Mahogany - Knowledge

511: 3440: 1047: 1033: 1162: 38: 78: 3468: 51: 59: 1243: 5179: 3508: 3426: 3518: 894: 67: 3496: 3454: 5189: 3412: 965: 5199: 2453: 3482: 164:. Honduran mahogany is the most widespread and the only genuine mahogany species commercially grown today. Mahogany is a valuable lumber used for paneling, furniture, boats, musical instruments, and other items. The United States is the leading importer of mahogany, while Peru is the largest exporter. Mahogany is the national tree of the Dominican Republic and Belize. 957:

in the Americas. This immediately stimulated the trade in West Indian timbers including, most importantly, mahogany. Importations of mahogany into England (and excluding those to Scotland, which were recorded separately) reached 525 tons per annum by 1740, 3,688 tons by 1750, and more than 30,000 tons in 1788, the peak year of the 18th century trade.

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In 1907 the total of mahogany from all sources imported into Europe was 159,830 tons, of which 121,743 tons were from West Africa. By this time mahogany from Cuba, Haiti and other West Indian sources had become increasingly difficult to obtain in commercial sizes, and by the late 20th century Central

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Data are lacking, but it is likely that the newly independent United States now received a good proportion of its mahogany from Cuba. In the last quarter of the 18th century France began to use mahogany more widely; they had ample supplies of high quality wood from Saint Domingue. The rest of Europe,

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While the trade in mahogany from the Spanish and French territories in America remained moribund for most of the 18th century, this was not true for those islands under British control. In 1721 the British Parliament removed all import duties from timber imported into Britain from British possessions

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By the 1790s most of the viable stocks of mahogany in Jamaica had been cut, and the market was divided between two principal sources or types of mahogany. Honduras mahogany was relatively cheap, plentiful, but rarely of the best quality. Hispaniola (also called Spanish or Santo Domingo) mahogany was

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Until the 1760s over 90 per cent of the mahogany imported into Britain came from Jamaica. Some of this was re-exported to continental Europe, but most was used by British furniture makers. Quantities of Jamaican mahogany also went to the North American colonies, but most of the wood used in American

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by British forces between August 1762 and July 1763, quantities of Cuban or Havanna mahogany were sent to Britain, and after the city was restored to Spain in 1763, Cuba continued to export small quantities, mostly to ports on the north coast of Jamaica, from where it went to Britain. However, this

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At the same time, the 1721 Act had the effect of substantially increasing exports of mahogany from the West Indies to the British colonies in North America. Although initially regarded as a joinery wood, mahogany rapidly became the timber of choice for makers of high quality furniture in both the

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From the 1820s mahogany from all these areas was imported into Europe and North America, with the majority of them going to Britain. In Central America British loggers moved northwest towards Mexico and south into Guatemala. Other areas of Central America as far south as Panama also began to be

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Another variety new to the market was Hispaniola mahogany, also called 'Spanish' and 'St Domingo' mahogany. This was the result of the Free Ports Act of 1766, which opened Kingston and other designated Jamaican ports to foreign vessels for the first time. The object was primarily to encourage

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Mahogany has a straight, fine, and even grain, and is relatively free of voids and pockets. Its reddish-brown color darkens over time, and displays a reddish sheen when polished. It has excellent workability, and is very durable. Historically, the tree's girth allowed for wide boards from

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By the late 19th century, African mahogany began to dominate the market, and by the early 20th century, the supply of American mahogany became scarcer. In response to concerns about the sustainability of mahogany, several species have been placed on CITES Appendices to regulate the trade.

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due to the absence of these shoot borers and absence of other limitations. Plantation management progressed throughout the 1990s and 2000s in Asia and the South Pacific. Global supply of genuine mahogany has been increasing from these plantations, notably Fiji, and Philippines. For

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The history of the American mahogany trade dates back to the 17th century when the wood was first noticed by Europeans during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Mahogany became more popular in the 18th century when the British Parliament removed import duties on timber from

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mahogany, and the protests by indigenous peoples and environmental organizations from the 1980s into the 2000s, have diminished their use. Recent mahogany production from Mexico and Fiji has a lighter color and density than South American production from the early 20th century.

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species are classified officially as "genuine mahogany", other Meliaceae species with timber uses are classified as "true mahogany". Some may or may not have the word mahogany in their trade or common name. Some of these true mahoganies include the African genera

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Trade in American mahogany probably reached a peak in the last quarter of the 19th century. Figures are not available for all countries, but Britain alone imported more than 80,000 tons in 1875. This figure was not matched again. From the 1880s, African mahogany

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Mahogany is known for its straight, fine grain and durability, making it a popular choice for fine furniture, boat construction, and musical instruments. However, the over-harvesting of mahogany and environmental concerns have led to a decrease in its use.

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for making canoes: "The Indians make these canoes without the use of any iron instruments, by only burning the trees at the bottom near the root, and afterwards governing the fire with such industry that nothing is burnt more than what they would have..."

1079:, British cutters were for the first time given the right to cut logwood in Yucatan unmolested, within agreed limits. Such was the enthusiasm of the cutters that within a few years the European market was glutted, and the price of logwood collapsed. 1173:

Much of the first-quality furniture made in the American colonies from the mid 18th century was made of mahogany, when the wood first became available to American craftsmen. Mahogany is still widely used for fine furniture; however, the rarity of

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However, the price of mahogany was still high after the war, and so the cutters turned to cutting mahogany. The first Honduras mahogany arrived in Kingston, Jamaica, in November 1763, and the first shipments arrived in Britain the following year.

1123:, from Vera Cruz eastwards to Campeche and Sisal. By the end of the 19th century there was scarcely any part of Central America within reach of the coast untouched by logging, and activity also extended into Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil. 940:), some mahogany from that island probably found its way to France, where joiners in the port cities of Saint-Malo, Nantes, La Rochelle and Bordeaux used the wood to a limited extent from about 1700. On the English-controlled islands, especially 1194:, often used for musical instruments, particularly the backs, sides and necks of acoustic guitars, electric guitar bodies, and drum shells because of its ability to produce a very deep, warm tone compared to other commonly used woods, such as 687:

introduced originally in 1911 as an ornamental species using seeds from Honduras and Belize. Fiji has become a major producer of mahogany in the 21st Century due to a robust plantation program spanning over 50 years. Harvesting began in 2003.

929:, as the Taino Natives called the wood, was principally reserved for shipbuilding, and it was declared a royal monopoly at Havana in 1622. Hence very little of the mahogany growing in Spanish controlled territory found its way to Europe. 1934: 1254:

In the Philippines, environmentalists are calling for an end to the planting of mahogany because of its negative impact on the environment and wildlife, including possibly causing soil acidification and no net benefit to wildlife.

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of 1789 and the wars that followed radically changed the mahogany trade, primarily due to the progressive collapse of the French and Spanish colonial empires, which allowed British traders into areas previously closed to them.

