3203:
2995:
2116:(provincial officials) appointed by Khurram Pasha to administer Mount Lebanon's subdistricts, prompting another government expedition against the Chouf, which returned three cartloads of Druze heads and three hundred women and children as captives. The death of Jamal al-Din Hajji in prison in 1521 and the Ottoman expeditions led the Buhturids to accept Ma'nid precedence over the Druze of southern Mount Lebanon. In 1545 the leading emir of the Druze, Yunus Ma'n, was lured to Damascus and executed by the authorities under unclear circumstances, but suggesting continued insubordination by the Druze under Ma'nid leadership.
3192:
1915:
1797:
2939:
ties between the
Harfushes and the Shia chiefs of Safed, he arrested the preeminent chief of the Shia in Jabal Amil, Ali Munkir, and released him after a ransom paid by Yunus al-Harfush. He moved to supervise the collection of taxes in Bilad Bishara in December, prompting the Shia notable families of Ali Saghir, Munkir, Shukr and Daghir to take refuge with Yunus al-Harfush and evade payment. Fakhr al-Din responded by destroying their homes. He then reconciled with the Jabal Amil chiefs and Shia levies thereafter joined his army in his later military campaigns.
1907:. Baaqlin became a major center of the Druze faith, and in the present day is the largest Druze locality in Lebanon. Betts deems it improbable that the Banu Ma'n had been followers of "the Druze religion before coming into its sphere" in Mount Lebanon. Ma'n died in 1148 and was succeeded as head of his clan by his son Mundhir. According to the historian William Harris, the Banu Ma'n retained their lordship of the Chouf, as well as their ties to the descendants of Buhtur and the Banu Shihab, from their establishment in 1120 through the
3160:, a move seen by local Druze as an attempt to assert control. Contemporary historian Istifan al-Duwayhi reports that Korkmaz was killed in act of treachery by the Beylerbey of Damascus in 1662. Ahmad however escaped and eventually emerged victorious in the power struggle among the Druze in 1667, but the Maʿnīs lost control of Safad and retreated to controlling the iltizam of the Shuf mountains and Kisrawan. Ahmad continued as local ruler through his death from natural causes, without heir, in 1697. During the
222:
2276:
2149:. It ended in a decisive government victory, the confiscation of thousands of rifles and the collection of tax arrears, which had been accruing for decades, in the form of currency or property. The most important leader in the Chouf at the time was a Ma'nid emir named Qurqumaz, possibly the son of Yunus, The modern historian Muhammad Adnan Bakhit holds this Yunus was likely the head of the Ma'nids at the time. A Ma'nid chief named Yunus was recorded by the contemporary poet Muhammad ibn Mami al-Rumi (
2070:
2226:
53:
8436:
2345:
8425:
2772:
7968:
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1903:, who was appointed commander of the Gharb by Damascus in 1147, supported the Ma'nid emir in constructing permanents dwellings for his clan in the Chouf. The Ma'n were joined in the settlement of the Chouf by their north Syrian associates, the Abu Nakad and Talhuq clans. Refugees from nearby areas taken over by the Crusaders migrated to the Chouf and numerous villages were founded, including the Ma'n's headquarter village of
3122:
3031:. On his way back to Mount Lebanon from the abortive Palestine campaign, Fakhr al-Din was notified that the Porte reappointed his sons and allies to Safed, Ajlun and Nablus. The governor of Damascus, Mustafa Pasha, backed by the Harfushes and Sayfas, nonetheless proceeded to launch an expedition against the Ma'ns. Fakhr al-Din routed the Damascene force at Anjar and captured Mustafa Pasha. Fakhr al-Din extracted from the
3039:, his son Mansur over Lajjun Sanjak, and Ali over the southern Beqaa nahiya. The appointments to Gaza, Nablus and Lajjun were not implemented due to the opposition of local powerholders. Fakhr al-Din plundered Baalbek soon after Anjar and captured and destroyed its citadel on 28 March. Yunus al-Harfush was executed in 1625, the same year that Fakhr al-Din gained the governorship of the Baalbek nahiya.
2170:. and possibly the grandson of the above-mentioned Qurqumaz. He had likely been the chieftain of the specific area of the Chouf referred to as "Shuf Ibn Ma'n", a subdistrict mentioned in Ottoman government documents from 1523, 1530, 1543 and 1576. His preeminence among the Ma'nids was possibly the result of the natural deaths or eliminations of the other Ma'nid chiefs. Like his father, Qurqumaz was a
3216:, all confiscated by Kuchuk, including a mulberry and fig orchard, a large residence, three mills, and a mulberry nursery. The residence belonged to Yunus. Its foundations were evidently built upon ruins from the Crusader period. The ruins are in the center of the present-day souk marketplace and are known as Khan Abdo al-Ashqar, Khan al-Askar, or Khan Sour. After a diplomatic mission sent by King
3137:, the son of Yunus and nephew of Fakhr al-Din, had evaded capture and led the Druze opposition to Alam al-Din, defeating him in a battle and forcing his flight to Damascus in 1635. Alam al-Din soon after defeated Mulhim in the Beqaa Valley, but Mulhim finally drove him out of the Chouf in 1636. The people of the Druze Mountain mostly backed him. In 1642 he was appointed by the Ottomans the
2051:, north of the Druze Mountain. The Buhturid emir Jamal al-Din Hajji did not give allegiance to Selim in Damascus and after discarding an Ottoman call to arms in 1518, he was imprisoned. The son of the Ma'nid emir Yunus, Qurqumaz, was summoned and confirmed by Selim in Damascus as the chief of the Chouf in 1517, according to the 17th-century historian and
2059:. Ibn Sibat does not mention any Ma'nid being received by the sultan in Damascus, but noted that the Ma'nid emirs Qurqumaz, Alam al-Din Sulayman and Zayn al-Din were all arrested by Janbirdi al-Ghazali in 1518 and transferred to the custody of Selim, who released them after a heavy fine for supporting the rebellion of the
2333:
forcing his flight. In the course of the fighting, Fakhr al-Din took over the
Keserwan. When Janbulad was defeated by the Ottomans, Fakhr al-Din appeased Murad Pasha, who had since become grand vizier, with substantial sums of cash and goods. The high amount is an indicator of the Ma'ns' wealth. Fakhr al-Din was kept as
1663:. The Ma'ns and their Druze coreligionists in the Chouf were continually targeted in punitive campaigns by the Ottomans related to their evasion and defiance of government tax collectors and their stockpiling of illegal firearms, which were often superior to those of the government troops. The particularly destructive
1713:
enemies prompted a major campaign against the Ma'ns. The dynasty lost its territories and forts and Fakhr al-Din escaped to Italy. Within two years, his brother Yunus and son Ali restored Ma'nid power in Sidon-Beirut and Safed, which was consolidated when Fakhr al-Din returned to lead the dynasty in
2929:
there and their alliance with the
Harfushes in 1617–1618. Yaziji was killed almost immediately after taking up office in Safed in June 1618, and Ali was restored to the post. Meanwhile, tensions rose between the Ma'ns and their Tanukhid and Abu'l-Lama allies relating to property disputes in Beirut.
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Although the Ma'ns' position was severely weakened, in 1615 political circumstances changed in their favor with Nasuh Pasha being executed, Ahmed Pasha being replaced by a friendly governor, the Sidon Eyalet being dissolved, and troops being withdrawn from Syria to fight on the
Iranian front. Yunus
2101:
family after their flight from Akkar in 1528. Qurqumaz's establishment in Baruk instead of his predecessors' apparent seat in Deir al-Qamar may have been related to a conflict with Alam al-Din
Sulayman, who may have controlled Deir al-Qamar at the time, or a division of the Chouf between the Ma'nid
2938:
The
Ottomans pardoned Fakhr al-Din and he returned to Mount Lebanon, arriving in Acre on 29 September 1618. Upon hearing of his return, the Ma'ns' Druze allies immediately reconciled with Ali and from that point there was no further active Druze opposition to Fakhr al-Din. Uneasy about the growing
2921:
and the spring of Naimeh on the coast south of Beirut. In the course of the fighting, they retook control of Beirut and the
Keserwan. Afterward Ali awarded the Ma'ns' Tanukhid allies and relatives the tax farms of Beirut, the Gharb and the Jurd, and the Abu'l-Lama family the tax farm of the Matn.
3286:
3022:
of Ajlun and Nablus with local opponents of the Ma'ns. The Porte soon after restored the Ma'ns to Ajlun and Nablus, but not to Safed. The Ma'ns thereupon moved to assume control of Ajlun and Nablus. Fakhr al-Din launched a campaign against the
Turabays and Farrukhs in northern Palestine, but was
2092:
to be the "Zayn Ibn Ma'n" mentioned in an
Ottoman register as the owner of a dilapidated watermill with two millstones in 1543, while Ibn Tulun's reference to a part of the Chouf as "Shuf Sulayman Ibn Ma'n" in 1523 likely refers to Alam al-Din Sulayman. Neither Zayn nor Sulayman are mentioned by
2332:
of the
Ottoman armies in the Levant to suppress Janbulad. Fakhr al-Din may have been motivated by his ambitions of regional autonomy, defense of his territory from Sayfa, or expanding his control to Beirut and Keserwan, both held by Sayfa. The rebel allies besieged Sayfa in Damascus, eventually
1758:
of the Druze Mountain and neighboring, Maronite-populated Kisrawan. He maintained control of the region despite government dismissals and campaigns against him throughout the 1690s for backing Shia rebels. Ma'nid rule came to an end when Ahmad died without male progeny in 1697. The Druze chiefs
5559:), Qurqumaz's father, who Minadoi does not name, had been executed by a governor of Damascus named Mustafa Pasha. According to modern historian Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Qurqumaz's father may have been the "Yunus Ibn Ma'n" mentioned in an Ottoman tax register as the owner of three farms in 1530.
3103:, had already been captured by Kuchuk. His sons Hasan, Haydar, and Bulak, his brother Yunus and nephew Hamdan ibn Yunus were all executed by Kuckuk during the expedition. Fakhr al-Din was imprisoned in Constantinople and he and his son Mansur were executed in 1635 on the orders of Murad IV.
1898:
in 1110 and during their subsequent raids against the Gharb the Tanukhid emir Adud al-Dawla and most of his kinsmen were slain. Ma'n had found the Chouf abandoned, though there is no evidence of its desolation at the time, according to the historian Robert Brendon Betts. The Tanukhid emir
2109:
for tax arrears and Ma'nid disobedience, and the governor's forces sent back to Damascus four cartloads of Druze heads and religious texts in the aftermath of the campaign. According to Harris, "such brutality entrenched resistance", and in the following year Druze fighters killed
2245:
of all or part of the Chouf. Unlike his Ma'nid predecessors, Fakhr al-Din cooperated with the Ottomans, who, though able to suppress Mount Lebanon's local chiefs with massive force, were unable to pacify the region in the long term without local support. When the veteran general
2130:
in the Jurd sent to collect taxes from southern Mount Lebanon. For the next twenty years, the Druze successfully beat back government attempts to collect taxes and confiscate weapons, while increasing their rifle arsenals. In 1585 the imperial authorities organized a much larger
2876:
commanders arranged the two fortresses' demolition and were rewarded by the authorities. The Ma'ns were stripped of their governorships of Sidon-Beirut, Safed, and Keserwan, but Yunus retained the tax farm of the Chouf from the governor of the newly created
1753:
and Qurqumaz succeeded him as paramount emirs of the Druze in 1658, but were challenged by the Alam al-Dins and other Ottoman-backed Druze from the start. Qurqumaz was killed by the Ottomans in 1662. Ahmad defeated the Alam al-Dins in 1667 and assumed the
5671:) holds that the father of the Qurqumaz who died in 1586 was executed by the Ottomans, but neither provides a date nor the name of the father. The modern researcher Alexander Hourani, citing Ottoman government archives, claims the execution occurred in
5576:. A request to borrow the original portrait was made in 1659 by Abu Nawfal al-Khazen on behalf of Fakhr al-Din's grandnephews Ahmad and Qurqumaz, but there is no indication that the Grand Duke responded and the original's whereabouts are unknown.
