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1980 there were only 28 national newspapers, today there are 122. In 2002, satellite broadcasting brought multi-channel commercial television to homes across South Korea. According to most outside observers, political discourse is unrestricted in South Korea; however, persistent concerns are worth noting. The
National Security Law allows the government to limit the expression of ideas deemed pro-North Korean or communist; broad interpretations of this statute place a chill on peaceful dissent. In addition, in 2003, President Roh Moo-Hyun brought a libel suit against four of the major national newspapers, and the government has stated that editorials are subject to legal action if they are found to contain falsehoods. Outside observers have criticised pressure tactics used by both the South Korean government and the business community to influence reporting.
580:, began publication in May 1988. It was founded by dissident journalists who were purged by the government in the early 1970s or in 1980; many of the paper's reporters and editorial staff left positions on mainstream newspapers to join the new venture. The structure and approach of the paper reflected the founders' view that in the past the South Korean news media had been too easily co-opted by the government. The paper had a human rights department as well as a mass media department to keep an eye on the government's press policy and to critique the ideological and political biases of other newspapers. The paper's nationalism and interest in national reunification were symbolically represented in the logo, which depicted Lake Cheonji at the peak of
442:
traditional general circulation magazines to provide careful analyses of political, economic, and national security affairs to smaller, specialised audiences. Observers noted a dramatic increase in press coverage of previously taboo subjects such as political- military relations, factions within the military, the role of security agencies in politics, and the activities of dissident organisations. Opinion polls dealing with these and other sensitive issues also began to appear with increasing regularity. Journalists at several of the Seoul dailies organised trade unions in late 1987 and early 1988 and began to press for editorial autonomy and a greater role in newspaper management.
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government agencies, and the presidential staff by the Office of Public
Information Policy within the Ministry of Culture and Information using daily "reporting guidelines" sent to newspaper editors. The guidelines dealt exhaustively with questions of emphasis, topics to be covered or avoided, the use of government press releases, and even the size of headlines. Enforcement methods ranged from telephone calls to editors to more serious forms of intimidation, including interrogations and beatings by police. One former Ministry of Culture and Information official told a National Assembly hearing in 1988 that compliance during his tenure from 1980 to 1982 reached about 70 per cent.
555:. Under the close oversight of its owner, the late Samsung Group founder and multimillionaire Lee Pyong-chol, the paper and its affiliated TBC television network generally supported the Park government during the 1970s. Its relations with the government became strained after 1980, however, when Chun Doo Hwan forced TBC to merge with KBS. A journalists' strike at Joongang Ilbo in 1989, in one of many similar incidents at the major South Korean newspapers, won even greater management and
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1023:" which features contents of regular staff as well as so called 'citizen reporters' who provide new content for very little money. Although there are some problems about citizen reporters' abilities to write an article, unique opinions are shown and new progressive journalism continues to exist. And other internet news services like 'Pressian' or 'Ddanzi Ilbo' exist.
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Seoul dailies. In other innovations, The
Hankyoreh relied on sales revenues, private contributions, and the sale of stock, rather than advertising from major corporations, in line with its claim to be "the first newspaper in the world truly independent of political power and large capital." The newspaper came under increasing government pressures in 1989.
683:', which is the basis for the modern native Korean alphabet. It is constructed in two parts: 'Hunminjeongeum Yeibon'(the body) and 'Hunminjeongeum Haerebon'(explanations). In the introduction King Sejong revealed that the purpose of creating the Hunminjeongeum. In 1997, it was inscripted into the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.