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In addition to Jamaica and Bahamas, all the British controlled islands exported some mahogany at various times, but the quantities were not large. The most significant third source was Black River and adjacent areas on the

542:, with the economic cost of illegal logging in Peru placed conservatively at $ 40–70 million USD annually. It was estimated that in 2000, some 57,000 mahogany trees were harvested to supply the U.S. furniture trade alone. 194:, leading to increased exports to Europe and North America. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, mahogany from various regions was imported into Europe and North America, with Britain being the largest consumer. 674:

was planted in Sri Lanka in 1897 but it was left unmanaged until the 1950s when reforestation efforts initiated by the Sri Lankan government led to plantations being consciously developed. In the early 1900s

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were introduced in several countries outside of the Americas during the 1800s and early 1900s using seeds from South America and the Caribbean. Many of these plantings became naturalized forests over time.

826:, the trees in these plantations are still relatively young compared to the trees being harvested from old growth forests in South America. Thus, the illegal trade of bigleaf mahogany continues apace. 611:

grows in Central America from Yucatan southwards and into South America, extending as far as Peru, Bolivia and extreme western Brazil. In the 20th century various botanists attempted to further define

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In terms of quantity, the most significant new addition to the mahogany trade was Honduras mahogany, also called 'baywood', after the Bay of Honduras. British settlers had been active in southern

135:. Mahogany is used commercially for a wide variety of goods, due to its coloring and durable nature. It is naturally found within the Americas, but has also been imported to plantations across 2201: 1926: 623:

Harms., but many authorities consider these spurious. According to Record and Hess, all of the mahogany of continental North and South America can be considered as one botanical species,

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The specific density of mahogany is 0.55. Mahogany, African: (500–850 kg/m); Mahogany, Cuban: 660 kg/m; Mahogany, Honduras: 650 kg/m; Mahogany, Spanish: 850 kg/m.

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as slaves, they gave the same name to the similar trees they saw there. Though this interpretation has been disputed, no one has suggested a more plausible origin. The indigenous

143:. The mahogany trade may have begun as early as the 16th century and flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries. In certain countries, mahogany is considered an invasive species. 538:, which surpassed Brazil after that country banned mahogany exports in 2001. It is estimated that some 80 or 90 percent of Peruvian mahogany exported to the United States is 749:

Until the 19th century all of the mahogany was regarded as one species, although varying in quality and character according to soil and climate. In 1836 the German botanist

708:). The origin of the name is uncertain, but it could be a corruption of 'm'oganwo', the name used by the Yoruba and Ibo people of West Africa to describe trees of the genus 3055: 790:

report entitled "Tropical Hardwood Marketing Strategies for Southeast Asia". Efforts to repopulate mahogany largely failed in its native locations due to attacks from the

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in 1911, 1913, 1914, 1920 and 1922. Planting resumed in the late 1980s. It was planted with many other exotic tree species for the purpose of reforestation.

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and protected due to concerns over illegal logging and mismanagement. Mahogany species can crossbreed when they grow in proximity, and the hybrid between

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became the independent republic of Haiti, and from 1808, Spanish controlled Santo Domingo and Cuba were both open to British vessels for the first time.

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species have been introduced in various countries outside the Americas since the 1800s, with many plantings becoming naturalized forests. All species of

314:, which Malone finds unlikely considering the tree's generally solitary nature. He also argues that Lamb's earliest identified use of the Portuguese 1029:, but quantities of high quality mahogany were also shipped. These were then forwarded to Britain, where they entered the market in the late 1760s. 2190: 2821: 1133:

spp.), a related genus, began to be exported in increasing quantities from West Africa, and by the early 20th century it dominated the market.

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The most important new development was the beginning of large scale logging in Mexico from the 1860s. Most mahogany was cut in the province of

810: 1777: 1001:), from where quantities of mahogany were shipped from the 1740s onwards. This mahogany was known as 'Rattan mahogany', after the island of 2865: 5062: 2534: 2319: 1811: 1614: 913:

The wood first came to the notice of Europeans with the beginning of Spanish colonisation in the Americas. A cross in the Cathedral at

1592: 222:. Initial mentions of the mahogany tree (as opposed to wood) date to 1731, with its first detailed description in 1743, attributed to 1064:

since the beginning of the 18th century, despite the opposition of the Spanish, who claimed sovereignty over all of Central America.

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were added to CITES appendixes in 1992 and 1995 respectively international conservation programs began in earnest aided by a 1993

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and other items. The leading importer of mahogany is the United States, followed by Britain; while the largest exporter today is

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The unwelcome guests: proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Conference : Kunming, China 17-23 August 2003

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was initially associated only with those islands in the West Indies under British control (French colonists used the term

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are also sometimes sold as Philippine mahogany, although the name is more properly applied to another species of Toona,

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was planted on the islands of O'ahu and Maui in Hawaii but was neglected and became naturalized forests. Additionally,

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originated as a generic term for 'wood' in a native Bahamian language. F. Bruce Lamb disagreed, pointing out that the

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introduced in 1865 using seeds from West Indies. Both eventually became naturalized forests. Bangladesh had Honduran

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mahogany was regarded as inferior to the Jamaican variety, and the trade remained sporadic until the 19th century.

734:. Among botanists and naturalists, however, the tree was considered a type of cedar, and in 1759 was classified by 1450: 1350: 330:. Lamb, in turn, criticized Malone's methodology and perceived bias, and maintained that there is no evidence for 2831: 817:

in its native locations meant seeds could no longer even be planted. However, both species grew well in Asia and

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traditional mahogany species. These properties make it a favorable wood for crafting cabinets and furniture.

5067: 4777: 3795: 2904: 765:(1840–1909) after studying specimens of Honduras mahogany planted in the Botanic Gardens in Calcutta, India. 364:, and its highly destructive environmental effects, led to the species' placement in 2003 on Appendix II of 5243: 5202: 4404: 287:, which first appeared in print as the name of a river in 1661, before finally developing into the English 607:

grows in the dry regions of the Pacific coast of Central America from south-western Mexico to Costa Rica;

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Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011. Heritage Trees of Penang. Penang: Areca Books.

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Mahogany also resists wood rot, making it attractive in boat construction and outdoor decking. It is a

1071:, a dyewood in high demand in Europe. The center of their activity and the primary point of export was 518:

Mahogany is a commercially important lumber prized for its beauty, durability, and color, and used for

17: 742:. The following year it was assigned to a new genus by Nicholas Joseph Jacquin (1727–1817), and named 5228: 5082: 5001: 4220: 3547: 3191: 3011: 2880: 2541: 2457: 1223: 1215: 662:

was included in plantation forests planted in Indonesia from the 1920s to the 1940s. Philippines had

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grows on the West Indian islands as far north as the Bahamas, the Florida Keys and parts of Florida;

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China's Economic Growth and Transition: Macroeconomic, Environmental and Social-Regional Dimensions

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name for the tree is not known. In 1671 the word mahogany appeared in print for the first time, in

392:, formerly dominant in the mahogany trade, but not in widespread commercial use since World War II. 2966: 2026: 1046: 4434: 3582: 3577: 3159: 3050: 2946: 2941: 2378:

Agustin A. Pinol; E. A. Perino; M. T. Pollisco; H. O. San Valentin; M. V. Pacho (February 2016).