2182:
of the Druze, his title of "emir" being used by local historians as a traditional honor rather than an official rank. Qurqumaz had refused to submit to Ibrahim Pasha and escaped the Chouf and died soon after in hiding.{{efn|According to the
2966:
nahiyas. Yusuf was dismissed in 1622 after failing to remit taxes to the Porte, but refused to hand over power to his replacement Umar Kittanji, who in turn requested Fakhr al-Din's military support. Fakhr al-Din complied in return for the
3050:
sanjak. A few months after Yusuf's death in July 1625, Fakhr al-Din launched an assault against Tripoli. He forced out his old ally Sulayman Sayfa from the Safita fortress and was later ceded the fortresses of Krak des Chevaliers and
2198:), Qurqumaz was killed during a government expedition against the Chouf in 1585, precipitated by Qurqumaz's alleged orchestration of an attack the preceding year on a government convoy in Akkar that had been transporting the annual
2119:
Following the death of Yunus, the Druze moved to import from the Venetians long-range muskets superior to those employed by the Ottomans. In 1565 the new arms were put to use by the Druze in an ambush on Ottoman
2305:. With the Druze of Sidon-Beirut and Safed under his authority, he effectively became their paramount chief. Fakhr al-Din may have been appointed to the post to leverage his Druze power base against the Shia.
1883:, the deployment of the Ma'n was part of the wider deployment of Arab military settlers to parts of Mount Lebanon and its environs by the Muslim rulers of Damascus to counter the Crusaders. The emirs of the
1709:. By 1613, he had amassed considerable power but lost his imperial patron, while his illicit takeover of strategic forts, hiring of outlawed musketeers, and government knowledge of his alliance with their
5572:, published in Tuscany in 1787. According to the art historian Hafez Chehab, "it is generally believed" that the engraving was a copy of a painted portrait of Fakhr al-Din originally in the possession of
5705:
Although he is only referred to as 'Sayf al-Din' in the available sources, his given name and those of his father and grandfather being omitted, he is mentioned as the brother of Mundhir and Sitt Nasab.
1601:
who were politically prominent in the 15th–17th centuries. Traditional Lebanese histories date the family's arrival in the Chouf to the 12th century, when they were held to have struggled against the
2031:. The Chouf subdistricts, along with the subdistricts of Gharb, Jurd and Matn were predominantly populated by Druze at the time and collectively referred to as the Druze Mountain. The Ottoman sultan
2001:(an honorific for leading Mamluk officers or officials) suggest the Ma'nid chiefs held military commissions in the Mamluk army. Fakhr al-Din's son Yunus was also called by Ibn Sibat the "emir of the
2844:
stationed in their headquarter village of Deir al-Qamar collaborated with Ahmed Pasha, prompting Yunus to abandon the village for Baakline. Ali Ma'n, meanwhile, was deserted by his bodyguard of
1820:, the "origins of the house of Ma'n remains unclear, what is related about it by the traditional Lebanese historians being without foundation". The traditional account holds that the eponymous
3099:. To smoke them out of their hiding places, Kuckuk started fires around the mountains. Fakhr al-Din consequently surrendered. His sons Mansur and Husayn, the latter of whom was stationed in
7107:
2093:
later chroniclers of the Ma'nids, likely for political reasons related to the chroniclers' association to the Ma'nid line of Qurqumaz. The latter was based in the Chouf village of
3042:
By 1624, Fakhr al-Din and his allies among the Sayfas who defected from Yusuf was in control of most of the Tripoli Eyalet, except for Tripoli city, the Krak des Chevaliers, the
3071:
of Tripoli in 1627, according solely to Duwayhi. By the early 1630s Fakhr al-Din captured many places around Damascus, controlled thirty fortresses, commanded a large army of
1536:
2885:
and Ali were appointed to Safed and Sidon-Beirut, respectively, and shortly after both governorships were given to Ali. The Ma'ns then confronted their Druze rivals, namely
2088:
The three Ma'nids likely shared the chieftainship of the Chouf, though the length and nature of the arrangement is not known. Zayn al-Din is assumed by the modern historian
1685:
as the local chief and tax farmer of the Chouf and, in contrast to his Ma'nid predecessors, cultivated close ties with the authorities in Damascus and the imperial capital,
1734:. The imperial government destroyed Ma'nid power in a second expedition in 1633, killing most of the dynasty's members and capturing and executing Fakhr al-Din in 1635.
2833:. Nasuh Pasha appointed Ahmed Pasha, the governor of Damascus, at the head of a large army to suppress Fakhr al-Din. The latter boarded a European ship and escaped to
2979:
and Akkar. Once Fakhr al-Din set out from Ghazir, Yusuf abandoned Tripoli for Akkar. The Emir thereafter sent his Maronite ally Abu Safi Khazen, the brother of his
8272:
5585:
Salibi holds that information about the Ma'ns before Fakhr al-Din I is based on unverifiable local tradition. The date of Ma'ns death is sourced by this tradition.
5533:
3305:, patronized a plan to renovate the Ma'nid palace and convert it into a museum. As of 2019, nothing was done in that regard and the ruins have kept on crumbling.
5664:) indicates that a Druze chief named Yunus was executed by the Ottoman governor of Damascus, though no date is provided. The Italian historian Giovanni Minadoi (
5650:
The historian Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn theorizes that this Yunus was "possibly a son" of the preceding Qurqumaz and may have been the father of the next Qurqumaz (
8372:
2987:
established since the late 14th century. In 1623 Fakhr al-Din mobilized his forces in Bsharri in support of Yusuf's rebellious nephew Sulayman, who controlled
2047:-based enemies of the Ma'nids' Buhturid allies. He entrusted the Assafs with political authority or tax-farming rights in the subdistricts between Beirut and
2946:
and four days later besieging Yusuf and the latter's Druze allies in the Krak des Chevaliers. He then sent a detachment to burn the Sayfas' home village of
2886:
2254:
of Damascus, Fakhr al-Din hosted and gave him expensive gifts upon his arrival to Sidon in September 1593. Murad Pasha reciprocated by appointing him the
3164:, Ahmad Ma'n collaborated in a rebellion against the Ottomans which extended beyond his death. Iltizam rights in Chouf and Kisrawan passed to the rising
2823:
in Anatolia, had turned its attention to affairs in the Levant. The authorities had become wary of Fakhr al-Din's expanding territory, his alliance with
1934:, in the words of Salibi. He is also referred to as Fakhr al-Din I to distinguish him from his better known descendant. The Gharb-based Druze chronicler
7806:(2010). "The Making of an Ottoman Harbour Town: Sidon/Saida from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries". In Sluglett, Peter; Weber, Stefan (eds.).
1976:
Yunus ibn Ma'n" as the builder of the mosque in 1493. Fakhr al-Din's construction of a mosque, which were not used by the Druze, and the honorific of
1529:
3148:
and Qurqumaz entered into a power struggle with Ottoman-backed Druze leaders. In 1660, the Ottoman Empire moved to reorganize the region, placing the
8146:
2657:
5615:
as the father of Fakhr al-Din Uthman, also known as 'Fakhr al-Din I'. The date of his death is from the 19th-century historian from Mount Lebanon,
2206:
The aftermath of the campaign and the death of Qurqumaz left the Druze Mountain in an anarchic state marked by internal fighting among the Druze.
1779:
in 1841. The emirate and iltizam of the Ma'ns and Shihabs over much of Mount Lebanon is viewed by historians as an early precursor to present-day
3236:
2063:
1767:
and Kisrawan until his death in 1706, after which Haydar Shihab, whose mother was a daughter of Ahmad, took his place. His descendants from the
8044:
7540:
3298:
3282:
2983:(fiscal and political adviser, scribe) Abu Nadir Khazen, to occupy Maronite-populated Bsharri, thereby ending the rule of the local Maronite
1522:
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1602:
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4121:
4108:
3937:
3918:
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in 1614. Their Druze and Shia rivals re-emerged as the tax farmers and governors of their home districts in Mount Lebanon and Jabal Amil.
191:
178:
159:
3014:
for their prohibition on the Chouf Druze from cultivating their fields there. Meanwhile, in June/July the Porte had replaced Ali Ma'n as
7368:
Badawi, Ali Khalil (2008). "Tyr - L'histoire d'une Ville". Tyre: Tyre/Sour/Tyr: Municipalité de Tyr / Tyre Municipality / Baladia Sour.
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1664:
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2005:" at the time of his death in 1511–12. The accounts of Ibn Sibat indicate the Ma'n controlled all or parts of the Chouf before the
1993:), who advocated for Druze adoption of traditional Muslim rituals. They may also have represented attempts to gain favor with the
1982:
attached to the name of his father Yunus indicates they were influenced by the major Druze religious reformer, their contemporary
1964:) notes that a certain "Ibn Ma'n" was in the custody of the Mamluk governor of Damascus in 1498–99. An inscription in a mosque in
3252:
2925:
Growing opposition to the Ma'ns by the Shias of Safed Sanjak culminated with their backing of Yaziji's efforts to replace Ali as
7891:
7515:
3006:
in 1623. Fakhr al-Din is shown as the standing, turbaned figure pointing toward Mustafa Pasha, who is being held to the ground.
1617:
to settle militarized Arab tribesmen in Mount Lebanon as a buffer against the Crusader strongholds along the Levantine coast.
7836:
7815:
7793:
7733:
7560:
7337:
7083:
2105:
In 1523, forty-three villages in Shuf Sulayman Ibn Ma'n, including Baruk, were burned by the forces of the Damascus governor
7268:"Problems in the Ottoman Administration in Syria during the 16th and 17th Centuries: The Case of the Sanjak of Sidon-Beirut"
3087:
as governor of Damascus and fitted him with a large army to destroy Ma'nid power. Kuchuk first defeated and killed Ali near
8131:
2634:
1693:, spanning southern Mount Lebanon and the coastal towns of Beirut and Sidon, and in 1602 was additionally appointed to the
5573:
2958:. Fakhr al-Din was compelled by Ottoman pressure to lift the siege, but during the hostilities had gained control of the
7719:
7632:
8106:
7615:
3075:, and, according to a contemporary Ottoman historian, the "only thing left for him to do was to claim the Sultanate".
7461:
7440:
7358:
7256:
2156:) to have been captured and hanged by the Ottomans at an undefined date as a result of unspecified complaints by the
5637:
According to the historian William Harris, Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr was the grandson of Izz al-Din Sadaqa and succeeded
3018:
of Safed with a certain Bustanji Bashi and replaced his brother Husayn and the Ma'n loyalist Mustafa Kethuda as the
8465:
1891:, collaborated with the Ma'nids against the Crusaders and from early on the two families established marital ties.
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2440:
3248:
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through female-line inheritance, thus Ma'n historical and genealogical legacy continues with the Chehab dynasty.
