1073:
introducing vague language devoid of juridical consequences just dilutes law unnecessarily. He denounced the use of law as an instrument of political communication, expressing vague wishes instead for effective legislation. Mazeaud also said that, because of the constitutional objective that law should be accessible and understandable, law should be precise and clear, and devoid of details or equivocal formulas. The practice of putting into laws remarks or wishes with no clear legal consequences has been a long-standing concern of French jurists.
147:
1338:
944:, those which fundamentally affect government and treaties, need to be assessed by the Council before they are considered ratified (Article 61-1 and 54). Amendments concerning the rules governing parliamentary procedures need to be considered by the Council, as well. Guidance may be sought from the Council in regard to whether reform should come under statute law (voted by Parliament) or whether issues are considered as
665:
1018:'s presidency, the Constitutional Council was sometimes described as a "cannon aimed at Parliament", protecting the executive branch against encroachment by statute law voted by Parliament. All but one referral to the Constitutional Council came from the Prime Minister, against acts of Parliament, and the Council agreed to partial annulments. The only remaining referral came from the President of the Senate,
908:(Articles 58, 59 and 60). They issue the official results, they ensure proper conduct and fairness, and they see that campaign spending limits are adhered to. The Council is the supreme authority in these matters. The Council can declare an election to be invalid if improperly conducted, or if the elected candidate used illegal methods, or if he spent for his campaign over the legal limits.
1181:, as a dubious procedure â to follow their reasoning, what is the use of prohibiting appointed members of the council from conducting partisan politics if they can put themselves on leave for the duration of the campaign? She defended herself by pointing out to precedent and famously remarked "How is that his business? He has no lesson to teach me." about DebrĂ© .
818:), and some of its entities also have advisory functions. For historical reasons there has long been a hostility to having any instance resembling of "Supreme Court", a powerful court able to quash legislations. Whether the Council is a court is a subject of academic discussion, but some scholars consider it the
1039:; they used the fact that the preamble of the French constitution briefly referred to those principles to justify their decision. For the first time, a statute was declared unconstitutional not because it infringed on technical legal principles, but because it was deemed to infringe on personal freedoms.
1076:
As of 2004, one law out of two, including the budget, was sent to the
Council at the request of the opposition. In January 2005, Pierre Mazeaud, then president of the Council, publicly deplored the inflation of the number of constitutional review requests motivated by political concerns, without much
1006:
Originally, the
Council was meant to have rather technical responsibilities: ensuring that national elections were fair, arbitrating the division between statute law (from the legislative) and regulation (from the executive), etc. The Council role of safekeeping fundamental rights was probably not
970:
Another task of the council, of lesser importance in terms of number of referrals, is the reclassification of statute law into the domain of regulations, on the Prime
Minister's request. This happens when the Prime Minister and his government wish to alter law that has been enacted as statute law,
740:
Its main activity is to rule on whether proposed statutes conform with the
Constitution, after they have been voted by Parliament and before they are signed into law by the President of the Republic. In 1971, the Council ruled that conformity with the Constitution entails conformity with two texts
1072:
has referred to as "legislative neutrons". Instead of prescribing or prohibiting, such language makes statements about the state of the world, or wishes about what it should be. Previously, this language was considered devoid of juridical effects and thus harmless; but
Mazeaud contended that
869:). There is, still, a safeguard against the enactment of unconstitutional new laws: new acts can be referred to the Constitutional Council just prior to being signed into law by the President of the Republic. The most common circumstance for this is that 60 opposition members of the
1003:â had left: these courts often had chosen to block legislation in order to further the privileges of a small caste. Whatever the reasons, the idea was that legislation was a political tool, and that the responsibility of legislation should be borne by the legislative body.
1298:. They should refrain from making declarations that could lead them to be suspected of partisanship. The possibility for former presidents to sit in the Council is a topic of moderate controversy; some see it as incompatible with the absence of partisanship.
935:
Their declaring that a law is contrary to constitutional or treaty dispositions renders it invalid. The
Council also may impose reservations as to the interpretation of certain provisions in statutes. The decisions of the Council are binding on all
1879:
1497:
1134:, declaring that the sitting President of the Republic could be tried criminally only by the High Court of Justice, a special court organized by Parliament and originally meant for cases of high treason. This, in essence, ensured that
991:
actions. The argument was that un-elected judges should not be able to overrule directly the decisions of the democratically-elected legislature. This may also have reflected the poor impression that the political action of the
1536:. Any such provisions passed after the coming into force of the Constitution shall be amended by decree only if the Constitutional Council has found that they are matters for regulation as defined in the foregoing paragraph."
