327:
6757:
2197:
2185:
2377:
947:
572:
997:
318:
743:
31:
551:
6821:
580:
464:
2480:: first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted, then the red blood cells are isolated, frozen and stored, to be reinjected shortly before the competition. (Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at −79 °C or −110 °F, or over 10 years using cryoprotectants) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human
688:. The argument runs as follows: Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries, and this constrains their size. In the absence of nuclear elimination, the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus, which increases with genome size.
1155:– The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton, likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing (vesiculating).
961:
The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability, flexibility and durability of the red blood cell, enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell (7–8 μm) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving
546:
acts as a reservoir of red blood cells, but this effect is somewhat limited in humans. In some other mammals such as dogs and horses, the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells, which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress, yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity.
467:
Typical mammalian red blood cells: (a) seen from surface; (b) in profile, forming rouleaux; (c) rendered spherical by water; (d) rendered crenate (shrunken and spiky) by salt. (c) and (d) do not normally occur in the body. The last two shapes are due to water being transported into, and out of, the
965:
There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins, which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell. Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens, such as the A, B and Rh antigens, among many others. These membrane proteins can
422:
alone is straw-colored, but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin: when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet, and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color. However, blood can appear bluish
583:
Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system. This animation occurs at a faster rate (~20 seconds of the average 60-second cycle) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries, as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of
2349:
Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia, active bleeding, or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss, such as prior to an operation. Before blood is given, a small sample of the recipient's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as
829:" proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time, down their concentration gradients in an energy-independent manner. There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane.
726:, besides its lipidic main constituents; and the membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer. Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins. The other half are lipids, namely
862:
An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells, effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature. Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in
1406:
Thus, the function of the circulatory system is as much about the transport of carbon dioxide as about the transport of oxygen. As stated elsewhere in this article, most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate ion. The bicarbonate provides a
603:
Adult humans have roughly 20–30 trillion red blood cells at any given time, constituting approximately 70% of all cells by number. Women have about 4–5 million red blood cells per microliter (cubic millimeter) of blood and men about 5–6 million;
1681:
of carbon dioxide in the alveoli causes carbon dioxide to diffuse rapidly from the capillary into the alveoli. The carbonic anhydrase in the red cells keeps the bicarbonate ion in equilibrium with carbon dioxide. So as carbon dioxide leaves the capillary, and
762:
in equal proportions by weight. The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity. Additionally, the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer.
634:. Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume. Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98% of the oxygen in the body (the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the
966:
perform a wide diversity of functions, such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane, adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells, as signaling receptors, as well as other currently unknown functions. The
2538:
was mixed with red blood cells, thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups. A year later Alfred von
Decastello and Adriano Sturli, two colleagues of Landsteiner, identified a fourth blood group—AB.
2113:
is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules. When these release their oxygen load in the tissues, they become insoluble, leading to mis-shaped red blood cells. These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and
508:). Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm. Overall, mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny
1946:, red blood cell programmed death. This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis, balancing the total circulating red blood cell count. Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including
3864:
Acid Base Status: The transport of CO2 has a profound effect on the acid-base status of blood and the body as a whole. The lung excretes over 10,000 mEq of carbonic acid per day compared to less than 100 mEq of fixed acids by the
321:
There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells, as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size. Mammalian red blood cells, which do not contain nuclei, are considerably smaller than those of most other
450:
blood, higher concentrations of oxygen, and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species; red blood cell width is on average about 25% larger than
1622:
832:
The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer (such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons:
1289:
is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell. The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is
443:, forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color. Flushed, confused patients with a saturation reading of 100% on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning.
4054:
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissue cells in the gaseous form (but not to a significant effect in the bicarbonate form because the cell membrane is far less permeable to bicarbonate than to the dissolved
1013:– Anion transporter, also an important structural component of the red blood cell membrane, makes up to 25% of the cell membrane surface, each red cell contains approximately one million copies. Defines the
2314:
to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood-borne diseases, or will not suffer themselves by giving blood. Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious
2516:
provided another microscopic description in 1674, this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells, even approximating their size, "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".
484:-shaped rim on the edge of the disk. This shape allows for a high surface-area-to-volume (SA/V) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases. However, there are some exceptions concerning shape in the
446:
Having oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells (as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less
1739:, a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls. It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide.
1401:
5029:
A team of researchers led by the
National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant unit recently launched the first clinical trial to transfuse lab-grown red blood cells into a live human.
5016:
844:
red cells that expose PS at their outer surface. Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the
694:
in mammals consist of two forms: normoblasts, which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells, and megaloblasts, which are abnormally large precursors that occur in
352:); they live in very oxygen-rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood. While they no longer use hemoglobin, remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their
286:. Each circulation takes about 60 seconds (one minute). Approximately 84% of the cells in the human body are the 20–30 trillion red blood cells. Nearly half of the blood's volume (
5201:
1665:
In summary, carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration diffuses very rapidly to areas of lower concentration, specifically into nearby capillaries. When it diffuses into a RBC, CO
348:
and humans, have red blood cells. Red blood cells are cells present in blood to transport oxygen. The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish (family
2909:
Gulliver G (1875). "On the size and shape of red corpuscles of the blood of vertebrates, with drawings of them to a uniform scale, and extended and revised tables of measurements".
5008:
2361:
had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab. The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus; this was achieved by growing the cells on
2060:(or anaemias) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood, because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin.
1852:
to mature red blood cells in about 7 days. When matured, in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days (and 80 to 90 days in a full term
227:
that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells and the blood. Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million hemoglobin molecules. The
2039:
2342:
on the cell's surface. After this process, the blood is stored, and within a short duration is used. Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as
6741:
1669:
is rapidly converted by the carbonic anhydrase found on the inside of the RBC membrane into bicarbonate ion. The bicarbonate ions in turn leave the RBC in exchange for
3970:
In plasma about 5% of CO2 is in physical solution 94% as bicarbonate and 1% as carbamino compounds; in the erythrocytes the corresponding figures are 7%, 82% and 11%.
5937:
6119:
5247:
638:). The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the total iron contained in the body.
5194:
5982:
106:
5252:
3543:
Yazdanbakhsh K, Lomas-Francis C, Reid ME (October 2000). "Blood groups and diseases associated with inherited abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane".
1634:
The second major contribution of RBC to carbon dioxide transport is that carbon dioxide directly reacts with globin protein components of hemoglobin to form
766:
Unlike cholesterol, which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets, the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed, as shown below:
4511:
Tilton WM, Seaman C, Carriero D, Piomelli S (August 1991). "Regulation of glycolysis in the erythrocyte: role of the lactate/pyruvate and NAD/NADH ratios".
1867:
is the process by which new red blood cells are produced; it lasts about 7 days. Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red
2070:
is the most common anemia; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient, and hemoglobin, which contains iron, cannot be formed.
1898:
The functional lifetime of a red blood cell is about 100–120 days, during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push (in
2570:
593:
5543:
5187:
2146:, causing the cells to be small, sphere-shaped, and fragile instead of donut-shaped and flexible. These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the
492:
including cattle, deer, and their relatives), which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies: small and highly ovaloid cells in
6708:
710:
plays many roles in this. These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition. The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers: the
4316:
Ulker P, Sati L, Celik-Ozenci C, Meiselman HJ, Baskurt OK (2009). "Mechanical stimulation of nitric oxide synthesizing mechanisms in erythrocytes".
2241:(or erythrocytoses) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells. The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms.
1454:
is transported as bicarbonate. At physiological pH the equilibrium strongly favors carbonic acid, which is mostly dissociated into bicarbonate ion.
746:
The most common red blood cell membrane lipids, schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer. Relative abundances are not at scale.
5824:
1627:
The H+ ions released by this rapid reaction within RBC, while still in the capillary, act to reduce the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin, the
1460:
592:
and a thickness at the thickest point of 2–2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8–1 μm, being much smaller than most other
5242:
1677:
colocated in the RBC membrane. The bicarbonate ion does not diffuse back out of the capillary, but is carried to the lung. In the lung the lower
1978:. Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK.
1162:-based macromolecular complex – proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with
5581:
2426:, which are variations in red blood cell shape. When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack, flat side next to flat side. This is known as
1974:. Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock, oxidative stress, and energy depletion, as well as by a wide variety of endogenous mediators and
608:
with low oxygen tension will have more. Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles: there are about 4,000–11,000
1856:). At the end of their lifespan, they are removed from circulation. In many chronic diseases, the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced.
