455:
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60:
1404:
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182:
82:
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164:
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389:
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433:
1367:. Hydrocolloids are food additives. The food industry exploits their gelling, water-retention, emulsifying and other physical properties. Agar is used in foods such as confectionery, meat and poultry products, desserts and beverages and moulded foods. Carrageenan is used in salad dressings and sauces, dietetic foods, and as a preservative in meat and fish, dairy items and baked goods.
776:
Nowadays a number of vectorsâe.g., transport on ship hulls, exchanges among shellfish farmers, global warming, opening of trans-oceanic canalsâall combine to enhance the transfer of exotic seaweeds to new environments. Since the piercing of the Suez Canal, the situation is particularly acute in the
1370:
Seaweeds are used as animal feeds. They have long been grazed by sheep, horses and cattle in
Northern Europe, even though their nutritional benefits are questionable. Their protein content is low and their heavy metal content is high, especially for arsenic and iodine, which are respectively toxic
1546:
Alginates are used in industrial products such as paper coatings, adhesives, dyes, gels, explosives and in processes such as paper sizing, textile printing, hydro-mulching and drilling. Seaweed is an ingredient in toothpaste, cosmetics and paints. Seaweed is used for the production of bio yarn (a
2587:
Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Camus, Carolina; Infante, Javier; Neori, Amir; Israel, Ălvaro; HernĂĄndez-GonzĂĄlez, MarĂa C.; Pereda, Sandra V.; Gomez-Pinchetti, Juan Luis; Golberg, Alexander; Tadmor-Shalev, Niva; Critchley, Alan T. (2 October 2017). "Seaweed production: overview of the global state of
701:
Seaweed occupies various ecological niches. At the surface, they are only wetted by the tops of sea spray, while some species may attach to a substrate several meters deep. In some areas, littoral seaweed colonies can extend miles out to sea. The deepest living seaweed are some species of
1489:(also known as giant kelp) sequesters carbon faster than any other species. It can reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and grow as rapidly as 50 cm (20 in) a day. According to one study, covering 9% of the world's oceans with kelp forests could produce "sufficient
2385:
Ortega, Alejandra; Geraldi, Nathan R.; Alam, Intikhab; Kamau, Allan A.; Acinas, Silvia G; Logares, Ramiro; Gasol, Josep M; Massana, Ramon; Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Duarte, Carlos M (2019). "Important contribution of macroalgae to oceanic carbon sequestration".
3167:
Maeda, Hayato; Hosokawa, Masashi; Sashima, Tokutake; Funayama, Katsura; Miyashita, Kazuo (2005-07-01). "Fucoxanthin from edible seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, shows antiobesity effect through UCP1 expression in white adipose tissues".
1051:(FAO) reported that world production in 2019 was over 35 million tonnes. North America produced some 23,000 tonnes of wet seaweed. Alaska, Maine, France, and Norway each more than doubled their seaweed production since 2018
1701:
have replaced kelp forests in multiple areas. They are "almost immune to starvation". Lifespans can exceed 50 years. When stressed by hunger, their jaws and teeth enlarge, and they form "fronts" and hunt for food collectively.
2958:
MĂŠhre, Hanne K.; Malde, Marian K.; Eilertsen, Karl-Erik; Elvevoll, Edel O. (2014). "Characterization of protein, lipid and mineral contents in common
Norwegian seaweeds and evaluation of their potential as food and feed".
1567:
Women in
Tanzania grow "Mwani" (seaweed in Swahili). The farms are made up of little sticks in neat rows in the warm, shallow water. Once they harvest the seaweed, it is used for many purposes: food, cosmetics, fabric,
1560:
is the process of collecting, drying and pressing seaweed. It was a popular pastime in the
Victorian era and remains a hobby today. In some emerging countries, seaweed is harvested daily to support communities.
3324:
QueirĂłs, Ana Moura; Stephens, Nicholas; Widdicombe, Stephen; Tait, Karen; McCoy, Sophie J.; Ingels, Jeroen; RĂŒhl, Saskia; Airs, Ruth; Beesley, Amanda; Carnovale, Giorgia; Cazenave, Pierre (2019).
1629:
3132:
KazĆowski B.; Chiu Y. H.; KazĆowska K.; Pan C. L.; Wu C. J. (August 2012). "Prevention of
Japanese encephalitis virus infections by low-degree-polymerisation sulfated saccharides from
1479:
Seaweed cultivation in the open ocean can act as a form of carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Studies have reported that nearshore seaweed forests constitute a source of
2792:
310:"Seaweed" lacks a formal definition, but seaweed generally lives in the ocean and is visible to the naked eye. The term refers to both flowering plants submerged in the ocean, like
3607:
2028:
1070:
299:
2931:
Makkar, Harinder P.S.; Tran, Gilles; Heuzé, Valérie; Giger-Reverdin, Sylvie; Lessire, Michel; Lebas, François; Ankers, Philippe (2016). "Seaweeds for livestock diets: A review".
279:), cattle feeds and fertilizers. Due to their importance in marine ecologies and for absorbing carbon dioxide, recent attention has been on cultivating seaweeds as a potential
2002:
3734:
2089:
341:
The number of seaweed species is still a topic of discussion among scientists, but it is most likely that there are several thousand species of seaweed.
2201:
Dunton, K. H.; Schell, D. M. (1987). "Dependence of consumers on macroalgal (Laminaria solidungula) carbon in an arctic kelp community: ÎŽ13C evidence".
3927:
3001:
Heuzé V., Tran G., Giger-Reverdin S., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2017. Seaweeds (marine macroalgae). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
1586:
777:
Mediterranean Sea, a 'marine biodiversity hotspot' that now registers over 120 newly introduced seaweed species -the largest number in the world.