1458:, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Autumn, 1963), pp. 483-493 lists reasons for the Council to be considered as a court: "If it be admitted that a judicial authority is characterized by the effect of
1201:;, and former presidents of the Republic who have chosen to sit in the council (which they may not do if they become directly involved in politics). The president of the Council is selected by the president of the Republic.
1659:
1054:) â amendments or clauses introduced into bills but having no relationship to the original topic of the bill; for instance, "budgetary riders" in the Budget bill, or "social riders" in the Social security budget bill.
1551:
1546:
911:
The second area of
Council power is the interpretation of the fundamental meanings of the constitution, procedure, legislation, and treaties. The Council can declare dispositions of laws to be contrary to the
1042:
In 1974, the possibility to request a constitutional review was extended to 60 deputies or 60 senators. Soon, the political opposition seized that opportunity to request the review of all controversial acts.
1894:
1696:
1026:
on the direct election of the
President of the Republic, which Charles de Gaulle supported; and the Council ruled itself "incompetent" to cancel the direct expression of the will of the French people.
1033:) some provisions of a law changing the rules for the incorporation of private nonprofit associations, because they infringed on freedom of association, one of the principles given in the 1789
959:
In the case of other statutes, seeking the oversight of the
Council is not compulsory. However, the president of the Republic, the president of the Senate, the president of the Assembly, the
1559:("The Constitutional Council's notebooks"): the name of the administration with which certain administrative procedures should be filed is not the domain of statute law, but of regulation.
1011:: it was thought that Parliament should be able to see for itself that it did not infringe on such rights. However, the Council's activity considerably extended in the following decades.
880:
If the Prime
Minister thinks that some clauses of existing statute law instead belong to the domain of regulations, he can also the council to reclassify these clauses as regulations.
1138:
would not face criminal charges until he left office. This controversial decision is now moot since the rules of responsibility of the President of the Republic were redefined by the
1744:("the limits of the juridical revolution: the practice of article 41"), and a list of items that Warsmann contends should never have been in statute law, such as the definition of
1707:
1189:
The Council is made up of nine members who serve non-renewable terms of nine years, one third of whom are appointed every three years; three members each are appointed by the
865:
As of 2009, there is, however, no way for ordinary citizens to obtain the quashing of statutes for unconstitutionality, even though this possibility is being implemented (see
98:
86:
1523:; see p. 307 "The number of references has steadily grown; it is no exaggeration to claim that any important controversial legislation is now likely to be referred."
963:, or 60 deputies or senators can submit a statute for examination by the Council before its signing into law by the President. In general, it is the parliamentary
102:
82:
94:
971:
but should instead belong to regulations according to the Constitution. The Prime Minister has to obtain reclassification from the Council prior to taking any
862:. Furthermore, the Council can quash regulations on grounds that they violate existing statute law, constitutional rights or the "general principles of Law".
748:
2039:
1677:
1068:, then president of the Council, announced that the Council would take a stricter view of language of a non-prescriptive character introduced in laws, which
956:. The re-definition of legislative dispositions as regulatory matters initially constituted a significant share of the (then light) caseload of the Council.
282:
1126:
and his expensive tastes in clothing appearing in the press. Then, the Council put forth some highly controversial opinions in a decision related to the
1035:
920:
743:
174:
1084:
amended article 61 of the Constitution. It now allows for courts to submit questions of unconstitutionality of laws to the Constitutional Council. The
1532:
Article 37 of the Constitution: "Provisions of statutory origin enacted in such matters may be amended by decree issued after consultation with the
1304:
was appointed by a socialist president of the National Assembly, while the eight other appointed members were selected by conservative politicians.
854:
Any regulation issued by the executive in the areas constitutionally reserved for statute law is unconstitutional, unless it has been authorized as
2059:
614:
1839:, 6 May 2005. See e.g. "Il n'a pas de leçon Ă me donner. De quoi se mĂȘle-t-il?", meaning "How is that his business? He has no lesson to teach me."
