Knowledge - Knowledge

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sense of how to evaluate information sources... The days when everything you saw on a screen had been carefully filtered, vetted, edited and checked are long gone. Product placement, advertorials and sponsorship are all becoming more common. An educated audience is the only realistic way to ensure that we are not duped, tricked, fleeced or offended by the media we consume, and learning that online information sources may not be as accurate as they pretend to be is an important part of that education. I use the Knowledge a lot. It is a good starting point for serious research, but I would never accept something that I read there without checking.

1611:, identified that among 42 entries tested, the difference in accuracy was not significant: the average science entry in Knowledge contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three. In the pairs of articles reviewed, eight serious errors such as misinterpretations of important concepts were detected, four from each encyclopaedia. Reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Knowledge and 123 in Britannica. Additionally, it was found that Knowledge articles are 2.6 times as long as Britannica articles, meaning that there is a lower error/omission per word ratio in Knowledge. 206: 985:, a feature of Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model. Knowledge thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Knowledge gained early contributors from Nupedia, 144: 1273: 998: 891: 774: 947:, and in being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially broad base of contributors. Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, but later came to be viewed as too slow for producing a limited number of articles. Funded by Bomis, there were initial plans to recoup its investment by the use of advertisements. It was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GFDL before Knowledge's founding at the urging of 1186: 3784: 197: 632: 3921: 3804: 3794: 1020:. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000, but it was after Sanger heard of its existence in January 2001 from Ben Kovitz, a regular at the wiki, that he proposed the creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales and Knowledge's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki-based production, the 3824: 605: 1812:

Seigenthaler's main criticisms. He also gave his opinion that encyclopedias as a whole (whether print or online) were not usually appropriate for primary sources and should not be relied upon as authoritative (as some were doing), but that nonetheless on balance Knowledge was more reliable as "background reading" on subjects than most online sources. He stated that Knowledge was a "work in progress".

3814: 1651:. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Knowledge was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light", and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves. 169: 1602:, that Knowledge provides a good starting point for research, and that articles are in general reasonably sound. However, these studies also suggest that due to its novel editorial model, it suffers omissions and inaccuracies which can sometimes be serious. A separate study suggests that in many cases, vandalism is reverted fairly quickly, but that this does not always happen. 1373:, which number just over a thousand. Administrators are the largest such group, privileged with the ability to prevent articles from being edited, delete articles, or block users from editing in accordance with community policy. Any editor with a significant history of positive contributions and a firm understanding of Knowledge's policies and guidelines can be 879: 966:

bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source for content. So there's little downside, as far as I can determine.

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many edit sessions a piece of text has survived (red for new text, yellow for text that has survived 50 edits, green if 100, black if more than 150 edits). However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial. Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "

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as to its vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security". For example, Cross proposes a temporal provenance scheme which colors text based how

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It is the same with search engine results. Just because something comes up in the top 10 on MSN Search or Google does not automatically give it credibility or vouch for its accuracy or importance... One benefit that might come from the wider publicity that Knowledge is currently receiving is a better

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and inconsistency. Knowledge has also been criticized for its use of dubious sources, its biased but neutrally written perspective towards certain point of views, its disregard for credentials, its lack of understanding and international nature, and its vulnerability to vandalism and special interest

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sufficient fluency are encouraged to manually translate articles. The various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", though they may diverge on subtler points of policy and practice. Articles and images are shared between Knowledge editions, the former through "

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Knowledge has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. For example, like any Internet group, the site can become dominated by cliques of habitual users who express both condescension and hostility to

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Knowledge has traditionally measured its status by article count. In its first two years, it grew at a few hundred or fewer new articles per day; by 2004, this had accelerated to a total of 1,000 to 3,000 per day (counting all editions). The English Knowledge reached its 100,000-article milestone on

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No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. Jimmy Wales thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not. (…) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally

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Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles, including new updates, discussions, and vandalism. Most past edits to Knowledge articles also remain viewable after the fact, and are stored on "edit

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Some take advantage of Knowledge's openness to add nonsense to the encyclopedia. This real-time, collaborative model allows editors to rapidly update existing topics as they develop and to introduce new ones as they arise. However, this collaboration also sometimes leads to "edit wars" and prolonged

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had gone undetected, and steps being taken to address them. He stated that one problem was that Knowledge's use had grown faster than its self-monitoring system could comfortably handle, and that therefore new page creation would be deliberately restricted to account-holders only, addressing one of

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found that his biography had been written largely as a hoax, which had gone undetected for almost four months; this discovery led to several policy decisions within Wikimedia regarding creation of articles and the overview process, intended to address some of the flaws which had allowed the hoax to

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Some users have been temporarily or permanently blocked from editing Knowledge. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a warning or temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks for prolonged and serious infractions are given by Jimmy Wales or, on its English edition, an

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indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of its first year. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Knowledge coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003,

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Supporters argue that Knowledge does meet all the criteria for the basic definition of the word 'encyclopedia'. One difference from book encyclopedias is online web editing with Knowledge's history function. A deleted text will remain in the history tab and other users can look up an individual's

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Articles are always subject to editing, unless the article is protected for a short time due to the aforementioned vandalism or revert wars. Knowledge does not declare any of its articles to be "complete" or "finished". The authors of articles need not have any expertise or qualifications in the

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With increased usage and awareness, there has been an increasing number of references to Knowledge in popular culture. Many parody Knowledge's openness, with characters vandalising or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Still others feature characters using the references as a

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During December 2005, Knowledge had about 27,000 users who made at least five edits that month; 17,000 of these active users worked on the English edition. A more active group of about 4,000 users made more than 100 edits per month, over half of these users having worked in the English edition.