1662:. That is, there is always an abundance of bicarbonate in blood, both venous and arterial, because of its aforementioned role as a pH buffer.
2001:
Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body. The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron (Fe) and
813:
This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy-dependent and energy-independent
515:
Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature. They do have nuclei during early phases of
504:), and cells which assume fusiform, lanceolate, crescentic, and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti (family
326:
6112:
1967:
1791:
519:, but extrude them during development as they mature; this provides more space for hemoglobin. The red blood cells without nuclei, called
6626:
6239:
5819:
2523:
in
Bologna was able to demonstrate the presence of iron by passing magnets over the powder or ash remaining from heated red blood cells.
2630:
5829:
5702:
605:
5155:
5041:
6756:
4443:
Jiang N, Tan NS, Ho B, Ding JL (October 2007). "Respiratory protein-generated reactive oxygen species as an antimicrobial strategy".
2223:
parasite spends part of its life-cycle in red blood cells, feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart, causing fever. Both
1240:– defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype (lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens);
4026:
Despite being a heavier molecule, because it is more soluble, the relative rate of diffusion of CO2 is about 20 times the rate of O2
1906:) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries. They are also recycled in the bone marrow.
669:, where five different clades has evolved various degrees of enucleated red blood cells (most evolved in some species of the genus
6746:
3238:
McLaren CE, Brittenham GM, Hasselblad V (April 1987). "Statistical and graphical evaluation of erythrocyte volume distributions".
6105:
1812:(although it does contain RNAs), and consequently cannot divide and have limited repair capabilities. The inability to carry out
3168:
Goodman SR, Kurdia A, Ammann L, Kakhniashvili D, Daescu O (December 2007). "The human red blood cell proteome and interactome".
878:. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability. PIP2 enhances the binding of
706:
Red blood cells are deformable, flexible, are able to adhere to other cells, and are able to interface with immune cells. Their
5845:
2264:
278:
as the sack. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults. The cells develop in the
6701:
5814:
3772:
Denomme GA (July 2004). "The structure and function of the molecules that carry human red blood cell and platelet antigens".
3349:
3020:
2991:
2727:
1450:
very rapidly, while the red cells are still moving through the capillary. Thus it is the RBC that ensures that most of the CO
867:
512:, as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape, where they efficiently release their oxygen load.
6736:
1426:
transport process, for two reasons. First, because, besides hemoglobin, they contain a large number of copies of the enzyme
480:
are typically shaped as biconcave disks: flattened and depressed in the center, with a dumbbell-shaped cross section, and a
5840:
2331:
1430:
on the inside of their cell membrane. Carbonic anhydrase, as its name suggests, acts as a catalyst of the exchange between
825:" do the opposite operation, against a concentration gradient in an energy-dependent manner. Additionally, there are also "
575:
Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a darker red deoxygenated drop on the right.
5127:
3725:"Clinical and Functional Relevance of the Monocarboxylate Transporter Family in Disease Pathophysiology and Drug Therapy"
2330:(A, B, AB, or O) or the blood product is identified and matched with the recipient's blood to minimise the likelihood of
1067:– gas transporter, probably of carbon dioxide, defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh
987:
3998:
from figure 41-5 Hgb.CO2 is about 23% and bicarbonate is about 70% of the total carbon dioxide transported to the lungs.
2534:—A, B, and C (which he later renamed to O). Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when
859:
and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer.
600:
with a surface area of about 136 μm, and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL, without membrane distension.
5574:
4983:
3212:
2365:
from the bone marrow. It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions.
1447:
1319:, as illustrated schematically here with a unit of carbohydrate, produces about as many molecules of carbon dioxide, CO
951:
926:
that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate
3123:
Gregory TR (2001). "The bigger the C-value, the larger the cell: genome size and red blood cell size in vertebrates".
1333:
6791:
5857:
4651:
4495:
4416:"Red blood cells do more than just carry oxygen; New findings by NUS team show they aggressively attack bacteria too"
4136:
4104:
4076:
4047:
4019:
3991:
3945:
3917:
3889:
3857:
3829:
3222:
6824:
6771:
6731:
6694:
1886:(EPO), synthesised by the kidney. Just before and after leaving the bone marrow, the developing cells are known as
684:
The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent
113:
2118:, meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage, pain, strokes, and other tissue damage.
3806:
Tokumasu F, Ostera GR, Amaratunga C, Fairhurst RM (2012) Modifications in erythrocyte membrane zeta potential by
3632:
Rodi PM, Trucco VM, Gennaro AM (June 2008). "Factors determining detergent resistance of erythrocyte membranes".
2400:
1674:
931:
455:
diameter, and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues.
3836:
The
Respiratory Exchange Ratio is 1:1 when carbohydrate is consumed, it is as low as 0.7 when fat is consumed.
5642:
5567:
2208:
is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells. It can have several causes and can result in
1713:, which also act to dilate blood vessels, thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen.
974:
of red blood cells. Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders, such as
101:
3037:
2017:. Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to
6509:
6317:
5892:
5746:
2422:(or peripheral blood smear), where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide. This may reveal
2268:
1927:
1133:
870:(PIP2) can regulate membrane mechanical function, due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as
754:, similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells. Simply put, this lipid bilayer is composed of
1690:
on hemoglobin, sufficient bicarbonate ion converts rapidly to carbon dioxide to maintain the equilibrium.
5762:
5173:
2196:
1044:
898:" in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies. These are structures enriched in
5101:
3677:
Hempelmann E, Götze O (1984). "Characterization of membrane proteins by polychromatic silver staining".
2561:
the Iceman, a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE. These cells were discovered in May 2012.
2433:, and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated, as for instance during
4638:
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002).
1951:
845:
388:
2231:
are more common in malaria areas, because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite.
94:
6806:
5972:
5967:
5932:
5912:
5867:
5809:
3438:
Wingstrand KG (1956). "Non-nucleated erythrocytes in a teleostean fish
Maurolicus mülleri (Gmelin)".
2595:
1787:
1408:
1092:
983:
979:
659:. In comparison, the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei; the only known exceptions are
244:
3283:
Bianconi E, Piovesan A, Facchin F, Beraudi A, Casadei R, Frabetti F, et al. (1 November 2013).
3252:
2368:
A human trial is conducted in 2022, using blood cultured from stem cells obtained from donor blood.
1824:) can affect erythroid precursors while they still have DNA, as recognized by the presence of giant
1446:
transport by hemoglobin. In the presence of this catalyst carbon dioxide and carbonic acid reach an
6862:
6571:
5789:
5779:
4415:
3137:
2493:
2310:
from another person, or stored by the recipient at an earlier date. Donated blood usually requires
2139:
1942:), thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood. This process is termed
1779:
1316:
975:
927:
919:
794:
691:
89:
77:
5179:
5047:. American Association of Blood Banks, American Red Cross, America's Blood Centers. Archived from
6717:
6673:
6592:
6461:
6086:
6037:
6017:
5664:
5517:
2473:, the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected.
1766:, red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport; instead they produce the energy carrier
1141:
1137:
330:
Mature red blood cells of birds have a nucleus, however in the blood of adult females of penguin
274:, to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin, with a
4038:
Guyton AC (1976). "Ch. 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids".
3982:
Guyton AC (1976). "Ch. 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids".
3908:
Guyton AC (1976). "Ch. 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids".
3880:
Guyton AC (1976). "Ch. 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids".
3820:
Guyton AC (1976). "Ch. 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids".
3364:
2130:
is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits.
6061:
6007:
5902:
5880:
5627:
4127:
Stone WE (1973). "Ch. 6-1 Uptake and Delivery of the Respiratory Gasses". In Brobeck JR (ed.).
3483:"Genome size, cell size, and the evolution of enucleated erythrocytes in attenuate salamanders"
3247:
3132:
2585:
2531:
2462:
2343:
2067:
1767:
1703:
1442:
molecules, so it performs its essential role without needing as many copies as are needed for O
1231:
1221:
1086:
293:
142:
2142:
syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell's
6047:
6002:
5907:
5559:
2717:
2634:
2543:
2513:
2481:
2412:
2175:
2115:
1729:
1024:
723:
536:
248:
3095:
1816:
means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells. However, infection with
6857:
6852:
6847:
6801:
6776:
6668:
6012:
5927:
5917:
5799:
5741:
5620:
5594:
5281:
5048:
4368:
4172:
3896:
Reaction of Carbon Dioxide with Water in the Red Blood Cells - Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase
3494:
2937:
2756:
2466:
2335:
2311:
1798:
1253:
1034:
1014:
695:
5091:"Swammerdam, Jan (1637–1680)", McGraw Hill AccessScience, 2007. Accessed 27 December 2007.