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technology emerged recently. Although some television stations have begun broadcasting digital signals, it is not yet widespread as in the United States. The
Government of South Korea set December 31, 2012 as the deadline for digital conversion in South Korea. From 2013, South Korea will convert from
875:
KBS, MBC, EBS are public broadcasters while SBS is a commercial broadcaster (so-called many public broadcasters). It is a unique system; unlike South Korea, almost every county has one public broadcaster and many commercial broadcasters. KBS is funded by public money accrued from a television license
403:
in provincial cities and withdrawing security officials from newspaper offices." The South Korean media began a rapid expansion. Seoul papers expanded their coverage and resumed the practice of stationing correspondents in provincial cities. Although temporarily still under the management of a former
362:. Independent news agencies were absorbed into a single state-run agency, numerous provincial newspapers were closed, central newspapers were forbidden to station correspondents in provincial cities, the Christian Broadcasting System network was forbidden to provide news coverage, and two independent
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When it comes to
Internet use, South Korea ranked third in the world in 2003. According to statics of the Korean Ministry of Information and Communication, 78.5% of families own a computer, of which 93.6% use the Internet (2005). Many business utilize the Internet in Korea for services such as news,
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South Korea also had extensive and well-developed visual media. The first Korean film was produced in 1919, and cinemas subsequently were built in the larger cities. The result of the spread of television sets and radios was the dissemination of a homogenised popular culture and the impingement of
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What is the grounds of media regulations? Although broadcasters have freedom of expression, broadcasters have to promote public interest because electromagnetic waves are in the public domain. 'Media law' consist of two structures briefly: Business
Regulation, and Content Related Regulation. They
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After decades of state control and heavy censorship, the South Korean press (in print, on television, and online) is experiencing a period of relative freedom. However, the repressive Basic Press Law was repealed in 1987, and since 1990 the television market has expanded significantly. Whereas in
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in North Korea; in the exclusive use of the Korean alphabet; and in the type font in which the paper's name was printed, which dated from a famous Korean publication of the eighteenth century, before the country became divided. The paper was printed horizontally, rather than vertically like other
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By the mid-1980s, censorship of print and broadcast media had become one of the most widely and publicly criticised practices of the Chun government. Even the government-controlled Yonhap News Agency noted in 1989 that "TV companies, scarcely worse than other media, were the main target of bitter
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on the works of North Korean artists and musicians, many of whom were of South Korean origin. A newspaper run by dissident journalists began publication in 1988. A number of other new dailies also appeared in 1988. Many of the new weekly and monthly periodicals bypassed the higher profits of the
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It is the most powerful regulation that decide who will broadcasting business. The grounds of this regulation are largely that: electromagnetic wave is scarce, so all of those who want to operate a broadcasting system cannot do it, and the providers have to set fair to operate a broadcaster(ex,
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The South Korean government also supported Naewoe Press, which dealt solely with North Korean affairs. Originally a propaganda vehicle that followed the government line on unification policy issues, Naewoe Press became increasingly objective and moderate in tone in the mid-1980s in interpreting
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was the legal capstone of Chun's system of media control and provided for censorship and control of newspapers, periodicals, and broadcast media. It also set the professional qualifications for journalists. Media censorship was coordinated with intelligence officials, representatives of various
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financial power, social experiences etc.) Until just recently large companies (above top 30), newspaper, agency couldn't operate a broadcasting system because of the independence of media. (It caused problems in Korea in history.) But recently newly revised media law allows it.
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The first radio broadcasting was JODK by 'Kyungsung
Broadcasting' in 1927. Some people regard HLKA by 'Korean Broadcasting system' in 1947 as the first radio broadcasting in Korea. Since 2003, DAB(Digital Audio Broadcasting) or DAR(Digital Audio Radio) services have been used.
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provided domestic and foreign news to government agencies, newspapers, and broadcasters. Yonhap also provided news on South Korean developments in
English by computerised transmission via the Asia-Pacific News Network. Additional links with world media were facilitated by four
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fee gathered from all South Korea households with a television set. As of 2010, the fee is 2500 won (about 2 USD). Due to low public funds, KBS2 runs commercials. Looking at the ownership of MBC, 70% of it is owned by a government-owned not-for-profit organization (
550:
Except for two newspapers (one in Korean and one in
English) that the government owned or controlled and the state television network, ownership of the media was for the most part distinct from political or economic power. One exception was the conservative daily,
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and published every 10 days. Hansung Sunbo carried both domestic and foreign news and it had enlightened opinions. The
Independent was the first newspaper written in Korean, and the first private newspaper. Seo Jae-Pil published it in two version: Korean
637:(a commercial broadcaster). Some 70 percent of South Korean households have broadband Internet access, and the online media marketplace is growing rapidly. Popular news Web sites (such as OhMyNews.com) register as many as 15 million visits per day.
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There are many radio stations in Korea, but channels are not uniquely distinctive. KBS 1FM, KBS 1AM, TBS (Traffic Broadcasting System) are somewhat distinctive. Other channels are usually broadcast according to people's lifestyle.
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KORCAD was the first TV station in South Korea, which launched in 1956. In South Korea, terrestrial television broadcasting is common and popular. As terrestrial broadcasters, there are 5 channels with 4 television stations:
370:. In addition, the Defense Security Command, then commanded by Roh Tae Woo, and the Ministry of Culture and Information ordered hundreds of South Korean journalists fired and banned from newspaper writing or editing. The
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Most of South Korea's major newspapers derived their financial support from advertising and from their affiliation with major publishing houses. The Donga Press, for example, published not only the prestigious daily
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political, social, and economic developments in North Korea. Vantage Point, an English-language publication of Naewoe Press, provided in-depth studies of North Korean social, economic, and political developments.