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software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until

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Knowledge has a set of policies identifying types of information appropriate for inclusion. These policies are often cited in disputes over whether particular content should be added, revised, transferred to a sister project, or removed. One of Knowledge's core policies is that articles must be

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consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity,

1315:. Wikimedia has begun building a global network of caching servers with the addition of three such servers in France. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, Knowledge page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of Knowledge's website is posted by users at a 619:

Language editions operate independently from one another. Editions are not bound to the content of other language editions, nor are articles on the same subject required to be translations of each other. Automated translation of articles is explicitly disallowed, though multilingual editors of

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An experimental feature planned for the German version of Knowledge has been reported which could eventually improve the quality of editing for Knowledge and protect it from vandalism. The concept being tested is to still allow anyone to make article edits, but to only allow editors judged as

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Knowledge's content has been reflected and forked by hundreds of resources from database dumps. Knowledge content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences, albeit more rarely, and very recently, in movies. Knowledge was once used in a United States court case, and the

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was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project. Knowledge has received plaudits from sources including

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Knowledge has become increasingly controversial as it has gained prominence and popularity, with critics alleging that Knowledge's open nature makes it unauthoritative and unreliable, with unconfirmed information that is often without any proper sources, that it exhibits severe

1265:. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. Ultimately, the software was rewritten again, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called MediaWiki. It was licensed under the 1725:

editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued this case, as has former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger who stated in 2004 that "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."

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Knowledge entries are "stylistically homogenous, typically describe only a single, core sense of an item, and are often presented in a standard format" (attributed partly to policies and partly to the norms of conventional print encyclopedias "which Knowledge effectively

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Almost all visitors may edit Knowledge's content: registered users can also create new articles. Changes made to pages are instantly displayed. Knowledge is built on the expectation that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that

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A common criticism is that editors, being volunteers, write on what interests them, and what they are aware of. Therefore coverage both within topics, and across the encyclopedia, is uneven and may at times be seriously unbalanced, with obvious and notable omissions.

1662:) are more prone to be edited poorly, but this is uncertain — often such articles receive extra attention and strong consensus exactly because they are the subject of heated debate. Other articles that do not produce such emotive responses may tend to be more stable. 1388:

Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger has said that having the GFDL license as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a 💕". In a study of Knowledge as a community, economics professor Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low

1682:, who wrote, "the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived." 643:'s audience measurement service, the English sub-domain (en.wikipedia.org) receives approximately 60% of Knowledge's cumulative traffic, with the remaining 40% being splintered between the numerous other languages in which Knowledge is offered. 1614:

Critics of Knowledge often charge that allowing anyone to edit makes Knowledge an unreliable work, and that some editors may employ clever use of semantics to make possibly biased statements sound more credible. Knowledge contains no formal

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in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that Knowledge would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org. Various other projects have since forked from Knowledge for editorial reasons, such as

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on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the incident. Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Knowledge is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.

2243:. Further, many editions that have more articles also have fewer contributors. Although the French, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish and Italian Wikipedias have more articles than the Spanish Knowledge, they have fewer users. 470:", allowing visitors to add, remove, or otherwise edit and change its content. It is therefore possible for large numbers of people to create articles and update them quickly as new information becomes available; it also means 1458:

stated "We want to let anybody edit but we don't want to show vandalized versions. It would be fun for me to announce to the press that the front page of Knowledge is open for public editing for the first time in five years".

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history" pages sorted chronologically, making it possible to see former versions of any page at any time. The only exceptions are the entire histories of articles that have been deleted, and many individual edits that contain

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Note that the article count, however, is a limited metric for comparing the editions, for a variety of reasons. In some Knowledge versions, for example, nearly half of the articles are short articles created automatically by

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The same fluidity that allows articles to be patchy has also led to Knowledge being praised for making it possible for articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the

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groups. Critics of Knowledge include Knowledge's own editors (and ex-editors), representatives of other encyclopedias, and even subjects of articles, especially those that find information presenting them in a bad light.

1771:, the community view is argued that Knowledge is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen. Knowledge editions also often contain 1995: 1760:" or "problem users" and blocked from editing. Its community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article (a common complaint about 187: 1665:

Other commentators have drawn a middle ground, that it contains much valuable knowledge and has some reliability, even if the degree is not yet assessed with certainty. People taking such a view include

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Currently Knowledge encompasses 171 "active" language editions (ones with 100+ articles). In total, Knowledge contains 250 language editions of varying states, with a combined 5 million articles.

