578:
547:
309:. By the beginning of the fourth century A.D., the most important books began to be manufactured in parchment, and works worth preserving were transferred from papyrus to parchment. Parchment had significant advantages over papyrus, including higher durability in moist climates and being more conducive to writing on both sides of the surface. The main advantage of papyrus had been its cheaper raw material — the papyrus plant is easy to cultivate in a suitable climate and produces more writing material than animal hides (the most expensive books, made from foetal
265:
254:
494:
567:
751:
137:
559:
230:
1801:
33:
298:
large-volume texts. Papyrus had the advantage of being relatively cheap and easy to produce, but it was fragile and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness. Unless the papyrus was of perfect quality, the writing surface was irregular, and the range of media that could be used was also limited.
657:
attacking and destroying the material. Library papyrus rolls were stored in wooden boxes and chests made in the form of statues. Papyrus scrolls were organized according to subject or author and identified with clay labels that specified their contents without having to unroll the scroll. In
European
505:
The word for the material papyrus is also used to designate documents written on sheets of it, often rolled up into scrolls. The plural for such documents is papyri. Historical papyri are given identifying names – generally the name of the discoverer, first owner, or institution where they are kept –
737:
Papyrus is still used by communities living in the vicinity of swamps, to the extent that rural householders derive up to 75% of their income from swamp goods. Particularly in East and
Central Africa, people harvest papyrus, which is used to manufacture items that are sold or used locally. Examples
600:
to begin, perhaps increasing adhesion, but this is not certain. The two layers possibly were glued together. While still moist, the two layers were hammered together, mashing the layers into a single sheet. The sheet was then dried under pressure. After drying, the sheet was polished with a rounded
608:
Sheets, or
Mollema, could be cut to fit the obligatory size or glued together to create a longer roll. The point where the Mollema are joined with glue is called the kollesis. A wooden stick would be attached to the last sheet in a roll, making it easier to handle. To form the long strip scrolls
389:
described six variations of papyrus that were sold in the Roman market of the day. These were graded by quality based on how fine, firm, white, and smooth the writing surface was. Grades ranged from the superfine
Augustan, which was produced in sheets of 13 digits (10 inches) wide, to the least
297:
soon adopted the codex form, and in the Greco-Roman world, it became common to cut sheets from papyrus rolls to form codices. Codices were an improvement on the papyrus scroll, as the papyrus was not pliable enough to fold without cracking, and a long roll, or scroll, was required to create
595:
is cut lengthwise into thin strips about 40 cm (16 in) long. The strips were then placed side by side on a hard surface with their edges slightly overlapping, and then another layer of strips is laid on top at right angles. The strips may have been soaked in water long enough for
733:
in Cairo. The modern technique of papyrus production used in Egypt for the tourist trade was developed in 1962 by the
Egyptian engineer Hassan Ragab using plants that had been reintroduced into Egypt in 1872 from France. Both Sicily and Egypt have centres of limited papyrus production.
729:, outside Cairo, he experimented with the manufacture of papyrus, growing the plant in his garden. He beat the sliced papyrus stalks between two layers of linen and produced successful examples of papyrus, one of which was exhibited in the
348:
Until the middle of the 19th century, only some isolated documents written on papyrus were known, and museums simply showed them as curiosities. They did not contain literary works. The first modern discovery of papyri rolls was made at
390:
expensive and most coarse, measuring six digits (four inches) wide. Materials deemed unusable for writing or less than six digits were considered commercial quality and were pasted edge to edge to be used only for wrapping.
983:
Papiri della Società Italiana (PSI): a series, still in progress, published by the Società per la ricerca dei Papiri greci e latini in Egitto and from 1927 onwards by the succeeding
Istituto Papirologico "G. Vitelli" in
609:
required, several such sheets were united and placed so all the horizontal fibres parallel with the roll's length were on one side and all the vertical fibres on the other. Normally, texts were first written on the
313:
would take up to dozens of bovine fetuses to produce). However, as trade networks declined, the availability of papyrus outside the range of the papyrus plant became limited and it thus lost its cost advantage.