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and English. The Independent made an effort to enlighten people and denounce absurd Chosun officers. After the 1980s, newspapers received greater freedom, after The Press Forceful Merge became invalid. Nowadays,
1140:'s administration, the trend is changing. Newspaper and large company can hold a 10-percent stake in terrestrial broadcaster, a 30-percent stake in cable broadcaster, a 49-percent stakein IPTV or news channel.
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Today, much of the news in South Korea is delivered through electronic means and the country is at the leading edge of the digital revolution and a trailblazer for high-speed and wireless internet services.
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415:, a commercial network that had been under control of the state-managed KBS since 1980, resumed independent broadcasting. The number of radio broadcast stations grew from 74 in 1985 to 111 (including both
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Cable system operator and program provider can own more than one broadcaster and transmission line. But, they can be restricted by the government with regards to market share and the number of providers.
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to withhold compulsory viewers' fees in protest against censorship by the KBS network received widespread press attention. By the summer of 1986, even the ruling party was responding to public opinion.
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the analogue broadcasting to the digital broadcasting.(This date coincides with the United Kingdom conversion date.) According to DTV Korea, the rate of digital TV sets in use is about 60% (2010).
880:), and 30% of it belongs to 'Jeong-su Scholarship Foundation'. Also, because KBS2 and MBC run commercials, there are a lot of controversies on the definition of public broadcasting in South Korea.
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The political liberalization of the late 1980s brought a loosening of press restraints and a new generation of journalists more willing to investigate sensitive subjects, such as the May 1980
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Other religious programming broadcasters: PBC(Pyeonghwa Broadcasting Corporation, ํํ๋ฐฉ์ก), BBS(Buddism Broadcasting System(BBS), ไฝๆๆพ้), FEBC(Far East Broadcasting Co., Korea, ๆฅตๆฑๆพ้), *WBS (์์๋ฐฉ์ก)
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was launched in South Korea in 2000. It shut down in 2014. Users could upload their information, mood, pictures etc. It featured "following" of other people in a similar vein as Facebook.
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On cable broadcasting, one provider can serve system operator, network operator, and program provider but, they can restricted with regard to a market share and the number of providers.
663:, Anthology Teachings of Zen Buddhist Priests) is the world's oldest extant movable metal print book. It was published in 1377 (Goryeo Dynasty), 78 years prior to Johannes Gutenberg's
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571:, a women's magazine, and specialized reference books and magazines for students. Throughout the post-war period, the Donga Ilbo has been noted for its opposition sympathies.
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Published in Late-Chosun, Hansung Sunbo was the first modern newspaper in Korea. It was published in Bakmunkuk which was an official printing office. It was written in
831:(Traffic Broadcasting System). They specialize in traffic. Many other stations also provide hourly traffic condition reports, typically for 3 minutes every 57 minutes.
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public criticism for their distorted reporting for the government in the early 1980s." Editorials called for abolition of the Basic Press Act and related practices, a
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It means restriction on the number of broadcasting system that one provider can own. Its purpose is to prevent monopoly or oligopoly on broadcasting. In Summary:
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One provider can own terrestrial broadcaster, satellite broadcaster, and cable broadcaster except a combination of terrestrial broadcaster and cable broadcaster.
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of every description as well as occasional censorship of the media, almost all subsequent South Korean governments have at times attempted to control the media.
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437:, a radio network, again began to broadcast news as well as religious programming in 1987. In the same year, the government partially lifted a long-standing
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mobilisation in the ensuing years ended any resemblance of autonomy for the Korean press; all Korean-language publications were outlawed in 1941.
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that penalised criticism of the government to keep the media in line. In 1974, the government ordered a number of journalists fired and used the
483:, but larger than four more specialised economic dailies. All the major dailies were privately owned, except for the government- controlled
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Joongang Ilbo developed the first internet news website in Asia in 1995. After the start, almost every daily newspaper made their website.
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358:. In late 1980, the Chun government established more thorough control of the news media than had existed in the South Korea since the
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with Japanese censors. Colonial authorities prohibited sales of individual issues on hundreds of occasions between 1926 and 1932.
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798:. 'Cho Yeong-Nam & Choi Yu-ra's Radio Golden Age' is the most famous program which provides funny stories and K-pop music.