3617:
3520:
2689:
3015:
3664:
Chen, Huihui; Zhou, Dong; Luo, Gang; Zhang, Shicheng; Chen, Jianmin (2015). "Macroalgae for biofuels production: Progress and perspectives".
2802:
1653:, a highly toxic gas, and has been implicated in some incidents of apparent hydrogen sulfide poisoning. It can cause vomiting and diarrhea.
3771:
Contaminants, National
Research Council (US) Committee on Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine (2009),
3300:
717:
Macroalgae and macroalgal detritus have also been shown to be an important food source for benthic organisms, because macroalgae shed old
3230:
3847:
3582:
1378:
from cattle, but only from their feedlot emissions. As of 2021, feedlot emissions account for 11% of overall emissions from cattle.
296:
3079:
241:
provide essential nursery habitat for fisheries and other marine species and thus protect food sources; other species, such as
3902:
3894:
3496:
1873:
1694:(red seaweed), turning its branches white. The disease caused heavy crop losses in the Philippines, Tanzania and Mozambique.
1542:
Seaweed is lifted out of the top of an algae scrubber/cultivator, to be discarded or used as food, fertilizer, or skin care.
916:
seaweed. In its simplest form farmers gather from natural beds, while at the other extreme farmers fully control the crop's
2893:
256:
of kelp destroys the resource and dependent fisheries. Other forces also threaten some seaweed ecosystems; for example, a
3935:, a searchable taxonomic, image, and utilization database of freshwater, marine and terrestrial algae, including seaweed.
3746:
3638:
454:
3691:
2450:
2073:
2048:
1048:
1044:(0.3%). Seaweed farming has frequently been developed to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure.
2097:
3534:
NâYeurt, Antoine de Ramon; Chynoweth, David P.; Capron, Mark E.; Stewart, Jim R.; Hasan, Mohammed A. (2012-11-01).
1538:
2771:
2685:
Quantifying
Nitrogen Bioextraction by Seaweed Farms â A Real-time Modeling-Monitoring Case Study in Hood Canal, WA
1981:
682:(nearshore waters) and within that zone, on rocky shores more than on sand or shingle. In addition, there are few
3438:
Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Lavery, Paul; Serrano, Oscar; MarbĂ , NĂșria; Masque, Pere; Duarte, Carlos M. (2018-06-30).
2823:
2480:
Reynolds, Daman; Caminiti, Jeff; Edmundson, Scott; Gao, Song; Wick, Macdonald; Huesemann, Michael (2022-07-12).
2336:
Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Lavery, Paul; Serrano, Oscar; MarbĂ , NĂșria; Masque, Pere; Duarte, Carlos M. (June 2018).
1426:
is used as a culture medium. Carrageenans, alginates and agaroses, with other macroalgal polysaccharides, have
737:
afloat; fronds are transported by wind and currents from the coast into the deep ocean. It has been shown that
275:
has become a global agricultural practice, providing food, source material for various chemical uses (such as
261:
3211:
3963:
3921:
1473:
2720:
2288:
Watanabe, Kenta; Yoshida, Goro; Hori, Masakazu; Umezawa, Yu; Moki, Hirotada; Kuwae, Tomohiro (May 2020).
2247:
Renaud, Paul E.; LĂžkken, Therese S.; JĂžrgensen, Lis L.; Berge, JĂžrgen; Johnson, Beverly J. (June 2015).
3612:
764:
and sink to the sea floor without being remineralized by organisms. The importance of this process for
17:
1434:
may interfere with bacterial colonization. Sulfated saccharides from red and green algae inhibit some
678:. Another common requirement is an attachment point, and therefore seaweed most commonly inhabits the
81:
3535:
1066:
280:
2118:
3968:
252:
Natural seaweed ecosystems are sometimes under threat from human activity. For example, mechanical
39:
3737:[Green algae: the family of the deceased driver files a complaint against X] (in French).
2658:
1658:
1493:
to replace all of today's needs in fossil fuel energy, while removing 53 billion tons of CO
3777:
Emergency and
Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants: Volume 3
1766:
1614:
1374:
They are valued for fish production. Adding seaweed to livestock feed can substantially reduce
1078:
1062:
785:
As of 2019, 35,818,961 tonnes were produced, of which 97.38% were produced in Asian countries.
209:
3958:
2554:
Zhang, Lizhu; Liao, Wei; Huang, Yajun; Wen, Yuxi; Chu, Yaoyao; Zhao, Chao (13 October 2022).
2529:
1740:
1483:, as seaweed detritus is carried into the middle and deep ocean thereby sequestering carbon.
935:
917:
3326:"Connected macroalgal-sediment systems: blue carbon and food webs in the deep coastal ocean"
2871:
1915:
3948:
3742:
3386:
3337:
3088:
2968:
2597:
2395:
2301:
2210:
2174:
1841:
1485:
1462:
1449:
Seaweed extract is used in some diet pills. Other seaweed pills exploit the same effect as
757:
314:, as well as larger marine algae. Generally, it is one of several groups of multicellular
8:
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119:
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59:
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3464:
3439:
3415:
3374:
3248:
Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).
3125:
3109:
3074:
2714:
Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).
2621:
2421:
2362:
2337:
2270:
2226:
1939:
Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).
1803:
1717:
1675:
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1517:
1507:
1199:
1191:
631:
625:
288:
76:
3075:"Microorganisms attack synthetic polymers in items representing our cultural heritage"
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1962:
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1812:
1415:
1403:
1375:
738:
205:
3829:
3567:
2625:
2290:"Macroalgal metabolism and lateral carbon flows can create significant carbon sinks"
2274:
2230:
271:
Humans have a long history of cultivating seaweeds for their uses. In recent years,
3878:
3809:
3673:
3547:
3459:
3451:
3410:
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3345:
3271:
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3096:
2976:
2940:
2770:
Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; ArĂstegui, J.; et al. (2019).