4675:
2743:
Hatton IA, Galbraith ED, Merleau NS, Miettinen TP, Smith BM, Shander JA (September 2023).
2184:
1642:
binds to hemoglobin, and as oxygen binds in the lung, it displaces the hemoglobin bound CO
8:
6781:
6456:
6431:
5997:
5987:
5637:
5497:
5492:
5477:
5447:
5386:
5315:
5257:
4352:
2551:
2458:
2358:
2315:
2224:
2110:
2043:
1971:
1654:
in blood is bound to hemoglobin in venous blood, a greater proportion of the change in CO
1635:
1188:," which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport
1058:
775:
282:
and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by
4372:
4176:
3498:
2941:
2777:
2760:
2744:
1879:
is the main site of red blood cell production.) The production can be stimulated by the
1706:, which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow.
157:
translated as 'cell' in modern usage) in academia and medical publishing, also known as
6602:
6027:
5502:
5457:
5452:
5411:
4964:
4921:
4867:
4842:
4818:
4793:
4774:
4762:
4639:
4615:
4588:
4564:
4539:
4468:
4391:
4356:
4298:
4267:
Kleinbongard P, Schulz R, Rassaf T, Lauer T, Dejam A, Jax T, et al. (April 2006).
4244:
4219:
4195:
4160:
3749:
3724:
3609:
3584:
3515:
3482:
3463:
3420:
3322:
3193:
2961:
2828:
2801:
2703:, Handbook of Biological Physics, (ed. R.Lipowsky and E.Sackmann, vol.1, Elsevier, 1995
2674:
2649:
2252:
the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow.
2083:
2013:. The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called
1959:
1427:
1181:
1104:
806:
619:
Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation.
554:
Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. From left to right: human red blood cell,
193:
4726:
4701:
4220:"Hypoxic vasodilation by red blood cells: evidence for an s-nitrosothiol-based signal"
2871:
Pierigè F, Serafini S, Rossi L, Magnani M (January 2008). "Cell-based drug delivery".
2852:
2376:
1732:
and export of nitric oxide, which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus.
387:
back from the tissues; most waste carbon dioxide, however, is transported back to the
6786:
6466:
6081:
6076:
5962:
5659:
5590:
5533:
5522:
5512:
5472:
5467:
5406:
4956:
4952:
4913:
4872:
4823:
4766:
4731:
4647:
4620:
4569:
4520:
4491:
4460:
4396:
4333:
4290:
4249:
4200:
4132:
4100:
4072:
4043:
4015:
3987:
3941:
3913:
3885:
3853:
3825:
3789:
3754:
3705:
3659:
3614:
3560:
3520:
3455:
3378:
3345:
3314:
3265:
3261:
3218:
3185:
3150:
3016:
3009:
3007:
Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD (1993).
2987:
2953:
2888:
2833:
2782:
2723:
2679:
2575:
2520:
2408:
2303:
2297:
2249:
2079:
1813:
946:
609:
432:
301:
4925:
4472:
4302:
3696:
Iolascon A, Perrotta S, Stewart GW (March 2003). "Red blood cell membrane defects".
3467:
3424:
3326:
3197:
3064:"Red Blood Cells: Centerpiece in the Evolution of the Vertebrate Circulatory System"
1804:
Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain
1298:
residues in the membrane: their removal results in zeta potential of −6.06 mV.
6543:
6446:
6261:
5784:
5731:
5697:
5671:
5482:
5210:
4968:
4948:
4903:
4862:
4854:
4813:
4805:
4778:
4758:
4721:
4713:
4610:
4600:
4559:
4551:
4452:
4386:
4376:
4325:
4280:
4239:
4231:
4190:
4180:
3781:
3744:
3736:
3649:
3641:
3604:
3596:
3552:
3510:
3502:
3447:
3412:
3403:
Cohen WD (1982). "The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes".
3306:
3296:
3257:
3177:
3142:
3075:
2965:
2945:
2880:
2823:
2813:
2772:
2764:
2669:
2661:
2580:
2527:
2465:, which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed, are used in
2209:
2189:
2087:
1979:
1829:
1736:
1725:
1678:
189:
4717:
4235:
6492:
6281:
6213:
6097:
6071:
5885:
5652:
5647:
5462:
5396:
5351:
3600:
3301:
3284:
2979:
2818:
2260:
2159:
1915:
1743:
1198:– also involved in transport, defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh
1074:
955:
821:" move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer, while others called "
800:
571:
532:
440:
349:
82:
5160:
by Laura Dean. Searchable and downloadable online textbook in the public domain.
5074:
3481:
Mueller, R. L.; Gregory, T. R.; Gregory, S. M.; Hsieh, A.; Boore, J. L. (2008).
1728:. Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates
1658:
content between venous and arterial blood comes from the change in this bound CO
375:) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body. Oxygen can easily
6796:
6538:
6487:
6331:
6276:
6256:
6251:
6173:
6137:
5957:
5852:
5767:
5727:
5692:
5487:
5401:
5366:
5305:
4361:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4285:
4268:
4165:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3785:
3506:
2884:
2749:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2696:
2505:
2489:
2470:
2450:
2423:
2381:
2351:
2307:
2050:
1983:
1883:
1864:
1845:
1821:
1710:
1670:
1647:
1435:
1286:
1098:
1080:
890:, and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton.
685:
665:
579:
516:
424:
384:
364:
332:
267:
259:
251:
of the blood cell while traversing the circulatory system and specifically the
240:
4809:
4605:
4071:(1971 ed.). Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers. pp. 175–177.
3645:
2492:
to stimulate production of red blood cells. Both practices are banned by the
2178:
is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells.
2150:. Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known.
1617:{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2 + H2O <=>> H2CO3 <=>> HCO3- + H+}}}
996:
742:
317:
6841:
6638:
6548:
6193:
5942:
5735:
5602:
5507:
5376:
5356:
5232:
2590:
2272:
2143:
1991:
1825:
1763:
1431:
1227:
903:
883:
781:
751:
719:
715:
707:
528:
520:
380:
275:
228:
30:
4381:
4185:
3556:
2768:
1246:– defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh
993:
The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function:
6663:
6597:
6566:
6426:
6291:
6183:
6146:
6129:
5991:
5632:
5527:
5310:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5214:
4960:
4917:
4876:
4827:
4735:
4624:
4573:
4464:
4400:
4337:
4294:
4253:
4204:
4131:(9th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 6.16–6.18.
3924:
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
3793:
3758:
3709:
3663:
3618:
3564:
3524:
3459:
3318:
3189:
3154:
3146:
3080:
3063:
2957:
2892:
2837:
2786:
2683:
2504:
The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist
2477:
2454:
2434:
2362:
2238:
2009:, which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to
1987:
1923:
1887:
1751:
1717:
1699:
971:
814:
759:
727:
671:
656:
635:
436:
419:
404:
383:. Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product
263:
6686:
4524:
4329:
3968:(7th ed.). Basle, Switzerland: Ciba-Geigy Limited. pp. 570–571.
3269:
2928:
Ruud JT (May 1954). "Vertebrates without erythrocytes and blood pigment".
2802:"Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body"
2647:
1709:
When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated, red blood cells release
6340:
6223:
5947:
5774:
5610:
5371:
5320:
5291:
4770:
4014:(1971 ed.). Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers. p. 140.
3940:(1971 ed.). Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers. p. 176.
2665:
2535:
2446:
2323:
2319:
2276:
2228:
2163:
2127:
2091:
2022:
2014:
1963:
1868:
1628:
1415:
transport, there is a physiological advantage to not having a specific CO
1295:
1048:
1020:
923:
899:
895:
856:
841:
837:
755:
731:
485:
418:
The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin. The
396:
279:
224:
4538:
Kabanova S, Kleinbongard P, Volkmer J, Andrée B, Kelm M, Jax TW (2009).
4355:, Mills RW, Patel HD, Isbell TS, Patel RP, et al. (November 2007).