887:: a collection of around a thousand papyrus documents, dealing with the management of a large Roman estate, dating to the third century CE, found at the very end of the 19th century at
538:, ripples of expectation spread among the learned men of the time. However, since these papyri were badly charred, their unscrolling and deciphering are still going on today.
738:
include baskets, hats, fish traps, trays or winnowing mats, and floor mats. Papyrus is also used to make roofs, ceilings, rope, and fences. Although alternatives, such as
1804:." Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No. 2003-10, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
1013:, this is a collection of more than 30,000 fragments dating from the 3rd century BCE through the 3rd century CE, found in the winter 1899–1900 at the site of ancient
510:". Often an abbreviated form is used, such as "pHarris I". These documents provide important information on ancient writings; they give us the only extant copy of
192:
Papyrus was first manufactured in Egypt as far back as the third millennium BCE. The earliest archaeological evidence of papyrus was excavated in 2012 and 2013 at
1923:
769:. It includes biblical manuscripts, early church fragments, and classical documents from the Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine eras. The collection was edited by
577:
1052:: this papyrus focuses mainly on snakebites and their remedies. It speaks of remedial methods for poisons obtained from snakes, scorpions, and tarantulas. The
1897:
325:
until the middle of the following century. The latest certain dates for the use of papyrus in Europe are 1057 for a papal decree (typically conservative, all
658:
conditions, papyrus seems to have lasted only a matter of decades; a 200-year-old papyrus was considered extraordinary. Imported papyrus once commonplace in
2056:, edited by Donald Bruce Redford. Vol. 3 of 3 vols. Oxford, New York, and Cairo: Oxford University Press and The American University in Cairo Press. 22–24.
766:
784:
624:
One source used for determining the method by which papyrus was created in antiquity is through the examination of tombs in the ancient
Egyptian city of
2255:
2049:, edited by Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 227–253. Thorough technical discussion with extensive bibliography.
1028:
Washington
University Papyri Collection: includes 445 manuscript fragments, dating from the first century BCE to the eighth century AD. Housed at the
615:, the lines following the fibres, parallel to the long edges of the scroll. Secondarily, papyrus was often reused, writing across the fibres on the
687:
353:
in 1752. Until then, the only papyri known had been a few surviving from medieval times. Scholarly investigations began with the Dutch historian
446:, which finds its way into English in such words as 'bibliography', 'bibliophile', and 'bible', refers to the inner bark of the papyrus plant.
892:
788:
2157:
1399:
2185:
1382:
930:
1620:
1664:
787:, also known as the Vienna Papyrus Collection: is one of the world's largest collections of papyri (about 180,000 objects) in the
862:
442:
for the same plant when used for nonfood products, such as cordage, basketry, or writing surfaces. The more specific term βίβλος
2218:
Finding aid to the
Advanced Papyrological Information System records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
2248:
1845:
1070:
records the petition of a man named Pemou on behalf of his father, Harsiese to ask their god for permission to change temples.
2126:
1718:
877:
1802:
Towards optimal use of tropical wetlands: an economic evaluation of goods derived from papyrus swamps in southwest Uganda
906:
area of Egypt by
Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt. It is spread over many collections throughout the world.
2147:
285:
as a form of storage. However, at some point late in its history, papyrus began being collected together in the form of
1423:
1010:
1927:
2370:
2241:
2134:
2108:
2083:
1881:
1749:
1649:
1586:
1499:
86:
666:
has since deteriorated beyond repair, but papyri are still being found in Egypt; extraordinary examples include the
2775:
1963:
1901:
2011:
1175:
1029:
999:
947:. The publication of these papyri is still in progress. A large part of the Oxyrhynchus papyri are housed at the
294:
546:
851:
778:
341:, which originally learned of it from the Chinese. By the 12th century, parchment and paper were in use in the
2202:
1039:, it contains over six thousand inventoried items. It is cataloged, digitally scanned, and accessible online.