570: 1145:(a list of species that would be in danger of extinction without strict regulation) followed by 1032: 981:. This was sometimes called Providence wood, after the main port of the islands, but more often 5159: 4240: 4210: 4205: 3911: 2936: 2931: 2811: 2799: 2478: 1076: 566: 4225: 4074: 3936: 3848: 3444: 3430: 3101: 2341: 1038: 348: 148: 43: 3038: 2377: 2303: 1803: 1686: 1626: 5182: 5087: 4971: 4862: 4356: 4036: 4016: 3956: 3540: 3320: 3060: 3001: 2971: 2841: 2629: 998: 902: 2415:. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. 1580: 599:

The natural distribution of these species within the Americas is geographically distinct.

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Malone criticized this etymology, arguing that the proposed metamorphosis from the Yoruba

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Philip McKenzie (2005). "Country report on forest invasive species in the Philippines".

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where the wood was increasingly fashionable, obtained most of their wood from Britain.

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Adam Bowett, 'The 1721 Naval Stores Act and the Commercial Introduction of Mahogany',

1214:. Guitars featuring mahogany in their construction include many acoustic guitars from 1137:

American and even South American mahogany was heading in a similar direction. In 1975

1016:(1756–63), the mahogany trade began to change significantly. During the occupation of 368:(CITES), the first time that a high-volume, high-value tree was listed on Appendix II. 37: 5223: 5164: 5021: 4852: 4832: 4419: 4162: 3886: 3728: 3511: 3272: 2794: 2774: 2764: 2749: 2654: 2471: 2416: 2347: 2309: 2141: 1855: 1783: 1562: 1550: 1529: 1505: 1488: 1434: 1395: 1334: 1293: 1142: 1100: 801: 487: 396: 353: 160: 2410: 2387: 2074:

The National Archives (United Kingdom), Shipping register, CO 142 (Jamaica); Cust 3.

4822: 4797: 4772: 4742: 4399: 3981: 3876: 3643: 3387: 3372: 3134: 3091: 2926: 2784: 2769: 2744: 2047:

The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust 3; Shipping returns, CO 142 (Jamaica).

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, By Saeed Moaveni, pg 273

1655: 318:, which is for a river that Lamb asserts must have been so named for the mahogany 263:

genus of trees, whose timber is today called African mahogany. Lamb proposes that

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Quisqueya La Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective

1685:. National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea. Archived from 1227: 762: 539: 469: 433: 245: 237: 82: 2058: 1722:

Rain in the Amazon: How South America's Climate Change Affects the Entire Planet

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trees on its banks, could just as well have been named for any tall tree, since

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Mahogany is wood from any of three tree species: Honduran or big-leaf mahogany (

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was a logical and linguistic stretch relying on the conversion of the singular

2281: 1375: 5258: 5217: 5103: 4996: 4966: 4668: 4638: 4633: 4623: 4570: 4424: 4409: 4371: 4321: 4311: 4064: 4021: 3778: 3703: 3653: 3613: 3608: 3486: 3467: 3392: 3352: 3305: 3144: 3116: 2981: 2919: 2858: 2853: 2662: 2614: 2059:"The Jamaica Trade: Gillow and the Use of Mahogany in the Eighteenth Century" 1438: 1399: 1338: 914: 735: 546: 527: 463: 264: 50: 4916: 4911: 4847: 4802: 4792: 4757: 4688: 4683: 4643: 4615: 4550: 4535: 4472: 4444: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4046: 4026: 3763: 3738: 3723: 3683: 3648: 3500: 3335: 3031: 3021: 3006: 2976: 2899: 2875: 2789: 2754: 2719: 2634: 2609: 2565: 1247: 818: 457: 1735:

An Opportunity for a Different Peru: Prosperous, Equitable, and Governable

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recorded the use of mahogany or Caoba (Cedrela being the Spanish name) on

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introduced in 1872 and as with India it became naturalized in some areas.

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America, Being the Latest and Most Accurate Description of the New World

1242: 5026: 4981: 4762: 4708: 4658: 4648: 4600: 4590: 4545: 4487: 4452: 4392: 4147: 4137: 4132: 3996: 3951: 3800: 3713: 3678: 3362: 3357: 3083: 2704: 1856:"What is Mahogany? | Gaskell Guitars - Custom left handed guitars" 1446: 1430: 1414: 1391: 1346: 1330: 1314: 1153:, was placed on Appendix III in 1995 and moved to Appendix II in 2003. 906: 787: 558: 404:

in Pacific Central America that is of limited commercial utility. Some

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Mahogany is Murder: Mahogany Extraction from Indian Reserves in Brazil

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Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database

948:, mahogany was abundant but not exported in any quantity before 1700. 271:

people brought to Jamaica as slaves identified the local trees of the

4961: 4931: 4926: 4817: 4752: 4595: 4580: 4555: 4366: 4346: 4291: 4281: 4215: 4187: 4122: 3758: 3693: 3638: 3633: 3623: 3245: 3223: 3124: 3066: 2682: 2548: 1231: 770: 523: 389: 132: 119: 1927:"What to Avoid/What to Choose - Mahogany (Sweitenia sp., Khaya sp.)" 1709:

Crimes Against Nature: Illegal Industries and the Global Environment

1474:(University of Rochester Press, 2000, ed. John F. Mongillo), p. 216. 893: 838:

cross-breed readily when they grow in proximity; the hybrid between

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and similarly failed in Africa due to the attacks by the equivalent

4941: 4921: 4565: 4530: 4266: 4142: 4011: 3976: 3971: 3868: 3787: 3698: 3663: 3658: 3325: 3295: 3290: 3196: 3186: 3106: 2494: 2226:"Good Genuine Mahogany?Where is It?Commercial Forest Products 2020" 1205: 1191: 1179: 1006: 519: 442: 405: 124: 108: 66: 5118: 5113: 5006: 4976: 4936: 4880: 4734: 4713: 4605: 4560: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4492: 4462: 4457: 4331: 4235: 4172: 4117: 4006: 3961: 3916: 3838: 3828: 3813: 3708: 3688: 3315: 3211: 3181: 3176: 3164: 3154: 3139: 2692: 1234:. In the 1930s Gibson used the wood to make banjo necks as well. 1116: 1068: 1061: 978: 945: 941: 814: 719: 219: 218:'s "America" (1671), referring to a "curious and rich wood" from 214:

is uncertain and a subject of debate. The term first appeared in

140: 111: 105: 86: 3495: 1958:, translated from the Dutch 1684, reprinted London (1893), p. 26 964: 921:

apparently used the wood for the interior joinery of the palace

400:, a small and often twisted mahogany tree limited to seasonally 5108: 4837: 4585: 4336: 4286: 4182: 4152: 4092: 3966: 3891: 3853: 3806: 3673: 3591: 3149: 2887: 2724: 2672: 2571: 2452: 2278:"Tonewoods | Gaskell Guitars - Custom left handed guitars" 1211: 1183: 1072: 1017: 1002: 969: 881: 875: 865: 859: 723: 554: 493: 475: 357: 101: 3532: 849:

In addition, the U.S. timber trade also markets various other

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was planted in 1922 on O'ahu and is now naturalized. Fiji had

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Thomas Laslett, Timber and Timber Trees, London (1875), p.178

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were introduced in Indonesia in 1870 using seeds from India.