4269:"Red blood cells express a functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase"
3310:
3181:
2395:(the number of red blood cells per volume of blood), calculation of the
550:
6451:
6441:
6421:
6413:
6375:
6358:
6348:
6286:
6178:
5875:
5687:
5381:
5361:
5325:
5300:
5277:
4555:
3654:
3451:
3416:
2547:
2509:
2419:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2327:
2002:
1975:
1939:
1919:
1817:
1771:
1721:
1237:
1173:
1052:
967:
915:
826:
711:
677:
660:
631:
501:
427:
takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the
360:
297:
296:
are red blood cells that have been donated, processed, and stored in a
287:
283:
216:
174:
170:
5163:
4858:
3912:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. pp. 553–554.
3884:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. pp. 553–554.
3740:
1754:, which break down the pathogen's cell wall and membrane, killing it.
1294:(mV). Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed
962:
compressive forces, in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber.
6658:
6504:
6436:
6387:
6353:
6218:
6198:
6188:
5952:
5834:
5723:
5335:
5009:"Researchers are trialing lab-grown blood transfusions: What to know"
3118:
3116:
2949:
2485:
2205:
2046:, red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs.
2018:
2006:
1943:
1849:
1257:
1243:
1185:
1127:
559:
524:
509:
497:
489:
452:
447:
408:
376:
271:
252:
239:, and this structure provides properties essential for physiological
212:
205:
4908:
4891:
4067:
Comroe Jr JH (1965). "Transport and elimination of carbon dioxide".
3936:
Comroe Jr JH (1965). "Transport and elimination of carbon dioxide".
3342:
Hematology in Clinical Practice: A Guide to Diagnosis and Management
2648:
D'Alessandro A, Dzieciatkowska M, Nemkov T, Hansen KC (March 2017).
1832:, thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing
588:
A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately
119:
6631:
6525:
6404:
6392:
6368:
6363:
6151:
5707:
5615:
5538:
5431:
5421:
5391:
5330:
5209:
5169:
4456:
2428:
2284:
1899:
1783:
1217:
1211:
1207:
879:
875:
871:
822:
818:
613:
555:
505:
232:
16:
Oxygen-delivering blood cell and the most common type of blood cell
3113:
2399:(percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells), and the
1438:
of carbonic acid). Because it is a catalyst, it can affect many CO
6533:
6380:
6066:
6032:
5426:
5416:
5237:
5081:. National Academies Press (US) – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
4537:
4042:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. p. 553.
3986:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. p. 554.
3824:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. p. 556.
2484:
which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher
2339:
2220:
2010:
1955:
1880:
1775:
1163:
1159:
1145:
935:
589:
469:
204:, and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's
3167:
2558:
2557:
The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in
6621:
6497:
6161:
5977:
5548:
4939:
An X, Mohandas N (May 2008). "Disorders of red cell membrane".
3367:, University of Virginia Pathology. Accessed 22 September 2007.
2742:
2280:
2147:
2101:
is needed for the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin.
2057:
1947:
1931:
1872:
1853:
1833:
1169:
1010:
887:
849:
622:
The blood's red color is due to the spectral properties of the
597:
543:
477:
428:
412:
371:
groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules (O
353:
345:
236:
178:
56:
5589:
4315:
3282:
2650:"Red blood cell proteomics update: is there more to discover?"
2283:
strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a
2038:
2021:. Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called
6576:
6056:
6042:
6022:
5223:
4631:
4587:
Jain V, Yang WH, Wu J, Roback JD, Gregory SG, Chi JT (2022).
4266:
3542:
3006:
2418:
Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a
1935:
1903:
1876:
1747:
1269:
1123:
1110:
1030:
907:
493:
481:
4510:
4350:
4161:"Dynamics of shear-induced ATP release from red blood cells"
3952:
makes the reaction go to the right about 13000 times as fast
3383:
Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders
2512:
in 1658 to study the blood of a frog. Unaware of this work,
1890:; these constitute about 1% of circulating red blood cells.
411:, a compound related to hemoglobin, acts to store oxygen in
6051:
5922:
5897:
4490:(7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 455, 609.
4129:
Best & Taylor's Physiological basis of medical practice
3237:
2870:
1995:
1844:
Human red blood cells are produced through a process named
1291:
1263:
1195:
1064:
1040:
911:
623:
392:
368:
220:
201:
197:
3480:
1210:-based macromolecular complex – proteins interacting with
463:
6742:
Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic discovery of microbial life
6737:
Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic experiments and discoveries
4099:. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkens. pp. 77–79.
3440:
Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie
2488:. Another method of blood doping involves injection with
2476:
Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by
1809:
1805:
1750:
by pathogens such as bacteria, their hemoglobin releases
1551:
1538:
1491:
1475:
1386:
1370:
1354:
627:
439:
techniques. Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for
4676:"Scientists Explore Ways to Lure Viruses to Their Death"
3285:"An estimation of the number of cells in the human body"
2614:
1638:
compounds. As oxygen is released in the tissues, more CO
1422:
Red blood cells, nevertheless, play a key role in the CO
4749:
Harrison KL (June 1979). "Fetal erythrocyte lifespan".
4637:
3695:
5042:"Circular of Information for Blood and Blood Products"
4640:"Erythropoiesis Depends on the Hormone Erythropoietin"
4357:"Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic"
3722:
1568:
1511:
6145:
3852:. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkens. p. 80.
3344:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1.
2857:. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).
1650:. Despite the fact that only a small amount of the CO
1463:
1336:
1918:, making it susceptible to selective recognition by
4540:"Gene expression analysis of human red blood cells"
3538:
3536:
3534:
2571:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
2380:Variations of red blood cell shape, overall termed
906:associated with specific membrane proteins, namely
340:) have been observed, but with very low frequency.
6127:
4485:
4158:
4095:West JB (1974). "Gas Transport to the Periphery".
3848:West JB (1974). "Gas Transport to the Periphery".
3217:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 100.
3096:"BBC Bitesize – GCSE Biology – Blood – Revision 2"
3008:
2554:, the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen.
1914:The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its
1801:is currently assumed to be absent in these cells.
1616:
1395:
1280:
5128:"'Iceman' mummy holds world's oldest blood cells"
4589:"Single Cell RNA-Seq Analysis of Human Red Cells"
4217:
3631:
3582:
3339:
2615:Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN (2007).
1575:
1574:
1518:
1517:
1396:{\displaystyle {\ce {HCOH + O2 -> CO2 + H2O}}}
1272:- interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter.
6839:
5825:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
4586:
3964:Diem K, Lentner C, eds. (1970). "Blood Gasses".
3531:
1790:plays an important role in red blood cells; see
750:The red blood cell membrane comprises a typical
4889:
4513:The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
4159:Wan J, Ristenpart WD, Stone HA (October 2008).
3698:Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology
3676:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3015:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
2911:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2904:
2902:
2799:
2701:Biological Membranes Architecture and Function.
1742:Red blood cells also play a part in the body's
258:In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible
6747:Van Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society
4840:
4442:
4218:Diesen DL, Hess DT, Stamler JS (August 2008).
3723:Fisel P, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M (July 2018).
3585:"Red cell membrane: past, present, and future"
2440:
2200:Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure
950:Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by
894:The presence of specialized structures named "
596:. These cells have an average volume of about
500:), tiny spherical cells in mouse deer (family
6702:
6113:
5575:
5195:
4843:"Physiology and pathophysiology of eryptosis"
4699:
3061:
2275:(diagnostic) red blood cell fragments called
359:Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of
4531:
4010:Comroe J (1965). "Pulmonary Gas Diffusion".
3800:
3716:
3571:
2899:
2745:"The human cell count and size distribution"
1968:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
1792:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
686:accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome
423:when seen through the vessel wall and skin.
344:The vast majority of vertebrates, including
6716:
5820:Transfusion associated circulatory overload
4890:Föller M, Huber SM, Lang F (October 2008).
3963:
3379:"Transferrin and Iron Transport Physiology"
2711:
2709:
1970:, phosphate depletion, iron deficiency and
970:of humans are due to variations in surface
6709:
6695:
6120:
6106:
5830:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
5703:International Society of Blood Transfusion
5582:
5568:
5202:
5188:
4938:
3875:
3873:
3583:Mohandas N, Gallagher PG (November 2008).
3437:
3214:Clinical Hematology: Theory and Procedures
2654:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue
2530:published his discovery of the three main
2302:Red blood cells may be given as part of a
1256:– has been proposed to be associated with
1189:
29:
4907:
4866:
4841:Lang F, Lang E, Föller M (October 2012).