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Emigh and Herring (2005) in a study of Knowledge, note that there are not yet many formal studies of Knowledge or its model. Their main conclusions regarding style and encyclopedic quality were:

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specifies that extended confirmed protection can be applied to combat disruption, if semi-protection has proven to be ineffective. Extended confirmed protection may also be applied to enforce

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subjects that they edit, and users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will" by anyone who wishes to do so. Its articles are not controlled or

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software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation. Knowledge has been viewed as an experiment in a variety of

403:, and there have been proposals for an English DVD or print edition. Since inception, Knowledge has steadily risen in popularity, and has spawned several sister projects. According to 568:

over it is retained by them, but they agree to make the work available under the GFDL. However, a significant proportion of images and sounds on Knowledge are not free. Items such as

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are other wikis in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal process of review. Unlike many encyclopedias, Knowledge has licensed its content under the

388:. Wales has described Knowledge as "an effort to create and distribute a multilingual 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". 1619:

process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may not be well-versed in the topics they write about, leading to criticism that its contents lack authority, and according to

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Knowledge has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually submit

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discourage their students from using any encyclopedia as a reference in academic work, preferring primary sources instead. A critical website, Knowledge Watch, was created by

801: 1688:, a well known technology writer, commented that the debate is probably symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today, arguing that: 1647:

Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Knowledge as a reference. Knowledge articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in

544:, early 2006), articles increasingly include an extensive reference section to support the information presented in the article and to allow verification of the article. 833:

violations, and other content that could incur legal liability or be otherwise detrimental to Knowledge. These edits may only be viewed by Knowledge administrators.

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Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger criticized Knowledge in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for

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Note that this user count includes both sockpuppets, accounts solely used for vandalism, and unused accounts. The number of true accounts is significantly less.

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development as well). It has also been described as "cult-like", although, as these instances demonstrate, not always with entirely negative connotations.

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A variety of studies to date have tended to suggest that some Knowledge articles (scientific articles most notably) are of a similar degree of accuracy to

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In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Knowledge articles. The idea is to provide

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Knowledge has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness and authority. It is criticised as having no or limited utility as a

4901: 4283: 1500:, rewriting small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. 2567:

The "In Memoriam: September 11" site is not widely considered a "sister project" as of 2006; there has been calls to close the site, or move it to

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In 2006, in a Multiscope research, the Dutch Knowledge was rated the third best Dutch language site (after Google and Gmail), with a score of 8.3.

1287:. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running 155:

Extended confirmed protection prevents edits from all unregistered editors and registered users with fewer than 30 days tenure and 500 edits. The

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as saying: "The premise of Knowledge is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven." and former

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The following is a list of the largest editions — those containing over 100,000 articles — sorted by number of articles as of

2396: 1990: 1549:, a core of active and vigilant users watching for problems, and editors' expectations of encyclopedic text drawn from the wider culture. 961:, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki alongside Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote: 813:

by any particular user or editorial group; decisions on the content and editorial policies of Knowledge are instead made largely through

621: 1454:"trustworthy" to make edits live on the public site. The process by which trustworthiness would be established is yet to be determined. 533:

truth on their subjects, but rather to describe them impartially from all significant viewpoints. Following the introduction of a more

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The "recent changes" page shows the newest edits to the English Knowledge. This page is often watched by users who revert vandalism.

2005: 525:", presenting all noteworthy perspectives on an issue along with the evidence supporting them. The project also forbids the use of 1050:, which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view". 422:

There has been controversy over Knowledge's reliability and accuracy, with the site receiving criticism for its susceptibility to

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users not involved in the "in-group" — habitual users also feel a sense of "ownership" over "their" pages, leading to edit wars.

1623:, that "t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes." 1354:

According to Wikimedia, one-quarter of Knowledge's traffic comes from users without accounts, who are less likely to be editors.

3865: 2678: 3350: 2961: 908:(in 1998-1999) had used similar ideas before Knowledge was founded — and Knowledge began as a complementary project for 1644:

criticized the wiki approach on the grounds that "What certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him".

912:, a free online encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts through a formal process. Nupedia was founded on 777:

Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.

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and four other locations around the world. MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Knowledge ran on

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Statistically speaking, "the language of Knowledge entries is as formal as that in the traditional print encyclopedia".

126: 106: 1698: 1685: 1105:. This figure had doubled less than a year later, with the millionth article in the English edition being created on 118: 2920:

Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Knowledge

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Knowledge receives over 2000 page requests per second. More than 100 servers have been set up to handle the traffic.

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There are currently plans to license the usage of the Knowledge trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.

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servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world.