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under a variety of different commercial names, most notably

805:. After so many years of mismanagement and illegal logging, 244:. Lamb identified a West African origin for the word in the 4885: 4414: 4351: 4276: 4157: 4112: 4107: 3843: 3587: 3260: 3235: 2909: 2463: 1845:

Record & Hess, Timbers of the New World (1972), p. 368.

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Timber of tropical hardwood species in the genus Swietenia

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Logjam: Deforestation and the Crisis of Global Governance

562: 2162:"Greenpeace Curbs Mahogany Logging in Brazil, 1999-2004" 366:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

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This article is about the timber. For other uses, see

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International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

2253:"Koa: Beautiful Looking, Beautiful Sounding Tonewood" 2037:(2). Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts: 69–72. 917:, bearing the date 1514, is said to be mahogany, and 888: 961:

British Isles and the 13 colonies of North America.

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thus mutating and weakening the seeds. Additionally

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A Natural History of Belize: Inside the Maya Forest

1292:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 164–165. 1237: 1025:importations of cotton from French plantations in 2091: 2089: 1578: 704:, while in the Spanish territories it was called 5215: 2113:The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. 5. 2018: 2015:The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. 3. 1982:Les bois d'ebenisterie dans le mobilier francais 1733:Marcelo M. Giugale & Vicente Fretes Cibils, 2408: 2095:The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust 3. 1883:F. Bruce Lamb, 'On Further defining Mahogany', 989:, which was the West Indian name for mahogany. 2135: 2086: 1524:(Lansdowne Press, 1983), p. 72; Eion Scarrow, 774:grown in their native locations are listed by 479:; Chittagong (also known as Indian Mahogany), 3548: 2479: 1758: 1756: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 2402: 2024: 2027:"Timber Available in Charleston, 1660-1820" 1921: 1919: 1896:Kemp Malone, 'Notes on the Word Mahogany', 1654:. India Biodiversity Portal. Archived from 1607: 1119:and exported from a number of ports on the 615:in South America as a new species, such as 574: 3555: 3541: 2486: 2472: 2301: 2050: 1753: 1265: 1226:, and Gibson electric guitars such as the 1087:the wood of choice for high quality work. 666:introduced in 1907 and in 1913 as well as 2371: 2339: 2333: 2295: 2031:Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 932:After the French established a colony in 497:(Meranti, Balau, or Lauan) of the family 5063:Building and Wood Workers' International 1969:Timber, Its Development and Distribution 1916: 1737:(World Bank Publications, 2007), p. 378. 1670: 1547:Medicinal Plants of Asia and the Pacific 1241: 1160: 1045: 1031: 963: 892: 509: 352:), with a range from Mexico to southern 76: 65: 57: 49: 36: 2346:. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 11. 1775: 1714: 1623:Germplasm Resources Information Network 1464: 897:Mahogany loggers in Belize, around 1930 127:and part of the pantropical chinaberry 14: 5216: 2308:. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 6. 2056: 1814:from the original on 27 September 2023 1572: 1557:p. 203; Zhuge Ren & Clem Tisdell, 1312: 1009:for the British settlers in the area. 3536: 2467: 2305:Guitar World Presents Guitar Gear 411 1579:Michel H. Porcher (October 7, 2005). 1472:Encyclopedia of Environmental Science 778:, and are therefore protected. After 257:one which is the tallest or most high 5198: 2429:from the original on 11 January 2016 2250: 1412: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1308: 1306: 1149:in 1992. The most abundant species, 5188: 5048:American Association of Woodturners 3411: 2232:from the original on 5 January 2019 1640: 1526:New Zealand Native Trees and Shrubs 901:In the 17th century, the buccaneer 863:, which is actually from the genus 291:in Jamaica between 1655 and 1670. 24: 2255:. GuitarNation.com. Archived from 2025:Rauschenberg, Bradford L. (1975). 1067:Their main occupation was cutting 968:Mahogany tree at Kannavam Forest, 889:History of American mahogany trade 846:is widely planted for its timber. 583:for "under the shade I flourish." 152:), West Indian or Cuban mahogany ( 25: 5270: 5078:National Wood Carvers Association 2760:Global Forest Information Service 2445: 2166:Global Nonviolent Action Database 1993:This was the Act 8 Geo. 1. c. 12. 1595:from the original on June 4, 2023 1406: 1364: 1303: 1178:mahogany, the over-harvesting of 1094: 565:and a paddle also appears on the 5197: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5053:Architectural Woodwork Institute 3516: 3507: 3506: 3494: 3480: 3466: 3452: 3438: 3424: 3410: 2451: 1832:Lydia White & Peter Gasson, 3562: 3517: 2360:from the original on 2024-06-02 2322:from the original on 2024-06-02 2270: 2244: 2218: 2207:from the original on 2018-09-23 2183: 2154: 2129: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2077: 2068: 2041: 2009: 1996: 1987: 1974: 1961: 1948: 1937:from the original on 2018-09-28 1903: 1890: 1877: 1866:from the original on 2023-03-02 1848: 1839: 1826: 1796: 1776:Moaveni, Saeed (January 2015). 1769: 1740: 1727: 1701: 1677:ASEAN Tropical Plant Database. 1591:. The University of Melbourne. 1453:from the original on 2024-02-20 1374:Lamb, F. Bruce (January 1968). 1353:from the original on 2024-02-20 1238:Mahogany as an invasive species 951: 594: 346:Honduran or big-leaf mahogany ( 232:in 1940. Malone suggested that 5058:British Woodworking Federation 1539: 1514: 1498: 1477: 1415:"On Further Defining Mahogany" 1246:Human-made mahogany forest in 1005:, which was the main offshore 714:, which is closely related to 567:Belizean national coat of arms 337: 186:is widely planted for timber. 13: 1: 5068:Caricature Carvers of America 1258: 2493: 2343:Electric Guitar Construction 2191:"Partners in mahogany crime" 1766:(Avalon Travel 2012), p. 14. 1315:"Notes on the Word Mahogany" 1288:Bridgewater, Samuel (2012). 1075:. Under Article XVII of the 491:. Some members of the genus 473:; Pink Mahogany (or Bosse), 205: 7: 5234:Forestry in Central America 2083:Viaux-Locquin (1997), p. 6. 1750:(M.E. Sharpe, 1997), p. 17. 