1464:
attaching to its decisions, it must necessarily be concluded that the Constitutiona Council is a court, and even the supreme court of the State"
1092:(supreme court over administrative courts) filter the requests coming from the courts under them. As of August 2009, implementation laws (
1023:
782:
1655:
702:
1868:("Before assuming their duties, the appointed members of the Constitutional council are sworn in before the President of the Republic.")
1748:
and a number of constatations such as « Les activitĂ©s physiques et sportives constituent un facteur important dâĂ©quilibre » ("
1672:
114:
462:
298:
1794:
1642:
1733:
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858:
by a statute. Any citizen with an interest in the case can obtain the cancellation of these regulations as "excess of power" by the
1131:
1763:
1098:) and other decisions organizing how this system functions have not yet been adopted, so these referrals are non functional yet.
1866:
Avant d'entrer en fonction, les membres nommĂ©s du Conseil constitutionnel prĂȘtent serment devant le PrĂ©sident de la RĂ©publique.
1857:
835:
1823:
675:
73:
37:
1291:
The members of the Council, except for former presidents of the Republic, are sworn in by the president of the Republic.
930:
568:
351:
1982:
1417:
807:
806:), and a justice branch. The justice branch is, unlike for instance the federal justice of the United States under the
752:
366:
847:). Article 34 of the Constitution lists exhaustively the areas reserved for statute law: these include, for instance,
773:
This article refers extensively to individual articles in the Constitution of France. The reader should refer to the
651:
443:
309:
227:
983:
While since the 19th century the judicial review that the Constitutional Council brings to bear on the acts of the
695:
545:
433:
403:
62:
26:
453:
550:
90:
2049:
623:
1315:
1278:
2054:
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1853:
1552:
Commentaire de la dĂ©cision n° 2008-210 L du 7 mai 2008 â Nature juridique de dispositions du code de la route
1228:
603:
593:
560:
277:
1959:
334:
1603:
La dĂ©cision du Conseil constitutionnel du 16 juillet 1971. Lâinvention dâun nouveau pouvoir juridictionnel.
1127:
737:
on 4 October 1958, and its duty is to ensure that the principles and rules of the constitution are upheld.
202:
2034:
1264:
1252:
1085:
870:
815:
688:
608:
588:
581:
339:
128:
1673:
N'est pas normatif qui peut. L'exigence de normativité dans la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel.
1629:
1517:
Constitutions and Political Economy: The Privatisation of Public Enterprises in France and Great Britain
237:
212:
1555:("Comments on decision 2008-210 L of 7 May 2008 - Juridical nature of provisions in the Road code") in
500:
273:
1169:, which was submitted to the French voters in a referendum. Simone Veil had done so after obtaining a
398:
1533:
1358:
1326:
1089:
859:
811:
598:
802:, ministers, and their services and affiliated organizations), a legislative branch (both houses of
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953:
918:
or to the principles of constitutional value that it has deduced from the Constitution or from the
799:
778:
344:
222:
69:
33:
1342:
1030:
555:
160:
1057:
393:
1967:
The Birth of Judicial Politics in France: The Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective
1590:
The Birth of Judicial Politics in France: The Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective
1118:. Roland Dumas attracted major controversy twice. First, he appeared in scandals regarding the
914:
756:
733:
646:
1115:
987:
has played an increasingly large role, France has long been reticent about judicial review of
829:
distinguishes two distinct kinds of legislation: statute law, which is normally voted upon by
1810:
1166:
1008:
964:
855:
826:
540:
519:
167:
1211:, president of the Council, appointed president of the Council by President of the Republic
839:) and government regulations, which are enacted by the Prime Minister and his government as
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48:
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is not. The exigence of normativity in the case law of the Constitutional Council"), in
1337:
1208:
1174:
286:
1742:
Les limites de la « rĂ©volution juridique » : la pratique de lâarticle 41
1019:
988:
641:
438:
137:
1737:
1370:
1258:
1015:
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266:
21:
1836:
1620:, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Spring, 1958), pp. 147-177
774:
302:
1246:
1170:
1161:, the Council attracted some limited controversy when Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and
1123:
984:
874:
509:
448:
253:
1781:
997:
428:
1480:
1345:
giving directions to visitors at the front entrance of the Constitutional Council
423:
293:
208:
1475:
1094:
941:
1795:
Les nouveaux rebondissements de l'affaire Elf â Au revoir Dumas, bonjour Sirven
1768:
1319:
1311:
1284:
1212:
1135:
1065:
810:, not organized into a single hierarchy (administrative courts fall under the
146:
2028:
1806:
1643:Ătat de la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel sur le droit d'amendement
1198:
1119:
967:
which brings laws that it deems to infringe civil rights before the Council.