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for Nupedia and later Knowledge. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being

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Susceptibility to, and exclusion and removal of, false information (a criterion specific to the Knowledge process)

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Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Knowledge, users of the

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for the "community" category. Knowledge was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In September 2004, the

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servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the

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Currently Knowledge has more than 5 million articles in many languages, including more than 1.4 million in the

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invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses, which can lead to a

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Knowledge's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki", was created in October 2002 to detail the

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Knowledge won two major awards in May 2004. The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, awarded by

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Knowledge was served from a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed

1091:. Knowledge reached its one millionth article, among the 105 language editions that existed at the time, on 4940: 4915: 4889: 4810: 3562: 2322: 1965: 1731: 1442: 1840:; this came with a €10,000 ($ 12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in 1024:

project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive, and its creator,

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of Knowledge, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Knowledge are often unjustly labeled "

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database in January 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Knowledge project by

1017: 412: 4291: 4037: 4021: 395:. There are 250 language editions of Knowledge, and 17 of them have more than 50,000 articles each. The 4758: 1266: 1054: 3909: 1598: 447: 3938: 3776: 814: 326:, allowing most articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the website. Knowledge's main 3417: 2103: 1316: 4079: 3855: 3850: 3514: 3282: 2834: 2534: 1559: 1370: 853:, a collection of Knowledge articles that have been verified, ready for printing or burning to CD. 530: 4308: 3441: 4673: 4243: 4236: 2075: 1065: 928: 481:

use traditional multilingual editorial policies and article ownership such as the expert-written

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Although Knowledge has a policy of citing reputable sources, this is only sometimes adhered to.

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criticized Knowledge in that he couldn't even change the article about himself in Knowledge.

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repository. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions.

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for links; later it was also possible to use double brackets. Knowledge began running on a

898: 873: 727: 581: 439: 365: 238: 82: 33: 3627: 3583: 3539: 3495: 3275: 3141: 3000: 2941: 2739: 2589: 2470: 2417: 2371: 2116: 2076:"Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature" 8: 4532: 4486: 4344: 3602: 3088:, Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences. ( 2576: 1943: 1919: 1859: 471: 196: 174: 97: 61: 54: 1421:. Its founder has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence. 1341:, an online advertising company that caters to a generally male audience and has hosted 635:

Knowledge's article count has shown rapid growth in some of the major language editions.

4925: 4863: 4753: 4735: 4668: 4512: 4507: 3614: 3570: 3526: 3518: 3482: 3128: 2726: 2457: 2404: 2358: 1947:. Founder Jimmy Wales was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by 1937: 1849: 1768: 1292: 1041: 697: 589: 505: 408: 407:, Knowledge ranks among the top 15 most visited sites, and many of its pages have been 327: 4788: 4685: 4568: 4517: 4252: 3710:

Cross, Tom. "Puppy smoothies: Improving the reliability of open, collaborative Wikis"

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controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices." Editors on

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Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal

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Comprehensiveness, scope and coverage within articles and in the range of articles

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Knowledge is wide open. Why is it growing so fast? Why isn't it full of nonsense?

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found that the two were close in terms of the accuracy of their articles on the

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develops. Some of Knowledge's editors have explained its editing process as a "

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source, or positively comparing a character's intelligence to Knowledge.

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Published copies of selected Knowledge articles are also available from

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Knowledge can be assessed for reliability in several areas, including:

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These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated

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Identification of reputable third party source references (citations)

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either do not consider Wales to be a dictator, or consider him to be

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Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of

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Knowledge itself runs on its own in-house created software, known as

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Knowledge originally developed out of another encyclopedia project,

572:, song samples, or copyrighted news photos are used with a claim of 4715: 4690: 4365: 4316: 4263: 4159: 4116: 4112: 3754: 3645: 3425: 3401: 3307: 3108: 2899: 2876: 2852: 2663: 2510: 2488: 2449: 2438: 2277: 2261: 2211: 2185: 2139: 1871: 1854: 1658:. It is possible that articles subject to strong opinions (such as 1512: 1434: 1406: 1402: 1228: 1224: 1171: 1099: 1076:, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched; and 1064:. Knowledge and its sister projects thereafter operated under this 1021: 1002: 986: 944: 821:

retains final judgement on Knowledge policies and user guidelines.

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An example of Knowledge's range in language editions: Knowledge in

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illustrating the editing process on a selected Knowledge article,

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Can History be Open Source? Knowledge and the Future of the Past

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For an expanded list maintained by Knowledge contributors, see

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The Main Page of English-language Knowledge at various times:

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This article is currently under extended confirmed protection.

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Links to content created under a Wikimedia Foundation project

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Viegas, Fernanda B., Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "

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Knowledge achieves its results by social means, including

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Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to

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to this revision, which may differ significantly from the

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For some articles there is a spoken version available in

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of more formally written encyclopedias. Many university

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Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteer

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format. The encyclopedia is also available on a CD from

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Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with

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in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the

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Growing Knowledge Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy

2446:"The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir" 943:, in not having size limitations, due to being on the 357:

as a complement to the expert-written and now defunct

3972:, policy-related and technical discussions regarding 1276:

Overview of system architecture, May 2006 (see also:

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The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir

