaeological 2122:Emeus huttonii 2118:E. exilis 2109: 2106: 2014: 2011: 1991:Manawatū River 1985:Creek (1872), 1962: 1959: 1955:E. curtus 1951:E. gravis 1939:E. curtus 1902: 1899: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1861: 1821: 1820: 1803:that included 1797: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1296:Casuariiformes 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1239:Apterygiformes 1235: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1071: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1011: 981: 980: 979: 978: 977: 967: 957: 937: 936: 935: 915: 914: 913: 893: 892: 891: 859: 858: 857: 856: 855: 845: 775: 772: 770: 769:Classification 767: 654: 651: 567: 564: 546: 543: 448: 447: 446: 445: 439: 430: 429: 423: 422: 416: 415: 409: 408: 399: 398: 394: 393: 387: 375: 374: 368: 367: 352: 348: 347: 342: 335: 334: 329: 325: 324: 319: 315: 314: 309: 305: 304: 299: 295: 294: 289: 285: 284: 271: 270: 263: 262: 254: 253: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 172: 154: 142:of this page, 137: 94:45.251.104.241 76: 62:permanent link 51:45.251.104.241 27: 16: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9850: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9778:Dinornithidae 9776: 9775: 9773: 9756: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9737: 9733: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9689: 9685: 9680: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9637: 9623: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9588:Finsch's duck 9586: 9584: 9581: 9577: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9421:Haast's eagle 9419: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9361: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9316:Campbell teal 9314: 9312: 9311:Campbell shag 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9289:tētē kākāriki 9285: 9284:Auckland teal 9282: 9280: 9279:Auckland shag 9277: 9275: 9274:Auckland rail 9272: 9268: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9241: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9218:Chatham snipe 9216: 9212: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9115: 9110: 9107: 9103: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8902:endemic birds 8898: 8890: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8851: 8846: 8843: 8839: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8802:kiwi pukupuku 8798: 8795: 8791: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8774: 8769: 8757: 8752: 8749: 8745: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8728: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8655:pīpīwharauroa 8651: 8648: 8644: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8573: 8569: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8552: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8472: 8468: 8463: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8439: 8436: 8432: 8427: 8426:Brown creeper 8424: 8420: 8415: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8391: 8387: 8380: 8375: 8373: 8368: 8366: 8361: 8360: 8357: 8342: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8302:Pseudoscience 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8226:Daniel Loxton 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8211:Brian Dunning 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8174:Weird Travels 8171: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8059: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8048:Beast Legends 8045: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7998:Gardner Soule 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7938:Grover Krantz 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7898:Charles Gould 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7888:Richard Ellis 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7868:Loren Coleman 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7820:Cryptozoology 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7806:Cryptozoology 7800: 7795: 7793: 7788: 7786: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7765: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7677: 7671: 7648: 7647: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7609: 7602: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7409:Querandiornis 7403: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7347:Anomalopteryx 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7301: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7119:Pachystruthio 7113: 7111: 7110: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7097:Struthionidae 7094: 7088: 7087: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7065:Amphipelargus 7062: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992:Palaeotididae 6986: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6925: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6884:Paracathartes 6881: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6840: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6796:Palaeognathae 6792: 6788: 6784: 6783:Palaeognathae 6779: 6775: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6738:Palaeognathae 6735: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6592: 6590: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6408: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6092:Emeus crassus 6089: 6084: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5907:(1): 90–107. 