1721:
journal =Nature | date=Mar 4, 2010 | volume = 464 | issue = 7285 | pages = 104–107 | doi=10.1038/nature08780 | pmid=20203610 | pmc=2843437 | vauthors=Zhang Q, Raoof M, Chen Y, Sumi Y, Sursal T, Junger W, Brohi K, Itagaki K, Hauser CJ| bibcode =2010Natur.464..104Z }}</ref> Instead, fMet-containing ]s and proteins appear to be released by the mitochondria of damaged tissues as well as by damaged bacteria, and can thus qualify as an "alarm" signal, as discussed in the ] of immunity. The prototypical fMet-containing oligopeptide is ] (FMLP) which activates leukocytes and other cell types by binding with these cells' ] (FPR1) and ] (FPR2) ] (see also ]). Acting through these receptors, the fMet-containing oligopeptides and proteins are part of the ]; they function to initiate acute ] responses but under other conditions function to inhibit and resolve these responses. fMet-containing oligopeptides and proteins also function in other physiological and pathological responses.
1560:
degrees of residual ability to start protein synthesis. ''E. coli'', ''S. pneumoniae'' and ''B. subtilis'' show almost no remaining translation ability, while ''P. aeruginosa'', ''S. aureus'','' H. influenzae'', and possibly ''S. faecalis'' still churn out plenty of protein. In ''P. aeruginosa'', this ability is facilitated by ], which can carry both Met-tRNA<sup>fMet</sup> and fMet-tRNA<sup>fMet</sup> to the ribosome.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piatkov |first1=KI |last2=Vu |first2=TT |last3=Hwang |first3=CS |last4=Varshavsky |first4=A |title=Formyl-methionine as a degradation signal at the N-termini of bacterial proteins. |journal=Microbial Cell (Graz, Austria) |date=2015 |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=376–393 |doi=10.15698/mic2015.10.231 |pmid=26866044 |doi-access=free|pmc=4745127 }}</ref>
1409:
fMet-tRNA<sub>i</sub>, which can be used by cytosolic ribosomes to produce proteins with a N-terminal fMet. These proteins are targeted for degredagtion by specific processes in the cell.<ref name=degron>{{cite journal |last1=Varshavsky |first1=Alexander |title=N-degron and C-degron pathways of protein degradation |journal=Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences |date=8 January 2019 |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=358–366 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1816596116 |doi-access=free |pmid=30622213 |pmc=6329975|bibcode=2019PNAS..116..358V }}</ref>
1213:
journal |last1=Shetty |first1=S |last2=Shah |first2=RA |last3=Chembazhi |first3=UV |last4=Sah |first4=S |last5=Varshney |first5=U |title=Two highly conserved features of bacterial initiator tRNAs license them to pass through distinct checkpoints in translation initiation. |journal=Nucleic Acids
Research |date=28 February 2017 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=2040–2050 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkw854 |pmid=28204695 |pmc=5389676}}</ref>
1609:, and use them to initiate ].<ref>{{GeorgiaImmunology|1/phagstep}}</ref><ref name="urlThe Innate Immune System">{{cite web |url=http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/prr.html |title=The Innate Immune System: Pattern-Recognition Receptors, Antigen-Nonspecific Antimicrobial Body Molecules, and Cytokines |
1660:].<ref>{{GeorgiaImmunology|1/phagstep}}</ref><ref name="urlThe Innate Immune System">{{cite web |url=http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/prr.html |title=The Innate Immune System: Pattern-Recognition Receptors, Antigen-Nonspecific Antimicrobial Body Molecules, and Cytokines |
1408:
Unexpectedly, formyltransferase can also act upon eukaryotic initiator tRNA in living yeast cells. Even under normal conditions, the nuclear-encoded formyltransferase is not completely imported into mitochondria; even more is left in the cytosol under stress. These cytosolic formyltransferase produce
1212:
fMet is required for efficient initiaiton of protein synthesis in most groups of bacteria. The 30S ribosome–mRNA complex specifically recruits tRNAs with a formylated amino acid – tRNA<sup>fMet</sup> attached to fMet in the natural case.<ref name=p28204695>{{cite
200:
Updating {{chembox}} (no changed fields - added verified revid - updated 'ChemSpiderID_Ref', 'DrugBank_Ref', 'UNII_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref', 'KEGG_Ref', 'StdInChI_Ref', 'StdInChIKey_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref') per
1198:
fMet is coded by the same ] as methionine, AUG. However, AUG is also the ] initiation codon. When the codon is used for initiation, fMet is used instead of methionine, thereby forming the first amino acid of the nascent ] chain. When the same codon appears later in the ], normal methionine is used.