1348: 1335:, with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget. 529:. Knowledge articles do not attempt to determine an 923:, a Web portal company. Its principal figures were 66: 2198: 2196: 2045:", March 8 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org> 1996:List of media personalities to vandalise Knowledge 1246:by Clifford Adams (Phase I). At first it required 1227:system for page enhancement, and features such as 596:, maintain (noncomprehensive) lists of such uses. 4362:"The Many Voices of Knowledge, Heard in One Place 2962:"Knowledge is not an oligarchy or a dictatorship" 1591: 4907: 3295: 3293: 3039:"Death by Knowledge: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles" 3037:Frank Ahrens, The Washington Post (2006-07-09). 2610:Knowledge, the 💕, reaches its 100,000th article 2525: 2074:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (March 22, 2006). 1570:Accuracy of information provided within articles 173:to ask for uncontroversial changes supported by 3969: 2429: 2427: 2193: 897:, Knowledge co-founder and current head of the 849:, and an editorial team is working on creating 3471:"Log on and join in, but beware the web cults" 2204:Complete list of language Wikipedias available 1630:s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in 1166:, the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of 1133:. The mark was granted registration status on 994:and its text was incorporated into Knowledge. 262: 4880:Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects 4450: 4345:Know It All: Can Knowledge conquer expertise? 4279:: The Kid’s All Right (And So’s the Old Man)" 4227:comparison between Knowledge and Britannica, 3951: 3290: 2679:English Knowledge Publishes Millionth Article 2656:Knowledge Publishes 500,000th English Article 2165: 836: 4184:Interview with Jimmy Wales, CEO of WikiPedia 3661:Professor James Fetzer Exposes Knowledge.org 3304:Why Knowledge Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism 2424: 2314: 2312: 1462: 1331:. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $ 321,000 904:The Knowledge concept was not novel — 4089:Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You 4046:, from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine 3235: 2170: 1819:on each interval of text in an article and 1008:, two and a half months after its founding. 474:and disagreement about content are common. 4457: 4443: 4334:, Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46 3957: 3242:"A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light" 1844:later that year. The second was a Judges' 1785: 1775:in which the community answers questions. 1531:work history to gauge the author's merit. 1443:one who rarely gives non-negotiable orders 977:, as a single English-language edition at 322:. Knowledge is written collaboratively by 74:Revision as of 13:01, 11 November 2006 by 4074:Reports and news articles (chronological) 3908: 2309: 1579:Susceptibility to editorial and systemic 1234:Knowledge runs on a cluster of dedicated 1117:United States Patent and Trademark Office 584:website refers to Knowledge's article on 4464: 3920: 3086:A Genre Analysis of Online Encyclopedias 3078: 3076: 3074: 2896:Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of 💕s 2792: 2433: 2384: 2338: 2006:Congressional staffer edits to Knowledge 1271: 1184: 1180: 1115:The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the 996: 889: 877: 799: 772: 630: 603: 47: 4408:, a library video course on Knowledge, 4219:Internet encyclopaedias go head to head 3861:Knowledge:Why Knowledge is not so great 3846:Knowledge:Knowledge in academic studies 3351:Knowledge attacked by ignorant reporter 1807:, Wales discussed the reasons that the 1449:Future directions for authoring content 1140:. Trademark protection was accorded by 73: 14: 4908: 3930:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 3866:Knowledge:Replies to common objections 3398:Knowledge:Replies to common objections 3155: 3153: 3151: 2633:Knowledge Reaches One Million Articles 1491: 4438: 4256:responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica 3515:"Knowledge: The know-it-all Web site" 3071: 3018:Can German engineering fix Knowledge? 2549:"Wikinfo - Sympathetic point of view" 1959: 44: 25: 3642:Knowledge:Researching with Knowledge 3596: 3552: 3508: 3442:Wiki-fiddlers defend Clever Big Book 1269:and used by all Wikimedia projects. 1039:forked from Knowledge to create the 797:disputes when editors do not agree. 599: 426:, uneven quality and inconsistency, 163:. Please discuss any changes on the 137: 17: 3148: 3084:Collaborative Authoring on the Web: 2847:Paragraph's statistics taken from " 2798: 2599:, <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org> 970:Knowledge was formally launched on 484:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 135: 104: 4340:The New York Times (June 17, 2006) 3981:, parent organization of Knowledge 3766: 3464: 2764:Wikimedia servers at wikimedia.org 2516:,<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org> 457: 136: 4962: 4487:Knowledge community (Wikipedians) 4431:, a satirical parody of Knowledge 3876: 2951:, <wikien-l@wikimedia.org>. 