1376:"Mahogany name controversy" 873:. This wood is also called 757:. In 1886 a third species, 589: 557:. A mahogany tree with two 279:, which developed into the 10: 5275: 2871:Growth and yield modelling 1980:Jacqueline Viaux-Locquin, 1956:The Buccanneers of America 1808:www.engineeringtoolbox.com 1804:"Wood Species - Densities" 925:, begun in 1584. However, 829: 691: 62:Foliage of a mahogany tree 29: 5173: 5147: 5096: 5083:Society of Wood Engravers 5040: 4954: 4904: 4861: 4733: 4726: 4614: 4501: 4443: 4262: 4253: 4196: 3867: 3786: 3777: 3601: 3570: 3445:Earth sciences portal 3431:Climate change portal 3406: 3283: 3115: 3012:Great Green Wall (Africa) 2957: 2648: 2558: 2501: 1984:, Paris (1997), pp. 2-10. 1900:, 19 (1965), pp. 286-292. 1887:, 17 (1963), pp. 217-239. 1860:www.gaskellguitars.com.au 1711:(ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 104. 1615:"GRIN Species Records of 32:Mahogany (disambiguation) 3017:Great Green Wall (China) 2590:Close to nature forestry 2140:. Friends of the Earth. 2126:, London (1908), p. 158. 1971:, London (1957), p. 155. 977:furniture came from the 851:Federal Trade Commission 751:Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini 41:Honduran mahogany tree, 3051:Million Tree Initiative 2136:George Monbiot (1992). 1764:Living Abroad in Belize 1413:Lamb, F. Bruce (1963). 1156: 455:; Indonesian mahogany, 431:(African mahogany) and 342:The three species are: 5160:Frameless construction 4241:Wood-plastic composite 3473:Environment portal 2905:Sustainable management 2800:Trillion Tree Campaign 1251: 1166: 1077:Treaty of Paris (1763) 1057: 1043: 973: 898: 768:Today, all species of 718:. When transported to 630:Both major species of 575: 515: 90: 74: 63: 55: 47: 3398:Wood process engineer 3102:Urban forest inequity 2057:Bowett, Adam (2011). 1762:Victoria Day-Wilson, 1313:Malone, Kemp (1965). 1245: 1164: 1050:Philippine mahogany ( 1049: 1039:Swietenia macrophylla 1035: 967: 896: 824:Swietenia macrophylla 759:Swietenia macrophylla 625:Swietenia macrophylla 513: 449:); Chinese mahogany, 420:While only the three 412:is a mere variant of 349:Swietenia macrophylla 149:Swietenia macrophylla 80: 69: 61: 53: 44:Swietenia macrophylla 40: 5088:Timber Framers Guild 3942:Australian Blackwood 3061:Shifting cultivation 3002:Forest fragmentation 2972:Carbon sequestration 2842:Woodland Carbon Code 2807:Forest certification 2715:Even-aged management 2630:Sustainable forestry 2460:at Wikimedia Commons 2251:Beberman, Norman L. 2228:. 15 December 2018. 1782:. Cengage Learning. 1689:on December 11, 2013 1522:Trees in New Zealand 999:Republic of Honduras 903:Alexandre Exquemelin 853:–defined species as 447:Dysoxylum spectabile 240:'s word for wood is 123:, indigenous to the 5244:History of forestry 4808:Hammer-headed tenon 4327:Janka hardness test 2866:Formally designated 2710:Ecological thinning 2620:Plantation forestry 2528:Research institutes 2390:on January 11, 2016 2302:Matt Bruck (2005). 1707:Donald R. Liddick, 1658:on October 19, 2014 1549:(CRC Press, 2006), 1487:(Routledge, 2012), 1151:S. macrophylla 860:Philippine mahogany 844:S. macrophylla 809:also suffered from 796:Hypsipyla grandella 784:S. macrophylla 685:S. macrophylla 681:S. macrophylla 672:S. macrophylla 664:S. macrophylla 660:S. macrophylla 656:S. macrophylla 648:S. macrophylla 640:S. macrophylla 613:S. macrophylla 609:S. macrophylla 540:illegally harvested 532:musical instruments 461:; Indian mahogany, 437:(sapele mahogany); 414:S. macrophylla 362:S. macrophylla 334:as a generic word. 192:British possessions 5249:Plant common names 3669:Japanese carpentry 3459:Ecology portal 2992:Forest degradation 2987:Ecosystem services 2595:Community forestry 2340:Tom Hirst (2003). 1954:John Esquemeling, 1683:Merr. & Rolfe" 1545:Christophe Wiart, 1431:10.1007/BF02859439 1392:10.1007/BF02897748 1331:10.1007/BF02914316 1252: 1167: 1165:Mahogany sideboard 1058: 1044: 1012:At the end of the 974: 919:Philip II of Spain 899: 744:Swietenia mahagoni 621:S. tessmannii 551:Dominican Republic 516: 482:Chukrasia velutina 381:Swietenia mahagoni 310:to the collective 298:to the Portuguese 225:Swietenia mahagoni 174:are now listed by 155:Swietenia mahagoni 91: 75: 70:Red mahogany tree 64: 56: 48: 5211: 5210: 5165:Green woodworking 5022:Wood preservation 4950: 4949: 4853:Tongue and groove 4833:Mortise and tenon 4722: 4721: 4420:Warrington hammer 4249: 4248: 3937:African Blackwood 3729:Segmented turning 3530: 3529: 3487:Plants portal 3273:green woodworking 2456:Media related to 2353:978-1-57424-125-9 2315:978-0-7579-4061-3 2147:978-1-8575-0160-5 2004:Furniture History 1931:Rainforest Relief 1724:(Macmillan, 2010) 1720:Nikolas Kozloff, 1567:978-1-56072-530-5 1520:Julian Matthews, 1510:978-967-57190-6-6 1483:David Humphreys, 1143:CITES Appendix II 1101:French Revolution 1056:) fruit and seeds 802:Hypsipyla robusta 755:Swietenia humilis 617:S. candollei 488:Carapa guianensis 397:Swietenia humilis 210:The etymology of 161:Swietenia humilis 54:Honduran mahogany 16:(Redirected from 5266: 5229:Forestry in Asia 5201: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5181: 5180: 4731: 4730: 4400:Thickness planer 4260: 4259: 4054:(lime, basswood) 3784: 3783: 3644:Chainsaw carving 3557: 3550: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3520: 3519: 3510: 3509: 3501:Trees portal 3499: 3498: 3485: 3484: 3471: 3470: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3414: 3413: 3135:Forest gardening 3092:Timber recycling 3039:Invasive species 2927:Tree measurement 2488: 2481: 2474: 2465: 2464: 2455: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2386:. Archived from 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2280:. Archived from 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2206: 2195: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2168:. Archived from 2158: 2152: 2151: 2133: 2127: 2122:J. R. Baterden, 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1978: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1923: 1914: 1913:, London (1671). 1907: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1836:(2008), pp. 2-3. 