804:
366:
129:) can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined side by side and rolled up into a
2800:
2790:
1200:
157:
920:
1433:
1086:
2166:
876:. After some tinkering, a method was found to unroll and to read them. Most of them are housed at the
333:, and 1087 for an Arabic document. Its use in Egypt continued until it was replaced by less expensive
301:
Papyrus was gradually overtaken in Europe by a rival writing surface that rose in prominence known as
2629:
1770:
798:
160:
region. Apart from writing material, ancient Egyptians employed papyrus in the construction of other
2063:. Egyptian Bookshelf. London: British Museum Press. General overview for a popular reading audience.
1516:
2330:
2217:
362:
24:
1490:, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1977, 389 n. 6, cited in Alice-Mary Talbot (ed.).
1287:
872:: these papyri were found in Herculaneum in the eighteenth century, carbonized by the eruption of
701:
Sporadic attempts to revive the manufacture of papyrus have been made since the mid-18th century.
2744:
2543:
2442:
2425:
1457:
998:: this collection contains above 700 papyri, with 31 ostraca and 54 codices. It is housed at the
1873:
1867:
1578:
1572:
1553:
1535:
2795:
2538:
1741:
1735:
989:
934:
914:
840:
721:, where papyrus plants had continued to grow in the wild. During the 1920s, when Egyptologist
370:
161:
149:
2468:
2430:
2363:
1429:
Paper and Books in Ancient Egypt: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered at University College London
1374:
1018:
836:
832:
223:
1699:. British Museum Occasional Papers 60, ser. ed. Anne Marriott. London: British Museum Press.
289:
akin to the modern book. This may have been mimicing the book-form of codicies created with
2602:
2475:
1162:
1106:
1063:
1022:
978:
774:
501:, 126 AD; papyrus; 19.3 by 7.2 cm, MS Gr SM2223, Houghton Library, Harvard University
8:
2785:
2780:
1637:
1195:
1138:
679:
523:
1427:
2739:
2264:
2179:
2024:
1827:
1602:
Lewis, N (1983). "Papyrus and Ancient Writing: The First Hundred Years of Papyrology".
1549:
1531:
1332:"Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf"
1185:
1073:
940:
869:
844:
667:
638:
386:
264:
253:
2672:
2555:
2324:
2130:
2104:
2079:
1877:
1745:
1714:
1645:
1582:
1495:
1346:
1316:
1262:
1078:
943:: these numerous papyri fragments were discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in and around
884:
632:
containing many murals displaying the process of papyrus-making. The Roman commander
458:
233:
2171:
361:, published in 1830. The first publication has been credited to the British scholar
2770:
2749:
2667:
2624:
2597:
2383:
2356:
2016:
1684:
1190:
1100:
1053:
1049:
1036:
1006:
974:
948:
924:
910:
858:
770:
755:
722:
571:
515:
507:
399:
358:
342:
271:
54:
19:
This article is about the paper-like material. For the plant it is made from, see
2585:
2497:
2410:
1386:
1237:
1152:
1067:
1057:
964:
762:
730:
718:
649:, like that of Egypt, papyrus is stable, formed as it is of highly rot-resistant
633:
587:
531:
382:
109:
100:
20:
2734:
2455:
2448:
2348:
2020:
1863:
1568:
1518:
The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells, Volume 1
1470:
1378:
1331:
1082:
995:
956:
897:
873:
818:
695:
407:
354:
330:
208:
37:
2227:
1313:
The Book: A Cover-to-Cover Exploration of the Most Powerful Object of our Time
933:: this collection contains above 10,000 papyri fragments. It is housed at the
829:
documents, classical texts, biblical books, and writing of the early churches.