2739:
2729:
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2493:
2411:
2403:
2357:
2349:
2309:
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2260:
2218:
2182:
2036:
1980:
Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; ArĂstegui, J.; et al. (2019).
1952:
1650:
1282:
284:
3301:"Companies hoping to grow carbon-sucking kelp may be rushing ahead of the science"
2682:
Wang, Taiping; Yang, Zhaoqing; Davis, Jonathan; Edmundson, Scott J. (2022-05-01).
2609:
2162:
2249:"Macroalgal detritus and food-web subsidies along an Arctic fjord depth-gradient"
2040:
1563:
1525:
1450:
1097:
901:
894:
726:
349:
272:
257:
3772:
3375:"Grazers extend blue carbon transfer by slowing sinking speeds of kelp detritus"
3677:
3551:
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3181:
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2555:
1818:
1728:
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753:
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619:
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169:
68:
31:
30:
This article is about the aquatic plant-like algae. For its culinary uses, see
3250:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?"
2716:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?"
2465:
2407:
1941:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?"
3942:
3887:
Seaweed
Biology: Novel Insights into Ecophysiology, Ecology & Utilization
3559:
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1966:
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335:
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reduction, increased habitat for coastal aquatic species, and reducing local
174:
130:
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3709:
2314:
3821:
3738:
3473:
3455:
3424:
3197:
3131:
3118:
2988:
2850:"Application of seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) in Malaysian food products"
2515:
2498:
2481:
2371:
2353:
1761:
1511:
1419:
1364:
1360:
1348:
1297:
1211:
1175:
993:; the rest are eaten after limited processing. Seaweeds are different from
761:
710:. In this habitat, seaweed must withstand rapidly changing temperature and
635:
604:
113:
3440:"Sequestration of macroalgal carbon: the elephant in the Blue Carbon room"
2482:"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet"
2338:"Sequestration of macroalgal carbon: the elephant in the Blue Carbon room"
549:
3757:
3100:
2772:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities"
2442:
CIESM Atlas of Exotic
Species in the Mediterranean. Volume 4. Macrophytes
1982:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities"
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1734:
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998:
941:
694:
525:
497:
425:
221:
181:
135:
3735:"Algues vertes: la famille du chauffeur décédé porte plainte contre X"
2980:
760:
in the ocean, when the macroalgal fronds drift offshore into the deep
146:
3918:
information on all aspects of algae, seaweed and marine algal biology
3350:
3325:
3002:
2779:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
2186:
1989:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
1636:
1604:
1573:
1163:
1143:
1115:
1009:
1001:, as they are photosynthetic algal organisms and are non-flowering.
994:
707:
703:
688:
542:
447:
388:
331:
319:
93:
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929:
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253:
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35:
2066:
Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Introduction to Marine Science
1743: â Species of seaweed, a form of kelp used as a vegetable in
410:
1687:
1593:
1577:
1521:
1336:
1272:
1260:
1203:
1159:
959:
913:
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also at several 100 m tend to utilize these macroalgae remnants.
734:
722:
698:) which do not live attached to the sea floor, but float freely.
667:
614:, float: a flotation-assisting organ between the lamina and stipe
581:
504:
480:
311:
3928:
Seaweed. A chemical industry in Brittany, in the past and today.
1550:
Several of these resources can be obtained from seaweed through
1073:
recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.
1071:
Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
662:
Seaweed covers this rocky seabed on the east coast of Australia.
359:
The following table lists a very few example genera of seaweed.
302:
recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.
300:
Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
264:
has led to an urchin population surge which has destroyed large
163:
3924:, information on seaweed utilisation for the African continent.
3437:
2335:
2163:"Substantial role of macroalgae in marine carbon sequestration"
1784:
1749:
1731: â Algae that can be eaten and used for culinary purposes
1599:
1497:
per year from the atmosphere, restoring pre-industrial levels".
1453:, expanding in the stomach to make the stomach feel more full.
1328:
1320:
1276:, is also used as a flavoring ingredient for soups, salads and
1179:
1139:
1131:
749:
718:
683:
658:
1678:
characterized by painful, burning lesions that last for days.
1392:
432:
3932:
3533:
3323:
2930:
1775: â Edible seaweed species of the red algae genus Pyropia
1755:
1744:
1443:
1308:
1266:
1255:
1239:
1207:
1187:
1151:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1041:
1025:
1005:
768:
storage is currently a topic of discussion among scientists.
647:
597:
593:
574:
403:
315:
216:
213:
190:
3231:"Appesat, the Seaweed Diet Pill that Expands in the Stomach"
3166:
2556:"Global seaweed farming and processing in the past 20 years"
2479:
3848:"The desperate race to cool the ocean before it's too late"
3583:"The desperate race to cool the ocean before it's too late"
2957:
1864:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
1772:
1423:
1352:
1324:
1229:
1183:
990:
924:
905:
611:
570:
238:
3915:
2586:
2287:
2246:
634:: finger-like extension of the holdfast that anchors to a
3608:"Seaweed invading South Florida beaches in large numbers"
2580:
2547:
1439:
1435:
1316:
590:
or blade: flattened structure that is somewhat leaf-like
330:. They lack one common multicellular ancestor, forming a
3373:
Wernberg, Thomas; Filbee-Dexter, Karen (December 2018).
2872:"Devon Family Friendly â Tasty Seaweed Recipe â Honest!"
1842:"Escharotic stomatitis caused by the "stinging seaweed"
1531:
Seaweed is under consideration as a potential source of
2588:
exploitation, farming and emerging research activity".