1830: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1773: 1767: 1760: 1751: 1744: 1738: 1731: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1625:. Archived from 1611: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1576: 1570: 1543: 1537: 1518: 1512: 1502: 1496: 1481: 1475: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1371: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1310: 1301: 1286: 1147:S. mahagoni 1121:Gulf of Campeche 1014:Seven Years' War 840:S. mahagoni 780:S. mahogani 740:Cedrela mahagoni 677:S. mahagoni 668:S. mahagoni 652:S. mahagoni 644:S. mahagoni 601:S. mahagoni 578: 576:Sub umbra floreo 545:Mahogany is the 499:Dipterocarpaceae 386:southern Florida 100:, reddish-brown 72:Khaya anthotheca 21: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5169: 5155:Frame and panel 5143: 5092: 5036: 4946: 4905:Surface piecing 4900: 4857: 4778:Crown of thorns 4718: 4704:Smoothing plane 4610: 4497: 4439: 4342:Milling machine 4245: 4206:Cross-laminated 4192: 3863: 3773: 3744:Spindle turning 3734:Shingle weaving 3704:Pallet crafting 3597: 3566: 3561: 3531: 3526: 3493: 3479: 3465: 3453: 3451: 3439: 3437: 3425: 3423: 3402: 3279: 3256:spruce-pine-fir 3229:Christmas trees 3111: 3027:Illegal logging 2959: 2953: 2668:Controlled burn 2653: 2644: 2625:Social forestry 2605:Energy forestry 2585:Bamboo forestry 2580:Analog forestry 2554: 2497: 2492: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2354: 2338: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2316: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2260: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2173: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1938: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1908: 1904: 1898:Economic Botany 1895: 1891: 1885:Economic Botany 1882: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1754: 1746:Alan Cambeira, 1745: 1741: 1732: 1728: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1675: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1632: 1630: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1577: 1573: 1544: 1540: 1519: 1515: 1503: 1499: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1454: 1419:Economic Botany 1411: 1407: 1380:Economic Botany 1372: 1365: 1356: 1354: 1319:Economic Botany 1311: 1304: 1287: 1266: 1261: 1240: 1159: 1139:S. humilis 1097: 1042:) fruit in situ 954: 891: 832: 763:Sir George King 761:, was named by 738:(1707–1778) as 694: 638:India had both 605:S. humilis 597: 592: 485:; and Crabwood 470:Melia azedarach 434:Entandrophragma 410:S. humilis 340: 302:to the English 259:) used for the 251:, collectively 238:Arawak language 208: 83:tree plantation 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5272: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5185: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5134:Quarter sawing 5131: 5126: 5124:Wood splitting 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5032:Wood finishing 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4992:Paint stripper 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4699:Shoulder plane 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4674:Moulding plane 4671: 4666: 4664:Japanese plane 4661: 4656: 4654:Grooving plane 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4468:Flooring clamp 4465: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4425:Winding sticks 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4405:Timber-framing 4402: 4397: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4231:Particle board 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4211:Glue laminated 4208: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3792: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3749:Timber framing 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3719:Relief carving 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3619:Bush carpentry 3616: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3504: 3490: 3476: 3462: 3448: 3434: 3420: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3388:Timber cruiser 3385: 3383:Shingle weaver 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3219:Rail transport 3216: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3160:pulp and paper 3157: 3152: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3130:Forest farming 3127: 3121: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3078:slash-and-char 3075: 3073:slash-and-burn 3070: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2997:Forest dieback 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2670: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2640:Urban forestry 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2447: 2446:External links 2444: 2441: 2440: 2421: 2401: 2370: 2352: 2332: 2314: 2294: 2269: 2243: 2217: 2182: 2153: 2146: 2128: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2049: 2040: 2017: 2008: 1995: 1986: 1973: 1967:Bryan Latham, 1960: 1947: 1915: 1902: 1889: 1876: 1847: 1838: 1825: 1795: 1788: 1768: 1752: 1739: 1726: 1713: 1700: 1681:Toona calantas 1669: 1639: 1606: 1571: 1538: 1528:(TVNZ, 1986), 1513: 1497: 1476: 1463: 1425:(3): 217–232. 1405: 1363: 1325:(3): 286–292. 1302: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1239: 1236: 1158: 1155: 1141:was placed on 1106:Saint Domingue 1096: 1095:Recent history 1093: 1053:Toona calantas 1027:Saint Domingue 995:Mosquito Coast 953: 950: 934:Saint Domingue 890: 887: 831: 828: 693: 690: 596: 593: 591: 588: 571:national motto 514:Mahogany chair 504:Toona calantas 467:; Chinaberry, 452:Toona sinensis 418: 417: 393: 369: 339: 336: 207: 204: 184:S. macrophylla 96:is a straight- 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5271: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5204: 5196: 5194: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5104:Chainsaw mill 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041:Organizations 5039: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4997:Steam bending 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4967:French polish 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4838:Rabbet/Rebate 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4823:Mason's mitre 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669:Jointer plane 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4639:Compass plane 4637: 4635: 4634:Chamfer plane 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4624:Bedrock plane 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410:Veneer hammer 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4322:Impact driver 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4138:Red Quebracho 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3614:Bow and arrow 3612: 3610: 3609:Boat building 3607: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3523: 3515: 3513: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3378:Rubber tapper 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3306:Choker setter 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3145:Manufacturing 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2982:Deforestation 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2958:Environmental 2956: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859:reforestation 2857: 2855: 2854:afforestation 2852: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2663:Arboriculture 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2615:Permaforestry 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2428: 2424: 2422:974-7946-77-7 2418: 2414: 2413: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2284:on 2021-04-01 2283: 2279: 2273: 2259:on 2009-02-07 2258: 2254: 2247: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2186: 2172:on 2018-11-22 2171: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2149: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2125: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2090: 2080: 2071: 2064:. p. 29. 