1349:Authorship and management process 1032:, lent his support to Knowledge. 588:in the "further reading" list of 446:of sections of Knowledge and the 442:performed by the science journal 60:. The present address (URL) is a 3919: 3910: 3898: 3822: 3812: 3802: 3792: 3782: 2709: 1327:Knowledge is funded through the 204: 195: 185: 142: 4826:Monkey selfie copyright dispute 4200:"A false Knowledge 'biography'" 3739: 3715: 3703: 3683: 3672:Knowledge: "A Work in Progress" 3665: 3654: 3634: 3590: 3546: 3502: 3458: 3434: 3410: 3390: 3363: 3340: 3320: 3229: 3202: 3179: 3096: 3062: 3051: 3030: 3007: 2954: 2931: 2912: 2885: 2861: 2841: 2768: 2757: 2746: 2703: 2694: 2671: 2648: 2625: 2602: 2590:Announcing Wikimedia Foundation 2582: 2561: 2541: 2519: 2496: 2477: 2378: 2332: 2286: 2266: 2246: 2232: 2219: 1001:Knowledge's English edition on 547: 4018:, from nostalgia.wikipedia.org 3603:"Who owns your Knowledge bio?" 2573:Proposals for closing projects 2159: 2148: 2128: 2110: 2067: 2048: 2032: 1592:Accuracy and comprehensiveness 1553: 1437:" of Knowledge; however, most 515:GNU Free Documentation License 479:internet encyclopedia projects 13: 1: 4292:The Six Sins of the Knowledge 4135:Heavy metal umlaut: the movie 2026: 1981:Internet encyclopedia project 1488:go undetected for that time. 361:, and is now operated by the 345:Knowledge was launched as an 334:, with additional servers in 219:Internet encyclopedia project 100:) to last version by Kimyu12) 57:) to last version by Kimyu12) 4890:Knowledge for World Heritage 4811:WikiConference North America 3559:"What is it with Knowledge?" 3213:The Faith-Based Encyclopedia 2719:"Growing on volunteer power" 2229:", Knowledge. (March 9 2005) 2043:Knowledge is an encyclopedia 1966:Knowledge in popular culture 1738: 1732:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 1377:to become an administrator. 817:and, occasionally, by vote. 376:; Sanger resigned from both 7: 4832:Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA 4528:Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight 4331:Journal of American History 3418:Critical views of Knowledge 3082:Emigh & Herring (2005) 1974: 1709: 1278:meta:Server layout diagrams 1018:Portland Pattern Repository 592:. Some Knowledge users, or 24:of this page, as edited by 10: 4967: 4759:List of Wikimedia chapters 3723:The FUD-based Encyclopedia 3287:(subscription access only) 1963: 1769:researching with Knowledge 1703:What is it with Knowledge? 1557: 1466: 1322: 1267:GNU General Public License 1055:September 11, 2001 attacks 871: 867: 837:Knowledge in other formats 768: 4946:Advertising-free websites 4848: 4746: 4651: 4546: 4495: 4479: 4472: 4287:Vol. 14 No. 3, March 2006 3775:by searching Knowledge's 3771:Find more information on 2851:" (Knowledge Statistics, 2579:, discusses this process. 2058:", Knowledge Statistics, 1831: 1723:Encyclopædia Britannica's 1463:Criticism and controversy 979:http://www.wikipedia.com/ 815:consensus decision-making 462:Knowledge uses a type of 276: 268: 263:http://www.wikipedia.org/ 258: 244: 234: 224: 212: 203: 194: 4080:Knowledge:Press coverage 3856:Knowledge:Press coverage 3851:Knowledge:Press releases 3068:www.wikipedia-watch.org/ 2535:Free Software Foundation 2227:Translation into English 2166:http://he.wikipedia.org/ 1628:Encyclopædia Britannica' 1560:Reliability of Knowledge 415:by other sites, such as 399:has been distributed on 393:English-language version 4674:Censorship of Knowledge 4244:Encyclopedia Britannica 4196:Seigenthaler, John, Sr. 3954:, multi-lingual portal 3928:Error: no date provided 3058:Wide World of WIKIPEDIA 3027:, <CNET News.com> 2485:Multilingual statistics 2323:Q & A about Nupedia 1786:Responses to criticisms 1605:One of the studies, by 1599:Encyclopædia Britannica 1066:non-profit organization 919:under the ownership of 448:Encyclopædia Britannica 397:German-language edition 157:policy on community use 45:13:01, 11 November 2006 4870:Wikimedian of the Year 4554:Hampton Lintorn-Catlin 4122:. Preliminary report " 4063:Open Directory Project 3883:Listen to this article 3836:Knowledge:Introduction 3788:Dictionary definitions 3727:Free Software Magazine 3622:Check date values in: 3578:Check date values in: 3534:Check date values in: 3490:Check date values in: 3266:Check date values in: 3190:Academia and Knowledge 3136:Check date values in: 2995:Check date values in: 2942:Re: Illegitimate block 2734:Check date values in: 2465:Check date values in: 2412:Check date values in: 2366:Check date values in: 2098:Cite journal requires 2016:User-generated content 1707: 1485:John Seigenthaler, Sr. 1467:Further information: ] 1285:multitier architecture 1280: 1190: 1009: 968: 901: 887: 805: 778: 636: 613: 170:submit an edit request 4951:General encyclopedias 4389:Textbook free for all 3380:) and Chicago Times ( 2155:Knowledge as a source 1986:List of encyclopedias 1690: 1383:Arbitration Committee 1343:soft-core pornography 