493:
2764:
1400:"The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids"
1350:
888:
814:
810:
691:
654:
625:
597:
527:
519:
197:
1454:
The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration
2318:
2312:
2233:
431:
338:
306:
193:
2222:
2152:
2580:
2550:
2417:
1133:
944:
706:
683:
675:
671:
535:
498:
350:
318:
241:
2194:
2161:
2701:
2696:
2634:
2590:
2570:
2434:
2306:
2028:
1989:
1167:
1157:
1128:
739:
629:
566:
534:). When, in the 18th century, a library of ancient papyri was found in
326:
165:
153:
2708:
2684:
2560:
2518:
1143:
1089:, it is notable because it is a legal document for a non-noble woman.
713:, for papyrus had become extinct in Egypt. Also in the 18th century,
650:
423:
415:
302:
290:
2009:Černý, Jaroslav. "The Will of Naunakhte and the Related Documents."
750:
136:
2660:
2565:
2480:
2463:
1210:
1123:
1014:
985:
861:: a collection up to one hundred Greek papyri, currently housed at
702:
602:
511:
321:
chancery was with a document from 692 A.D., though it was known in
562:
Different ways of cutting papyrus stem and making of papyrus sheet
2379:
2336:
2279:
1432:. T. & A. Constable Ltd Edinburgh. p. 30. Archived from
913:
was acquired between 1901 and 1909 thanks to a donation from the
822:
646:
591:. The outer rind was first removed, and the sticky fibrous inner
229:
204:
177:
1949:
1017:, Egypt, by an expedition team led by the British papyrologists
558:
2713:
2689:
2523:
988:. These papyri are situated at the institute itself and in the
960:
952:
903:
794:
714:
709:
experimented in the late 18th century with papyrus plants from
659:
451:
427:
310:
282:
237:
200:
181:
130:
2178:
1800:
Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall, and R.R. Boar. 2003c. "
2655:
2487:
2404:
2289:
1118:
1112:
968:
742:, are increasingly available, papyrus is still used as fuel.
726:
710:
663:
617:
611:
403:
334:
286:
222:). The papyrus rolls describe the last years of building the
219:
145:
114:
96:
41:
2162:
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
2718:
2650:
2052:
Leach, Bridget, and William John Tait. 2001. "Papyrus". In
2045:
Leach, Bridget, and William John Tait. 2000. "Papyrus". In
1713:. Los Angeles, California: Getty Publications. p. 21.
826:
592:
581:
Drawing of a greater bird of paradise and the papyrus plant
551:
322:
173:
104:
75:
69:
60:
2059:
Parkinson, Richard Bruce, and Stephen G. J. Quirke. 1995.
32:
2530:
281:
For multiple millennia, papyrus was commonly rolled into
169:
2223:
Modern commercial Papyrus paper making (photos)– Elbardy
2101:
The Book before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental
1898:"Digital Papyri at Houghton Library, Harvard University"
1869:
The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental
1574:
The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental
1475:
The Book before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental
2103:, Dover Publications, New York 1982, pp. 113–169,
636:
also describes the methods of preparing papyrus in his
140:
An official letter on a papyrus of the 3rd century BCE
585:
Papyrus was made from the stem of the papyrus plant,
152:), as the papyrus plant was once abundant across the
87:
78:
1315:, W. W. Norton & Company, 2016, pp. 4–8 excerpt
767:
William Tyssen-Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst of Hackney
438:
when referring to the plant used as a foodstuff and
373:
V, translated into English with commentary in 1853.
72:
66:
57:
694:'s father-in-law, was preserved by the eruption of
63:
2092:. In: Wolfgang Helck, Wolfhart Westendorf (eds.):
434:, who flourished during the 4th century BCE, uses
418:) origin. Greek has a second word for it, βύβλος (
381:Papyrus was made in several qualities and prices.
2189:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 743–745.
1785:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 2nd Ed
1339:British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan
2762:
2378:
2195:"Papyri.info Resource and Partner Organizations"
1514:
1418:
1416:
653:, but storage in humid conditions can result in
2118:. Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, Cologny – Genève 1958
1325:
1323:
488:
357:(1793–1835). He wrote about the content of the
807:(BGU): a publishing project ongoing since 1895
2364:
2249:
1924:"Digital Images of Selected Princeton Papyri"
1413:
817:in 1955–1956. Currently, it is housed in the
144:Papyrus was first known to have been used in
2263:
2230:(video), scidevnet, via youtube, April 2019.