1337:
The ] of ] cells, including those of humans, and the ] of ] cells also initiate protein synthesis with fMet. Given that mitochondria and chloroplasts have this initial protein synthesis with fMet in common with bacteria, this has been cited as evidence for the ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alberts,
1163:
fMet is a starting residue in the synthesis of ] in bacteria, and, consequently, is located at the N-terminus of the growing ]. fMet is delivered to the ] (30S) - mRNA complex by a specialized ] (tRNA<sup>fMet</sup>) which has a 3'-UAC-5' ] that is capable of binding with the 5'-AUG-3'
1518:
The ''N''-terminal fMet, if not removed by PDF, seems to act as a ], a signal for protein degradation.<ref name=p26866044>{{cite journal |last1=Piatkov |first1=KI |last2=Vu |first2=TT |last3=Hwang |first3=CS |last4=Varshavsky |first4=A |title=Formyl-methionine as a degradation signal at the
1720:
Since fMet is present in proteins made by mitochondria and chloroplasts, more recent theories do not see it as a molecule that the immune system can use to distinguish self from non-self.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury |
1113:
fMet plays a crucial part in the protein synthesis of bacteria, ] and ]s. It is not used in ]ic protein synthesis of ]s, where eukaryotic ]s are ]. It is also not used by ]. In the human body, fMet is recognized by the immune system as foreign material and stimulates the body to fight against
1559:
The formyl group is not strictly required for initiation. Bacteria with their formyltransferase knocked out, which prevents Met-tRNA<sup>fMet</sup> (i.e. methionine loaded onto tRNA<sup>fMet</sup>) from turning into fMet-tRNA<sup>fMet</sup>, can have varying
222:
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Because the fMet directs initiation, ]s in bacteria start (]) with a fMet residue instead of a methionine. Further occurrences of the "AUG" codon will result in a normal methionine, because a normal "elongating" tRNA<sup>Met</sup> is used.<ref
1121:
fMet plays a crucial part in the protein synthesis of bacteria, ] and ]s. It is not used in ]ic protein synthesis of ]s, where eukaryotic ]s are ]. It is also not used by ]. In the human body, fMet is recognized by the immune system as foreign
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Bruce|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/887605755|title=Molecular biology of the cell|date=18 November 2014|isbn=978-0-8153-4432-2|edition=Sixth|location=New York, NY|pages=800|oclc=887605755}}</ref>
92:
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927:| GHS_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=N-Formyl-DL-methionine |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/911#section=Safety-and-Hazards |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref>
11:
1688:=Detmers PA, Wright SD, Olsen E, Kimball B, Cohn ZA |title=Aggregation of complement receptors on human neutrophils in the absence of ligand |journal=] |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=1137–45 |
1625:=Detmers PA, Wright SD, Olsen E, Kimball B, Cohn ZA |title=Aggregation of complement receptors on human neutrophils in the absence of ligand |journal=] |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=1137–45 |
1519:
N-termini of bacterial proteins. |journal=Microbial Cell (Graz, Austria) |date=2015 |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=376–393 |doi=10.15698/mic2015.10.231 |pmid=26866044 |pmc=4745127}}</ref>
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web|last=PubChem|title=N-Formyl-DL-methionine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/911|access-date=2020-10-24|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref>
57:
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The addition of the formyl group to methionine is catalyzed by the ] ]. This modification is done after methionine has been loaded onto tRNA<sup>fMet</sup> by ].
