262:: the same size and both could move, catalogued only as "+" or "-" types. In anisogamy, the mating type is called a gamete. The male gamete is smaller than the female gamete, and usually mobile. Anisogamy remains poorly understood, as there is no fossil record of its emergence. Numerous theories exist as to why anisogamy emerged. Many share a common thread, in that larger female gametes are more likely to survive, and that smaller male gametes are more likely to find other gametes because they can travel faster. Current models often fail to account for why isogamy remains in a few species. Anisogamy appears to have evolved multiple times from isogamy; for example, female
465:
2591:
44:
266:(a type of green algae) evolved from the plus mating type. Although sexual evolution emerged at least 1.2 billion years ago, the lack of anisogamous fossil records make it hard to pinpoint when males evolved. One theory suggests male evolved from the dominant mating type (called mating type minus).
1743:
Moniot, Brigitte; Declosmenil, Faustine; Barrionuevo, Francisco; Scherer, Gerd; Aritake, Kosuke; Malki, Safia; Marzi, Laetitia; Cohen-Solal, Ann; Georg, Ina; Klattig, JĂŒrgen; Englert, Christoph; Kim, Yuna; Capel, Blanche; Eguchi, Naomi; Urade, Yoshihiro; Boizet-Bonhoure, Brigitte; Poulat, Francis
718:
that attracts females. This is true for many species of birds where the male displays more vibrant colors than the female, making them more noticeable to potential mates. These characteristics have evolved over time as a result of sexual selection, as males who exhibited these traits were more
710:
In mammals, including humans, males are typically larger than females. This is often attributed to the need for male mammals to be physically stronger and more competitive in order to win mating opportunities. In humans specifically, males have more body hair and muscle mass than females.
699:
is believed to be the driving force behind the development of these characteristics. Differences in physical size and the ability to fulfill the requirements of sexual selection have contributed significantly to the outcome of secondary sex characteristics in each species.
193:
species in which the female gamete is very much larger than the male and has no ability to move. There is a good argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for
476:
The sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. Although most species have only two sexes (either male or female),
1693:
1036:
1908:
Cahill, Abigail E.; Juman, Alia Rehana; Pellman-Isaacs, Aaron; Bruno, William T. (December 2015). "Physical and
Chemical Interactions with Conspecifics Mediate Sex Change in a Protandrous Gastropod Crepidula fornicata".
201:
Accordingly, sex is defined across species by the type of gametes produced (i.e.: spermatozoa vs. ova) and differences between males and females in one lineage are not always predictive of differences in another.
397:. For example, according to Merriam-Webster, "male" can refer to "having a gender identity that is the opposite of female". According to the Cambridge Dictionary, "male" can mean "belonging or relating to men".
1150:
Bachtrog, Doris; Mank, Judith E.; Peichel, Catherine L.; Kirkpatrick, Mark; Otto, Sarah P.; Ashman, Tia-Lynn; Hahn, Matthew W.; Kitano, Jun; Mayrose, Itay; Ming, Ray; Perrin, Nicolas (2014-07-01).
703:
In many species, males differ from females in more ways than just the production of sperm. For example, in some insects and fish, the male is smaller than the female. In seed plants, the
546:, a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while a female can only give an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a
1308:"Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes"
2627:
2077:
Ellis, Lee; Hershberger, Scott; Field, Evelyn; Wersinger, Scott; Pellis, Sergio; Geary, David; Palmer, Craig; Hoyenga, Katherine; Hetsroni, Amir (2013-05-13).
1663:
1793:
Kim, Y.; Kobayashi, A.; Sekido, R.; Dinapoli, L.; Brennan, J.; Chaboissier, M. C.; Poulat, F.; Behringer, R. R.; Lovell-Badge, R.; Capel, B. (2006).
677:. The bacterium can only be transmitted via infected ova, and the presence of the obligate endoparasite may be required for female sexual viability.
576:, allowing the levels of these genes to stay high enough in order to cause male development; for example, Fgf9 is responsible for development of the
1541:
To minimize confusion, the connector portions with projecting prongs are referred to as the 'male' portion, and the sockets as the 'female' portion.