4817:
4725:
4614:
4604:
4563:
4544:International Journal of Medical Sciences
4390:
4380:
4284:
4243:
4194:
4184:
3957:
3935:
3748:
3653:
3608:
3514:
3300:
3251:
3136:
3079:
2866:
2864:
2827:
2817:
2800:Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (August 2016).
2776:
2719:Monitoring of Respiration and Circulation
2673:
2391:involve red blood cells. These include a
584:oxygenation along the circulatory system.
5164:Database of vertebrate erythrocyte sizes
4984:"First red blood cells grown in the lab"
4834:
4748:
4580:
4120:
2908:
2706:
2407:needs to be determined to prepare for a
2375:
2195:
2183:
2037:
2028:
1306:
1184:into a macromolecular complex termed a "
995:
945:
741:
578:
570:
549:
462:
325:
316:
6627:Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell
4981:
4791:
4486:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2012).
4097:Respiratory Physiology – the essentials
4060:
4031:
4003:
3975:
3901:
3870:
3850:Respiratory Physiology – the essentials
3771:
3340:Hillman RS, Ault KA, Rinder HM (2005).
3210:
3122:
2978:
2690:
2053:involving the red blood cells include:
2025:, which is not excreted by the kidney.
1797:As red blood cells contain no nucleus,
1559:
1502:
701:
523:, subsequently lose all other cellular
35:3D rendering of human red blood cells (
6840:
5125:
5072:
5015:. MedicalNewsToday. 11 November 2022.
4673:
4413:
4083:the buffering occurred in the red cell
4037:
3981:
3929:
3907:
3879:
3819:
3813:
3055:
3035:
2861:
2265:disseminated intravascular coagulation
1893:
1693:
1000:Red blood cell membrane major proteins
655:when mature, meaning that they lack a
6690:
6101:
5815:Transfusion related acute lung injury
5563:
5183:
5077:. In Sparacino L, Manning FJ (eds.).
5019:from the original on 15 November 2022
3841:
3402:
3125:Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases
2453:, which separates the cells from the
2445:Red blood cells can be obtained from
1757:
1702:in constricted vessels, they release
934:levels, and thus regulating entry of
868:phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
817:transport proteins. Proteins called "
196:. Erythrocytes take up oxygen in the
4847:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
4794:"Red blood cell population dynamics"
4094:
4088:
3847:
2927:
2850:
2715:
2332:acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
1716:Red blood cells can also synthesize
1673:from the plasma, facilitated by the
941:
4892:"Erythrocyte programmed cell death"
4700:Heegaard ED, Brown KE (July 2002).
4646:(4th ed.). New York: Garland.
3376:
3068:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2844:
2357:In 2008 it was reported that human
1557:
1500:
988:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
886:but decreases its interaction with
13:
5157:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
5079:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
4763:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1979.tb01197.x
3729:Clinical and Translational Science
3240:The American Journal of Physiology
2854:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
2338:. This relates to the presence of
2162:is caused by the inability of the
1136:– a glycoprotein that defines the
737:
714:on the exterior, which is rich in
14:
6874:
6792:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (journal)
6772:Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis
5858:Transfusion transmitted infection
5176:site containing facts and history
5149:
3966:Documenta Geigy Scientific Tables
3170:Experimental Biology and Medicine
1735:Red blood cells can also produce
1434:and carbon dioxide (which is the
1023:– water transporter, defines the
938:parasites into normal red cells.
641:
177:'s principal means of delivering
6820:
6819:
6755:
4953:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07091.x
3262:10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.4.H857
114:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
5119:
5094:
5085:
5066:
5034:
5001:
4975:
4932:
4883:
4785:
4742:
4693:
4667:
4504:
4479:
4436:
4407:
4344:
4309:
4260:
4211:
4152:
3765:
3689:
3670:
3625:
3474:
3431:
3396:
3370:
3358:
3333:
3276:
3231:
3204:
3161:
3088:
3029:
3000:
2972:
2921:
2005:. The biliverdin is reduced to
1411:. Thus, unlike hemoglobin for O
1281:Surface electrostatic potential
651:Red blood cells in mammals are
606:people living at high altitudes
215:of a red blood cell is rich in
5102:"Max F. Perutz – Biographical"
4941:British Journal of Haematology
4798:Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
4040:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3984:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3910:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3882:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3822:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3062:Snyder GK, Sheafor BA (1999).
2873:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
2793:
2736:
2641:
2623:
2608:
2401:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
2291:
1762:As a result of not containing
1675:band 3 anion transport protein
1577:
1560:
1520:
1503:
1357:
1230:and D – glycoprotein, defines
312:
169:, are the most common type of
1:
6732:Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes
5448:Peritoneal dialysis solutions
5073:Valeri CR (8 February 1996).
4751:Australian Paediatric Journal
4718:10.1128/CMR.15.3.485-505.2002
4706:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
4644:Molecular biology of the cell
4414:Kesava S (1 September 2007).
4236:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.176867
3679:Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem
2601:
2279:. These pathologies generate
1909:
1839:
1698:When red blood cells undergo
1323:, as it consumes of oxygen, O
379:through the red blood cell's
153: 'hollow vessel', with -
36:
6318:Extramedullary hematopoiesis
5747:Intraoperative blood salvage
5075:"Frozen Red Cell Technology"
4982:Coghlan A (19 August 2008).
4126:
3774:Transfusion Medicine Reviews
3601:10.1182/blood-2008-07-161166
3545:Transfusion Medicine Reviews
3302:10.3109/03014460.2013.807878
2819:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533
2269:thrombotic microangiopathies
1928:mononuclear phagocyte system
1848:, developing from committed
336:enucleated red blood cells (
307:
192:—via blood flow through the
7:
5763:Blood compatibility testing
5345:Irrigating solutions (B05C)
5226:and related products (B05A)
4066:
4009:
2564:
2441:Separation and blood doping
1994:and high concentrations of
1859:
1301:
1176:enzymes, the presumptive CO
1045:Monocarboxylate transporter
10:
6879:
4674:Zimmer C (27 March 2007).
4286:10.1182/blood-2005-10-3992
3786:10.1016/j.tmrv.2004.03.006
3507:10.1016/j.zool.2007.07.010
3036:Anthis N (17 April 2008).
2885:10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.029
2499:
2295:
2033:
1952:haemolytic uremic syndrome
1808:and cannot synthesize any
1266:– interaction with band 3;
846:reticuloendothelial system
646:
612:and about 150,000–400,000
458:
266:(which is expelled during
6815:
6764:
6753:
6724:
6651:
6611:
6585:
6557:
6524:
6484:Antigen-presenting cells
6477:
6412:
6403:
6339:
6330:
6310:
6272:
6247:
6238:
6209:
6169:
6160:
6136:
5866:
5810:Transfusion hemosiderosis
5798:
5755:
5716:
5680:
5601:
5440:
5344:
5290:
5222:
5213:and perfusion solutions (
4810:10.1016/j.cll.2014.10.002
4792:Higgins JM (March 2015).
4606:10.3389/fphys.2022.828700
4069:Physiology of Respiration
4012:Physiology of Respiration
3938:Physiology of Respiration
3646:10.1016/j.bpc.2008.02.015
2984:The Making of the Fittest
2722:. CRC Press. p. 27.
2619:(8th ed.). Saunders.
2596:Er blood group collection
2261:microangiopathic diseases
1828:with viral particles and
1788:pentose phosphate pathway
1172:– also assembles various
984:hereditary stomatocytosis
980:hereditary elliptocytosis
855:Premature destruction of
692:Nucleated red blood cells
675:), and fish of the genus
112:
100:
88:
76:
68:
63:
52:
47:
28:
23:
6572:Nucleated red blood cell
6128:Myeloid blood cells and
5790:Monocyte monolayer assay
3810:infection. Exp Parasitol
3011:Human Biology and Health
2550:was able to unravel the
2508:, who had used an early
2494:World Anti-Doping Agency
2371:
2140:Hereditary spherocytosis
1871:of large bones. (In the
1780:lactic acid fermentation
1087:Na K 2Cl – cotransporter
976:hereditary spherocytosis
795:Phosphatidylethanolamine
566:
149: 'red' and
6718:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
6674:Hematopoietic stem cell
6593:Leukocyte extravasation
6462:Foreign-body giant cell
5665:Granulocyte transfusion
5518:Sodium glycerophosphate
5126:Pappas S (2 May 2012).
4593:Frontiers in Physiology
4382:10.1073/pnas.0705710104
4186:10.1073/pnas.0805779105
3557:10.1053/tmrv.2000.16232
3289:Annals of Human Biology
2769:10.1073/pnas.2303077120
2617:Robbins Basic Pathology
2552:structure of hemoglobin
2166:to produce blood cells.