1004:
The largest seaweed-producing countries as of 2022 are
608:, air bladder: a flotation-assisting organ on the blade
2681:
2643:. Philippines: FMC BioPolymer Corporation. p. 52.
2384:
1572:
Seaweed is sometimes used to build roofs on houses on
1359:
are gelatinous seaweed products collectively known as
1114:
Seaweed is consumed across the world, particularly in
628:: basal structure providing attachment to a substrate
3372:
3241:
2765:
2763:
2709:
2707:
2652:
2650:
2475:
2473:
1639:, with each rectangle belonging to a different family
338:) are occasionally considered in seaweed literature.
3796:
Werner, K. A.; Marquart, L.; Norton, S. A. (2012). "
3795:
1808:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1725: â Use of algae as a source of energy-rich oils
3574:
3170:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2632:
2160:
1866:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
3042:"Want Carbon-Neutral Cows? Algae Isn't the Answer"
2760:
2704:
2675:
2647:
2470:
2242:
2240:
2027:Lobban, Christopher S.; Harrison, Paul J. (1994).
1840:
1714: â Aquaculture involving the farming of algae
646:The stipe and blade are collectively known as the
3247:
3016:"Seaweed shown to reduce 99% methane from cattle"
2713:
2553:
1938:
1896:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
721:. These macroalgal fronds tend to be utilized by
3940:
3663:
3542:. Special Issue: Negative emissions technology.
3486:
2438:
666:Two environmental requirements dominate seaweed
3639:"Seaweed Power: Ireland Taps New Energy Source"
2237:
2029:"Morphology, life histories, and morphogenesis"
1806: â machine that grows and harvests seaweed
1096:Seaweed has a variety of uses, for which it is
733:(gas filled "bubbles") can keep the macroalgae
3073:Francesca Cappitelli; Claudia Sorlini (2008).
2961:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
2769:
2690:Office of Scientific and Technical Information
2466:Global seaweeds and microalgae production(FAO)
2026:
1979:
1233:
1081:publicly support expanded seaweed cultivation.
1055:As of 2019, seaweed represented 30% of marine
249:and producing at least 50% of Earth's oxygen.
100:Seaweeds can be found in the following groups
3489:The biology and ecology of giant kelp forests
3212:"New Seaweed Pill Works Like Gastric Banding"
2793:"Seaweed farmers get better prices if united"
2161:Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Duarte, Carlos (2016).
2156:
2154:
2152:
1340:
1243:
3770:
3228:
2200:
1456:
1290:moss) is used in food additives, along with
237:(green) macroalgae. Seaweed species such as
3875:An Ocean Garden: The Secret Life of Seaweed
3540:Process Safety and Environmental Protection
1474:Seaweed farming § Climate change mitigation
1414:Alginates are used in wound dressings (see
756:, macroalgae fronds can also contribute to
3519:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3491:. Foster, Michael S. Oakland, California.
2641:Cottonii and Spinosum Cultivation Handbook
2486:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2149:
1635:Small plots being used to farm seaweed in
771:
58:
52:Informal group of macroscopic marine algae
3605:
3536:"Negative carbon via Ocean Afforestation"
3463:
3414:
3349:
3275:
3265:
3108:
2892:Adriano, Leilanie G. (21 December 2005).
2743:
2733:
2571:
2560:Food Production, Processing and Nutrition
2534:Point Reyes National Seashore Association
2497:
2415:
2361:
2313:
2264:
1956:
1020:(4.19%). Other notable producers include
534:Intertidal zones in temperate climate and
3800:dermatitis (toxic seaweed dermatitis)".
3666:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
2847:
2063:
1562:
1537:
1402:
1391:
657:
558:Pelagic especially in the Sargasso Sea.
348:
180:
162:
145:
3885:Wiencke, Christian, Kai Bischof (ed.)
2891:
2885:
1890:"How much oxygen comes from the ocean?"
334:group. In addition, blue-green algae (
14:
3941:
3877:(Oregon State University Press, 2023)
3692:"The promise of Bioyarn from AlgiKnit"
3606:Rodriguez, Ihosvani (April 11, 2012).
3298:
3080:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3039:
1857:
1835:
1833:
1649:Rotting seaweed is a potent source of
3841:
3839:
2656:
2445:. CIESM, Paris, Monaco. p. 364.
2146:. The English Universities Press Ltd.
1850:): case report and literature review"
1381:
419:In intertidal zones on rocky shores.
268:regions off the coast of California.
34:. For the similarly-named plant, see
3845:
3802:International Journal of Dermatology
3580:
1737: â Type of edible green seaweed
622:: stem-like structure, may be absent
204:, refers to thousands of species of
3846:Buck, Holly Jean (April 23, 2019).
3581:Buck, Holly Jean (April 23, 2019).
3005:Last updated on May 29, 2017, 16:46
2854:International Food Research Journal
2638:
1916:"California's crashing kelp forest"
1830:
729:close to the shore. Alternatively,
569:Seaweed's appearance resembles non-
24:
3867:
3836:
3599:
3003:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/78
2933:Animal Feed Science and Technology
1932:
674:) and light sufficient to support
670:. These are seawater (or at least
285:biosequestration of carbon dioxide
219:. The term includes some types of
25:
3980:
3909:
2894:"'Gamet' sushi festival launched"
2064:Townsend, David W. (March 2012).
1973:
1656:The so-called "stinging seaweed"
1049:Food and Agriculture Organization
706:. Others have adapted to live in
3814:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05042.x
2945:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.018
2657:Jones, Nicola (March 15, 2023).