5906: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5850:(1): 165–170. 5849: 5845: 5844: 5836: 5831: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5525:(4): 457–460. 5524: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5412:Extinct Birds 5407: 5403: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5368: 5361: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5207: 5205: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5068: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5041: 5027: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4939:New Scientist 4936: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4854: 4845: 4836: 4827: 4818: 4816: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4779: 4773: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4682: 4681:teara.govt.nz 4678: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4572: 4563: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4379:10.26879/1169 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4305: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4158: 4148: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4125: 4110:(162): 81–120 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3743: 3737:Worthy (1987) 3734: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3645:(2): 87–153. 3644: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3223: 3217: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3102: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3067: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3008: 3006: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2952:, flightless 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2921: 2918: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2861:de-extinction 2858: 2854: 2844: 2840: 2838: 2837:Darwin’s rhea 2834: 2825: 2824: 2818: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2764:Old Man Range 2761: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712:Emeus crassus 2709: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2689:Central Otago 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2610:, Otago, and 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2383:Otago Witness 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355:Haast's eagle 2347: 2333: 2331: 2330:Central Otago 2327: 2326: 2321: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2292:Emeus crassus 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215:Central Otago 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973:found in 1911 1972: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1947:P. geranoides 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:Central Otago 1869: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1813:Emeus crassus 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:Southern Alps 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1755: 1742: 1741: 1733: 1732: 1724: 1723: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681:Emeus crassus 1674: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1613:P. geranoides 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1394: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1376: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1358: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1269:elephant bird 1266: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1077:Palaeognathae 1075: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:Southern Alps 1055: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1021: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 990: 989: 988: 987: 982: 975: 971: 968: 965: 961: 960:Mantell's moa 958: 955: 951: 948: 947: 946: 945: 944: 938: 933: 929: 926: 925: 924: 923: 922: 916: 911: 910:Emeus crassus 907: 904: 903: 902: 901: 900: 894: 889: 885: 882: 881: 880: 879: 878: 877:Anomalopteryx 872: 871: 870:(lesser moa) 866: 865: 860: 853: 849: 846: 843: 839: 836: 835: 834: 833: 832: 826: 825: 823: 822: 821:Dinornithidae 817: 816: 811: 808: 804: 803: 802: 796: 791: 784: 780: 766: 764: 761: 756: 754: 753: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 724: 723: 718: 715:) as well as 714: 710: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 674: 673: 668: 664: 659: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 597: 596: 591: 590: 585: 584: 583:Emeus crassus 579: 578: 572: 563: 561: 