2086:wherein the body lacks
930:signaling and increase
476:The red blood cells of
5248:Hemoglobin crosfumaril
4702:"Human parvovirus B19"
3147:10.1006/bcmd.2001.0457
2586:Red blood cell indices
2463:Packed red blood cells
2457:in a process known as
2384:
2344:packed red blood cells
2201:
2193:
2068:Iron deficiency anemia
2047:
1794:for more information.
1618:
1419:transporter molecule.
1397:
1035:L-dehydroascorbic acid
1001:
958:
920:β-adrenergic receptors
747:
724:transmembrane proteins
585:
576:
563:
473:
341:
323:
294:Packed red blood cells
290:) is red blood cells.
5800:Transfusion reactions
4330:10.3233/BIR-2009-0532
3808:Plasmodium falciparum
3634:Biophysical Chemistry
3246:(4 Pt 2): H857–H866.
3038:"Why Are Veins Blue?"
2544:X-ray crystallography
2514:Anton van Leeuwenhoek
2482:cardiovascular system
2413:organ transplantation
2379:
2199:
2187:
2176:Pure red cell aplasia
2090:, required to absorb
2041:
2029:Clinical significance
1982:of eryptosis include
1730:nitric oxide synthase
1720:enzymatically, using
1646:, this is called the
1619:
1398:
1220:– weak expression of
1093:Na-Cl – cotransporter
999:
949:
928:β2-adregenic receptor
803:(PI) (small amounts).
745:
696:megaloblastic anemias
582:
574:
553:
537:endoplasmic reticulum
466:
389:pulmonary capillaries
329:
320:
6777:Leeuwenhoek (crater)
6669:Hematopoietic system
6457:Langhans giant cells
5780:Kleihauer–Betke test
5742:Exchange transfusion
5621:Platelet transfusion
5595:transfusion medicine
5316:Protein hydrolysates
5282:umbilical cord blood
5013:medicalnewstoday.com
4224:Circulation Research
3081:10.1093/icb/39.2.189
2666:10.2450/2017.0293-16
2467:transfusion medicine
2359:embryonic stem cells
2336:transfusion reaction
2316:blood-borne diseases
2097:from food. Vitamin B
1799:protein biosynthesis
1724:as substrate, as do
1461:
1334:
1138:Lutheran blood group
1105:K-Cl – cotransporter
1059:Kidd antigen protein
848:, especially in the
722:which contains many
702:Membrane composition
6782:Leeuwenhoek Lecture
6432:Alveolar macrophage
5868:Blood group systems
5803:and adverse effects
5638:Fresh frozen plasma
5498:Magnesium phosphate
5478:Potassium phosphate
5441:Others (B05D, B05X)
5387:Ethacridine lactate
5258:Hydroxyethyl starch
5253:Hemoglobin raffimer
4373:2007PNAS..10417977B
4367:(46): 17977–17982.
4177:2008PNAS..10516432W
4171:(43): 16432–16437.
3499:2008Zool..111..218M
3211:Turgeon ML (2004).
3182:10.3181/0706-MR-156
2942:1954Natur.173..848R
2761:2023PNAS..12003077H
2755:(39): e2303077120.
2542:In 1959, by use of
2459:blood fractionation
2225:sickle-cell disease
2111:Sickle-cell disease
2044:Sickle-cell disease
1894:Functional lifetime
1786:. Furthermore, the
1694:Secondary functions
1636:carbaminohemoglobin
1599:
1563:
1553:
1540:
1506:
1493:
1477:
1388:
1372:
1356:
1232:Gerbich Blood Group
1061:– urea transporter;
776:Phosphatidylcholine
496:and camels (family
403:) dissolved in the
6603:Intrinsic immunity
6467:Touton giant cells
5503:Magnesium chloride
5458:Sodium bicarbonate
5453:Potassium chloride
5412:Sodium bicarbonate
5054:on 30 October 2011
4680:The New York Times
4556:10.7150/ijms.6.156
3452:10.1007/BF00338830
3417:10.1007/BF01283036
2385:
2202:
2194:
2084:autoimmune disease
2048:
1960:sickle cell anemia
1758:Cellular processes
1614:
1585:
1581:
1565:
1541:
1528:
1524:
1508:
1481:
1465:
1428:carbonic anhydrase
1409:critical pH buffer
1393:
1376:
1360:
1344:
1182:carbonic anhydrase
1140:and also known as
1051:to the liver. See
1025:Colton Blood Group
1002:
959:
807:Phosphatidylserine
748:
586:
577:
564:
474:
342:
324:
194:circulatory system
137:), referred to as
95:H2.00.04.1.01001
6833:
6832:
6787:Leeuwenhoek Medal
6684:
6683:
6647:
6646:
6520:
6519:
6447:Epithelioid cells
6326:
6325:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6234:
6233:
6095:
6094:
5672:Blood substitutes
5660:White blood cells
5591:Blood transfusion
5557:
5556:
5534:Potassium acetate
5523:Potassium lactate
5513:Hydrochloric acid
5473:Magnesium sulfate
5468:Ammonium chloride
5407:Magnesium citrate
5211:Blood substitutes
4859:10.1159/000342534
4451:(10): 1114–1122.
4445:Nature Immunology
4423:The Straits Times
3741:10.1111/cts.12551
3595:(10): 3939–3948.
3351:978-0-07-144035-6
3176:(11): 1391–1408.
3022:978-0-13-981176-0
2993:978-0-393-06163-5
2936:(4410): 848–850.
2729:978-0-203-50328-7
2576:Altitude training
2521:Vincenzo Menghini
2409:blood transfusion
2304:blood transfusion
2298:Blood transfusion
2250:polycythemia vera
2080:Pernicious anemia
1814:protein synthesis
1782:on the resulting
1726:endothelial cells
1686:is displaced by O
1606:
1588:
1583:
1544:
1531:
1526:
1496:
1484:
1468:
1391:
1379:
1363:
1347:
1340:
1180:transporter, and
1148:-binding protein.
1126:– interacts with
1015:Diego Blood Group
942:Membrane proteins
880:protein band 4.1R
863:microcirculation.
610:white blood cells
488:order (even-toed
433:oxygen saturation
302:blood transfusion
243:function such as
200:, or in fish the
128:
127:
123:
6870:
6823:
6822:
6807:Leeuwenhoekiella
6759:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6688:
6687:
6618:Precursor cells
6544:Promegakaryocyte
6410:
6409:
6337:
6336:
6262:Promegakaryocyte
6245:
6244:
6167:
6166:
6158:
6157:
6143:
6142:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6099:
6098:
5785:Antibody elution
5732:plateletpheresis
5698:Blood management
5681:General concepts
5584:
5577:
5570:
5561:
5560:
5544:Alanyl glutamine
5493:Sodium phosphate
5483:Calcium chloride
5294:solutions (B05B)
5204:
5197:
5190:
5181:
5180:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5046:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4911:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4729:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4608:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4384:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4288:
4279:(7): 2943–2951.
4264:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4188:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3817:
3811:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3580:
3569:
3568:
3540:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3304:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3255:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3140:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3014:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2950:10.1038/173848a0
2925:
2919:
2918:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2716:Blom JA (2003).
2713:
2704:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2637:on 23 July 2016.
2633:. Archived from
2627:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2581:Blood substitute
2528:Karl Landsteiner
2210:hemolytic anemia
2190:osmotic pressure
2088:intrinsic factor
1972:Wilson's disease
1830:inclusion bodies
1737:hydrogen sulfide
1679:partial pressure
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1290:−15.7 milli
616:per microliter.
333:Pygoscelis papua
187:
120:edit on Wikidata
117:
41:
38:
33:
21:
20:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6863:1658 in science
6838:
6837:
6834:
6829:
6811:
6760:
6751:
6720:
6715:
6685:
6680:
6643:
6607:
6586:Immune response
6581:
6559:Red blood cells
6553:
6516:
6493:Langerhans cell
6488:Dendritic cells
6473:
6399:
6322:
6298:
6282:Proerythroblast
6268:
6230:
6214:Monocytopoiesis
6205:
6149:
6132:
6126:
6096:
6091:
5886:Secretor status
5862:
5802:
5794:
5751:
5712:
5676:
5653:Cryosupernatant
5648:Cryoprecipitate
5628:Red blood cells
5597:
5588:
5558:
5553:
5463:Sodium chloride
5436:
5397:Sodium chloride
5352:Cetylpyridinium
5340:
5306:Lipid emulsions
5286:
5218:
5208:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5124:
5120:
5110:
5108:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5022:
5020:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4990:
4980:
4976:
4937:
4933:
4909:10.1002/iub.106
4902:(10): 661–668.