1275: 1188: 1181:Software and hardware 1000: 963: 893: 881: 803: 776: 634: 607: 523:neutral point of view 430:, and preference for 161:arbitration sanctions 4921:Online encyclopedias 4885:Google and Knowledge 4806:WikiConference India 4466:Wikimedia Foundation 4382:The Atlantic Monthly 4154:, from Slashdot and 4068:Template:SourceWatch 3995:Origins of Knowledge 3979:Wikimedia Foundation 3939:More spoken articles 3871:Knowledge:Statistics 3691:Knowledge:Provenance 3400:", Knowledge, 22:53 3217:Tech Central Station 2970:Wikimedia Foundation 2918:Andrea Ciffolilli, " 2808:The Atlantic Monthly 2780:Wikimedia Foundation 2683:Wikimedia Foundation 2660:Wikimedia Foundation 2637:Wikimedia Foundation 2614:Wikimedia Foundation 2507:Re: Sanger's memoirs 1838:Prix Ars Electronica 1762:open-source software 1479:At the end of 2005, 1393:of participating in 1329:Wikimedia Foundation 1295:software, and seven 899:Wikimedia Foundation 874:History of Knowledge 784:open-source software 582:Parliament of Canada 368:. It was created by 366:Wikimedia Foundation 239:Wikimedia Foundation 4941:Virtual communities 4916:2001 establishments 4364:", New York Times, 4273:Berinstein, Paula, 4168:Worldwide Wikimania 4126:" available on the 3509:Lu Stout, Kristie ( 2577:Wikimedia Meta-Wiki 2399:. Internet Archive. 2353:. Internet Archive. 2351:"Let's make a wiki" 2254:Knowledge sociology 1944:The Daily Telegraph 1920:The Financial Times 1860:The Washington Post 1821:temporal provenance 1745:Knowledge community 1492:The Knowledge model 1409:systems, including 1238:servers located in 499:. Projects such as 434:or popularity over 191: 111:← Previous revision 92:(Reverted edits by 49:(Reverted edits by 4931:Wikimedia projects 4864:Knowledge Monument 4754:Wikimedia movement 4736:Abstract Knowledge 4669:List of Wikipedias 4513:Dariusz Jemielniak 4508:Lisa Seitz-Gruwell 4309:The Knowledge FAQK 3985:Knowledge Signpost 3597:Orlowski, Andrew ( 3440:Andrew Orlowski, " 3353:", Joi Ito's Web, 2849:Active wikipedians 2829:Unknown parameter 2753:MediaWiki Homepage 2397:"Knowledge is up!" 2178:List of Wikipedias 1960:In popular culture 1850:Japanese Knowledge 1281: 1204:system written in 1191: 1042:Enciclopedia Libre 1016:'s WikiWikiWeb or 1010: 902: 888: 806: 788:socially Darwinian 779: 637: 614: 590:Civil Marriage Act 506:Enciclopedia Libre 304:project. The name 184: 4898: 4897: 4686:Wikimedia Commons 4647: 4646: 4569:Florence Devouard 4518:Rebecca MacKinnon 4324:Rosenzweig, Roy, 3903: 3465:Arthur, Charles ( 3281:CS1 maint: year ( 3268:|accessdate= 3236:Linden, Hartmut ( 3192:", Many-to-Many, 2575:", a page of the 1896:Chicago Sun-Times 1878:Los Angeles Times 1817:source provenance 1809:Seigenthaler hoax 1483:after journalist 1481:controversy arose 1391:transaction costs 1037:Spanish Knowledge 626:Wikimedia Commons 600:Language editions 586:same-sex marriage 527:original research 440:a 2005 comparison 380:and Knowledge on 284: 283: 182: 181: 4958: 4902:Template:Link FA 4875:Tides Foundation 4840:Knowledge Engine 4609:Patricio Lorente 4574:Oscar van Dillen 4533:Esra'a Al Shafei 4503:Maryana Iskander 4477: 4476: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4387:Pearson, Helen, 4384:, September 2006 4360:Levine, Robert, 4156:Open Sources 2.0 4032:Internet Archive 3962:English language 3958:en.wikipedia.org 3923: 3922: 3914: 3912: 3905: 3904: 3892: 3890: 3884: 3826: 3818:Images and media 3816: 3806: 3796: 3786: 3761: 3743: 3737: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3687: 3681: 3669: 3663: 3658: 3652: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3610: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3566: 3553:Thompson, Bill ( 3550: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3522: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3462: 3456: 3438: 3432: 3414: 3408: 3394: 3388: 3367: 3361: 3344: 3338: 3324: 3318: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3252: 3251:. Retrieved 2005 3233: 3227: 3206: 3200: 3183: 3177: 3159:Simon Waldman, " 3157: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3124: 3100: 3094: 3080: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3034: 3028: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2983: 2981: 2980: 2958: 2952: 2935: 2929: 2916: 2910: 2889: 2883: 2865: 2859: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2722: 2721:. Business Line. 