100:
116:
1478:=Sherman F, Stewart JW, Tsunasawa S |title=Methionine or not methionine at the beginning of a protein |journal=] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=27–31 |
1374:=Sherman F, Stewart JW, Tsunasawa S |title=Methionine or not methionine at the beginning of a protein |journal=] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=27–31 |
1298:
is catalyzed by the ] ]. This modification is done after methionine has been loaded onto tRNA<sup>fMet</sup> by ]. Methionine itself
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is a derivative of the ] ] in which a ] group has been added to the ] group. It is specifically used for initiation of ], and may be removed
161:
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will catalyze the addition of the formyl group to methionine only if methionine has been loaded onto tRNA<sup>fMet</sup>
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will catalyze the addition of the formyl group to methionine only if methionine has been loaded onto tRNA<sup>fMet</sup>
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This is because the formyltransferase recognizes specific features of tRNA<sup>fMet</sup>.<ref name=p28204695/>
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is a derivative of the ] ] in which a ] group has been added to the ] group. It is specifically used for initiation of ]
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1496:> MetAP only acts on proteins with second-position residues that are less bulky than valine.<ref name=p26866044/
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https://web.archive.org/web/20100727061353/http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/prr.html
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methionine can be loaded either onto tRNA<sup>fMet</sup> or tRNA<sup>Met</sup>. However,
1633:|pmid=2958480 |pmc=2114803 |doi= |url=http://www.jcb.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2958480}}</ref>
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a sequence of two enzymatic reactions. First, ] (PDF) deformylates it, converting the residue back to a normal
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can be loaded either onto tRNA<sup>fMet</sup> or tRNA<sup>Met</sup>. However,
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the attraction of circulating blood ] and then stimulate microbicidal activities such as
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use it to help distinguish self from non-self. ] can bind proteins starting with
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use it to help distinguish self from non-self. ] can bind proteins starting with
653:| StdInChI=1S/C6H11NO3S/c1-11-3-2-5(6(9)10)7-4-8/h4-5H,2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)
1700:|url=http://www.jcb.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2958480}}</ref>
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408:| IUPACName = (''S'')-2-Formylamino-4-methylsulfanylbutanoic acid
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Alter: journal, pages. Add: pmc, bibcode, doi-access. Formatted
1621:=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2958480">{{cite journal |
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and stimulates the body to fight against potential infection.
1684:}}</ref><ref name="pmid2958480">{{cite journal |
971:| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|264+265|280|305+351+338|337+317}}
456:| OtherNames = 2-Formylamino-4-methylsulfanyl-butyric acid
441:| OtherNames = 2-Formylamino-4-methylsulfanyl-butyric acid
1199:
Many organisms use variations of this basic mechanism.
139:
1124:, or as an alarm signal released by damaged cells,
432:(''S'')-2-Formylamino-4-methylsulfanylbutanoic acid
284:(67 intermediate revisions by 35 users not shown)
1486:1985 |pmid=3024631 |doi=10.1002/bies.950030108 |
1370:).<ref name="pmid3024631">{{cite journal |
1474:.<ref name="pmid3024631">{{cite journal |
1646:(other than in bacterially derived organelles)
1640:Because fMet is present in proteins made by
1597:Because fMet is present in proteins made by
664:| StdInChIKey = PYUSHNKNPOHWEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
377:| ImageFile = (S)-N-Formylmethionine V.1.svg
370:| ImageFile = (S)-N-Formylmethionine V.1.svg
214:Latest revision as of 10:24, 3 February 2024
1382:|pmid=3024631 |doi=10.1002/bies.950030108 |
307:{{DISPLAYTITLE:''N''-Formylmethionine}}
300:{{DISPLAYTITLE:''N''-Formylmethionine}}
1696:1987 |pmid=2958480 |pmc=2114803 |doi=
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158:Revision as of 21:07, 6 September 2011
1358:is removed from majority of proteins
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1838:{{DEFAULTSORT:Formylmethionine, N-}}
1831:{{DEFAULTSORT:Formylmethionine, N-}}
1451:is removed from majority of proteins
1311:onto tRNA<sup>Met</sup>.