2802:
488:
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southeast of Beirut. Hourani argues that he was the grandson of Nasir al-Din Muhammad ibn Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr.
3157:
1632:
of the Chouf", according to contemporary sources and, despite the non-use of mosques by the Druze, founded the
1168:
7702:
3130:
8345:
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733:
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The identity of Qurqumaz's father is not definitively known. According to the historian Giovanni Minadoi (
8151:
3239:, the palace was turned into a garrison. At the beginning of the 19th century, it was transformed into a
2840:
In Fakhr al-Din's absence his younger brother Yunus acted as head of the family in the Chouf. The Ma'ns'
17:
663:
8085:
7884:
7803:
5641:
as the spiritual leader of the Druze. Sayf al-Din's father, Izz al-Din's son, is not mentioned by name.
5628:
He is the first member of the Ma'n dynasty "whose historicity is beyond question", according to Salibi.
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3256:
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where, according to traditional accounts, the Ma'nids established themselves as a bulwark against the
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1412:
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The View from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman Chancery Documents, 1546-1711
2815:
Fakhr al-Din lost imperial favor with the death of Murad Pasha in July 1611 and the succession of
3243:. The ownership of the place was transferred at an unspecified point from the Franciscans to the
1158:
3191:
8289:
8267:
8166:
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7399:
7373:
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3578:
3010:
In August/September 1623 Fakhr al-Din evicted the Harfushes from the southern Beqaa village of
2824:
2755:
2666:
2502:
2089:
1954:
1895:
1710:
1563:
1263:
1208:
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2827:, his unsanctioned strengthening and garrisoning of fortresses and his employment of outlawed
1914:
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1223:
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New Documents on the History of Mount Lebanon and Arabistan in the 10th and 11th Centuries H
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3351: Dynasties: Ma'n—Outlined in Black; Tanukh—Outlined in Red; Shihab—Outlined in Purple
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from 1677 depicting Fakhr al-Din's capture of Mustafa Pasha, beylerbey of Damascus, at the
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2507:
2006:
1983:
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81:
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selected Bashir Shihab, whose mother was Mulhim's daughter, to succeed Ahmad. He held the
8:
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3133:, was given authority over the Chouf by the Ottomans. A surviving member of the dynasty,
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confirmation of the Ma'ns' gpvernorships and the additional appointments of himself over
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2024:
1931:
1923:
1690:
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498:
2991:. Fakhr al-Din's intervention confirmed the Ma'ns as the practical overlords of Safita.
2942:
Fakhr al-Din moved against the Sayfas in 1619, capturing and looted their stronghold of
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843:
703:
428:
363:
783:
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National Association for the Preservation of South Lebanon’s Archaeology and Heritage
3278:
3255:(OETA) was declared on 23 October 1918 and Jabal Amil came under French control, the
2914:
2671:
2648:
2566:
2272:
afforded Fakhr al-Din the space to consolidate and expand his semi-autonomous power.
2264:
in Arabic sources) of Sidon-Beirut in December. The Ottomans' preoccupation with the
2127:
2044:
1880:
1606:
1303:
1148:
753:
393:
383:
373:
258:
93:
7967:
3901:
2383:
8355:
8312:
8222:
7937:
7756:
7670:
7587:
7583:
7484:
7279:
3274:
2976:
2963:
2710:
2412:
2325:
2281:
2269:
2081:) was the headquarters of Qurqumaz, the grandson of Fakhr al-Din I and ancestor of
2048:
1719:
1457:
1453:
1442:
1423:
1088:
1068:
1048:
968:
763:
643:
568:
558:
508:
438:
338:
288:
99:
7922:
2176:(tax farmer) in the Chouf, though he resided in Ain Dara, and was recognized as a
2017:
Following the Ottoman conquest, the Chouf was administratively divided into three
8429:
8382:
8322:
8317:
8279:
8059:
7918:
7854:
7808:
Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman rule: Essays in Honour of Abdul-Karim Rafeq
7548:
7505:
7451:
7348:
7308:
7246:
4399:
3003:
2959:
2865:
2776:
2720:
2715:
2238:
2230:
2215:
2082:
2028:
1829:
1742:
1675:
1667:
prompted the Ma'nid emir Qurqumaz ibn Yunis to go into hiding in the neighboring
1652:
1582:
1554:
1393:
1363:
1128:
1118:
1028:
1008:
898:
833:
793:
773:
683:
608:
598:
548:
518:
458:
448:
328:
278:
174:
7659:"The muqaddams of Bšarrī: Maronite chieftains of the Northern Lebanon 1382–1621"
5657:), who was the father of Fakhr al-Din II. The Damascene poet Muhammad ibn Mami (
3091:
in Wadi al-Taym. Fakhr al-Din and his men subsequently took refuge in a cave in
2864:
led by Husayn Yaziji and Husayn Tawil, respectively; with the help of the rival
2341:
of Sidon-Beirut and the Ma'ns' control of Keserwan was recognized by the Porte.
2225:
8439:
8307:
8049:
7714:
7706:
7627:
7623:
4768:
3730:
3323:
3281:(IAF) heavily bombed the market area and partly destroyed the palace. In 2003,
3134:
3112:
3043:
2947:
2820:
2788:
2705:
2591:
2366:
2294:
2275:
2203:
1884:
1845:
1768:
1764:
1738:
1727:
1686:
1651:
in 1516, three chiefs of the Ma'n dynasty were imprisoned for rebellion by the
1648:
1618:
1594:
1468:
1378:
1322:
1098:
988:
918:
618:
187:
138:
105:
87:
7760:
7283:
2750:
2069:
8454:
8404:
8387:
8377:
7997:
7682:
7646:
7619:
5066:
3294:
3213:
3165:
3145:
3116:
2999:
2890:
2745:
2488:
2403:
2286:
2167:
2106:
2040:
2035:, after entering Damascus and receiving the defection of its Mamluk governor
1965:
1919:
1857:
1750:
1637:
1598:
1348:
853:
713:
77:
71:
7674:
7394:
Badawi, Ali Khalil (2018). "Tyre" (4th ed.). Beirut: Al-Athar Magazine.
3141:
of the Chouf, Jurd, Gharb, and Matn, a position he largely held until 1657.
2909:. Ali and Yunus defeated them in four engagements in the Druze Mountain, at
221:
8399:
8227:
8101:
7698:
7654:
7611:
3267:
3153:
3024:
2878:
2853:
2852:
in the Syrian Desert where he evaded Ahmed Pasha. The Ma'nid fortresses of
2313:
2302:
2199:
2142:
1994:
1888:
1849:
1817:
1706:
1694:
1352:
823:
578:
2860:, which the Ottomans sought to dismantle, were controlled by the family's
2819:. By then the Porte, freed up from the wars with Austria and Iran and the
8080:
7932:
7927:
3290:
3260:
3225:
3092:
3036:
2816:
2586:
2552:
2431:
2426:
2321:
1715:
1628:), the first member of the family whose historicity is certain, was the "
1212:
978:
888:
673:
528:
478:
7595:
7553:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
2293:
In July 1602, after his political patron Murad Pasha became a vizier in
8367:
7690:
7571:
7496:
6751:
3011:
2955:
2943:
2474:
2256:
1821:
1698:
1498:
1138:
1108:
938:
743:
308:
8327:
7768:
7658:
7472:
7291:
6631:
6097:
2351:
was a stronghold of Fakhr al-Din, guarding his domains from the south.
2344:
1613:. They may have been part of a wider movement by the Muslim rulers of
52:
8350:
8111:
8007:
7947:
7744:
7267:
6443:
5599:
3319:
3067:, appointing his deputies to govern them. Fakhr al-Din was appointed
3056:
2902:
2894:
2611:
2493:
2417:
2137:
2052:
1935:
1900:
1865:
1861:
1841:
1805:
1776:
1722:
and extended Ma'nid dominion and tax farming rights to predominantly
1610:
1483:
1438:
1408:
1333:
1318:
723:
693:
538:
298:
238:
7488:
7424:(PhD). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
8424:
8239:
6859:
3318:
Genealogical tree of the Ma'n dynasty and their relations with the
2972:
2771:
2184:
2178:
2112:
1731:
1723:
1668:
1614:
1267:
1038:
998:
948:
908:
813:
468:
418:
318:
6763:
3121:
8202:
7957:
7040:
7038:
7036:
3096:
3088:
2869:
2857:
2834:
2454:
2172:
2060:
2032:
1904:
1837:
1833:
1780:
1760:
1702:
1660:
1427:
1337:
1307:
1242:
1078:
1058:
1018:
928:
863:
653:
268:
1879:. According to Salibi's analysis of the 19th-century history of
8217:
8002:
7942:
5690:
was a leading emir of the Tanukh and a tax farmer in the Gharb
5595:
3149:
3100:
3055:
by Yusuf's sons. In September 1626 he captured the fortress of
3052:
3047:
2988:
2951:
2910:
2898:
2849:
2829:
2449:
2317:
2122:
2094:
2074:
2019:
1876:
1828:, a large Arab tribal confederation with branches in the upper
1809:
1502:
1382:
1238:
248:
7033:
7003:
6203:
5986:
5984:
5982:
8234:
8212:
8207:
7900:
7855:"The Ottoman Invasion of the Shūf in 1585: A Reconsideration"
7786:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
6739:
6727:
6655:
6527:
6073:
3028:
2918:
2374:
2309:
2163:
2098:
2039:, who was kept in his post, showed preference to the Turkmen
1997:
Mamluk rulers. The usage of the terms "emir" (commander) and
1953:" who died in August/September 1506. The Damascene historian
1950:
1868:
1853:
1801:
1590:
1472:
1227:
1197:
67:
7350:
The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society
7220:
7076:
Renaissance Emir: A Druze Warlord at the Court of the Medici
6876:
6874:
6561:
6559:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6515:
6181:
6179:
6164:
6044:
6042:
6040:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
2220:
1930:
The first Ma'nid "whose historicity is beyond question" was
8244:
8197:
7572:"Political Dynamics in the Rise of Fakhr al-Din, 1590-1633"
7473:"Reconstructing the Medici Portrait of Fakhr al-Din Maʾani"
7208:
6898:
6787:
6595:
6583:
6503:
6421:
6419:
6406:
6404:
6389:
6367:
6365:
6326:
6244:
6242:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5979:
5890:
5888:
5886:
3064:
3060:
2906:
2158:
1978:
1922:, which contained an inscription crediting the Ma'nid emir
1872:
1629:
1367:
7174:
7172:
6886:
3224:
the Ma'nid palace in Tyre came under the ownership of the
7432:
The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century
7422:
The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century
7057:
7055:
7053:
6927:
6925:
6910:
6871:
6823:
6703:
6691:
6667:
6571:
6556:
6539:
6176:
6085:
6037:
6025:
5967:
5931:
5769:
5767:
5741:
7869:
6811:
6775:
6643:
6619:
6607:
6491:
6479:
6467:
6455:
6431:
6416:
6401:
6377:
6362:
6314:
6278:
6266:
6239:
6227:
6152:
6109:
5996:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5779:
5568:
The engraving was the frontispiece of Giovanni Mariti's
5534:
Vanguard of the Maani Army (Movement of the Druze Jihad)
1726:, northern Mount Lebanon. By 1630 he controlled much of
7196:
7169:
7145:
7133:
6302:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
5943:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5721:
2012:
7184:
7157:
7078:. London: Olive Branch Pr. pp. 66, 104, 156–157.