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In Korea, MBC Radio is the most popular in general because there are several long-running programs. MBC operates 2 channels:
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administrations, the government exercised considerable control and surveillance over the media through the comprehensive
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Lee Mi-Hwa, Study for Hunminjeongeum section in High School Korean Textbook, Yeongnam Graduate School of Education, 2010
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One provider (person or corporation) can only own one business on the Terrestrial broadcaster and satellite broadcaster.
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According to newly enactment of Broadcasting Law and Internet Multimedia Broadcasting Business Law from President
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are the major newspapers which hold liberal ideals. In South Korea, conservative newspapers are more widely read.
426:) by late 1988 and 125 by late 1989. The number of periodicals rose as the government removed restrictions on the
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527:. The government's KBS radio network broadcast overseas in twelve languages. Two private radio networks, the
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Yang Mun-Seok, A Critical Study on Privatization A Public Broadcaster, 2010, Korean Broadcasting Commission
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CBS: is the first commercial radio broadcaster in South Korea. It contains programs about Christianity.
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523:. The International Broadcast Centre established in June 1988 served some 10,000 broadcasters for the
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Terrestrial broadcasting, Cable Television broadcasting, satellite broadcasting: government permit
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to function while maintaining some behind-the-scenes direction over politically sensitive topics.
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New York Times, PERSONAL BUSINESS: DIARY; Around the World, Gains in Internet Use, Feb 16th, 2003
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to stop its reporting on popular opposition to the Park government by intimidating the paper's
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and businesses. A Chinese-language daily served South Korea's small Chinese population.
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in South Korea. 'me2day' and 'yozm' are some other micro blogs in South Korean media.
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began after the opening of Korea in late 19th century. The Korean press had a strong
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News channel, General service channel, home-shopping channel: government's approval
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In South Korea, like many other countries, newspaper subscribers are decreasing.
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As in other countries, social media has come into the spotlight in South Korea.
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Following the period of 1945 to 1948, which saw a burgeoning of newspapers and
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was unsuccessfully introduced in the National Assembly to the same end, and a
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mean fairness among the broadcasters, and freedom of expression each.
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on numerous occasions between 1948 and 1960. On taking power in 1961,
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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There also were qualitative changes in the South Korean media. The
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in 1919, the colonial government loosened their overt control over
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Various Internet news networks have emerged. One such website is "
395:. Roh's eight-point declaration of June 29, 1987, provided for "a
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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social media, shopping, banking, games, and educational content.
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to promote its official line. The Park government also used the
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newspapers. Rhee also closed moderate newspapers and arrested
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Almost every big portal site provides a blogging service.
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As standard radio stations, there are KBS, MBC, SBS, EBS.
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are the major newspapers, which have conservative ideals;
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to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
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Oh Taek-sup,Media in the Information Society, 2009, Nanam
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During the 1920s, Korean vernacular newspapers, such as
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South Korea's principal anti-establishment newspaper,
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assumed direct control of the press along with other
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Jung Hyung-Gi, Broadcasting of Korea, 2010, Shinsung
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KBS, public broadcasting group operates 7 channels.
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535:, served a wide regional audience that included the
925:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
283:'s government continued the military government's
1861:Knowledge external links cleanup from August 2012
1356:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
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189:flavour from the beginning, but faced efforts at
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1055:Social Networks (SNS, Social Networking Service)
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667:printed during the years 1452-1455. In 1446, '
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139:consist of several different types of public
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655:Baegunhwasang Chorokbuljo Jikjisimcheyojeol
445:In 1989 South Korea's four largest dailies,
366:companies were absorbed into the state-run
305:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
88:(repaired link(s) to disambiguation pages (
49:(repaired link(s) to disambiguation pages (
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1392:Learn how and when to remove this message
985:Learn how and when to remove this message
806:SBS also operates two channels in radio:
1206:"South Korea country profile - overview"
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818:EBS(Educational Broadcasting System)
70:Revision as of 16:47, 8 May 2015 by
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878:The Foundation of Broadcast Culture
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589:urban values on rural communities.
350:During the Park and the subsequent
329:Press Ethics Commission Law of 1964
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1004:Internet censorship in South Korea
733:are the major business newspapers.
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206:Colonial period (1910–1945)
197:during most of the 20th century.