2094:www.easterncapescubadiving.co.za
1674:. Direct skin contact can cause
1666:which contains toxins including
1628:
1613:
1585:
1472:This section is an excerpt from
1065:crop, with a high potential for
893:This section is an excerpt from
548:
524:
503:
479:
453:
431:
409:
387:
287:, alongside other benefits like
80:
3789:
3779:, National Academies Press (US)
3764:
3727:
3702:
3684:
3657:
3631:
3527:
3480:
3431:
3366:
3317:
3292:
3229:Elena Gorgan (6 January 2009).
3222:
3204:
3160:
3066:
3033:
3008:
2995:
2951:
2924:
2911:
2864:
2841:
2816:
2785:
2522:
2459:
2432:
2378:
2329:
2281:
2194:
2136:
2111:
2082:
2068:. Oxford University Press Inc.
1644:
1528:through burial in beach dunes.
1270:in the Philippines, from dried
3154:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.106
2848:Mohammad, Salma (4 Jan 2020).
2824:"Springtime's foraging treats"
2439:Briand, Frederic, ed. (2015).
2057:
2033:Seaweed Ecology and Physiology
2020:
1995:
1908:
1882:
1524:for landscaping, or to combat
354:Claudea elegans tetrasporangia
13:
1:
3487:Schiel, David R. (May 2015).
2659:"Banking on the Seaweed Rush"
2610:10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175
2590:European Journal of Phycology
1824:
1516:Other seaweed may be used as
1501:
1396:Seaweed-covered rocks in the
1248:, China) are sheets of dried
780:
3916:Michael Guiry's Seaweed Site
3745:. 2010-04-22. Archived from
3299:Temple, James (2021-09-19).
2801:. 2008-06-19. Archived from
2530:"Seaweeds: Plants or Algae?"
2342:The Royal Society Publishing
2041:10.1017/CBO9780511626210.002
1815: â Species of bacterium
878:United Republic of Tanzania
245:algae, play a vital role in
7:
3254:Frontiers in Marine Science
2721:Frontiers in Marine Science
2144:The Ecology of Rocky Shores
1945:Frontiers in Marine Science
1705:
1092:Seaweed farming § Uses
908:farming is the practice of
491:forming floating canopies.
305:
10:
3985:
3678:10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.086
3613:South Florida Sun-Sentinel
3552:10.1016/j.psep.2012.10.008
3399:10.1038/s41598-018-34721-z
3182:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.002
2573:10.1186/s43014-022-00103-2
1787: â Species of seaweed
1769: â Species of seaweed
1752: â Species of seaweed
1681:
1505:
1471:
1460:
1385:
1107:
1089:
923:The seven most cultivated
892:
887:
653:
564:
177:coast in the United States
29:
3643:alotofyada.blogspot.co.uk
2408:10.1038/s41561-019-0421-8
2119:"The Science of Seaweeds"
1800: â Genus of seaweeds
1781: â Genus of seaweeds
1457:Climate change mitigation
1418:), and dental moulds. In
1244:
1234:
1067:climate change mitigation
344:
281:climate change mitigation
104:
99:
77:Scientific classification
75:
66:
57:
49:
3267:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100
2919:The Biology of the Algae
2735:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100
2266:10.3389/fmars.2015.00031
2142:Lewis, J. R. 1964.
1958:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100
1323:, seaweed is mixed with
577:. Its anatomy includes:
40:Seaweed (disambiguation)
27:Macroscopic marine algae
2315:10.5194/bg-17-2425-2020
1844:Microcoleus lyngbyaceus
1659:Microcoleus lyngbyaceus
1103:
1085:
772:Biogeographic expansion
744:As macroalgae takes up
714:and occasional drying.
3456:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0236
2354:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0236
1894:National Ocean Service
1569:
1543:
1411:
1400:
1341:
1079:The Nature Conservancy
663:
465:8â30 m under water and
356:
194:
178:
160:
155:exposed to the sun in
38:. For other uses, see
3852:MIT Technology Review
3587:MIT Technology Review
3330:Ecological Monographs
3305:MIT Technology Review
1868:. Saunders Elsevier.
1566:
1541:
1461:Further information:
1406:
1395:
1090:Further information:
1061:Seaweed farming is a
1012:(28.6%); followed by
936:Kappaphycus alvarezii
661:
536:cultivated for food.
467:cultivated for food.
441:Cultivated for food.
352:
184:
166:
149:
3101:10.1128/AEM.01768-07
2921:. Edward Arnold Ltd.
2830:. London. 2007-01-06
2688:(Technical report).
2499:10.1093/ajcn/nqac190
1486:Macrocystis pyrifera
1463:Carbon sequestration
1407:Seaweed on rocks on
1319:flour). In northern
758:carbon sequestration
167:Dead man's fingers (
3964:Polyphyletic groups
3889:. Springer (2012).
3620:on February 3, 2013
3391:2018NatSR...817180W
3342:2019EcoM...89E1366Q
3093:2008ApEnM..74..564C
2973:2014JSFA...94.3281M
2781:. pp. 447â587.
2602:2017EJPhy..52..391B
2400:2019NatGe..12..748O
2306:2020BGeo...17.2425W
2215:1987MarBi..93..615D
2179:2016NatGe...9..737K
1991:. pp. 447â587.
1793:Marine permaculture
1758: â Edible kelp
1672:debromoaplysiatoxin
1077:, Oceans 2050, and
1075:World Wildlife Fund
977:are attractive for
966:Sargassum fusiforme
954:Undaria pinnatifida
948:Saccharina japonica
790:
789:Seaweed production
293:ocean acidification
152:Ascophyllum nodosum
120:Phaeothamniophyceae
3879:online book review
3773:"Hydrogen Sulfide"
3379:Scientific Reports
3138:Monostroma nitidum
2223:10.1007/BF00392799
2123:American Scientist
2007:Biology LibreTexts
1813:Seaweed dermatitis
1804:Seaweed cultivator
1718:Seaweed fertilizer
1686:Bacterial disease
1676:seaweed dermatitis
1570:
1558:Seaweed collecting
1544:
1508:Seaweed fertilizer
1412:
1401:
1382:Medicine and herbs
1200:South West England
1192:Canadian Maritimes
801:cultured and wild
788:
664:
463:Also known as kelp
357:
289:nutrient pollution
195:
179:
161:
3903:978-3-642-28451-9
3895:978-3-642-28450-2
3498:978-0-520-96109-8
3040:Dutkiewicz, Jan.