1681:Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography
1477:, Dover Publications, New York 1982, p. 166.
1320:
923:: biblical manuscripts in Greek and Coptic,
2172:Ghent University Library Papyrus Collection
1968:Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library
839:in 1930–1931 and 1935. It is housed at the
2371:
2357:
2256:
2242:
2167:Lund University Library Papyrus Collection
1796:
1794:
717:Saverio Landolina manufactured papyrus at
2096:. vol. IV, Wiesbaden 1982, Spalte 667–670
2047:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
1815:Papyrus and its Uses in Modern Day Russia
1577:. New York: Dover Publications. pp.
1480:
1447:
1445:
1443:
909:The Houghton's papyri: the collection at
835:: a collection of 11 codices acquired by
745:
2176:
2054:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
1872:. New York: Dover Publications. p.
1862:
1846:"Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung"
1567:
749:
576:
565:
557:
545:
526:), Egyptian mathematical treatises (the
492:
228:
135:
31:
1791:
1510:
1508:
1451:
1369:
1367:
1035:Yale Papyrus Collection: housed by the
863:Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts
698:but has only been partially excavated.
422:), said to derive from the name of the
2763:
2148:Leuven Homepage of Papyrus Collections
1733:
1667:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1636:
1623:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1558:(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1899), p. 3.
1540:(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1899), p. 1.
1440:
1329:
799:Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection
541:
518:, Egyptian treatises on medicine (the
2352:
2237:
2127:Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt
1782:
1776:
1764:
1758:
1708:
1695:Bierbrier, Morris Leonard, ed. 1986.
1601:
1422:
878:Naples National Archaeological Museum
236:fresco of a young man with a papyrus
2205:from the original on 26 October 2018
1950:"The Center for the Tebtunis Papyri"
1505:
1488:La paleographie grecque et byzantine
1486:Bompaire, Jacques and Jean Irigoin.
1373:H. Idris Bell and T.C. Skeat, 1935.
1364:
1043:
911:Houghton Library, Harvard University
99:that was used in ancient times as a
44:column IX, beginning of lines 13–17)
2153:Ancient Egyptian Papyrus – Aldokkan
2137:(Geschichte der Buchkultur; vol. 1)
1740:. New York, NY: Skyhorse. pp.
1737:The Library: An Illustrated History
813:: this collection was purchased by
365:(1817–1878), who published for the
345:, but papyrus was still an option.
329:were on papyrus until 1022), under
13:
2068:
1832:Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek
1397:
1207:The papyrus plant in Egyptian art
1011:University of California, Berkeley
414:), a loanword of unknown (perhaps
376:
14:
2812:
2141:
1990:"Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"
688:Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus
454:of 'paper', a similar substance.
95:) is a material similar to thick
2177:Thompson, Edward Maunde (1911).
2158:Yale Papyrus Collection Database
1767:Paper and books in Ancient Egypt
1642:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
1494:, Dumbarton Oaks, 1996, p. 227.
530:), and Egyptian folk tales (the
317:Papyrus' last appearance in the
263:
252:
53:
2012:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
2003:
1982:
1956:
1942:
1916:
1890:
1856:
1838:
1820:
1807:
1787:. London: Edward Arnold and Co.
1727:
1702:
1689:
1674:
1658:
1630:
1614:
1595:
1561:
1543:
1525:
1464:
1176:List of ancient Egyptian papyri
1030:Washington University Libraries
1005:Tebtunis Papyri: housed by the
1000:John Rylands University Library
852:the Morgan Library & Museum
843:. The collection was edited by
779:the Morgan Library & Museum
355:Caspar Jacob Christiaan Reuvens
218:–2550 BCE (end of the reign of
1521:. University of Chicago Press.