4888:
4884:
4839:
4835:
4790:
4786:
4747:
4743:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4682:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4636:
4632:
4585:
4581:
4536:
4532:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4484:
4480:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4349:
4345:
4314:
4310:
4265:
4261:
4216:
4212:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4143:Transport of CO
4139:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4065:
4061:
4050:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3980:
3976:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3878:
3871:
3860:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3818:
3814:
3805:
3801:
3770:
3766:
3721:
3717:
3694:
3690:
3675:
3671:
3630:
3626:
3581:
3572:
3541:
3532:
3479:
3475:
3436:
3432:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3375:
3371:
3365:Iron Metabolism
3363:
3359:
3352:
3338:
3334:
3281:
3277:
3253:10.1.1.1000.348
3236:
3232:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3166:
3162:
3121:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2986:. W.W. Norton.
2977:
2973:
2926:
2922:
2907:
2900:
2869:
2862:
2851:Dean L (2005).
2849:
2845:
2812:(8): e1002533.
2798:
2794:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2714:
2707:
2695:
2691:
2646:
2642:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2567:
2502:
2471:plasma donation
2443:
2374:
2306:. Blood may be
2300:
2294:
2271:, present with
2160:Aplastic anemia
2100:
2095:
2036:
2031:
1922:and subsequent
1916:plasma membrane
1912:
1896:
1862:
1842:
1820:(such as human
1760:
1744:immune response
1711:S-Nitrosothiols
1696:
1689:
1685:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1589:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1385:
1380:
1369:
1364:
1353:
1348:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1283:
1249:
1201:
1179:
1153:Structural role
1070:
944:
801:Phosphoinositol
789:Inner monolayer
770:Outer monolayer
740:
738:Membrane lipids
704:
649:
644:
569:
533:Golgi apparatus
461:
441:carbon monoxide
402:
374:
350:Channichthyidae
315:
310:
276:plasma membrane
260:biconcave disks
231:is composed of
186:
182:
163:erythroid cells
131:Red blood cells
124:
43:
39:
24:Red blood cells
17:
12:
11:
5:
6876:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6797:Leeuwenhoeckia
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6725:General topics
6722:
6721:
6714:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6691:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6666:
6661:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6539:Megakaryoblast
6536:
6530:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6418:
6416:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6334:
6332:Myeloid tissue
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6277:Erythropoiesis
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6257:Megakaryoblast
6252:Thrombopoiesis
6248:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6174:Granulopoiesis
6170:
6164:
6155:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6102:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5878:
5872:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5853:Serum sickness
5850:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5768:Cross-matching
5759:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5728:plasmapheresis
5720:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5693:Blood donation
5690:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5630:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5603:Blood products
5599:
5598:
5587:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5564:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5488:Sodium acetate
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5402:Sodium citrate
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5367:Sulfamethizole
5364:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5243:Gelatin agents
5240:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5220:
5219:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5161:
5151:
5150:External links
5148:
5145:
5144:
5118:
5106:NobelPrize.org
5093:
5084:
5065:
5033:
5000:
4974:
4947:(3): 367–375.
4931:
4882:
4853:(5): 308–314.
4833:
4784:
4741:
4712:(3): 485–505.
4692:
4666:
4652:
4630:
4579:
4550:(4): 156–159.
4530:
4519:(2): 146–152.
4503:
4496:
4478:
4457:10.1038/ni1501
4435:
4406:
4351:Benavides GA,
4343:
4324:(2): 121–132.
4308:
4259:
4230:(5): 545–553.
4210:
4151:
4147:as Bicarbonate
4144:
4137:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4087:
4077:
4059:
4048:
4030:
4020:
4002:
3992:
3974:
3956:
3946:
3928:
3918:
3900:
3890:
3869:
3858:
3840:
3830:
3812:
3799:
3780:(3): 203–231.
3764:
3735:(4): 352–364.
3715:
3688:
3669:
3640:(1–3): 14–18.
3624:
3570:
3551:(4): 364–374.
3530:
3493:(3): 218–230.
3473:
3446:(2): 195–200.
3430:
3395:
3369:
3357:
3350:
3332:
3295:(6): 463–471.
3275:
3230:
3223:
3203:
3160:
3138:10.1.1.22.9555
3131:(5): 830–843.
3112:
3087:
3074:(2): 189–198.
3054:
3028:
3021:
2999:
2992:
2971:
2920:
2898:
2879:(2): 286–295.
2860:
2843:
2792:
2735:
2728:
2705:
2697:Erich Sackmann
2689:
2660:(2): 182–187.
2640:
2622:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2519:In the 1740s,
2506:Jan Swammerdam
2501:
2498:
2490:erythropoietin
2451:centrifugation
2442:
2439:
2424:poikilocytosis
2382:poikilocytosis
2373:
2370:
2352:cross-matching
2296:Main article:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2214:
2213:
2192:on blood cells
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2051:Blood diseases
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
1992:catecholamines
1984:erythropoietin
1911:
1908:
1895:
1892:
1884:erythropoietin
1865:Erythropoiesis
1861:
1858:
1846:erythropoiesis
1841:
1838:
1826:pronormoblasts
1822:parvovirus B19
1759:
1756:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:Haldane effect
1643:
1639:
1625:
1624:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1579:
1572:
1562:
1548:
1535:
1522:
1515:
1505:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1287:zeta potential
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1225:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1177:
1150:
1149:
1131:
1115:
1114:
1111:Gardos Channel
1108:
1102:
1099:Na-H exchanger
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1047:for exporting
1038:
1033:– glucose and
1028:
1018:
943:
940:
892:
891:
888:protein band 3
864:
860:
853:
840:recognize and
811:
810:
804:
798:
786:
785:
779:
739:
736:
703:
700:
666:Plethodontidae
663:of the family
648:
645:
643:
642:Microstructure
640:
568:
565:
527:such as their
517:erythropoiesis
460:
457:
425:Pulse oximetry
400:
385:carbon dioxide
372:
365:metalloprotein
314:
311:
309:
306:
262:. They lack a
188:) to the body
184:
126:
125:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6875:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6836:
6826:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6758:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6712:
6707:
6705:
6700:
6698:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6640:
6639:Myelomonocyte
6637:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6550:
6549:Megakaryocyte
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6427:Kupffer cells
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Metamyelocyte
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6138:Hematopoiesis
6135:
6131:
6123:
6118:
6116:
6111:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5903:Chido-Rodgers
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5736:leukapheresis
5733:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5580:
5578:
5573:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:Zinc chloride
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:Mandelic acid
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:Chlorhexidine
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Carbohydrates
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Serum albumin
5231:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5088:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5050:
5043:
5037:
5030:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5004:
4989:
4988:New Scientist
4985:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4655:
4653:0-8153-4072-9
4649:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4626:
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4106:0-683-08932-3
4102:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4080:
4078:0-8151-1824-4
4074:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4051:
4049:0-7216-4393-0
4045:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4023:
4021:0-8151-1824-4
4017:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3995:
3993:0-7216-4393-0
3989:
3985:
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3971:
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3953:
3949:
3947:0-8151-1824-4
3943:
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3932:
3925:
3921:
3919:0-7216-4393-0
3915:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3893:
3891:0-7216-4393-0
3887:
3883:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3861:
3859:0-683-08932-3
3855:
3851:
3844:
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3833:
3831:0-7216-4393-0
3827:
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3100:www.bbc.co.uk
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2681:
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2667:
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2651:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2631:"Blood Cells"
2626:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Serum (blood)
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
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2569:
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2562:
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2430:
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2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:stromal cells
2360:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2326:and HIV. The
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:pathognomonic
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:Polycythemias
2237:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2144:cell membrane
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1888:reticulocytes
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1752:free radicals
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:chloride ions
1663:
1649:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1570:
1546:
1533:
1513:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1432:carbonic acid
1429:
1420:
1410:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1349:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:Duffy protein
1252:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:Glycophorin C
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:Cell adhesion
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:Na/K – ATPase
1073:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
998:
994:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:glycoproteins
969:
963:
957:
956:silverstained
953:
948:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:sphingolipids
901:
897:
889:
885:
884:glycophorin C
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:
835:
834:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
792:
791:
790:
783:
782:Sphingomyelin
780:
777:
774:
773:
772:
771:
767:
764:
761:
760:phospholipids
757:
753:
752:lipid bilayer
744:
735:
733:
729:
728:phospholipids
725:
721:
720:lipid bilayer
717:
716:carbohydrates
713:
709:
699:
697:
693:
689:
687:
682:
680:
679:
674:
673:
668:
667:
662:
658:
654:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
617:
615:
611:
607:
601:
599:
595:
591:
581:
573:
561:
557:
552:
548:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:reticulocytes
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
471:
465:
456:
454:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:cell membrane
378:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
339:
335:
334:
328:
319:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
245:deformability
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:cell membrane
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:, and rarely
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:Ancient Greek
140:
136:
132:
121:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
58:
55:
51:
46:
40: 6–8 μm
32:
27:
22:
19:
6835:
6765:Recognitions
6598:Phagocytosis
6567:Reticulocyte
6558:
6341:Granulocytes
6292:Reticulocyte
6184:Promyelocyte
6147:Myelopoiesis
5528:Cardioplegia
5321:Electrolytes
5273:Blood plasma
5268:Thrombocytes
5263:Erythrocytes
5156:
5135:. Retrieved
5131:
5121:
5109:. Retrieved
5105:
5096:
5087:
5078:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5049:the original
5036:
5028:
5021:. Retrieved
5012:
5003:
4991:. Retrieved
4987:
4977:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4850:
4846:
4836:
4804:(1): 43–57.