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2675: 2669: 2652: 2646: 2629: 2623: 2606: 2600: 2586: 2580: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2531:"The 💕 Project" 2527:Richard Stallman 2523: 2517: 2500: 2494: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2453: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2400: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2354: 2336: 2330: 2316: 2307: 2290: 2284: 2270: 2264: 2250: 2244: 2236: 2230: 2223: 2217: 2200: 2191: 2174: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2132: 2126: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2086: 2084: 2071: 2065: 2052: 2046: 2036: 1705: 1429:has referred to 1162:. Technically a 1030:Richard Stallman 949:Richard Stallman 562:derivative works 521:written from a " 452:natural sciences 347:English language 208: 199: 192: 189: 183: 172: 146: 138: 123:Newer revision → 101: 90: 69: 67:current revision 59: 58: 46: 42: 41: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4906: 4905: 4899: 4894: 4844: 4742: 4643: 4614:Katherine Maher 4542: 4491: 4468: 4463: 4404:Hubbard, John, 4343:Schiff, Stacy, 4307:Sjöberg, Lore, 4275:"Knowledge and 4150:Sanger, Larry, 4087:Meyers, Peter, 4034:Wayback Machine 3943: 3942: 3931: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3886:(2 parts, 3885: 3882: 3879: 3832: 3821: 3811: 3801: 3791: 3790:from Wiktionary 3780: 3777:sister projects 3769: 3767:Further reading 3764: 3744: 3740: 3721:Aaron Krowne, " 3720: 3716: 3712:. First Monday. 3708: 3704: 3688: 3684: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3655: 3639: 3635: 3623: 3621: 3612: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3507: 3503: 3491: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3439: 3435: 3415: 3411: 3395: 3391: 3368: 3364: 3345: 3341: 3325: 3321: 3298: 3291: 3280: 3271: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3234: 3230: 3207: 3203: 3184: 3180: 3158: 3149: 3137: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3081: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3014:Daniel Terdiman 3012: 3008: 2996: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2936: 2932: 2917: 2913: 2890: 2886: 2866: 2862: 2846: 2842: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2782: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2747: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2676: 2672: 2653: 2649: 2630: 2626: 2607: 2603: 2587: 2583: 2566: 2562: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2524: 2520: 2501: 2497: 2482: 2478: 2466: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2432: 2425: 2413: 2411: 2402: 2401: 2383: 2379: 2367: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2337: 2333: 2317: 2310: 2294:Power structure 2291: 2287: 2271: 2267: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2233: 2224: 2220: 2201: 2194: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2149: 2133: 2129: 2115: 2111: 2099: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2053: 2049: 2037: 2033: 2029: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1938:Reader's Digest 1834: 1788: 1780:James H. Fetzer 1773:reference desks 1741: 1712: 1706: 1697: 1594: 1562: 1556: 1494: 1468: 1465: 1451: 1439:Knowledge users 1427:Knowledge Watch 1351: 1325: 1208:and built upon 1183: 1014:Ward Cunningham 937:editor-in-chief 876: 870: 862:Print on Demand 839: 771: 602: 570:corporate logos 550: 540:functionality ( 460: 458:Characteristics 245:Created by 215: 178: 168: 154: 147: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 115:Latest revision 103: 102: 91: 80: 78: 65: 48: 31: 29: 12: 11: 5: 4964: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4828: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4629:María Sefidari 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4594:Aaron Halfaker 4591: 4586: 4584:Arnnon Geshuri 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4564:Bishakha Datta 4561: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4523:Raju Narisetti 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4462: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4416: 4415: 4402: 4385: 4371: 4358: 4349:The New Yorker 4341: 4335: 4322: 4305: 4296:YoursDaily.com 4288: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4250: 4215: 4193: 4181: 4165: 4148: 4131: 4109:Visualizations 4101: 4093:New York Times 4084: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4035: 4019: 4004: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3948: 3947: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3906: 3895: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3877:External links 3875: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3830:from Wikinews 3810:from Wikiquote 3800:from Wikibooks 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3738: 3714: 3702: 3693:", Knowledge ( 3682: 3664: 3653: 3644:", Knowledge ( 3633: 3589: 3545: 3501: 3457: 3433: 3409: 3389: 3362: 3339: 3319: 3289: 3228: 3209:Robert McHenry 3201: 3178: 3147: 3095: 3070: 3061: 3050: 3029: 3006: 2953: 2930: 2928:December 2003. 2911: 2884: 2860: 2840: 2791: 2767: 2756: 2745: 2702: 2693: 2670: 2647: 2624: 2601: 2588:Jimmy Wales: " 2581: 2560: 2540: 2518: 2495: 2487:", Knowledge, 2476: 2423: 2377: 2331: 2308: 2285: 2276:", Knowledge ( 2265: 2245: 2231: 2225:For example, " 2218: 2192: 2169: 2158: 2147: 2138:", LEGISINFO ( 2127: 2109: 2100:|journal= 2066: 2056:Visits per day 2054:See plots at " 2047: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2011:Self-reference 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1964:Main article: 1961: 1958: 1914:Globe and Mail 1833: 1830: 1787: 1784: 1740: 1737: 1711: 1708: 1695: 1660:George W. 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