1391:
1305:
1280:
1255:
1230:
1066:: this papyrus located at the
777:in 1900–1901. It is housed at
1:
1964:"The Yale Papyrus Collection"
1218:
857:Former private collection of
805:Berliner Griechische Urkunden
497:Bill of sale for a donkey in
367:Cambridge Antiquarian Society
212:
148:(at least as far back as the
1697:Papyrus: Structure and Usage
1555:Palaeography of Greek papyri
1537:Palaeography of Greek papyri
1223:
686:, containing the library of
554:; Metropolitan Museum of Art
489:Documents written on papyrus
402:word "papyrus" derives, via
393:
207:coast. These documents, the
158:throughout the Mediterranean
7:
1850:Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
1093:
931:Michigan Papyrus Collection
133:, an early form of a book.
10:
2817:
2123:Griechisch-römische Antike
2038:
2021:10.1177/030751334503100104
1771:H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.
785:Archduke Rainer Collection
765:: this is a collection of
601:object, possibly a stone,
187:
18:
2727:
2643:
2617:
2508:
2397:
2390:
2299:
2272:
1817:, Vol. 1, pp. 56–59.
1515:Hans Dieter Betz (1992).
1056:currently resides in the
921:Martin Schøyen Collection
789:Austrian National Library
2331:Optical mark recognition
1765:Cerny, Jaroslav (1947).
971:, and many other places.
825:. It includes Greek and
670:and the famous finds at
363:Charles Wycliffe Goodwin
25:Papyrus (disambiguation)
2776:Egyptian artefact types
2745:List of writing systems
2456:Broussonetia papyrifera
2443:Folding-book manuscript
2426:Bamboo and wooden slips
2228:Papyrus-making in Egypt
2186:Encyclopædia Britannica
2114:Victor Martin (Hrsg.):
2094:Lexikon der Ägyptologie
1828:"Department for Papyri"
1734:Murray, Stuart (2009).
1711:Books: A Living History
1669:A Greek-English Lexicon
1644:. Brill. p. 1151.
1625:A Greek-English Lexicon
1492:Holy women of Byzantium
1458:Oxford University Press
1452:Metzger, Bruce (2005).
1385:18 October 2013 at the
1330:Tallet, Pierre (2012).
1292:Encyclopædia Britannica
850:Colt Papyri, housed at
550:Men splitting papyrus,
506:and numbered, such as "
295:Early Christian writers
103:. It was made from the
2078:. Beck, München 1992,
2076:Das Buch in der Antike
1709:Lyons, Martyn (2011).
1375:"Papyrus and its uses"
990:Biblioteca Laurenziana
977:: it is housed at the
935:University of Michigan
915:Egypt Exploration Fund
891:, the site of ancient
841:Chester Beatty Library
819:Bibliotheca Bodmeriana
797:Papyri: housed in the
758:
746:Collections of papyrus
582:
574:
563:
555:
522:) and on surgery (the
502:
371:Papyri Graecae Magicae
305:, which was made from
270:Sections of Hunefer's
245:
141:
107:of the papyrus plant,
45:
23:. For other uses, see
2469:Corypha umbraculifera
2116:Ménandre. Le Dyscolos
2088:Rosemarie Drenkhahn:
1172:For Egyptian papyri:
927:, classical documents
837:Alfred Chester Beatty
833:Chester Beatty Papyri
753:
605:, or round hardwood.
580:
569:
561:
549:
496:
461:, papyrus was called
232:
224:Great Pyramid of Giza
139:
35:
16:Writing and implement
1238:"Papyrus definition"
1201:New Testament papyri
1163:Papyrus sanitary pad
1107:Palm leaf manuscript
1064:Saite Oracle Papyrus
979:Princeton University
570:Papyrus plants near
2801:Egyptian inventions
2791:Textual scholarship
1683:, Maunde Thompson.
1398:Stille, Alexander.