2981:10.1002/jsfa.6681
2967:(15): 3281â3290.
2917:Round F. E. 1962
2874:. BBC. 2005-05-25
2639:Ask, E.I (1990).
2388:Nature Geoscience
2167:Nature Geoscience
1875:978-0-7216-2921-6
1848:Lyngbya majuscula
1662:is a filamentous
1416:alginate dressing
1376:methane emissions
1286:('Irish moss' or
975:K. alvarezii
885:
884:
739:benthic organisms
562:
561:
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
3976:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3714:naturalhomes.org
3710:"Seaweed Thatch"
3706:
3700:
3699:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3616:. Archived from
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3510:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3351:10.1002/ecm.1366
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3269:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3218:. 25 March 2015.
3208:
3202:
3201:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2898:The Manila Times
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2477:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2300:(9): 2425â2440.
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2187:10.1038/ngeo2790
2158:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2096:. Archived from
2086:
2080:
2079:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1837:
1809:
1651:hydrogen sulfide
1632:
1617:
1589:
1371:and nutritious.
1344:
1315:(sometimes with
1283:Chondrus crispus
1247:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1174:, as well as in
1016:(5.09%) and the
791:
787:
708:tidal rock pools
552:
528:
507:
483:
457:
435:
413:
391:
362:
361:
260:in predators of
247:capturing carbon
85:
84:
62:
47:
46:
21:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3969:Edible seaweeds
3939:
3938:
3912:
3873:Iselin, Josie.
3870:
3868:Further reading
3865:
3856:
3854:
3844:
3837:
3794:
3790:
3782:
3780:
3769:
3765:
3752:
3750:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3579:
3575:
3532:
3528:
3512:
3511:
3499:
3485:
3481:
3450:(6): 20180236.
3444:Biology Letters
3436:
3432:
3371:
3367:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3297:
3293:
3246:
3242:
3227:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3165:
3161:
3130:
3126:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2996:
2956:
2952:
2929:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2806:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2712:
2705:
2698:10.2172/1874372
2680:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2655:
2648:
2637:
2633:
2585:
2581:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2437:
2433:
2383:
2379:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2286:
2282:
2253:Front. Mar. Sci
2245:
2238:
2199:
2195:
2173:(10): 737â742.
2159:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1858:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1827:
1807:
1708:
1684:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1618:
1609:
1590:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1477:
1469:
1459:
1451:gastric banding
1432:Delisea pulchra
1390:
1384:
1254:used in soups,
1112:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1063:carbon negative
902:Seaweed farming
898:
895:Seaweed farming
890:
800:
798:
783:
774:
727:intertidal zone
656:
567:
535:
490:
466:
464:
371:
347:
308:
273:seaweed farming
258:wasting disease
79:
53:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3911:
3910:External links
3908:
3907:
3906:
3882:
3881:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3835:
3788:
3763:
3726:
3701:
3696:MaterialDriven
3683:
3656:
3630:
3598:
3573:
3546:(6): 467â474.
3526:
3497:
3479:
3430:
3365:
3316:
3291:
3240:
3221:
3203:
3176:(2): 392â397.
3159:
3124:
3087:(3): 564â569.
3065:
3032:
3020:irishtimes.com
3007:
2994:
2950:
2923:
2910:
2884:
2863:
2840:
2815:
2784:
2759:
2703:
2674:
2663:Hakai Magazine
2646:
2631:
2596:(4): 391â406.
2579:
2546:
2521:
2492:(4): 855â861.
2469:
2458:
2451:
2431:
2394:(9): 748â754.
2377:
2328:
2294:Biogeosciences
2280:
2236:
2209:(4): 615â625.
2203:Marine Biology
2193:
2148:
2135:
2110:
2090:"seaweed menu"
2081:
2074:
2056:
2049:
2019:
1994:
1972:
1931:
1907:
1881:
1874:
1856:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1819:Seaweed toxins
1816:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1729:Edible seaweed
1726:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1699:urchin barrens
1683:
1680:
1668:lyngbyatoxin-a
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1591:
1584:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1478:
1470:
1458:
1455:
1430:applications.
1398:United Kingdom
1383:
1380:
1264:(rice balls).
1136:Southeast Asia
1110:Edible seaweed
1108:Main article:
1105:
1102:
1087:
1084:
989:is farmed for
899:
891:
889:
886:
883:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
867:
866:
863:
859:
858:
855:
851:
850:
847:
843:
842:
839:
835:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
795:
782:
779:
773:
770:
754:photosynthesis
746:carbon dioxide
676:photosynthesis
672:brackish water
655:
652:
644:
643:
642:
641:
640:
639:
623:
617:
616:
615:
609:
601:
566:
563:
560:
559:
556:
553:
546:
538:
537:
532:
529:
522:
514:
513:
511:
508:
501:
493:
492:
487:
484:
477:
469:
468:
461:
458:
451:
443:
442:
439:
436:
429:
421:
420:
417:
414:
407:
399:
398:
395:
392:
385:
377:
376:
373:
368:
366:
346:
343:
307:
304:
262:purple urchins
170:Codium fragile
142:
141:
140:
139:
133:
128:
122:
117:
111:
102:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
69:Fucus serratus
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
32:Edible seaweed
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3981:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3922:SeaweedAfrica
3920:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3749:on 2014-02-24
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3336:(3): e01366.