2060: 2053: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1990: 1983: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1957: 1951: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1912: 1909:John Ogilby, 1906: 1899: 1893: 1886: 1880: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1842: 1835: 1829: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1791: 1789:9781305537880 1785: 1781: 1780: 1772: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1749: 1743: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1673: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1650:Toona ciliata 1643: 1629:on 2015-09-24 1628: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1610: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1575: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:9780429125263 1552: 1548: 1542: 1535: 1534:9780868660745 1531: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1494: 1493:1 84407 301 7 1490: 1486: 1480: 1473: 1467: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1299: 1298:9780292726710 1295: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1256: 1250:, Philippines 1249: 1244: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1163: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 990: 988: 984: 980: 971: 966: 962: 958: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:Santo Domingo 911: 908: 904: 895: 886: 884: 883: 878: 877: 872: 868: 867: 862: 861: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 827: 825: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 803: 798: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 736:Carl Linnaeus 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712: 707: 703: 699: 689: 686: 682: 678: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 587: 584: 582: 577: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 547:national tree 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 512: 508: 506: 505: 500: 496: 495: 490: 489: 484: 483: 478: 477: 472: 471: 466: 465: 464:Toona ciliata 460: 459: 454: 453: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435: 430: 429: 423: 415: 411: 408:believe that 407: 403: 399: 398: 394: 391: 387: 384:), native to 383: 382: 377: 373: 370: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 350: 345: 344: 343: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 213: 203: 199: 195: 193: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 163: 162: 157: 156: 151: 150: 144: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 121: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 99: 95: 88: 84: 79: 73: 68: 60: 52: 46: 45: 39: 33: 19: 4972:Heat bending 4917:Edge banding 4689:Router plane 4684:Rebate plane 4644:Finger plane 4375: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4053: 4047:Lignum vitae 3805: 3799: 3764:Wood carving 3739:Shipbuilding 3724:Root carving 3684:Log building 3649:Chip carving 3492: 3478: 3464: 3450: 3436: 3422: 3415: 3393:Tree planter 3373:Resin tapper 3353:Truck driver 3348:River driver 3250: 3097:Tree hugging 3082: 3065: 3032:timber mafia 3022:High grading 3007:Ghost forest 2977:Clearcutting 2900:Silviculture 2876:Horticulture 2720:Fire ecology 2635:Urban forest 2610:Mycoforestry 2570: 2566:Agroforestry 2547: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2519: 2514:Forest areas 2512: 2505: 2431:. 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Retrieved 1322: 1318: 1289: 1253: 1248:Bilar, Bohol 1203: 1189: 1172: 1168: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1135: 1128: 1125: 1114: 1110: 1098: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1066: 1059: 1051: 1037: 1023: 1011: 991: 986: 982: 975: 959: 955: 952:18th century 931: 926: 912: 900: 880: 874: 864: 858: 854: 848: 843: 839: 835: 833: 823: 819:Asia Pacific 811:genetic loss 806: 800: 794: 783: 779: 769: 767: 758: 754: 748: 743: 739: 731: 715: 709: 705: 701: 697: 695: 684: 680: 676: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 637: 631: 629: 624: 620: 619:Pittier and 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 598: 595:Distribution 585: 569:, under the 544: 522:and to make 517: 502: 492: 486: 480: 474: 468: 462: 458:Toona sureni 456: 450: 446: 441:mahogany or 432: 426: 421: 419: 413: 409: 395: 379: 361: 347: 341: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 293: 288: 284: 276: 272: 256: 252: 248: 241: 233: 223: 211: 209: 200: 196: 188: 183: 179: 171: 167: 166: 159: 153: 147: 145: 118: 93: 92: 89:, Bangladesh 71: 42: 5193:WikiProject 5139:Rift sawing 5129:Flat sawing 5017:Wood drying 4694:Scrub plane 4679:Razee plane 4629:Block plane 4483:Mitre clamp 4430:Wood scribe 4381:Combination 4123:Purpleheart 3819:Douglas fir 3769:Woodturning 3602:Occupations 3564:Woodworking 3417:WikiProject 3341:smokejumper 3321:Firefighter 3284:Occupations 3268:Woodworking 2849:Forestation 2780:restoration 2735:informatics 2600:Ecoforestry 1818:14 November 1112:exploited. 