4801:
4797:
4787:
4757:(2): 96–97.
4754:
4750:
4744:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4683:. Retrieved
4679:
4669:
4657:. Retrieved
4643:
4633:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4488:Biochemistry
4487:
4481:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4422:
4409:
4364:
4360:
4353:Squadrito GL
4346:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4142:
4128:
4122:
4110:
4096:
4090:
4082:
4068:
4062:
4053:
4039:
4033:
4025:
4011:
4005:
3997:
3983:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3951:
3937:
3931:
3923:
3909:
3903:
3895:
3881:
3863:
3849:
3843:
3835:
3821:
3815:
3807:
3802:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3704:(1): 22–56.
3701:
3697:
3691:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3592:
3588:
3548:
3544:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3382:
3377:Bridges KR.
3372:
3360:
3341:
3335:
3311:11585/152451
3292:
3288:
3278:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3213:
3206:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3128:
3124:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:
3090:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3042:Scienceblogs
3041:
3031:
3010:
3002:
2983:
2974:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2910:
2876:
2872:
2853:
2846:
2809:
2806:PLOS Biology
2805:
2795:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2718:
2700:
2692:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2635:the original
2625:
2616:
2610:
2556:
2541:
2532:blood groups
2525:
2518:
2503:
2478:blood doping
2475:
2455:blood plasma
2444:
2435:inflammation
2427:
2417:
2392:
2386:
2367:
2356:
2348:
2334:, a type of
2301:
2277:schistocytes
2263:, including
2116:viscoelastic
2049:
2042:Affected by
2000:
1988:nitric oxide
1924:phagocytosis
1913:
1902:), pull (in
1897:
1863:
1843:
1818:parvoviruses
1803:
1796:
1764:mitochondria
1761:
1741:
1734:
1718:nitric oxide
1715:
1708:
1700:shear stress
1697:
1664:
1633:
1626:
1421:
1405:
1315:Recall that
1314:
1284:
1277:
1218:Protein 4.1R
1212:Protein 4.1R
1208:Protein 4.1R
1152:
1151:
1117:
1116:
1037:transporter;
1004:
1003:
992:
964:
960:
893:
876:protein 4.1R
866:Both PS and
857:thallassemic
831:
815:phospholipid
812:
788:
787:
769:
768:
765:
749:
705:
690:
683:
676:
672:Batrachoseps
670:
664:
657:cell nucleus
652:
650:
636:blood plasma
621:
618:
602:
587:
558:(platelet),
541:
529:mitochondria
514:
475:
445:
437:colorimetric
420:blood plasma
417:
405:blood plasma
363:, a complex
358:
343:
337:
331:
322:vertebrates.
292:
264:cell nucleus
257:
223:-containing
210:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
139:erythrocytes
138:
134:
130:
129:
42:in diameter)
18:
6858:Respiration
6853:Blood cells
6848:Human cells
6802:Levenhookia
6452:giant cells
6442:Osteoclasts
6422:Histiocytes
6414:Macrophages
6224:Promonocyte
5876:Blood types
5775:Coombs test
5611:Whole blood
5372:Taurolidine
5301:Amino acids
5292:Intravenous
5023:17 November
4659:30 November
4318:Biorheology
3655:11336/24825
3405:Protoplasma
3105:26 November
2447:whole blood
2389:blood tests
2324:Hepatitis C
2320:Hepatitis B
2292:Transfusion
2229:thalassemia
2164:bone marrow
2128:Thalassemia
2023:haptoglobin
2015:transferrin
1976:xenobiotics
1964:thalassemia
1940:lymph nodes
1920:macrophages
1869:bone marrow
1629:Bohr effect
1448:equilibrium
1317:respiration
1296:sialic acid
1081:Ca – ATPase
1049:Lactic acid
1021:Aquaporin 1
968:blood types
924:Lipid rafts
900:cholesterol
896:lipid rafts
842:phagocytose
838:Macrophages
756:cholesterol
732:cholesterol
661:salamanders
594:human cells
556:thrombocyte
510:capillaries
486:artiodactyl
397:bicarbonate
367:containing
313:Vertebrates
284:macrophages
280:bone marrow
268:development
225:biomolecule
206:capillaries
64:Identifiers
6842:Categories
6376:Eosinophil
6359:Neutrophil
6349:Myeloblast
6287:Normoblast
6179:Myeloblast
5688:Blood bank
5382:Noxytiolin
5362:Nitrofural
5326:Trometamol
5278:Stem cells
5111:23 October
5058:1 November
4896:IUBMB Life
4599:: 828700.
2917:: 474–495.
2602:References
2548:Max Perutz
2510:microscope
2420:blood film
2405:blood type
2397:hematocrit
2328:blood type
2318:including
2188:Effect of
2003:biliverdin
1980:Inhibitors
1910:Senescence
1850:stem cells
1840:Life cycle
1772:glycolysis
1722:L-arginine
1307:Role in CO
1260:clearance;
1174:glycolytic
1053:Cori cycle
916:G-proteins
914:(band 7),
908:flotillins
827:scramblase
712:glycocalyx
678:Maurolicus
632:hemoglobin
590:6.2–8.2 μm
525:organelles
502:Tragulidae
468:cells, by
361:hemoglobin
298:blood bank
288:40% to 45%
272:organelles
217:hemoglobin
175:vertebrate
171:blood cell
141:(from
69:Acronym(s)
6659:Phagocyte
6526:Platelets
6505:Monoblast
6437:Microglia
6405:Monocytes
6388:Mast cell
6354:Band cell
6219:Monoblast
6199:Band cell
6189:Myelocyte
5893:Augustine
5837:reaction
5835:Hemolytic
5724:Apheresis
5616:Platelets
5530:solutions
5336:Carbamide
4115:Transport
3685:: 241–42.
3411:: 23–32.
3248:CiteSeerX
3133:CiteSeerX
2980:Carroll S
2526:In 1901,
2486:viscosity
2469:. During
2431:formation
2393:RBC count
2312:screening
2206:Hemolysis
2092:vitamin B
2007:bilirubin
1944:eryptosis
1596:−
1578:⇀
1571:−
1561:↽
1521:⇀
1514:−
1504:↽
1436:anhydride
1358:⟶
1311:transport
1258:chemokine
1224:antigens;
1186:metabolon
1128:integrins
1005:Transport
912:STOMatins
823:floppases
819:Flippases
653:anucleate
614:platelets
560:leukocyte
498:Camelidae
490:ungulates
453:capillary
409:Myoglobin
308:Structure
255:network.
253:capillary
249:stability
219:(Hb), an
213:cytoplasm
167:haematids
159:red cells
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6825:Category
6632:CFU-GEMM
6393:CFU-Mast
6369:CFU-Baso
6364:Basophil
6152:CFU-GEMM
6018:Lutheran
5923:Dombrock
5708:ISBT 128
5539:Arginine
5432:Mannitol
5422:Sorbitol
5392:Neomycin
5331:Mannitol
5170:Red Gold
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4993:26 March
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