7050:
6949:
6922:
6847:
6799:
6715:
6679:
6338:
6290:
6254:
5852:
5850:
5820:
5818:
5764:
1871:
emirs of the neighboring Gharb district around modern
7121:
7029:. Beirut: South for Construction. pp. 94, 96–97.
6937:
6835:
6215:
6191:
6140:
6128:
6013:
5912:
5900:
5862:
5837:
5835:
5833:
2237:
Around 1590 Qurqumaz was succeeded by his eldest son
1741:
defeated the family's government-backed Druze rival,
1714:
1618. After a few years, he defeated his major rival
7828:
The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788
6350:
6054:
5955:
5791:
5718:
5691:
1945:) refers to Fakhr al-Din Uthman as the "emir of the
1568:
5847:
5815:
5803:
5830:
3259:used the palace as a base until the joint British-
2135:and the Sidon-Beirut Sanjak in general led by the
8147:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
3212:Fakhr al-Din and his brother owned properties in
3171:
2658:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
2308:In 1606, Fakhr al-Din made common cause with the
8452:
7420:Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan Salamah (February 1972).
3231:In the late 18th century, under the rule of the
1689:. In 1593, he was appointed the governor of the
7456:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
2950:and gained the defection of the Sayfa forts of
2355:
7810:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 179–240.
7020:
7018:
7885:
7309:"Khalidi on Fakhr al-Din: Apology as History"
5688:Mundhir ibn Alam al-Din Sulayman ibn Muhammad
2796:
1530:
7749:International Journal of Middle East Studies
7353:(2nd ed.). Leiden and New York: Brill.
7272:International Journal of Middle East Studies
123:Late 15th century (as attested historically)
36:
7346:
7015:
6996:
6994:
5758:
1852:until being transferred to the area of the
1824:of the Banu Ma'n belonged to a clan of the
7892:
7878:
7720:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
7633:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
7539:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7323:
7306:
7265:
7248:Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650
7241:
7226:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6916:
6880:
6865:
6829:
6817:
6793:
6781:
6769:
6757:
6745:
6733:
6709:
6697:
6673:
6661:
6649:
6625:
6613:
6601:
6589:
6577:
6565:
6550:
6533:
6521:
6509:
6497:
6485:
6473:
6461:
6449:
6437:
6425:
6395:
6383:
6371:
6344:
6332:
6320:
6308:
6284:
6272:
6233:
6185:
6170:
6158:
6122:
6103:
6091:
6079:
6048:
6007:
5990:
5937:
5894:
3245:Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre
3095:in the southern Chouf or further south in
2803:
2789:
1856:(also transliterated as Shuf) in southern
1537:
1523:
51:
27:Druze chieftains of southern Mount Lebanon
8127:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
7831:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7728:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 343–344.
7641:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 749–751.
7569:
7266:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (November 1992).
7251:. Beirut: American University of Beirut.
6410:
6248:
5611:He is mentioned in an inscription of the
3275:invasion of southern Lebanon in June 1982
2626:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
2221:Control of Sidon-Beirut and Safed sanjaks
2209:
2097:, where he gave refuge to members of the
1968:, a major village in the Chouf, credits "
1665:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
1593:chiefs of Arab stock based in the rugged
6991:
3120:
2993:
2343:
2274:
2224:
2068:
1913:
1795:
1749:of the Druze Mountain in 1642. His sons
7570:Olsaretti, Alessandro (December 2008).
7524:
7214:
7202:
7178:
7151:
7139:
7100:"News in brief published on 15/07/2003"
6973:
6966:
6964:
6955:
6931:
6904:
6892:
6853:
6805:
6721:
6685:
6296:
6260:
3253:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
2337:of Safed, his son Ali was appointed as
1887:, an Arab family established in nearby
14:
8453:
7824:
7783:
7742:
7697:
7653:
7610:
7503:
7470:
7428:
7419:
7393:
7367:
7190:
7163:
7127:
7073:
7061:
7044:
6943:
6841:
6637:
6356:
6221:
6209:
6197:
6146:
6134:
6067:
6031:
6019:
5973:
5961:
5949:
5925:
5906:
5877:
5856:
5824:
5809:
5797:
5785:
5773:
5735:
7873:
7802:
7547:
7510:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7449:
7024:
7009:
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3996:
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3990:
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3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3125:Genealogical tree of the Ma'n dynasty
2289:, seat of the Ma'n under Fakhr al-Din
2066:emirs in Sidon and the Beqaa Valley.
6961:
5619:, who erroneously calls him "Yusuf".
3363: Dashed lines denote marriages
2013:Early interactions with the Ottomans
1671:, where he died the following year.
215:Historical Arab states and dynasties
5574:Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3144:Following Mulhim's death, his sons
2893:chief Muhammad ibn Jamal al-Din of
2202:tribute destined for the sultan in
1586:
1558:
37:
24:
7846:
5598:appointed by the Mamluks from the
3357: Italic text denotes females
3083:The imperial government appointed
2328:; the latter had been invested as
1832:valley. Ma'n fought alongside the
1609:alongside their Druze allies, the
135:Ma'n (as cited by local tradition)
120:1120 (as cited by local tradition)
25:
8477:
7745:"The Secret of the House of Ma'n"
3345: Paramount Emir of the Druze
2297:, Fakhr al-Din was appointed the
90:/Kingdom of Jerusalem (1154–1187)
8435:
8434:
8423:
8132:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
7966:
7853:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1985).
7576:The International History Review
7324:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004).
7307:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1993).
7092:
7067:
6640:, pp. 66–68, 85, 86 note 1.
5699:
5681:
5644:
5631:
5622:
5605:
5588:
5579:
3201:
3190:
3162:Ottoman–Habsburg War (1683–1699)
3152:(districts) of Sidon-Beirut and
2933:
2770:
2635:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
2382:
636:Western dynasties and caliphates
220:
7429:Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan (1982).
7347:Abu-Izzedin, Nejla M. (1993) .
7235:
7110:from the original on 2021-07-09
5562:
5546:
2268:(1578–1590; 1603–1618) and the
8107:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
7743:Salibi, Kamal S. (July 1973).
7588:10.1080/07075332.2008.10416646
7450:Betts, Robert Brendon (1988).
3308:
3172:Architectural works and legacy
3129:The Druze enemy of the Ma'ns,
3106:
2027:, which was a district of the
2007:Ottoman conquest of the Levant
1875:against the Crusader lords of
1864:of Damascus, to reinforce the
1636:in the family's stronghold of
175:Fakhr al-Din (II) ibn Qurqumaz
148:; first historically attested)
139:Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Hajj Yunus
13:
1:
8346:Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine
6760:, pp. 120, 123, 149–150.
5712:
5672:
5594:He was the first governor of
1972:Emir Fakhr al-Din Uthman ibn
1896:Crusaders had captured Beirut
1679:
8172:Druze in Mandatory Palestine
7507:Lebanon: A History, 600–2011
6106:, pp. 67 note 3, 69–70.
5666:
5659:
5652:
5554:
5501:
5301:
5120:
5103:
5071:
5056:
4833:
4810:
4786:
4773:
4758:
4745:
4732:
4719:
4706:
4693:
4468:
4443:
4404:
4144:
4022:
3825:
3802:
3735:
3609:
3439:
3023:defeated in a battle at the
2356:Interregnum of Yunus and Ali
2193:
2151:
2126:(fief-holding cavalries) in
1988:
1959:
1940:
1926:for its construction in 1493
1623:
143:
7:
8152:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
7525:Hourani, Alexander (2010).
6452:, pp. 89, 91, note 87.
5692:
5522:
3336:Family of Ma'n dynasty
2260:(district governor, called
2229:Engraving of a portrait of
1860:in 1120 by Ilghazi's ally,
1816:According to the historian
1745:, in 1636 and regained the
1569:
356:Arab empires and caliphates
158:Ahmed ibn Mulhim ibn Yunus
10:
8482:
7964:
3110:
2971:of the Tripoli nahiyas of
2213:
2133:campaign against the Chouf
1791:
1786:
1737:A surviving son of Yunus,
1559:ٱلْأُسْرَةُ ٱلْمَعْنِيَّةُ
57:Flag of the Ma'nid dynasty
8418:
8336:
8300:
8258:
8190:
8094:
8068:
8037:
8016:
7975:
7907:
7899:
7784:Salibi, Kamal S. (2005).
7761:10.1017/S0020743800031469
7284:10.1017/S002074380002239X
5416:
5414:
5326:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5218:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5128:
5090:
5086:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4801:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4137:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
3982:
3980:
3966:
3964:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3779:
3777:
3759:
3757:
3712:
3710:
3692:
3690:
3653:
3651:
3633:
3631:
3558:
3556:
3481:
3479:
3273:When Israel launched its
3078:
2270:war with Hapsburg Austria
2266:wars against Safavid Iran
2141:(provincial governor) of
1659:, but released by Sultan
202:
168:
154:
129:
114:
62:
50:
32:
7993:Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana
7504:Harris, William (2012).
6868:, p. 126, note 139.
6772:, pp. 122–123, 150.
6212:, pp. 117, 120–122.
5539:
3293:, veteran leader of the
2320:against his local rival
2187:patriarch and historian
1848:. He later moved to the
1643:Two years following the
1603:Crusader lords of Beirut
1573:, alternatively spelled
664:Umayyad state of Córdoba
8466:Lebanese noble families
8112:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
8086:Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb
7825:Winter, Stefan (2010).
7675:10.1163/157005868X00280
7407:Cite magazine requires
7381:Cite magazine requires
7243:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim
7047:, pp. 94, 103–121.
7012:, p. 203, note 38.
6970:Abu Husayn 2004, p. 22.
3266:captured the city from
3184:The Ma'n palace in Tyre
3176:
2612:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
1775:until the expulsion of
1730:and was poised against
8273:Maronite-Druze dualism
8268:Christianity and Druze
8157:Hauran Druze Rebellion
7471:Chehab, Hafez (1994).
7435:. Librairie du Liban.
3264:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3126:
3007:
2897:in the Gharb, and the
2825:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2756:Christianity and Druze
2667:Hauran Druze Rebellion
2503:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
2352:
2290:
2234:
2210:Era of Fakhr al-Din II
2090:Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn
2085:
2023:(subdistricts) of the
1955:Shams al-Din ibn Tulun
1927:
1813:
1771:continued to hold the
1645:advent of Ottoman rule
8393:List of Israeli Druze
8122:Mount Lebanon Emirate
7983:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
7025:Jaber, Kamel (2005).
6984:Abu-Husayn 2004, pp.
5570:Istoria de Faccardino
5529:Mount Lebanon Emirate
3916:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
3303:Parliament of Lebanon
3124:
2997:
2480:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
2347:
2278:
2228:
2072:
1917:
1800:The mountains of the
1799:
1577:), also known as the
1254:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1169:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
8410:Persecution of Druze
8373:Druze Arabic dialect
8177:Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
7988:Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi
7074:Gorton, Ted (2014).
6907:, pp. 936, 938.
5639:al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi
5613:Deir al-Qamar Mosque
4006:Alam al-Din Sulayman
3799:Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr
3270:troops in mid-1941.
2741:Persecution of Druze
1984:al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi
1589:), were a family of
82:Kingdom of Jerusalem
8430:Religion portal
8363:Alam al-Din dynasty
7953:Seven Durzi pillars
7217:, pp. 946–947.
7027:Memory of the South
7000:Salibi 2005, p. 66.