819:
669:
471:
233:
1697:
Pierre Mazeaud's 3 January 2005 declaration to the President of the Republic
1151:
1802:
1460:
1350:
1111:
848:
724:
1996:, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Winter, 1988),
1986:, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Winter, 1986),
1981:
The Law/Politics Distinction, the French Conseil Constitutionnel, and the
1645:("State of the Constitutional Council case law on the right of amendment")
1440:, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Autumn, 1979),
1421:, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Winter, 1986),
1416:
The Law/Politics Distinction, the French Conseil Constitutionnel, and the
1307:
2019:
1828:
1785:("The criminal responsibility of the head of state?"), Affaires Publiques
1301:
1270:
1240:
1216:
1162:
766:
53:
120:
Pediment above the entrance to the offices of the Constitutional Council
1273:, appointed by the president of the National Assembly in February 2007;
1261:, appointed by the president of the National Assembly in February 2004;
1243:, appointed by the president of the National Assembly in February 2001;
1069:
905:
481:
476:
2007:
1520:
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491:
1997:
1987:
1745:
1616:
1454:
1441:
1422:
993:
418:
1916:
L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel
1864:
on the Constitutional council"). About swearing-in: article 3 says
1716:
1573:
1329:
tend to adopt similar approaches to law and constitutional rights.
1000:
893:
940:
In some cases, examination of laws by the Council is compulsory.
486:
413:
1483:, ISBN 0198265557; see p. 220 for the general principles of Law.
1944:
1926:
1007:
originally intended by the drafters of the Constitution of the
972:
949:
925:
840:
728:
1249:, appointed by the president of the Republic in February 2004;
1749:
1605:, Revue d'Ă©tude politique des assistants parlementaires, nr 2
1354:
1501:"(How to file a request before the Constitutional Council?)"
1267:, appointed by the president of the Senate in February 2007;
1255:, appointed by the president of the Senate in February 2004;
1077:
legal argumentation to back them on constitutional grounds.
1322:
are the only former presidents to have sat in the Council.
1231:, appointed by the president of the Republic in March 2001;
1220:
1158:
1143:
1107:
1173:
from the Council, which was criticized by some, including
51:
to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
1884:("List of members of the Constitutional Council in 2008")
1237:, appointed by the president of the Senate in March 2001;
1150:, Roland Dumas put himself on leave from the Council and
1856:
portant loi organique sur le Conseil constitutionnel ("
1592:, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195070348, chapter III
1473:
Lionel Neville Brown, John Bell, Jean-Michel Galabert,
1088:(supreme court over civil and criminal courts) and the
1654:
Les Cahiers du Conseil constitutionnel, Cahier n° 22,
1029:
In 1971, however, the Council ruled unconstitutional (
767:
The Council and the enactment of legislation in France
741:
referred to by the preamble of that constitution: the
1708:
MM. Mazeaud et Debré dénoncent les "lois d'affichage"
1519:, The Modern Law Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (May, 1990),
924:. It also may declare laws to be in contravention of
1557:
Les Cahiers du Conseil constitutionnel, Cahier n° 25
1632:
portant révision de l'article 61 de la Constitution
1036:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
921:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
744:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
175:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1936:, 5th ed., Montchrestien, 2005, ISBN 2-7076-1376-2
1764:At a French Trial, a Tale Unfolds of Graft on High
1752:are an important factor of personal equilibrium").
1994:Judicial Review in France: A Comparative Analysis
1455:The Constitutional Council of the French Republic
1436:Denis Tallon, John N. Hazard, George A. Bermann,
759:, both of which list constitutional rights (e.g.
113:
2026:
1545:An example of such reclassification is decision
1498:Comment saisir le Conseil constitutionnel ?
2006:, The Supreme Court Review, Vol. 1975, (1975),
1692:
1690:
1397:, The Supreme Court Review, Vol. 1975, (1975),
1294:The members of the Council should abstain from
1782:Responsabilité pénale du chef de l'Etat ?