1267:Merriam-Webster.com
1196:Nag Hammadi library
1139:Birch bark document
1019:Bernard P. Grenfell
680:Villa of the Papyri
542:Manufacture and use
524:Edwin Smith papyrus
430:. The Greek writer
156:. It was also used
2740:History of writing
2265:Paper data storage
2015:31 (1945): 29–53.
1970:. 14 December 2018
1930:on 1 December 2008
1813:Langdon, S. 2000.
1783:Lucas, A. (1934).
1550:Frederic G. Kenyon
1532:Frederic G. Kenyon
1186:Elephantine papyri
1085:and dating to the
1074:Strasbourg papyrus
941:Oxyrhynchus Papyri
870:Herculaneum papyri
845:Frederic G. Kenyon
759:
668:Elephantine papyri
639:Naturalis Historia
583:
575:
564:
556:
503:
387:Isidore of Seville
337:introduced by the
274:written on papyrus
246:
142:
46:
2758:
2757:
2613:
2612:
2556:Photographic film
2346:
2345:
2325:Edge-notched card
1720:978-1-60606-083-4
1101:writing materials
1079:Will of Naunakhte
1044:Individual papyri
885:Heroninos Archive
628:, which housed a
459:Egyptian language
234:Roman portraiture
2808:
2750:Written language
2668:Electronic media
2625:Electronic paper
2598:Textile printing
2395:
2394:
2384:writing material
2373:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2190:
2182:
2099:David Diringer,
2032:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1926:. Archived from
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1900:. Archived from
1894:
1888:
1887:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1638:Beekes, R. S. P.
1634:
1628:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1565:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1503:
1484:
1478:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1456:(4th ed.).
1449:
1438:
1437:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1311:Houston, Keith,
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1234:
1191:Magdalen papyrus
1054:Brooklyn Papyrus
1050:Brooklyn Papyrus
1037:Beinecke Library
1007:Bancroft Library
975:Princeton Papyri
955:, others in the
949:Ashmolean Museum
925:Dead Sea Scrolls
901:
859:Grigol Tsereteli
771:Bernard Grenfell
756:Heracles Papyrus
723:Battiscombe Gunn
572:Syracuse, Sicily
516:Book of the Dead
508:Papyrus Harris I
343:Byzantine Empire
272:Book of the Dead
267:
256:
244:, 1st century AD
217:
214:
198:ancient Egyptian
91:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2735:Writing systems
2723:
2644:Carrier objects
2639:
2609:
2509:Other materials
2504:
2498:Cyperus papyrus
2411:Trema micrantha
2386:
2377:
2347:
2342:
2295:
2268:
2262:
2208:
2206:
2193:
2180:"Papyrus"
2144:
2071:
2069:Further reading
2066:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1904:on 3 April 2012
1896:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1864:Diringer, David
1861:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1569:Diringer, David
1566:
1562:
1548:
1544:
1530:
1526:
1513:
1506:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1465:
1450:
1441:
1436:on 29 May 2020.