6895:, pp. 935–936.
6748:, pp. 119–121.
6736:, pp. 119–120.
6664:, pp. 115–116.
6536:, pp. 101–102.
6082:, pp. 668–669.
6034:, pp. 284–285.
5976:, pp. 280–281.
5788:, pp. 116–117.
4735: 1690 or 1697
3902:Sharaf al-Din Yahya
3731:Fakhr al-Din Uthman
3285:, president of the
3251:British and French
2777:Religion portal
2681:Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
2441:Seven Druze pillars
2037:Janbirdi al-Ghazali
2025:Sidon-Beirut Sanjak
1970:al-Maqarr al-Fakhri
1932:Fakhr al-Din Uthman
1924:Fakhr al-Din Uthman
1691:Sidon-Beirut Sanjak
1657:Janbirdi al-Ghazali
231:Ancient Arab states
8250:Salman the Persian
8182:Qalb Loze massacre
8137:Battle of Ain Dara
8024:Epistles of Wisdom
8008:Muhammad al-Darazī
7517:978-0-19-518-111-1
6524:, pp. 97, 99.
6173:, pp. 69, 71.
3519:missed generations
3222:Cardinal Richelieu
3156:in a newly formed
3127:
3085:Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha
3008:
2887:Muzaffar al-Andari
2686:Qalb Loze massacre
2644:Battle of Ain Dara
2528:Epistles of Wisdom
2353:
2330:commander-in-chief
2291:
2235:
2189:Istifan al-Duwayhi
2086:
2057:Istifan al-Duwayhi
1928:
1814:
1634:Fakhreddine Mosque
1296:Current monarchies
959:Sharifate of Mecca
429:Emirate of Tbilisi
419:Emirate of Armenia
269:Kingdom of Osroene
8448:
8447:
8301:Druze communities
8285:Judaism and Druze
8259:Relationship with
8162:Jabal Druze State
8142:1838 Druze Revolt
8076:Al-Khidr Festival
8055:Khalwat al-Bayada
7976:Important figures
7838:978-0-521-76584-8
7817:978-90-04-18193-9
7795:978-1-86064-912-7
7735:978-90-04-08112-3
7657:(February 1968).
7562:978-0-7864-1375-1
7339:978-1-86064-856-4
7229:, pp. 70–71.
7085:978-1-56656-963-7
6796:, pp. 55–56.
6604:, pp. 44–45.
6592:, pp. 43–44.
6512:, pp. 95–96.
6398:, pp. 24–25.
6335:, pp. 83–84.
5993:, pp. 68–69.
5952:, pp. 88–89.
5776:, pp. 58–59.
5617:Tannus al-Shidyaq
5519:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
3673:missed generation
3579:Izz al-Din Sadaqa
3279:Israeli Air Force
3158:province of Sidon
2889:of the Jurd, the
2813:
2812:
2751:Religious symbols
2699:Druze communities
2672:Jabal Druze State
2649:1838 Druze Revolt
2558:Shrine of Shu'ayb
2468:Important figures
1949:in the region of
1911:era (1260–1516).
1881:Tannus al-Shidyaq
1597:area of southern
1567:
1547:
1546:
1512:
1511:
1287:
1286:
1279:Tippu Tip's State
1177:
1176:
1149:Emirate of Beihan
881:Arabian Peninsula
872:
871:
627:
626:
411:Eastern dynasties
402:
401:
347:
346:
259:Nabataean Kingdom
249:Kingdom of Lihyan
210:
209:
94:Ayyubid Sultanate
16:(Redirected from
8473:
8438:
8437:
8428:
8427:
8356:Sultan al-Atrash
8223:John the Baptist
8028:Rasa'il al-Hikma
7970:
7894:
7887:
7880:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7842:
7821:
7799:
7780:
7739:
7694:
7650:
7607:
7566:
7544:
7538:
7530:
7521:
7500:
7467:
7446:
7425:
7416:
7410:
7405:
7403:
7395:
7390:
7384:
7379:
7377:
7369:
7364:
7343:
7331:
7320:
7303:
7262:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7071:
7065:
7059:
7048:
7042:
7031:
7030:
7022:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6998:
6989:
6982:
6971:
6968:
6959:
6953:
6947:
6941:
6935:
6929:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6902:
6896:
6890:
6884:
6878:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6563:
6554:
6548:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6414:
6408:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6052:
6046:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5994:
5988:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5910:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5881:
5875:
5860:
5854:
5845:
5839:
5828:
5822:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5762:
5759:Abu-Izzedin 1993
5756:
5739:
5733:
5706:
5703:
5697:
5695:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5668:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5620:
5609:
5603:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5577:
5566:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5505:
5503:
5305:
5303:
5124:
5122:
5107:
5105:
5075:
5073:
5060:
5058:
4837:
4835:
4814:
4812:
4790:
4788:
4777:
4775:
4762:
4760:
4749:
4747:
4736:
4734:
4723:
4721:
4710:
4708:
4697:
4695:
4472:
4470:
4447:
4445:
4408:
4406:
4203:
4200:
4148:
4146:
4126:
4125: 1585–1598
4123:
4113:
4112: 1556–1624
4110:
4026:
4024:
3942:
3941: 1518–1528
3939:
3923:
3922: 1519–1567
3920:
3910:
3909: 1516–1518
3907:
3829:
3828: 1511/1512
3827:
3806:
3804:
3739:
3737:
3613:
3611:
3587:
3584:
3443:
3441:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3314:
3313:
3205:
3194:
3046:nahiya, and the
2998:An engraving by
2805:
2798:
2791:
2775:
2774:
2532:Rasa'il al-Hikma
2386:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2197:
2195:
2162:(head judge) of
2155:
2153:
2079:pictured in 2005
1992:
1990:
1963:
1961:
1944:
1942:
1684:
1681:
1627:
1625:
1611:Tanukh Buhturids
1588:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1300:
1299:
1264:Nabahani dynasty
1209:Nabahani dynasty
1194:Makhzumi dynasty
1190:
1189:
885:
884:
640:
639:
439:Emirate of Crete
415:
414:
360:
359:
339:Kingdom of Kinda
289:Kingdom of Hatra
239:Kingdom of Qedar
235:
234:
224:
212:
211:
196:
195: 1633–1658
193:
188:Mulhim ibn Yunus
183:
182: 1591–1633
180:
164:
163: 1658–1697
161:
147:
145:
100:Mamluk Sultanate
55:
40:
39:
30:
29:
21:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8470:
8451:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8422:
8414:
8383:Jumblatt family
8338:
8332:
8323:Jordanian Druze
8296:
8280:Islam and Druze
8261:other religions
8260:
8254:
8186:
8090:
8064:
8033:
8012:
7971:
7962:
7903:
7898:
7852:
7849:
7847:Further reading
7839:
7818:
7796:
7788:. I.B. Tauris.
7736:
7707:Bosworth, C. E.
7563:
7532:
7531:
7518:
7489:10.2307/1523213
7464:
7443:
7409:|magazine=
7408:
7406:
7397:
7396:
7383:|magazine=
7382:
7380:
7371:
7370:
7361:
7340:
7332:. I.B. Tauris.
7259:
7238:
7233:
7227:Abu-Husayn 1985
7225:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7201:
7197:
7189:
7185:
7177:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7150:
7146:
7138:
7134:
7126:
7122:
7113:
7111:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7086:
7072:
7068:
7060:
7051:
7043:
7034:
7023:
7016:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6992:
6983:
6974:
6969:
6962:
6954:
6950:
6942:
6938:
6930:
6923:
6917:Abu-Husayn 1985
6915:
6911:
6903:
6899:
6891:
6887:
6881:Abu-Husayn 1985
6879:
6872:
6866:Abu-Husayn 1985
6864:
6860:
6852:
6848:
6840:
6836:
6830:Abu-Husayn 1985
6828:
6824:
6818:Abu-Husayn 1985
6816:
6812:
6804:
6800:
6794:Abu-Husayn 1985
6792:
6788:
6782:Abu-Husayn 1985
6780:
6776:
6770:Abu-Husayn 1985
6768:
6764:
6758:Abu-Husayn 1985
6756:
6752:
6746:Abu-Husayn 1985
6744:
6740:
6734:Abu-Husayn 1985
6732:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6710:Abu-Husayn 1985
6708:
6704:
6698:Abu-Husayn 1985
6696:
6692:
6684:
6680:
6674:Abu-Husayn 1985
6672:
6668:
6662:Abu-Husayn 1985
6660:
6656:
6650:Abu-Husayn 1985
6648:
6644:
6636:
6632:
6626:Abu-Husayn 1985
6624:
6620:
6614:Abu-Husayn 1985
6612:
6608:
6602:Abu-Husayn 1985
6600:
6596:
6590:Abu-Husayn 1985
6588:
6584:
6578:Abu-Husayn 1985
6576:
6572:
6566:Abu-Husayn 1985
6564:
6557:
6551:Abu-Husayn 1985
6549:
6540:
6534:Abu-Husayn 1985
6532:
6528:
6522:Abu-Husayn 1985
6520:
6516:
6510:Abu-Husayn 1985
6508:
6504:
6498:Abu-Husayn 1985
6496:
6492:
6486:Abu-Husayn 1985
6484:
6480:
6474:Abu-Husayn 1985
6472:
6468:
6462:Abu-Husayn 1985
6460:
6456:
6450:Abu-Husayn 1985
6448:
6444:
6438:Abu-Husayn 1985
6436:
6432:
6426:Abu-Husayn 1985
6424:
6417:
6409:
6402:
6396:Abu-Husayn 1985
6394:
6390:
6384:Abu-Husayn 1985
6382:
6378:
6372:Abu-Husayn 1985
6370:
6363:
6355:
6351:
6345:Abu-Husayn 1985
6343:
6339:
6333:Abu-Husayn 1985
6331:
6327:
6321:Abu-Husayn 1985
6319:
6315:
6309:Abu-Husayn 1993
6307:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6285:Abu-Husayn 1985
6283:
6279:
6273:Abu-Husayn 1985
6271:
6267:
6259:
6255:
6247:
6240:
6234:Abu-Husayn 1985
6232:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6204:
6196:
6192:
6186:Abu-Husayn 1992
6184:
6177:
6171:Abu-Husayn 1985
6169:
6165:
6159:Abu-Husayn 1985
6157:
6153:
6145:
6141:
6133:
6129:
6123:Abu-Husayn 1985
6121:
6110:
6104:Abu-Husayn 1985
6102:
6098:
6092:Abu-Husayn 1992
6090:
6086:
6080:Abu-Husayn 1992
6078:
6074:
6066:
6055:
6049:Abu-Husayn 1992
6047:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6018:
6014:
6008:Abu-Husayn 1985
6006:
5997:
5991:Abu-Husayn 1985
5989:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5948:
5944:
5938:Abu-Husayn 1992
5936:
5932:
5924:
5913:
5905:
5901:
5895:Abu-Husayn 1985
5893:
5884:
5876:
5863:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5831:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5784:
5780:
5772:
5765:
5757:
5742:
5734:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5610:
5606:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5525:
5520:
5500:
5300:
5119:
5102:
5070:
5055:
4832:
4809:
4785:
4772:
4757:
4744:
4731:
4718:
4705:
4692:
4467:
4442:
4403:
4400:Fakhr al-Din II
4201:
4143:
4124:
4111:
4021:
3940:
3921:
3908:
3824:
3801:
3734:
3608:
3585:
3438:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3327:
3311:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3131:Ali Alam al-Din
3119:
3111:Main articles:
3109:
3081:
3004:Battle of Anjar
2936:
2866:Harfush dynasty
2809:
2769:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2721:Jordanian Druze
2700:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2676:
2662:
2653:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2498:
2484:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2445:
2436:
2422:
2408:
2394:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2239:Fakhr al-Din II
2231:Fakhr al-Din II
2223:
2218:
2216:Fakhr al-Din II
2212:
2192:
2150:
2083:Fakhr al-Din II
2073:The village of
2029:Damascus Eyalet
2015:
1987:
1958:
1939:
1830:Euphrates River
1794:
1789:
1743:Ali Alam al-Din
1697:, spanning the
1682:
1676:Fakhr al-Din II
1653:Damascus Eyalet
1622:
1587:ٱلْمَعْنِيُّونَ
1543:
1514:
1513:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1224:Mahdali dynasty
1187:
1179:
1178:
1119:Muscat and Oman
889:Imamate of Oman
882:
874:
873:
637:
629:
628:
412:
404:
403:
357:
349:
348:
279:Emesene Dynasty
232:
194:
181:
162:
142:
74:, part of the:
58:
46:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8479:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8442:
8432:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8351:Al-Atrash clan
8348:
8342:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8328:Druze diaspora
8325:
8320:
8315:
8313:Lebanese Druze
8310:
8304:
8302:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8293:
8292:
8282:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8264:
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8098:
8096:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8050:Jabal al-Druze
8047:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7979:
7977:
7973:
7972:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7897:
7896:
7889:
7882:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7837:
7822:
7816:
7800:
7794:
7781:
7755:(3): 272–287.