1122:oil company, with many details regarding his
696:
1880:Liste des membres du Conseil constitutionnel
1849:
1847:
1845:
1824:Référendum : Simone Veil répond à Debré
1687:
1549:of 7 May 2008, with scholarly commentary in
1660:décision n° 2006-544 DC du 14 décembre 2006
1389:
1387:
1385:
1046:The Council increasingly has frowned upon "
1969:, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195070348
1954:Michel Verpeaux, Maryvonne Bonnard, eds.;
1114:was appointed president of the Council by
703:
689:
1842:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1491:
1489:
1438:The Constitution and the Courts in France
1140:French constitutional law of 23 July 2008
1082:French constitutional law of 23 July 2008
888:The Council has two main areas of power:
867:French constitutional law of 23 July 2008
1432:
1430:
1382:
1336:
978:
2060:Government agencies established in 1958
1854:Ordonnance n°58-1067 du 7 novembre 1958
1617:The Rule of Law as Understood in France
1410:
1408:
1406:
777:of the Constitution on the site of the
61:Revision as of 17:48, 5 August 2009 by
60:
14:
2027:
1682:Les Cahiers du Conseil Constitutionnel
1504:
1486:
814:, civil and criminal courts under the
615:Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
1427:
1204:As of 2009, the current members are:
928:which France has signed, such as the
781:. Another recommended reading is the
44:
25:
1918:, L.G.D.J., 2004, ISBN 2-275-02524-3
1895:description of the Council's offices
1572:, Pouvoirs n° 99 2001/4, pp. 71-86,
1403:
873:and/or 60 opposition members of the
17:
1287:, former president of the Republic.
1281:, former president of the Republic;
931:European Convention on Human Rights
883:
111:
80:
1951:series, #1724), ISBN 2-13-053079-6
1903:
1734:constitutional law of 23 July 2008
734:Constitution of the Fifth Republic
112:
2071:
2013:
794:consists in an executive branch (
310:Congress of the French Parliament
47:. The present address (URL) is a
1154:assumed the interim presidency.
1101:
948:(regulation) to be adopted with
892:The first is the supervision of
663:
352:Cour de Justice de la RĂ©publique
145:
116:File:Conseil constitutionnel.jpg
115:
2004:Constitutional Review in France
1887:
1871:
1816:
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1774:
1755:
1730:Report to the National Assembly
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1635:
1630:Loi n°74-904 du 29 octobre 1974
1623:
1608:
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1395:Constitutional Review in France
904:and ensuring the legitimacy of
783:Constitutional Council overview
1962:, 2007, ISBN 978-2-247-07852-3
1929:, 2008, ISBN 978-2-247-07852-3
1539:
1526:
1467:
1446:
996:â courts of justice under the
624:Politics of the European Union
13:
1:
1670:VĂ©ronique Champeil-Desplats,
1376:
1229:Olivier Dutheillet de Lamothe
1184:
604:France and the United Nations
1939:Louis Favoreu, LoĂŻc Philip,
1932:Pierre Avril, Jean Gicquel,
1860:58-1067 of 7 November 1958,
1165:campaigned for the proposed
1128:International Criminal Court
1058:legislative riders in France
731:. It was established by the
7:
1973:
1714:denounce posturing laws"),
1364:
1332:
1265:Renaud Denoix de Saint Marc
1253:Jacqueline de Guillenchmidt
1197:, and the president of the
24:of this page, as edited by
10:
2076:
1960:La Documentation Française
1956:Le Conseil Constitutionnel
1941:Le Conseil constitutionnel
1934:Le Conseil constitutionnel
1923:Le Conseil constitutionnel
1797:("Breaking news about the
1570:Le Conseil constitutionnel
975:changing the regulations.
454:Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
1614:M. Letourneur, R. Drago,
1578:Error: Bad DOI specified!
1476:French administrative law
1325:Both the Council and the
1191:president of the Republic
1014:From 1958 to 1970, under
796:President of the Republic
1908:
1877:Constitutional Council,
1641:Constitutional Council,
1495:Constitutional council,
1349:The Council sits in the
1316:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1279:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
825:The Constitution of the
785:on the Council web site.
779:French National Assembly
367:Administrative divisions
127:This article is part of
1676:("Anything that can be
1193:, the president of the
877:request such a review.