1283:onto tRNA<sup>Met</sup>.
1082:For-Met<ref name="iupacaa" />)
568:| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
528:| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
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1472:removes the residue from the chain
1065:'''''N''-Formylmethionine''' (fMet
1019:'''''N''-Formylmethionine''' (fMet
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1154:==Function in protein synthesis==
1147:==Function in protein synthesis==
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1294:addition of the formyl group to
493:|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
361:| Name = ''N''-Formylmethionine
354:| Name = ''N''-Formylmethionine
1366:by methionine aminopeptidase (
960:| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|319}}
743:| C=6 | H=11 | N=1 | O=3 | S=1
734:| C=6 | H=11 | N=1 | O=3 | S=1
725:|Section2={{Chembox Properties
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449:N-Formyl(methyl)homocysteine
14:Browse history interactively
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1588:==Relevance to immunology==
1581:==Relevance to immunology==
938:| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}
840:|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
468:-Formyl(methyl)homocysteine
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1429:=== Further processing ===
759:| MolarMass = 177.22 g/mol
752:| MolarMass = 177.22 g/mol
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486:{{Chembox Identifiers
277:| #UCB_Category 27/36
1114:potential infection.
718:{{Chembox Properties
595:| EINECS = 224-322-8
588:| EINECS = 224-322-8
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1449:''N''-terminal fMet
1237:name=p28204695/>
1189:=== Translation ===
1086:from ]l and ] genes
892:| Autoignition = }}
579:| UNII = PS9357B4XH
546:| CASNo = 4289-98-9
537:| CASNo = 4289-98-9
275:Category:Formamides
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1607:N-Formylmethionine
1464:methionine. Then ]
1076:name="iupacaa">
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1539:=== Variation ===
1302:formyltransferase
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460:Formylmethionine
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1741:== See also ==
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1639:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1277:transformylase
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
981:
979:
977:
974:
973:
970:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
946:
944:
941:
940:
937:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
924:
922:
919:
918:
915:
913:
911:
908:
907:
904:
902:
900:
897:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
880:
878:
875:
874:
871:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
855:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
837:
835:
831:
828:
825:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
799:| BoilingPt =
798:
796:
794:
792:| BoilingPt =
791:
789:
786:
785:
782:
778:
777:
774:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
742:
740:
738:
735:
733:
731:
728:
727:
724:
722:
720:
716:
713:
710:
708:
706:
703:
702:
699:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
681:
677:
675:
670:
667:
666:
663:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
637:
633:
631:
625:
624:
621:
619:
617:
614:
613:
610:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
578:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
565:
563:
560:
559:
556:
554:
552:
549:
548:
545:
543:
541:
538:
536:
534:
531:
530:
527:
525:
523:
520:
519:
514:
512:
510:
508:
503:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
490:
488:
484:
481:
478:
476:
474:
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