1424:Černý, Jaroslav
1421:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1387:Wayback Machine
1372:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1288:"Ebers Papyrus"
1286:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1153:Pliny the Elder
1096:
1068:Brooklyn Museum
1058:Brooklyn Museum
1046:
965:Egyptian Museum
895:
748:
731:Egyptian Museum
634:Pliny the Elder
588:Cyperus papyrus
552:Tomb of Puyemré
544:
532:Westcar Papyrus
514:, the Egyptian
491:
396:
383:Pliny the Elder
379:
377:Varying quality
279:
278:
277:
276:
275:
268:
259:
258:
257:
215:
203:located on the
190:
110:Cyperus papyrus
101:writing surface
89:
56:
52:
28:
21:Cyperus papyrus
17:
12:
11:
5:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2728:Related topics
2725:
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2449:Streblus asper
2440:
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2143:
2142:External links
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2138:
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2097:
2086:
2074:Horst Blanck:
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1479:
1471:David Diringer
1463:
1439:
1412:
1390:
1379:British Museum
1363:
1319:
1304:
1279:
1254:
1242:Dictionary.com
1228:
1227:
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1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
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1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:Other papyri:
1180:
1179:
1178:
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1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
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1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
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1099:Other ancient
1095:
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1090:
1083:Deir el-Medina
1076:
1071:
1061:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1023:Arthur S. Hunt
1003:
996:Rylands Papyri
993:
981:
972:
957:British Museum
938:
928:
918:
907:
881:
874:Mount Vesuvius
866:
855:
848:
830:
808:
802:
792:
782:
763:Amherst Papyri
747:
744:
696:Mount Vesuvius
543:
540:
490:
487:
395:
392:
378:
375:
359:Leyden papyrus
331:Pope Victor II
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209:Diary of Merer
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2796:Writing media
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2286:(c. 3000 BCE)
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2145:
2136:
2135:3-201-01716-7
2132:
2129:, Graz 1999,
2128:
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2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:0-486-24243-9
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2084:3-406-36686-4
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2014:
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1985:
1969:
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1951:
1945:
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1883:0-486-24243-9
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1751:9781602397064
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1588:0-486-24243-9
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1500:0-88402-248-X
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1115:(Mesoamerica)
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889:Kasr El Harit
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815:Martin Bodmer
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811:Bodmer Papyri
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598:decomposition
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528:Rhind papyrus
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30:
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2515:Animal skin
2496:
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2479:
2467:
2454:
2447:
2435:
2416:
2409:
2319:Punched card
2313:Punched tape
2283:
2207:. Retrieved
2198:
2184:
2122:
2121:Otto Mazal:
2115:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2075:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2010:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1984:
1974:17 September
1972:. Retrieved
1967:
1958:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:the original
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1892:
1868:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1814:
1809:
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1766:
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1704:
1696:
1691:
1685:archive. org
1680:
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1671:, on Perseus
1668:
1660:
1641:
1632:
1627:, on Perseus
1624:
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1428:
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2618:Impermanent
2581:Clay tablet
2551:Oracle bone
2418:Ficus aurea
2398:Plant-based
2315:(mid-1800s)
2199:papyri.info
1934:13 December
1610:(4): 31–37.
1604:Archaeology
1381:pamphlet).
1247:20 November
1129:Wax tablets
1081:: found at
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896: [
893:Theadelphia
854:(New York).
781:(New York).
775:Arthur Hunt
707:James Bruce
684:Herculaneum
676:Nag Hammadi
672:Oxyrhynchus
536:Herculaneum
351:Herculaneum
327:papal bulls
319:Merovingian
242:Herculaneum
216: 2560
2786:Papyrology
2781:Nile Delta
2765:Categories
2702:Palimpsest
2697:Manuscript
2690:Bas-relief
2635:Skywriting
2591:Wax tablet
2571:Petroglyph
2431:Birch bark
2307:Index card
2209:26 October
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1219:References
1168:Palimpsest
1158:Papyrology
791:of Vienna.
740:eucalyptus
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166:reed boats
164:, such as
154:Nile Delta
2709:Microform
2603:Silk text
2519:Parchment
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2273:Antiquity
1426:(1952) .
1351:2049-5021
1263:"Papyrus"
1224:Citations
1144:Parchment
963:, in the
902:, in the
725:lived in
705:explorer
651:cellulose
645:In a dry
416:Pre-Greek
410:πάπυρος (
394:Etymology
303:parchment
291:parchment
162:artifacts
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2566:Geoglyph
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2292:(105 CE)
2203:Archived
1866:(1982).
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1272:27 March
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715:Sicilian
703:Scottish
603:seashell
512:Menander
426:city of
2771:Papyrus
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2493:Papyrus
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2039:Sources
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1109:(India)
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412:papyros
406:, from
400:English
287:codices
283:scrolls
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188:History
182:baskets
178:sandals
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440:byblos
428:Byblos
420:byblos
311:vellum
238:scroll
201:harbor
180:, and
131:scroll
123:papyri
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2656:Codex
2586:Slate
2561:Stone
2488:Paper
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2290:Paper
2267:media
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