7740:
7734:
7711:van Donzel, E.
7695:
7651:
7616:"Fakhr al-Dīn"
7608:
7582:(4): 709–740.
7567:
7561:
7545:
7522:
7516:
7501:
7468:
7462:
7447:
7441:
7426:
7417:
7391:
7365:
7359:
7344:
7338:
7321:
7304:
7278:(4): 665–675.
7263:
7257:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7219:
7207:
7205:, p. 919.
7195:
7193:, p. 108.
7183:
7181:, p. 946.
7168:
7166:, p. 280.
7156:
7154:, p. 945.
7144:
7142:, p. 917.
7132:
7120:
7106:. 2003-07-15.
7104:THE DAILY STAR
7091:
7084:
7066:
7064:, p. 103.
7049:
7032:
7014:
7002:
6990:
6972:
6960:
6958:, p. 939.
6948:
6946:, p. 108.
6936:
6934:, p. 938.
6921:
6919:, p. 127.
6909:
6897:
6885:
6883:, p. 126.
6870:
6858:
6856:, p. 934.
6846:
6844:, p. 103.
6834:
6832:, p. 125.
6822:
6810:
6808:, p. 930.
6798:
6786:
6774:
6762:
6750:
6738:
6726:
6724:, p. 928.
6714:
6712:, p. 118.
6702:
6700:, p. 117.
6690:
6688:, p. 933.
6678:
6676:, p. 114.
6666:
6654:
6642:
6630:
6618:
6606:
6594:
6582:
6580:, p. 109.
6570:
6568:, p. 102.
6555:
6553:, p. 106.
6538:
6526:
6514:
6502:
6490:
6478:
6466:
6454:
6442:
6430:
6415:
6413:, p. 729.
6411:Olsaretti 2008
6400:
6388:
6376:
6361:
6349:
6337:
6325:
6313:
6301:
6299:, p. 923.
6289:
6277:
6265:
6263:, p. 922.
6253:
6251:, p. 728.
6249:Olsaretti 2008
6238:
6226:
6224:, p. 191.
6214:
6202:
6200:, p. 749.
6190:
6188:, p. 670.
6175:
6163:
6151:
6149:, p. 165.
6139:
6137:, p. 164.
6127:
6108:
6096:
6094:, p. 669.
6084:
6072:
6053:
6051:, p. 668.
6036:
6024:
6022:, p. 284.
6012:
5995:
5978:
5966:
5954:
5942:
5940:, p. 666.
5930:
5928:, p. 278.
5911:
5909:, p. 123.
5899:
5882:
5880:, p. 277.
5861:
5846:
5829:
5814:
5802:
5800:, p. 117.
5790:
5778:
5763:
5761:, p. 179.
5740:
5738:, p. 343.
5716:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5698:
5680:
5643:
5630:
5621:
5604:
5600:Tanukh dynasty
5587:
5578:
5561:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5078:
5076:
5063:
5061:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4780:
4778:
4765:
4763:
4752:
4750:
4739:
4737:
4726:
4724:
4713:
4711:
4700:
4698:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4138:
4136:
4129:
4127:
4116:
4114:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3913:
3911:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3220:of France and
3200:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3108:
3105:
3080:
3077:
3059:, followed by
2935:
2932:
2821:Jelali revolts
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:Related topics
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Lebanese Druze
2708:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2357:
2354:
2295:Constantinople
2250:was appointed
2222:
2219:
2214:Main article:
2211:
2208:
2204:Constantinople
2014:
2011:
1918:The mosque of
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1769:Shihab dynasty
1765:Druze Mountain
1728:Tripoli Eyalet
1705:, and port of
1687:Constantinople
1619:Fakhr al-Din I
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:Ras al Khaymah
1315:
1314:
1311:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1239:Mazrui dynasty
1235:
1234:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
985:
984:
981:
975:
974:
971:
965:
964:
961:
955:
954:
951:
945:
944:
941:
935:
934:
931:
925:
924:
921:
915:
914:
911:
905:
904:
901:
895:
894:
891:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
869:
866:
860:
859:
856:
850:
849:
846:
840:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
790:
789:
786:
780:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
760:
759:
756:
750:
749:
746:
740:
739:
736:
730:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
710:
709:
706:
700:
699:
696:
690:
689:
686:
680:
679:
676:
670:
669:
666:
660:
659:
656:
654:Fihrid Emirate
650:
649:
646:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
625:
624:
621:
615:
614:
611:
605:
604:
601:
595:
594:
591:
585:
584:
581:
575:
574:
571:
565:
564:
561:
555:
554:
551:
545:
544:
541:
535:
534:
531:
525:
524:
521:
515:
514:
511:
505:
504:
501:
495:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
471:
465:
464:
461:
455:
454:
451:
445:
444:
441:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
400:
399:
396:
390:
389:
386:
380:
379:
376:
370:
369:
366:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
345:
344:
341:
335:
334:
331:
325:
324:
321:
315:
314:
311:
305:
304:
301:
295:
294:
291:
285:
284:
281:
275:
274:
271:
265:
264:
261:
255:
254:
251:
245:
244:
241:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
217:
216:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
198:
197:
185:
170:
166:
165:
156:
152:
151:
150:
149:
136:
131:
127:
126:
125:
124:
121:
116:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:Ottoman Empire
103:
97:
91:
88:Zengid Emirate
85:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8478:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8441:
8433:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8420:
8417:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8405:Mowafaq Tarif
8403:
8401:
8398:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8388:List of Druze
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8378:Druze cuisine
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8335:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8318:Israeli Druze
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8291:
8290:Druze Zionism
8288:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8257:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8093:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8036:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7998:Hamza ibn Ali
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7969:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7938:Reincarnation
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7923:Ahl at-Tawhīd
7920:
7916:
7915:Al-Muwahhidūn
7913:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7895:
7890:
7888:
7883:
7881:
7876:
7875:
7872:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7851:
7850:
7840:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7823:
7819:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7791:
7787:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7721:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7634:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7568:
7564:
7558:
7555:. McFarland.
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7536:
7528:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7463:0-300-04100-4
7459:
7455:
7454:
7448:
7444:
7442:9780866853224
7438:
7434:
7433:
7427:
7423:
7418:
7414:
7401:
7400:cite magazine
7392:
7388:
7375:
7374:cite magazine
7366:
7362:
7360:90-04-09705-8
7356:
7352:
7351:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7330:
7329:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7264:
7260:
7258:9780815660729
7254:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7228:
7223:
7216:
7211:
7204:
7199:
7192:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7173:
7165:
7160:
7153:
7148:
7141:
7136:
7130:, p. 77.
7129:
7124:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7087:
7081:
7077:
7070:
7063:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7046:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7028:
7021:
7019:
7011:
7006:
6997:
6995:
6987:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6967:
6965:
6957:
6952:
6945:
6940:
6933:
6928:
6926:
6918:
6913:
6906:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6882:
6877:
6875:
6867:
6862:
6855:
6850:
6843:
6838:
6831:
6826:
6820:, p. 56.
6819:
6814:
6807:
6802:
6795:
6790:
6784:, p. 54.
6783:
6778:
6771:
6766:
6759:
6754:
6747:
6742:
6735:
6730:
6723:
6718:
6711:
6706:
6699:
6694:
6687:
6682:
6675:
6670:
6663:
6658:
6652:, p. 51.
6651:
6646:
6639:
6634:
6628:, p. 50.
6627:
6622:
6616:, p. 45.
6615:
6610:
6603:
6598:
6591:
6586:
6579:
6574:
6567:
6562:
6560:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6535:
6530:
6523:
6518:
6511:
6506:
6500:, p. 95.
6499:
6494:
6488:, p. 94.
6487:
6482:
6476:, p. 93.
6475:
6470:
6464:, p. 91.
6463:
6458:
6451:
6446:
6440:, p. 89.
6439:
6434:
6428:, p. 87.
6427:
6422:
6420:
6412:
6407:
6405:
6397:
6392:
6386:, p. 26.
6385:
6380:
6374:, p. 85.
6373:
6368:
6366:
6359:, p. 51.
6358:
6353:
6346:
6341:
6334:
6329:
6323:, p. 83.
6322:
6317:
6310:
6305:
6298:
6293:
6287:, p. 84.
6286:
6281:
6275:, p. 81.
6274:
6269:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6245:
6243:
6236:, p. 80.
6235:
6230:
6223:
6218:
6211:
6206:
6199:
6194:
6187:
6182:
6180:
6172:
6167:
6161:, p. 71.
6160:
6155:
6148:
6143:
6136:
6131:
6125:, p. 70.
6124:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6105:
6100:
6093:
6088:
6081:
6076:
6070:, p. 91.
6069:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6033:
6028:
6021:
6016:
6010:, p. 69.
6009:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5992:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5975:
5970:
5964:, p. 89.
5963:
5958:
5951:
5946:
5939:
5934:
5927:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5908:
5903:
5897:, p. 67.
5896:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5879:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5859:, p. 78.
5858:
5853:
5851:
5844:, p. 71.
5843:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5827:, p. 59.
5826:
5821:
5819:
5812:, p. 58.