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1160:Communications in South Korea
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533:Far East Broadcasting Company
435:Christian Broadcasting System
285:Ordinance Number Eighty-Eight
212:Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty
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934:"Mass media in South Korea"
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593:Current status (1990-today)
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1186:Federal Research Division
601:Major newspapers include
529:Asia Broadcasting Company
216:Governor-General of Korea
1541:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1097:Restriction market entry
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727:Maeil Business Newspaper
214:was signed in 1910, the
1802:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1111:Other program: Resister
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521:satellite link stations
1208:. BBC News. 2012-03-29
827:Traffic broadcasters:
557:editorial independence
1416:http://www.kba.or.kr/
408:press spokesman, the
356:National Security Act
1716:United Arab Emirates
1436:http://www.sbs.co.kr
1362:improve this article
919:improve this article
731:Korea Economic Daily
633:(state-funded), and
625:(public broadcast),
257:, conducted running
193:control or outright
1743:limited recognition
1431:http://www.imbc.com
1374:footnote references
1271:. English.kbs.co.kr
1183:Library of Congress
1092:Business regulation
1013:Internet journalism
671:' was published by
525:1988 Seoul Olympics
103:โ Previous revision
1866:South Korean media
1144:Content regulation
884:Digital television
719:Kyunghyang Shinmun
675:, fourth king of '
516:Yonhap News Agency
413:television network
255:Kaebyok (Creation)
227:March 1st Movement
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90:you can help
51:you can help
22:old revision
19:
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1840:Asia portal
1741:States with
1661:Philippines
1601:South Korea
1596:North Korea
1491:Afghanistan
1382:August 2012
1083:Regulations
1077:Smartphones
796:Standard FM
769:KBS Radio 3
765:KBS Radio 1
707:Dong-A Ilbo
703:Chosun Ilbo
645:Print media
603:Chosun Ilbo
505:Korea Times
460:Chosun Ilbo
345:advertisers
341:Dong-a Ilbo
275:periodicals
73:Nick Number
28:Nick Number
20:This is an
1855:Categories
1721:Uzbekistan
1696:Tajikistan
1611:Kyrgyzstan
1591:Kazakhstan
1511:Bangladesh
1501:Azerbaijan
1275:2012-08-05
1233:2012-08-05
1212:2012-08-05
1166:References
1002:See also:
945:newspapers
840:Television
607:Donga Ilbo
569:Shin Donga
565:Donga Ilbo
466:Donga Ilbo
430:industry.
428:publishing
406:Blue House
397:free press
360:Korean War
315:services,
297:publishers
259:skirmishes
243:Donga Ilbo
235:newspapers
195:censorship
179:journalism
157:newspapers
145:television
1807:Hong Kong
1761:Palestine
1686:Sri Lanka
1681:Singapore
1561:Indonesia
1366:excessive
891:New media
687:Newspaper
509:embassies
491:fans and
339:to force
293:reporters
210:When the
191:political
183:reformist
169:Web sites
161:magazines
143:of news:
1830:Category
1751:Abkhazia
1701:Thailand
1656:Pakistan
1636:Mongolia
1631:Maldives
1626:Malaysia
1526:Cambodia
1149:See also
1021:OhmyNews
998:Internet
808:Power FM
754:Channels
503:and the
424:stations
317:weeklies
253:such as
251:journals
231:cultural
165:Internet
92:) - EBS)
83:contribs
53:) - EBS)
38:contribs
1726:Vietnam
1641:Myanmar
1621:Lebanon
1551:Georgia
1506:Bahrain
1496:Armenia
1360:Please
1352:use of
1073:Twitter
1061:Cyworld
959:scholar
855:KBS 2TV
850:KBS 1TV
812:Love AM
777:KBS 2FM
773:KBS 1FM
333:decrees
289:leftist
201:History
174:Modern
167:-based
1771:Taiwan
1706:Turkey
1671:Russia
1606:Kuwait
1586:Jordan
1576:Israel
1536:Cyprus
1521:Brunei
1516:Bhutan
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698:Hangul
681:Hangul
673:Sejong
613:, and
495:. Two
463:, and
246:, and
220:public
176:Korean
163:, and
153:cinema
1812:Macau
1731:Yemen
1691:Syria
1666:Qatar
1646:Nepal
1581:Japan
1556:India
1546:Egypt
1531:China
1045:Naver
1035:Blogs
966:JSTOR
952:books
744:Radio
693:Hanja
660:Jikji
623:KBS-2
619:KBS-1
541:China
493:youth
489:sport
309:Seoul
149:radio
136:media
1651:Oman
1616:Laos
1571:Iraq
1566:Iran
1049:Daum
1041:Nate
938:news
810:and
794:and
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729:and
721:and
650:Book
621:and
531:and
514:The
419:and
381:bill
337:KCIA
313:news
295:and
185:and
130:The
119:diff
113:) |
111:diff
99:diff
79:talk
34:talk
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410:MBC
303:'s
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