843:and other regulations (
721:Conseil Constitutionnel
399:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
1346:
915:Constitution of France
717:Constitutional Council
330:Constitutional Council
121:
2050:Constitutional courts
1897:on the Council's site
1811:Le Nouvel Observateur
1340:
1167:European Constitution
1009:French Fifth Republic
979:History and evolution
856:secondary legislation
827:French Fifth Republic
119:
2055:Election commissions
2045:Government of France
1710:("Mr Mazeaud and Mr
792:Government of France
775:official translation
394:Auvergne-RhĂŽne-Alpes
385:Metropolitan regions
45:17:48, 5 August 2009
1983:U. S. Supreme Court
1576:, ISBN 2020482134,
1418:U. S. Supreme Court
1235:Dominique Schnapper
1177:, president of the
1116:François Mitterrand
409:Centre-Val de Loire
87:â Previous revision
2035:Constitutional law
1979:Michael H. Davis,
1949:Que sais je ?
1921:Henry Roussillon,
1740:; see the section
1414:Michael H. Davis,
1347:
1132:Decision 98-408 DC
1086:Court of Cassation
1020:Gaston Monnerville
989:legislative branch
816:Court of Cassation
652:Political scandals
439:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
340:Court of Cassation
138:Politics of France
122:
2002:James Beardsley,
1914:Frédéric Monera,
1738:Jean-Luc Warsmann
1393:James Beardsley,
1371:Justice in France
1259:Jean-Louis Pezant
1195:National Assembly
1179:National Assembly
1146:, because of the
1064:In January 2005,
1016:Charles de Gaulle
871:National Assembly
761:freedom of speech
723:) is the highest
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670:France portal
609:Foreign alliances
582:Foreign relations
569:Political parties
274:National Assembly
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884:Powers and tasks
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1980:
1966:
1965:Alec Stone,
1955:
1948:
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1831:responds to
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1351:Palais Royal
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1324:
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1300:
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1156:
1112:Roland Dumas
1105:
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849:criminal law
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833:(except for
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753:constitution
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647:Human rights
546:Presidential
518:
499:
461:
383:
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329:
246:
221:
196:
173:
22:old revision
19:
18:
2008:pp. 189-259
1943:, 7th ed.,
1925:, 6th ed.,
1829:Simone Veil
1656:Commentaire
1521:pp. 304-320
1442:pp. 567-587
1399:pp. 189-259
1357:, near the
1302:Pierre Joxe
1271:Guy Canivet
1241:Pierre Joxe
1217:February 23
1163:Simone Veil
1148:Elf scandal
906:referendums
836:ordonnances
822:of France.
551:Legislative
541:Referendums
520:Departments
267:Legislature
20:This is an
2040:French law
2029:Categories
1998:pp. 89-110
1805:, welcome
1801:â Goodbye
1547:2008-210 L
1377:References
1185:Membership
1152:Yves Guéna
1070:Jean Foyer
994:parlements
965:opposition
831:Parliament
804:Parliament
482:Martinique
477:Guadeloupe
278:Membership
248:Government
1988:pp. 45-92
1947:, 2005. (
1858:Ordinance
1746:foie gras
1678:normative
1423:pp. 45-92
1308:René Coty
1052:cavaliers
946:rĂšglement
894:elections
561:Municipal
534:Elections
444:Occitania
419:Grand Est
323:Judiciary
299:President
283:President
198:President
190:Executive
1974:Articles
1813:, NÂș1843
1799:Elf case
1717:Le Monde
1574:Le Seuil
1365:See also
1333:Location
1124:mistress
1001:monarchy
926:treaties
749:preamble
747:and the
642:Centrism
594:Americas
434:Normandy
404:Brittany
129:a series
74:contribs
38:contribs
1882:en 2008
1732:on the
952:of the
896:, both
845:arrĂȘtĂ©s
841:decrees
755:of the
751:of the
492:RĂ©union
487:Mayotte
414:Corsica
375:Regions
1945:P.U.F.
1927:Dalloz
1807:Sirven
1750:sports
1658:de la
1199:Senate
1142:. In
1048:riders
973:decree
950:decree
875:Senate
729:France
589:Africa
556:Senate
294:Senate
1909:Books
1833:Debré
1803:Dumas
1712:Debré
1355:Paris
1130:, in
254:Attal
1893:See
1809:"),
1318:and
1221:2007
1159:2005
1144:1999
1108:1995
1080:The
1056:See
900:and
790:The
715:The
599:Asia
238:LREM
228:list
213:LREM
203:list
103:diff
97:) |
95:diff
83:diff
70:talk
34:talk
1837:LCI
1835:),
1736:by
1353:in
1215:on
1157:In
1106:In
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43:at
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