5811:
5806:
5799:
5794:
5787:
5782:
5775:
5770:
5768:
5760:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5737:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5717:
5702:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5647:
5640:
5634:
5625:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5582:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5423:
5421:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5299:
5249:
5246:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5206:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5118:
5117:
5101:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5069:
5068:
5054:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4967:
4965:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4933:
4931:
4923:
4921:
4913:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4808:
4799:
4797:
4784:
4771:
4770:
4756:
4743:
4730:
4717:
4704:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4654:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4544:
4524:
4522:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4441:
4402:
4401:
4376:
4373:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4273:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4197:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4120:
4107:
4106:
4097:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4029:
4020:
4007:
3989:
3987:
3947:
3945:
3936:
3917:
3904:
3903:
3892:
3889:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3832:
3823:
3800:
3786:
3784:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3697:
3695:
3674:
3660:
3658:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3581:
3580:
3565:
3563:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3488:
3486:
3448:
3446:
3437:
3405:
3403:
3367:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3295:Amal Movement
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:Ali al-Saghir
3234:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3204:
3193:
3169:
3167:
3166:Shihab family
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
3000:Olfert Dapper
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2934:Peak of power
2931:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:List of Druze
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Israeli Druze
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Hamza ibn Ali
2487:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Reincarnation
2411:
2410:
2405:
2404:Ahl at-Tawhid
2401:
2400:Al-Muwahhidun
2398:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2287:Deir al-Qamar
2284:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2168:Sublime Porte
2165:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2147:Ibrahim Pasha
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2107:Khurram Pasha
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:Banu al-Hansh
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:Deir al-Qamar
1956:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1920:Deir al-Qamar
1916:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:Mount Lebanon
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:Syrian region
1646:
1641:
1639:
1638:Deir al-Qamar
1635:
1631:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:Mount Lebanon
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:Umm al-Quwain
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
990:
987:
986:
982:
980:
977:
976:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
960:
957:
956:
952:
950:
947:
946:
942:
940:
937:
936:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
900:
897:
896:
892:
890:
887:
886:
878:
877:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
855:
852:
851:
847:
845:
842:
841:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
825:
822:
821:
817:
815:
812:
811:
807:
805:
802:
801:
797:
795:
792:
791:
787:
785:
782:
781:
777:
775:
772:
771:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
755:
752:
751:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
735:
732:
731:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
715:
714:Muslim Sicily
712:
711:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
665:
662:
661:
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
645:
642:
641:
633:
632:
622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
610:
607:
606:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
580:
577:
576:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
490:
487:
486:
482:
480:
477:
476:
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
450:
447:
446:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
408:
407:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
385:
382:
381:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
365:
362:
361:
353:
352:
343:450 AD–550 AD
342:
340:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
310:
307:
306:
302:
300:
297:
296:
292:
290:
287:
286:
283:64 BC–300s AD
282:
280:
277:
276:
273:132 BC–244 AD
272:
270:
267:
266:
263:400 BC–106 AD
262:
260:
257:
256:
253:600 BC–100 BC
252:
250:
247:
246:
243:800 BC–300 BC
242:
240:
237:
236:
228:
227:
223:
219:
218:
214:
213:
205:
201:
189:
186:
176:
173:
172:
171:
167:
157:
153:
140:
137:
134:
133:
132:
128:
122:
119:
118:
117:
113:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
79:
78:Burid Emirate
76:
75:
73:
72:Mount Lebanon
69:
65:
61:
54:
49:
44:
31:
19:
8461:Ma'n dynasty
8400:Majid Arslan
8308:Syrian Druze
8228:Saint George
8167:Mountain War
8117:Ma'n dynasty
8116:
8102:Wadi al-Taym
8060:Nabi Shu'ayb
8045:Druze Khalwa
8027:
7862:
7858:
7827:
7807:
7785:
7752:
7748:
7725:
7718:
7669:(1): 63–86.
7666:
7662:
7638:
7631:
7579:
7575:
7552:
7526:
7506:
7480:
7476:
7452:
7431:
7421:
7349:
7327:
7316:
7312:
7275:
7271:
7247:
7236:Bibliography
7222:
7215:Hourani 2010
7210:
7203:Hourani 2010
7198:
7186:
7179:Hourani 2010
7159:
7152:Hourani 2010
7147:
7140:Hourani 2010
7135:
7123:
7112:. Retrieved
7103:
7094:
7075:
7069:
7026:
7005:
6956:Hourani 2010
6951:
6939:
6932:Hourani 2010
6912:
6905:Hourani 2010
6900:
6893:Hourani 2010
6888:
6861:
6854:Hourani 2010
6849:
6837:
6825:
6813:
6806:Hourani 2010
6801:
6789:
6777:
6765:
6753:
6741:
6729:
6722:Hourani 2010
6717:
6705:
6693:
6686:Hourani 2010
6681:
6669:
6657:
6645:
6633:
6621:
6609:
6597:
6585:
6573:
6529:
6517:
6505:
6493:
6481:
6469:
6457:
6445:
6433:
6391:
6379:
6352:
6340:
6328:
6316:
6311:, p. 3.
6304:
6297:Hourani 2010
6292:
6280:
6268:
6261:Hourani 2010
6256:
6229:
6217:
6205:
6193:
6166:
6154:
6142:
6130:
6099:
6087:
6075:
6027:
6015:
5969:
5957:
5945:
5933:
5902:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5701:
5683:
5646:
5633:
5624:
5607:
5590:
5581:
5569:
5564:
5548:
5495:
5329:
5322:
5297:
5114:
5099:
5081:
5080:
5065:
5052:
4829:
4806:
4795:
4782:
4767:
4754:
4741:
4728:
4715:
4702:
4689:
4488:fl.1592–1633
4485:
4464:
4439:
4398:
4195:
4140:
4132:
4131:
4118:
4103:
4025: 1556?
4018:
4005:
3934:
3915:
3900:
3821:
3798:
3729:
3672:
3603:
3602:
3586: 1420s
3577:
3518:
3442: 1148?
3435:
3289:and wife of
3272:
3247:. After the
3240:
3230:
3211:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3089:Khan Hasbaya
3082:
3072:
3068:
3041:
3032:
3019:
3015:
3009:
2984:
2980:
2968:
2941:
2937:
2926:
2924:
2883:
2879:Sidon Eyalet
2873:
2861:
2854:Shaqif Arnun
2845:
2841:
2839:
2828:
2814:
2706:Syrian Druze
2617:Ma'n dynasty
2616:
2531:
2349:Shaqif Arnun
2338:
2334:
2314:Ali Janbulad
2307:
2298:
2292:
2280:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2177:
2171:
2157:
2136:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2102:chieftains.
2087:
2078:
2018:
2016:
2002:
1998:
1995:Sunni Muslim
1977:
1973:
1969:
1946:
1929:
1893:
1889:Wadi al-Taym
1850:Beqaa Valley
1844:in northern
1840:against the
1818:Kamal Salibi
1815:
1772:
1755:
1746:
1736:
1695:Safed Sanjak
1673:
1642:
1578:
1574:
1551:Ma'n dynasty
1550:
1548:
1508:1921–present
1493:1900–present
1478:1868–present
1463:1833–present
1448:1810–present
1433:1783–present
1418:1775–present
1403:1761–present
1388:1752–present
1373:1749–present
1358:1744–present
1353:Saudi Arabia
1343:1727–present
1328:1727–present
1313:1631–present
588:
323:300s–500s AD
42:
33:Ma'n dynasty
8081:Eid Al Adha
8038:Holy places
7933:Esotericism
7928:Divine call
7715:Pellat, Ch.
7628:Schacht, J.
7624:Pellat, Ch.
7483:: 117–124.
7191:Bakhit 1972
7164:Salibi 1973
7128:Harris 2012
7062:Badawi 2008
7045:Badawi 2018
6944:Harris 2012
6842:Harris 2012
6638:Salibi 1968
6357:Winter 2010
6222:Bakhit 1972
6210:Chehab 1994
6198:Salibi 1965
6147:Bakhit 1982
6135:Bakhit 1982
6068:Harris 2012
6032:Salibi 1973
6020:Salibi 1973
5974:Salibi 1973
5962:Harris 2012
5950:Harris 2012
5926:Salibi 1973
5907:Salibi 2005
5878:Salibi 1973
5857:Harris 2012
5825:Harris 2012
5810:Harris 2012
5798:Salibi 2005
5786:Salibi 2005
5774:Harris 2012
5736:Salibi 1991
5676: 1556
5669: 1618
5662: 1579
5655: 1586
5557: 1618
5504: 1732
5304: 1680
5123: 1705
5106: 1662
5074: 1697
5059: 1662
4836: 1633
4813: 1633
4789: 1633
4776: 1658
4761: 1633
4748: 1633
4722: 1633
4709: 1635
4696: 1633
4471: 1633
4446: 1633
4407: 1635
4202: 1574
4147: 1586
4119:Sayf al-Din
3805: 1492
3738: 1506
3612: 1470
3309:Family tree
3291:Nabih Berri
3283:Randa Berri
3261:Free French
3257:French Army
3226:Franciscans
3135:Mulhim Ma'n
3113:Mulhim Ma'n
3107:Later emirs
3037:Gaza Sanjak
3020:sanjak-beys
2837:, Tuscany.
2817:Nasuh Pasha
2587:Eid al-Adha
2553:Mount Druze
2546:Holy places
2432:Divine Call
2427:Esotericism
2322:Yusuf Sayfa
2248:Murad Pasha
2196: 1704
2154: 1579
1991: 1479
1962: 1546
1943: 1520
1885:Banu Shihab
1739:Mulhim Ma'n
1716:Yusuf Sayfa
1683: 1590
1626: 1506
1213:Pate Island
1186:East Africa
979:Sulaymanids
919:Ukhaidhirds
704:Sulaymanids
674:Muhallabids
579:Munqidhites
479:Shirvanshah
333:300s–602 AD
303:196–1100 AD
293:100s–241 AD
203:Dissolution
155:Final ruler
146: 1506
108:(1517–1697)
102:(1260–1517)
96:(1187–1260)
84:(1120–1154)
38:بَنُو مَعْن
18:Maan family
8455:Categories
8368:Amin Tarif
7724:Volume VI:
7699:Salibi, K.
7655:Salibi, K.
7637:Volume II:
7612:Salibi, K.
7114:2021-07-06
7010:Weber 2010
5842:Betts 1988
5713:References
4133:Sitt Nasab
3218:Louis XIII
3117:Ahmad Ma'n
3025:Awja River
3016:sanjak-bey
3012:Qabb Ilyas
2956:Smar Jbeil
2944:Hisn Akkar
2927:sanjak-bey
2508:Al-Tanukhi
2339:sanjak-bey
2335:sanjak-bey
2299:sanjak-bey
2257:sanjak-bey
2055:patriarch
2041:Assaf clan
1822:progenitor
1699:Jabal Amil
1678:, emerged
1499:Hashemites
1454:Al Maktoum
1424:Al Khalifa
1109:Upper Yafa
1099:Ya'arubids
939:Qarmatians
824:Sumadihids
313:220–638 AD
309:Ghassanids
8069:Holy days
7948:Theophany
7859:Al-Abhath
7804:Weber, S.
7777:163020137
7683:0570-5398
7647:495469475
7620:Lewis, B.
7604:153677447
7549:Nisan, M.
7535:cite book
7529:. Beirut.
7453:The Druze
7313:Al-Abhath
7300:159670509
3326:dynasties
3235:governor
3069:beylerbey
3057:Salamiyah
3033:beylerbey
2985:muqaddams
2903:Chbaniyeh
2895:Choueifat
2580:Holy days
2494:Al-Darazi
2418:Theophany
2262:amir liwa
2252:beylerbey
2138:beylerbey
2009:in 1516.