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3148:(3): 866â74.
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2914:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2805:on 2008-09-09
2804:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2462:
2454:
2452:9789299000342
2448:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2321:September 21,
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2100:on 2020-02-17
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2075:9780878936021
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2050:9780521408974
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:cyanobacteria
1661:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1526:beach erosion
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:phycocolloids
1362:
1361:hydrocolloids
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:" ("sweet").
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1241:
1238:, Japan) and
1231:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1040:, 0.5%), and
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:(58.62%) and
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:gelling agent
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:
962:
961:
956:
955:
950:
949:
944:
943:
938:
937:
932:
931:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
852:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
804:
796:
793:
792:
786:
778:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:and releases
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
731:pneumatocysts
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
696:
691:
690:
685:
681:
680:littoral zone
677:
673:
669:
660:
651:
649:
637:
633:
630:
629:
627:
624:
621:
618:
613:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:: algal body
583:
580:
579:
578:
576:
572:
557:
554:
551:
547:
545:
544:
540:
539:
533:
530:
527:
523:
521:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
502:
500:
499:
495:
494:
488:
485:
482:
478:
476:
475:
471:
470:
462:
459:
456:
452:
450:
449:
445:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
428:
427:
423:
422:
418:
415:
412:
408:
406:
405:
401:
400:
396:
393:
390:
386:
384:
383:
379:
378:
374:
369:
367:
364:
363:
360:
355:
351:
342:
339:
337:
336:Cyanobacteria
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
303:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:strategy for
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:
230:
229:
224:
223:
218:
215:
211:
210:multicellular
207:
203:
199:
193:, New Zealand
192:
188:
185:The top of a
183:
176:
175:Massachusetts
172:
171:
165:
158:
154:
153:
148:
137:
134:
132:
131:Cyanobacteria
129:
126:
125:Chrysophyceae
123:
121:
118:
116:(brown algae)
115:
112:
110:(green algae)
109:
106:
105:
103:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
78:
74:
71:
70:
65:
61:
56:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3959:Edible algae
3886:
3874:
3855:. Retrieved
3851:
3808:(1): 59â62.
3805:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3781:, retrieved
3776:
3766:
3756:– via
3751:. Retrieved
3747:the original
3739:Saint-Brieuc
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3713:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3647:. Retrieved
3645:. 2008-06-24
3642:
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3618:the original
3611:
3601:
3590:. Retrieved
3586:
3576:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3488:
3482:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3385:(1): 17180.
3382:
3378:
3368:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:
3294:
3277:10754/623247
3257:
3253:
3243:
3234:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3084:
3078:
3068:
3057:. Retrieved
3045:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:
3010:
2997:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2866:
2860:: 1677â1687.
2857:
2853:
2843:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:The Guardian
2827:
2818:
2807:. Retrieved
2803:the original
2796:
2787:
2778:
2745:10754/623247
2725:
2719:
2684:
2677:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:
2640:
2634:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2533:
2524:
2489:
2485:
2461:
2441:
2434:
2417:10754/656768
2391:
2387:
2380:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2297:
2293:
2283:
2256:
2252:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2170:
2166:
2143:
2138:
2127:. Retrieved
2125:. 2017-02-06
2122:
2113:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:the original
2093:
2084:
2065:
2059:
2032:
2022:
2011:. Retrieved
2009:. 2019-06-15
2006:
2003:"5.4: Algae"
1997:
1988:
1975:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1923:. Retrieved
1919:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1865:
1859:
1847:
1843:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1645:Health risks
1603:
1598:
1592:
1571:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1530:
1515:
1512:Seaweed fuel
1484:
1448:
1431:
1420:microbiology
1413:
1373:
1369:
1347:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1249:
1228:(êč, Korea),
1224:
1176:South Africa
1113:
1100:or foraged.
1095:
1052:
1046:
1003:
986:
974:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
900:
838:North Korea
830:Philippines
822:South Korea
784:
775:
762:ocean basins
743:
716:
700:
693:
687:
665:
645:
605:pneumatocyst
603:
573:terrestrial
568:
541:
517:
496:
472:
446:
424:
402:
380:
358:
353:
340:
332:polyphyletic
309:
270:
251:
232:
231:(brown) and
226:
220:
201:
197:
196:
168:
150:
127:(gold algae)
114:Phaeophyceae
67:
44:
3949:Blue carbon
3758:Google News
3672:: 427â437.
1900:23 November
1798:Sea lettuce
1712:Algaculture
1692:Kappaphycus
1552:biorefining
1481:blue carbon
1467:blue carbon
1442:-enveloped
1428:biomedicine
1409:Long Island
1357:carrageenan
1307:is used in
1293:Kappaphycus
1288:carrageenan
1196:Scandinavia
1168:Philippines
1069:. The IPCC
1057:aquaculture
1022:North Korea
1018:Philippines
1014:South Korea
979:carrageenan
910:cultivating
809:20,351,442
766:blue carbon
474:Macrocystis
397:Submerged.
277:carrageenan
266:kelp forest
234:Chlorophyta
206:macroscopic
187:kelp forest
157:Nova Scotia
138:(red algae)
108:Chlorophyta
3943:Categories
3857:2019-04-28
3783:2024-02-10
3753:2010-04-22
3624:2012-04-11
3592:2019-04-28
3310:2021-11-25
3134:Gracilaria
3059:2023-12-30
2878:2012-06-28
2834:2008-07-16
2809:2008-07-16
2668:2023-03-19
2539:1 December
2129:2022-06-02
2104:2019-04-28
2013:2024-02-10
1925:2021-02-24
1846:(formerly
1825:References
1723:Algae fuel
1621:Laverbread
1547:textile).