923:El Escorial 871:dipterocarp 834:Species of 792:shoot borer 728:John Ogilby 561:bearing an 559:woodcutters 439:New Zealand 402:dry forests 372:West Indian 338:Description 326:only means 230:Kemp Malone 216:John Ogilby 180:S. mahagoni 5218:Categories 5148:Techniques 5097:Conversion 5027:Wood stain 4955:Treatments 4743:Birdsmouth 4709:Spokeshave 4659:Jack plane 4649:Fore plane 4488:Pipe clamp 4453:Band clamp 4377:Carpenters 4198:Engineered 4148:Rubberwood 3997:Eucalyptus 3801:Calocedrus 3714:Pyrography 3679:Kohlrosing 3363:Lumberjack 3358:Log scaler 3241:engineered 3192:non-timber 3165:sawmilling 3117:Industries 3084:svedjebruk 2795:transition 2775:protection 2765:old-growth 2750:governance 2705:Dendrology 2655:management 2521:Ministries 2384:Apfisn.net 2364:2016-10-18 2326:2016-10-18 2288:2021-02-26 2263:2009-02-23 2211:2018-09-23 2198:Greenpeace 2176:2018-11-22 1941:2018-11-22 1870:2023-03-03 1633:2011-04-21 1457:2024-02-20 1357:2024-02-20 1259:References 1036:Mahogany ( 907:Hispaniola 855:mahoganies 788:World Bank 378:mahogany ( 281:Portuguese 18:Mahoganies 5254:Swietenia 5239:Furniture 4937:Parquetry 4932:Oystering 4927:Marquetry 4768:Butterfly 4435:Workbench 4367:Sandpaper 4347:Mitre box 4292:Drawknife 4282:Burnisher 4267:Abrasives 4216:Hardboard 3877:Afromosia 3759:Whittling 3709:Parquetry 3694:Marquetry 3639:Certosina 3634:Carpentry 3624:Cabinetry 3571:Overviews 3311:Ecologist 3224:Tree farm 3125:Coppicing 3067:chitemene 2967:Acid rain 2915:allometry 2837:SmartWood 2785:secondary 2770:pathology 2745:inventory 2683:driftwood 2549:Arbor Day 2236:4 January 1581:"Sorting 1439:0013-0001 1400:0013-0001 1339:0013-0001 1184:Brazilian 836:Swietenia 807:Swietenia 771:Swietenia 716:Swietenia 696:The name 632:Swietenia 524:furniture 422:Swietenia 406:botanists 390:Caribbean 275:genus as 273:Swietenia 255:(meaning 206:Etymology 172:Swietenia 168:Swietenia 133:Meliaceae 120:Swietenia 104:of three 81:Mahogany 5224:Antiques 5183:Category 4962:Adhesive 4942:Purfling 4922:Intarsia 4863:Profiles 4788:Dovetail 4727:Geometry 4566:Hand saw 4551:Crosscut 4536:Circular 4531:Chainsaw 4478:Holdfast 4143:Rosewood 4075:American 4070:Mahogany 4042:Jelutong 4012:Hornbeam 3977:Cocobolo 3972:Chestnut 3887:Andiroba 3699:Millwork 3664:Intarsia 3659:Fretwork 3654:Ébéniste 3583:Glossary 3512:Category 3326:handcrew 3296:Arborist 3291:Forester 3251:mahogany 3197:palm oil 3187:charcoal 3172:Products 3107:Wildfire 2920:breeding 2881:GM trees 2730:dynamics 2542:Journals 2535:Colleges 2495:Forestry 2458:Mahogany 2427:Archived 2358:Archived 2320:Archived 2230:Archived 2202:Archived 1935:Archived 1864:Archived 1834:Mahogany 1812:Archived 1593:Archived 1451:Archived 1351:Archived 1228:Les Paul 1206:Fraxinus 1192:tonewood 1180:Honduras 1007:entrepot 944:and the 698:mahogany 590:Overview 520:paneling 443:kohekohe 388:and the 354:Amazonia 332:mahogany 316:mog(a)no 312:m'oganwo 304:mahogany 296:m'oganwo 289:mahogany 277:m'oganwo 253:m'oganwo 234:mahogany 212:mahogany 125:Americas 109:hardwood 106:tropical 94:Mahogany 5203:Commons 5119:Whipsaw 5114:Sawmill 5007:Varnish 5002:Thermal 4977:Lacquer 4912:Binding 4881:Chamfer 4748:Biscuit 4714:Surform 4606:Whipsaw 4576:Keyhole 4561:Fretsaw 4541:Compass 4526:Bucksaw 4516:Bandsaw 4511:Backsaw 4493:Sawbuck 4463:F-clamp 4458:C-clamp 4332:Jointer 4236:Plywood 4188:Zebrano 4128:Ovankol 4093:Meranti 4081:African 4052:Linden 4007:Hickory 3962:Cedrela 3957:Camphor 3952:Bubinga 3947:Boxwood 3927:Bilinga 3912:Avodire 3829:Juniper 3814:Cypress 3689:Luthier 3578:History 3522:Outline 3336:lookout 3331:hotshot 3212:tanbark 3182:biomass 3177:biochar 3155:plywood 3140:Logging 3044:wilding 2693:log jam 2650:Ecology 2433:24 July 2394:24 July 1569:p. 338. 1495:p. 200. 1447:4252447 1347:4252611 1117:Tabasco 1069:logwood 1062:Yucatan 987:madeira 979:Bahamas 972:, India 946:Bahamas 942:Jamaica 882:Meranti 830:Species 815:erosion 732:America 720:Jamaica 692:History 549:of the 220:Jamaica 158:), and 141:Oceania 114:of the 112:species 98:grained 87:Jessore 5109:Hewing 4848:Splice 4803:Halved 4798:Groove 4793:Finger 4773:Coping 4758:Bridle 4735:Joints 4616:Planes 4601:Veneer 4591:Scroll 4586:Ripsaw 4571:Jigsaw 4546:Coping 4445:Clamps 4372:Square 4362:Shaper 4357:Router 4337:Mallet 4312:Gimlet 4287:Chisel 4183:Willow 4173:Walnut 4163:Totara 4153:Sapele 4118:Poplar 4103:Padauk 4065:Merbau 4037:Jarrah 4022:Imbuia 4017:Idigbo 3982:Cumaru 3967:Cherry 3892:Anigre 3854:Spruce 3807:Cedrus 3674:Khatam 3629:Caning 3592:lumber 3368:Ranger 3316:Feller 3301:Bucker 3207:rubber 3150:lumber 2960:topics 2947:volume 2942:height 2888:i-Tree 2725:Forest 2678:coarse 2673:Debris 2572:dehesa 2419: 2350: 2312: 2144: 2124:Timber 1786: 1585:names" 1565: 1553: 1536:p. 16. 1532: 1508: 1491: 1445: 1437: 1398: 1345: 1337: 1296: 1224:Gibson 1222:, and 1220:Taylor 1216:Martin 1212:spruce 1202:, ash 1073:Belize 1018:Havana 1003:Ruatan 983:madera 970:Kerala 866:Shorea 724:Arawak 702:acajou 627:King. 555:Belize 494:Shorea 476:Guarea 358:Brazil 324:oganwo 320:oganwo 308:oganwo 300:mogano 285:mogano 265:Yoruba 249:oganwo 246:Yoruba 129:family 102:timber 4987:Paint 4896:Ovolo 4891:Ogive 4876:Bevel 4843:Scarf 4828:Miter 4596:Table 4581:Miter 4556:Frame 4473:Gripe 4389:Speed 4385:Miter 4317:Gauge 4307:Float 4302:Fence 4297:Drill 4255:Tools 4178:Wenge 4168:Utile 4133:Ramin 4088:Maple 4060:Lovoa 4032:Iroko 4002:Hazel 3987:Ebony 3932:Birch 3922:Beech 3917:Balsa 3907:Aspen 3902:Apple 3882:Alder 3839:Kauri 3834:Larch 3796:Cedar 3779:Woods 3754:Treen 3202:rayon 2937:girth 2932:crown 2893:urban 2790:stand 2698:slash 2688:large 2559:Types 2507:Index 2205:(PDF) 2194:(PDF) 2062:(PDF) 1652:Roem" 1617:Toona 1583:Toona 1443:JSTOR 1343:JSTOR 1200:alder 1196:maple 1176:Cuban 1130:Khaya 997:(now 938:Haiti 936:(now 927:caoba 876:Lauan 776:CITES 711:Khaya 706:caoba 581:Latin 528:boats 428:Khaya 376:Cuban 283:term 261:Khaya 242:caoba 176:CITES 116:genus 5259:Wood 4886:Ogee 4871:Bead 4813:Knee 4783:Dado 4763:Butt 4503:Saws 4415:Vise 4352:Rasp 4277:Adze 4158:Teak 4113:Plum 4108:Pear 3869:Hard 3849:Rimu 3844:Pine 3788:Soft 3588:Wood 3261:teak 3246:fuel 3236:Wood 3056:REDD 2910:Tree 2827:PEFC 2812:ATFS 2435:2016 2417:ISBN 2396:2016 2348:ISBN 2310:ISBN 2238:2019 2142:ISBN 1820:2023 1784:ISBN 1695:2013 1664:2013 1601:2013 1563:ISBN 1551:ISBN 1530:ISBN 1506:ISBN 1489:ISBN 1435:ISSN 1396:ISSN 1335:ISSN 1294:ISBN 1230:and 1182:and 1157:Uses 1099:The 869:, a 842:and 782:and 654:and 642:and 553:and 536:Peru 328:tall 269:Igbo 267:and 182:and 139:and 137:Asia 5012:Wax 4982:Oil 4818:Lap 4753:Box 4521:Bow 4393:Try 4272:Axe 4226:OSB 4221:MDF 4098:Oak 4027:Ipê 3992:Elm 3897:Ash 3859:Yew 3824:Fir 2832:SFI 2822:FSC 2817:CFS 2755:law 2740:IPM 2652:and 1427:doi 1388:doi 1327:doi 1210:or 985:or 879:or 730:'s 563:axe 374:or 356:in 228:by 85:in 5220:: 4391:, 4387:, 4383:, 4379:, 4078:, 3804:, 2425:. 2382:. 2356:. 2318:. 2200:. 2196:. 2164:. 2088:^ 2035:20 2033:. 2029:. 1933:. 1929:. 1918:^ 1862:. 1858:. 1810:. 1806:. 1755:^ 1621:. 1587:. 1449:. 1441:. 1433:. 1423:17 1421:. 1417:. 1394:. 1384:22 1382:. 1378:. 1366:^ 1349:. 1341:. 1333:. 1323:19 1321:. 1317:. 1305:^ 1267:^ 1232:SG 1218:, 1198:, 885:. 746:. 579:, 573:, 530:, 526:, 507:. 131:, 4396:) 4374:( 4084:) 4072:( 3810:) 3798:( 3594:) 3590:( 3556:e 3549:t 3542:v 2487:e 2480:t 2473:v 2437:. 2398:. 2367:. 2329:. 2291:. 2266:. 2240:. 2214:. 2179:. 2150:. 1944:. 1873:. 1822:. 1792:. 1697:. 1679:" 1666:. 1648:" 1636:. 1619:" 1603:. 1460:. 1429:: 1402:. 1390:: 1360:. 1329:: 1300:. 1208:) 1204:( 1127:( 445:( 416:. 34:. 20:)

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