557: 552: 542: 540: 539:Haast's eagle 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488: 483: 482: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 458: 454: 440: 434: 433: 431: 428: 424: 421: 417: 414: 410: 407: 406: 400: 395: 390: 385: 384: 376: 373: 369: 364: 359: 353: 350: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332:Palaeognathae 330: 327: 326: 323: 320: 317: 316: 313: 310: 307: 306: 303: 300: 297: 296: 293: 290: 287: 286: 281: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 187: 180: 176: 168: 165: 161: 149: 145: 141: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 99: 95: 88: 84: 79: 72: 71: 68: 63: 56: 52: 39: 35: 30: 23: 9648: 9495:Laughing owl 9490:Chatham kākā 9485:Lyall's wren 9425: 9338:Snares snipe 9206:Chatham shag 9085:Shore plover 8959:Foveaux shag 8884:Blue penguin 8821:Okarito kiwi 8686:Spotted shag 8614:pūtangitangi 8510:Grey warbler 8236:Darren Naish 8206:Peter Dendle 8172: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8111:MonsterQuest 8109: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8041:Beast Hunter 8039: 8032: 8025: 7923:Ralph Izzard 7903:Rupert Gould 7883:Tim Dinsdale 7741:Tsondabornis 7739: 7732: 7725: 7720:Medioolithus 7718: 7711: 7706:Diamantornis 7704: 7644: 7634: 7627: 7606: 7579: 7572: 7549: 7539: 7523:Novaeratitae 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7451: 7444: 7439:Crypturellus 7437: 7419:Roveretornis 7417: 7407: 7397: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7327:Megalapteryx 7325: 7318: 7306: 7287: 7280: 7270: 7260: 7237: 7229: 7125: 7117: 7107: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7039: 7032: 7007: 7000: 6976: 6969: 6964:Geranodornis 6962: 6954: 6949:Eogeranoides 6947: 6939:Geranoididae 6922: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6837: 6826: 6815: 6534:. 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Te Ara. 3224:. govt.nz 3196:0906-7590 3166:Ecography 2987:Footnotes 2981:Megafauna 2596:paleosols 2573:limestone 2422:Fiordland 2392:Fiordland 2188:fecundity 2053:secateurs 1979:trackways 1868:Punakaiki 1860:district. 1825:subalpine 1313:cassowary 1094:ostriches 1063:volcanism 1051:Oligocene 1024:Phylogeny 732:E. gravis 693:cassowary 669:(c), and 616:adzebills 549:The word 545:Etymology 523:vestigial 413:Diversity 363:Bonaparte 298:Kingdom: 292:Eukaryota 269:skeleton 9658:Wikidata 9458:Bushwren 9360:tutukiwi 8989:tara-iti 8947:Fernbird 8904:(flying) 8703:miromiro 8643:pīwauwau 8626:Rifleman 8568:pīhoihoi 8515:riroriro 8491:kārearea 8479:pohowera 8462:Dabchick 8419:tarāpuka 8407:korimako 8402:Bellbird 8341:Category 8275:See also 7764:Category 7727:Namornis 7646:Emuarius 7636:Dromaius 7473:Eudromia 7320:Dinornis 7272:Hinasuri 7127:Struthio 7041:Sonogrus 6978:Paragrus 6635:Chordata 6633:Phylum: 6629:Animalia 6478:(2002). 6429:(1996). 6380:(1995). 6288:(1993). 6198:: 36–38. 6192:Notornis 6183:(1989). 6167:: 1–20. 6106:: 27–39. 6036:15959513 6002:(2005). 5923:20525622 5843:Notornis 5793:12968179 5752:20805485 5682:86345660 5618:(1997). 5604:10731144 5533:(1959). 5519:Notornis 5466:85006853 5300:(2004). 5243:12968178 5204:Dinornis 5155:15928096 5087:(1989). 5012:Archived 4903:19570784 4543:(1990). 4281:12968178 4227:33405428 4184:83611783 3994:24832669 3943:21596537 3904:21596537 3862:19923428 3725:15928096 3659:83768608 3580:19923428 3462:24825849 3406:24855267 3339:21596537 2965:General: 2944:Moa-nalo 2903:See also 2812:in 1980. 2686:semiarid 2678:feathers 2600:blowouts 2569:sinkhole 2535:Holocene 2509:Dinornis 2469:Struthio 2458:Dinornis 2426:red deer 2320:Holocene 2259:Dinornis 2247:Dinornis 2196:Dinornis 2165:Dinornis 2141:Dinornis 2102:Dinornis 2098:gizzards 2071:antelope 2058:Phormium 2034:gizzards 1997:(1896), 1993:(1895), 1989:(1887), 1983:Waikanae 1884:Karitane 1876:Kaikōura 1543:Emeidae 1470:Dinornis 1168:tinamous 884:Bush moa 831:Dinornis 785:skeleton 774:Taxonomy 722:Dinornis 700:synonyms 681:tinamous 672:Dinornis 608:rock art 515:tinamous 492:bush moa 472:Holocene 441:Immanes 427:Synonyms 312:Chordata 308:Phylum: 302:Animalia 288:Domain: 179:Holocene 144:accepted 87:contribs 38:contribs 9803:Ratites 9706:4433427 9664:Q452969 9522:kērangi 9397:kaoriki 9371:Extinct 9187:ranguru 8838:tokoeka 8751:Wrybill 8602:pāpango 8551:koekoeā 8498:Fantail 8331:Commons 8312:Zoology 8282:Biology 8184:Critics 7541:Apteryx 7487:Nothura 7453:Tinamus 7338:Emeidae 7250:Rheidae 6639:Class: 6443:Bibcode 6394:Bibcode 6347:Bibcode 6302:Bibcode 6255:Bibcode 6216:Bibcode 6121:Bibcode 6044:4308841 6016:Bibcode 5801:4413995 5773:Bibcode 5743:2941315 5720:Bibcode 5662:Bibcode 5584:Bibcode 5575:Science 5444:Bibcode 5381:Bibcode 5251:1515413 5223:Bibcode 5146:1149408 5123:Bibcode 4945:(2063). 4894:2817183 4444:Bibcode 4289:1515413 4261:Bibcode 4207:Bibcode 3985:4009869 3962:Biology 3853:2791642 3830:Bibcode 3716:1149408 3693:Bibcode 3571:2791642 3548:Bibcode 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