1533:bioethanol
1518:fertilizer
1506:See also:
1502:Other uses
1491:biomethane
1386:See also:
1313:laverbread
1300:igartinoid
1216:California
999:seagrasses
987:Gracilaria
963:spp., and
942:Gracilaria
918:life cycle
914:harvesting
833:1,500,326
825:1,821,475
817:9,962,900
814:Indonesia
781:Production
695:Gracilaria
498:Monostroma
489:Giant kelp
426:Gracilaria
243:planktonic
228:Phaeophyta
222:Rhodophyta
202:macroalgae
173:) off the
136:Rhodophyta
18:Macroalgal
3933:AlgaeBase
3897:(print);
3560:0957-5820
3515:cite book
3507:906925033
3407:2045-2322
3360:1557-7015
3286:2296-7745
3235:softpedia
3190:0006-291X
3142:Food Chem
3054:1059-1028
2903:15 August
2754:2296-7745
2618:0967-0262
2508:0002-9165
2426:199448971
1967:2296-7745
1741:Cochayuyo
1637:Indonesia
1623:and toast
1605:miso soup
1339:to make "
1303:seaweed.
1278:omelettes
1164:Indonesia
1144:Singapore
1116:East Asia
1032:(0.53%),
1028:(1.15%),
1010:Indonesia
995:mangroves
862:Malaysia
799:per year,
704:red algae
689:Sargassum
638:substrate
543:Sargassum
448:Laminaria
94:Eukaryota
3954:Seaweeds
3905:(eBook).
3830:22375739
3822:21790555
3568:98479418
3474:29925564
3425:30464260
3216:Fox News
3198:15896707
3136:sp. and
3119:18065627
2989:24700148
2939:: 1â17.
2798:Sun.Star
2626:53640917
2516:35820048
2372:29925564
2275:10417856
2231:84714929
2035:: 1â68.
1920:phys.org
1706:See also
1690:infects
1388:Fucoidan
1349:Alginate
1333:cinnamon
1311:to make
1305:Porphyra
1251:Porphyra
1220:Scotland
1172:Malaysia
1156:Cambodia
1148:Thailand
1118:, e.g.,
1038:Tanzania
1034:Zanzibar
1030:Malaysia
1024:(1.6%),
971:Eucheuma
930:Eucheuma
881:106,069
873:163,197
865:188,110
857:412,300
849:427,508
841:603,000
794:Country
712:salinity
626:Holdfast
519:Porphyra
382:Caulerpa
375:Remarks
312:eelgrass
306:Taxonomy
254:dredging
159:, Canada
90:Domain:
36:Seagrass
3798:Lyngbya
3719:9 April
3649:9 April
3465:6030603
3416:6249265
3387:Bibcode
3338:Bibcode
3260:: 100.
3110:2227722
3089:Bibcode
3025:9 April
2969:Bibcode
2598:Bibcode
2396:Bibcode
2363:6030603
2302:Bibcode
2211:Bibcode
2175:Bibcode
1779:Ogonori
1688:ice-ice
1682:Threats
1608:, Japan
1594:Onigiri
1578:Denmark
1522:compost
1444:viruses
1337:vanilla
1273:Pyropia
1261:onigiri
1204:Ireland
1160:Vietnam
1138:, e.g.
960:Pyropia
888:Farming
870:Norway
752:in the
735:thallus
725:in the
723:benthos
686:(e.g.,
668:ecology
654:Ecology
636:benthic
632:Haptera
600:cluster
582:Thallus
565:Anatomy
225:(red),
198:Seaweed
50:Seaweed
3901:
3893:
3828:
3820:
3566:
3558:
3505:
3495:
3472:
3462:
3423:
3413:
3405:
3358:
3284:
3196:
3188:
3117:
3107:
3052:
2987:
2752:
2624:
2616:
2514:
2506:
2449:
2424:
2370:
2360:
2273:
2229:
2072:
2047:
1965:
1872:
1785:Wakame
1767:Mozuku
1750:Hijiki
1735:Aonori
1600:wakame
1329:nutmeg
1321:Belize
1218:, and
1212:Hawaii
1190:, the
1180:Belize
1170:, and
1166:, the
1140:Brunei
1132:Taiwan
1098:farmed
945:spp.,
933:spp.,
854:Japan
846:Chile
806:China
750:oxygen
719:fronds
684:genera
588:Lamina
575:plants
372:Phylum
345:Genera
295:. The
214:marine
3826:S2CID
3564:S2CID
3046:Wired
2775:(PDF)
2622:S2CID
2566:(1).
2422:S2CID
2348:(6).
2271:S2CID
2227:S2CID
1985:(PDF)
1756:Kombu
1745:Chile
1342:dulce
1309:Wales
1267:Gamet
1256:sushi
1240:zicai
1208:Wales
1188:Chile
1152:Burma
1128:Korea
1124:China
1120:Japan
1042:Chile
1026:Japan
1006:China
797:tonns
648:frond
620:Stipe
598:spore
594:Sorus
571:woody
555:Brown
510:Green
486:Brown
460:Brown
416:Brown
404:Fucus
394:Green
370:Algae
365:Genus
328:brown
324:green
316:algae
239:kelps
217:algae
200:, or
191:Otago
3899:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3818:PMID
3721:2018
3651:2018
3556:ISSN
3521:link
3503:OCLC
3493:ISBN
3470:PMID
3421:PMID
3403:ISSN
3356:ISSN
3282:ISSN
3194:PMID
3186:ISSN
3115:PMID
3050:ISSN
3027:2018
2985:PMID
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