455:
453:
451:
446:
442:
440:
438:
435:
434:
429:
428:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
415:| IUPACName =
414:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:| ImageSize =
395:
393:
391:
387:
386:| ImageSize =
385:
383:
380:
379:
376:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
360:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
341:
339:
337:
333:
331:
329:
326:
325:
322:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
306:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
286:
285:
281:
280:
251:
246:
245:
230:
209:
190:
185:
184:
169:
129:
121:
115:
99:
93:
85:
79:
76:
75:
68:
56:
50:
42:
36:
33:
32:
25:
23:
19:
18:
10:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1979:
1963:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1930:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1638:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1288:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1063:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
996:
994:
989:
987:
986:
980:
975:
969:
964:
958:
953:
947:
942:
936:
931:
925:
920:
914:
909:
903:
898:
890:
887:
881:
876:
870:
868:
863:
861:
860:
854:
852:
847:
845:
844:
838:
822:
819:
813:
811:
806:
804:
803:
797:
795:
790:
788:
787:
779:
773:
771:
766:
764:
763:
757:
755:
750:
748:
747:
741:
732:
729:
723:
707:
704:
698:
696:
691:
689:
688:
679:
676:
674:
671:
668:
662:
657:
651:
646:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
620:
615:
609:
607:
602:
600:
599:
593:
591:
586:
584:
583:
577:
572:
566:
561:
555:
550:
544:
535:
532:
526:
521:
515:Abbreviations
511:
504:abbreviations
500:
497:
491:
475:
472:
454:
439:
436:
427:
422:
413:
406:
403:
394:
384:
381:
375:
373:
368:
366:
365:
359:
357:
352:
350:
349:
340:
330:
327:
321:
319:
314:
312:
311:
305:
303:
298:
296:
295:
287:
282:
276:
272:
268:
264:
249:
242:
238:
233:
224:
219:
215:
207:
188:
181:
177:
172:
163:
159:
143:
136:
126:Content added
118:
16:
1678:archive-date
1079:</ref>
872:| FlashPt =
865:| FlashPt =
684:(NC=O)C(O)=O
640:(NC=O)C(O)=O
267:Use this bot
231:Citation bot
1682:2010-07-27
1670:archive-url
1380:|month=July
680:| SMILES =
636:| SMILES =
271:Report bugs
1694:September
1662:url-status
1619:accessdate
1494:}}</ref
1356:methionine
1296:methionine
447:<br>
443:<br>
96:Revision 2
53:Revision 1
1492:33735710
344:448813033
334:431462664
323:{{chembox
316:{{chembox
253:5,218,860
1811:Line 87:
1808:Line 53:
1686:vauthors
1648:, the ]
1642:bacteria
1476:vauthors
1438:⚫
1345:⚫
1122:material
827:Section3
784:Line 30:
781:Line 22:
712:Section2
673:⚫
629:⚫
480:Section1
241:contribs
180:contribs
170:CheMoBot
141:Wikitext
1281:and NOT
1042:related
292:Line 1:
289:Line 1:
192:141,565
1623:author
1611:format
1372:author
263:dashes
134:Visual
82:Page 2
72:Page 2
39:Page 1
29:Page 1
1650:might
1629:=1987
1488:s2cid
1484:July
1468:MetAP
1378:=1985
1056:after
1035:found
638:CSCCC
517:=fMet
506:=fMet
398:200px
388:250px
255:edits
194:edits
1690:date
1666:dead
1654:fMet
1627:year
1615:work
1498:>
1480:date
1376:year
1353:This
1273:that
1270:Note
1040:and
1038:in ]
682:CSCC
462:; ''
265:. |
248:Bots
237:talk
223:undo
218:edit
187:Bots
176:talk
162:edit
1774:* ]
1763:* ]
1752:* ]
1617:= |
1613:= |
1603:can
1446:The
1384:url
1368:MAP
1309:not
1291:The
1459:by
1052:It
1049:].
1024:is
998:}}
991:}}
982:}}
905:}}
700:}}
693:}}
513:|
502:|
466:''
458:;
269:.
239:|
178:|
1965:]
1954:]
1943:]
1932:]
1921:]
1912:]
1892:]
1881:]
1874:]
1865:]
1858:]
1849:]
1692:=
1680:=
1676:|
1672:=
1668:|
1664:=
1599:]
1490:=
1482:=
1470:)
1466:(
1457:,
1453:,
1364:)
1360:(
1306:,
1092:.
1090:]
1058:.
1045:]
1032:]
1029:]
1027:a
1021:)
830:=
824:|
715:=
709:|
483:=
477:|
464:N
243:)
235:(
182:)
174:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.