1999:al-Maqarr
1936:Ibn Sibat
1862:Toghtekin
1842:Crusaders
1806:Crusaders
1777:Bashir II
1674:His son,
1655:governor
1570:Banū Maʿn
1564:romanized
1484:Al Sharqi
1439:Al Nuaimi
1409:Al Mualla
1398:Abu Dhabi
1394:Al Nahyan
1334:Al Qasimi
1319:Al Qasimi
1283:1860–1887
1273:1858–1895
1258:1856–1964
1248:1746–1828
1233:1277–1495
1218:1203–1894
1173:1926–1970
1163:1906–1934
1153:1903–1967
1143:1858–1967
1139:Qu'aitids
1133:1836–1921
1129:Rashidids
1123:1820–1970
1113:1800–1967
1103:1624–1742
1093:1597–1872
1083:1463–1521
1073:1454–1526
1063:1395–1967
1059:Kathirids
1053:1305–1487
1049:Jarwanids
1043:1253–1320
1033:1229–1454
1023:1159–1174
1013:1154–1624
1009:Nabhanids
1003:1083–1174
993:1076–1253
983:1063–1174
973:1047–1138
969:Sulayhids
868:1837–1969
864:Senussids
858:1554–1659
848:1230–1492
838:1049–1078
828:1041–1091
818:1039–1110
808:1031–1091
804:Jawharids
798:1027–1063
794:Muzaynids
788:1026–1057
784:Hammudids
778:1023–1062
774:Yahsubids
768:1023–1091
758:1020–1086
748:1013–1039
738:1012–1051
728:1004–1412
694:Aghlabids
623:1697–1842
613:1517–1865
603:1480–1677
593:1517–1697
583:1025–1157
573:1024–1080
569:Mirdasids
559:Numayrids
539:Jarrahids
529:Mazyadids
509:Hamdanids
499:Hashimids
459:Habbarids
449:Dulafids
299:Tanukhids
43:Banū Maʿn
8440:Category
8339:Features
8240:Muhammad
8191:Prophets
7919:Mowahhid
7865:: 13–21.
7726:Mahk–Mid
7717:(eds.).
7701:(1991).
7630:(eds.).
7614:(1965).
7596:40213728
7551:(2002).
7477:Muqarnas
7245:(1985).
7108:Archived
5523:See also
5323:daughter
5116:Bashir I
5053:Qurqumaz
4796:daughter
4141:Qurqumaz
3935:Qurqumaz
3139:multazim
2981:mudabbir
2973:Dinniyeh
2915:Ain Dara
2367:a series
2365:Part of
2243:muqaddam
2200:Egyptian
2185:Maronite
2179:muqaddam
2173:multazim
2128:Ain Dara
2113:subashis
2053:Maronite
2045:Keserwan
1866:Tanukhid
1732:Damascus
1724:Maronite
1669:Kisrawan
1615:Damascus
1607:of Sidon
1488:Fujairah
1469:Al Thani
1379:Al Sabah
1268:Wituland
1203:896–1279
1159:Idrisids
1089:Qasimids
1069:Tahirids
1039:Usfurids
1029:Rasulids
999:Zurayids
963:968–1925
949:Wajihids
943:899–1077
933:897–1962
923:865–1066
909:Yufirids
903:819–1138
899:Ziyadids
893:751–1970
834:Tahirids
764:Abbadids
744:Tujibids
718:831–1091
684:Idrisids
668:756–1031
648:710–1019
644:Salihids
609:Harfushs
599:Turabays
563:990–1081
553:990–1096
549:Uqaylids
543:970–1107
533:961–1150
523:955–1071
519:Rawadids
513:890–1004
503:869–1075
483:861–1538
469:Kaysites
463:854–1011
433:736–1122
398:909–1171
394:Fatimids
388:750–1258
384:Abbasids
374:Umayyads
364:Rashidun
329:Lakhmids
319:Salihids
8203:Abraham
8095:History
7958:Walayah
7908:Beliefs
7691:4056124
7663:Arabica
7497:1523213
7319:: 3–15.
5332:fl.1693
4105:Mundhir
3604:Al-Hajj
3301:of the
3299:Speaker
3233:Metwali
3150:sanjaks
3097:Jezzine
3073:sekbans
2977:Bsharri
2969:iltizam
2964:Batroun
2905:in the
2899:Sawwafs
2870:Baalbek
2862:sekbans
2858:Subayba
2846:sekbans
2842:sekbans
2835:Livorno
2830:sekbans
2605:History
2567:Khalwat
2475:Shu'ayb
2455:Walayah
2393:Beliefs
2326:Tripoli
2310:Kurdish
2241:as the
2166:to the
2061:Bedouin
2049:Tripoli
2033:Selim I
2020:nahiyas
1979:al-Hajj
1974:al-Hajj
1905:Baaqlin
1838:Ilghazi
1836:leader
1834:Artuqid
1812:in 1120
1792:Origins
1787:History
1781:Lebanon
1773:iltizam
1761:iltizam
1756:iltizam
1747:iltizam
1720:Tripoli
1703:Galilee
1661:Selim I
1647:in the
1579:Ma'nids
1566::
1428:Bahrain
1364:Al Said
1349:Al Saud
1338:Sharjah
1308:Morocco
1304:'Alawis
1243:Mombasa
1079:Jabrids
1019:Mahdids
989:Uyunids
953:926–965
929:Rassids
913:847–997
854:Saadids
844:Nasrids
754:Amirids
734:Bakrids
724:Kanzids
708:814–922
698:800–909
688:788–974
678:771–793
658:745-757
619:Shihabs
589:Ma'nids
493:864–928
489:Alavids
473:860–964
453:840–897
443:824–961
423:654–884
378:661–750
368:632–661
169:Members
130:Founder
115:Founded
63:Country
8218:Elijah
8003:Shuaib
7943:Taqiya
7835:
7814:
7792:
7775:
7769:162160
7767:
7732:
7713:&
7703:"Maʿn"
7689:
7681:
7645:
7626:&
7602:
7594:
7559:
7514:
7495:
7460:
7439:
7357:
7336:
7298:
7292:164441
7290:
7255:
7082:
5693:nahiya
5596:Beirut
5497:Haydar
5298:Mulhim
5100:Mansur
5082:Fa'iza
4830:Husayn
4783:Hamdan
4769:Mulhim
4755:Haydar
4729:Husayn
4703:Mansur
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3324:Shihab
3320:Tanukh
3277:, the
3101:Marqab
3079:Demise
3053:Marqab
3048:Jableh
2989:Safita
2960:Byblos
2952:Byblos
2911:Ighmid
2891:Arslan
2874:sekban
2872:, the
2850:Mafraq
2592:Ziyara
2450:Taqiya
2318:Aleppo
2312:rebel
2123:sipahi
2043:, the
2003:Ashwaf
1947:Ashwaf
1909:Mamluk
1901:Buhtur
1877:Beirut
1826:Rabi'a
1810:Beirut
1711:Tuscan
1583:Arabic
1555:Arabic
1503:Jordan
1383:Kuwait
814:Hudids
8337:Other
8235:Moses
8213:Khidr
8208:Jesus
8017:Texts
7901:Druze
7773:S2CID
7765:JSTOR
7705:. In
7687:JSTOR
7618:. In
7600:S2CID
7592:JSTOR
7493:JSTOR
7296:S2CID
7288:JSTOR
5540:Notes
5067:Ahmad
4807:Qasim
4742:Buluk
4716:Hasan
4486:Ahmad
4440:Yunus
4196:Qasim
4019:Yunus
3822:Yunus
3606:Yunus
3268:Vichy
3249:joint
3154:Safed
3146:Ahmad
3044:Koura
3029:Ramla
3027:near
2948:Akkar
2919:Abeih
2521:Texts
2375:Druze
2303:Safed
2282:saray
2164:Sidon
2143:Egypt
2099:Sayfa
2095:Baruk
2075:Baruk
1951:Sidon
1869:Druze
1854:Chouf
1846:Syria
1802:Chouf
1751:Ahmad
1595:Chouf
1591:Druze
1575:Ma'an
1473:Qatar
1458:Dubai
1443:Ajman
1228:Kilwa
1198:Shewa
68:Chouf
8245:Noah
8198:Adam
7833:ISBN
7812:ISBN
7790:ISBN
7730:ISBN
7679:ISSN
7643:OCLC
7557:ISBN
7541:link
7512:ISBN
7458:ISBN
7437:ISBN
7413:help
7387:help
7355:ISBN
7334:ISBN
7253:ISBN
7080:ISBN
6988:–23.
5330:Musa
3436:Ma'n
3322:and
3297:and
3241:khan
3214:Tyre
3177:Tyre
3115:and
3093:Niha
3065:Homs
3063:and
3061:Hama
2962:and
2954:and
2907:Matn
2856:and
2369:on
2279:The
2159:qadi
1894:The
1873:Aley
1707:Acre
1630:emir
1605:and
1549:The
1368:Oman
206:1697
66:The
7757:doi
7671:doi
7639:C–G
7584:doi
7485:doi
7280:doi
4690:Ali
4465:Ali
4199:fl.
4122:fl.
4109:fl.
3938:fl.
3919:fl.
3906:fl.
3583:fl.
2901:of
2868:of
2848:in
2324:of
2316:of
2301:of
2285:in
1808:of
1763:of
1718:of
1581:; (
192:fl.
179:fl.
160:fl.
70:in
8457::
7863:32
7861:.
7857:.
7771:.
7763:.
7751:.
7747:.
7722:.
7709:;
7685:.
7677:.
7667:15
7665:.
7661:.
7635:.
7622:;
7598:.
7590:.
7580:30
7578:.
7574:.
7537:}}
7533:{{
7491:.
7481:11
7479:.
7475:.
7404::
7402:}}
7398:{{
7378::
7376:}}
7372:{{
7317:41
7315:.
7311:.
7294:.
7286:.
7276:24
7274:.
7270:.
7171:^
7102:.
7052:^
7035:^
7017:^
6993:^
6986:22
6975:^
6963:^
6924:^
6873:^
6558:^
6541:^
6418:^
6403:^
6364:^
6241:^
6178:^
6111:^
6056:^
6039:^
5998:^
5981:^
5914:^
5885:^
5864:^
5849:^
5832:^
5817:^
5766:^
5743:^
5720:^
5673:c.
5667:d.
5660:d.
5653:d.
5555:d.
5502:d.
5302:d.
5121:d.
5104:d.
5072:d.
5057:d.
4834:d.
4811:d.
4787:d.
4774:d.
4759:d.
4746:d.
4733:d.
4720:d.
4707:d.
4694:d.
4469:d.
4444:d.
4405:d.
4145:d.
4023:d.
3826:d.
3803:d.
3736:d.
3610:d.
3440:d.
3228:.
2975:,
2917:,
2913:,
2194:d.
2152:d.
2145:,
1989:d.
1960:d.
1941:d.
1783:.
1701:,
1680:c.
1640:.
1624:d.
1585::
1561:,
1557::
144:d.
8030:)
8026:(
7921:-
7917:/
7893:e
7886:t
7879:v
7841:.
7820:.
7798:.
7779:.
7759::
7753:4
7738:.
7693:.
7673::
7649:.
7606:.
7586::
7565:.
7543:)
7520:.
7499:.
7487::
7466:.
7445:.
7415:)
7411:(
7389:)
7385:(
7363:.
7342:.
7302:.
7282::
7261:.
7117:.
7088:.
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1441:(
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1426:(
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1411:(
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1396:(
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1381:(
1370:)
1366:(
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1351:(
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1336:(
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1321:(
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1306:(
1270:)
1266:(
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1241:(
1230:)
1226:(
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1211:(
1200:)
1196:(
190:(
184:)
177:(
141:(
80:/
45:)
41:(
20:)
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