2158:
3285:
1611:
Transitions
Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems
2620:
2512:
2105:
2296:
2212:
1307:
335:, however, this derivation is "fanciful" and all the historical evidence favours "the conclusion of the French classical scholar
817:
2613:
2142:
2132:
2115:
2088:
1619:
1592:
1290:
1260:
1223:
1132:
1073:
854:
827:
2078:
3118:
2061:
404:
1746:"The PGD2 pathway, independently of FGF9, amplifies SOX9 activity in Sertoli cells during male sexual differentiation"
553:
The part of the Y-chromosome which is responsible for maleness is the sex-determining region of the Y-chromosome, the
1562:
982:
1091:
208:
between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals; male gametes are produced by
3200:
2567:
2382:
1671:
241:
1581:
Buck WR; Goffinet, B (August 2000). "Morphology and classification of mosses". In Shaw AJ & Goffinet B (ed.).
1333:
691:
Male animals have evolved to use secondary sex characteristics as a way of displaying traits that signify their
228:
designate not only the female and male gamete-producing organisms and structures but also the structures of the
2490:
3290:
2547:
1364:"Evolutionary trajectories explain the diversified evolution of isogamy and anisogamy in marine green algae"
327:
in 1751. The symbol is sometimes seen as a stylized representation of the shield and spear of the Roman god
3275:
2562:
2362:
2345:
686:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2205:
2131:
switze, International
Conference on Comparative Physiology 1992 Crans; Bassau, Short & (1994-08-04).
588:
527:
464:
3280:
3190:
2950:
2500:
2340:
1115:
Lehtonen, Jussi (2017), "Gamete Size", in
Shackelford, Todd K.; Weekes-Shackelford, Viviana A. (eds.),
150:
2179:
110:
without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and
2930:
2330:
1362:
Togashi, Tatsuya; Bartelt, John L.; Yoshimura, Jin; Tainaka, Kei-ichi; Cox, Paul Alan (2012-08-21).
2271:
489:
459:
127:
645:, sex is determined by the temperature at which the egg is incubated. Other species, such as some
3300:
2822:
2552:
871:
3326:
3295:
2468:
2463:
2259:
2254:
2198:
1312:
2047:
1845:
1517:
1213:
844:
161:
The existence of separate sexes has evolved independently at different times and in different
3270:
2572:
763:
472:
for comparison. Both models have partially shaved body hair; e.g. clean-shaven pubic regions.
35:
17:
1609:
1280:
972:
3250:
3225:
2945:
2507:
1857:
1375:
1321:
166:
111:
8:
2733:
2404:
2372:
1464:
195:
162:
107:
1861:
1379:
1325:
944:
3123:
3002:
2880:
2517:
2495:
2480:
2175:
2152:
2028:
1985:
1942:
1883:
1821:
1794:
1770:
1745:
1446:
1406:
1363:
1337:
1186:
1151:
1062:
629:
336:
177:
with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level) to
3083:
2738:
2723:
2688:
2522:
2308:
2237:
2138:
2111:
2084:
2057:
2020:
1977:
1934:
1926:
1846:"Fertile diploid males in the ant Cataglyphis cursor: a potential cost of thelytoky?"
1826:
1775:
1635:
1615:
1588:
1558:
1411:
1393:
1286:
1256:
1219:
1191:
1173:
1128:
1124:
1069:
978:
901:
893:
850:
823:
793:
785:
692:
591:, where males have ZZ (as opposed to ZW in females) sex chromosomes, may be found in
332:
288:
254:
led to the evolution of male and female function. Before the evolution of anisogamy,
205:
56:
2032:
1989:
1946:
1887:
1341:
1252:
51:(god of war) is often used to represent the male sex. It also stands for the planet
3098:
2955:
2475:
2357:
2012:
1969:
1918:
1873:
1865:
1816:
1806:
1795:"Fgf9 and Wnt4 Act as Antagonistic Signals to Regulate Mammalian Sex Determination"
1765:
1757:
1659:
1438:
1429:
Stearn, William T. (1962). "The Origin of the Male and Female
Symbols of Biology".
1401:
1383:
1329:
1248:
1181:
1163:
1120:
883:
775:
696:
653:, the dominant individual in a group becomes female while the other ones are male.
328:
48:
2016:
1493:
1239:
Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P (2019). "Anisogamy". In Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.).
872:"A Review of Red Queen Models for the Persistence of Obligate Sexual Reproduction"
3185:
3164:
3071:
3051:
3020:
2989:
2728:
2718:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2557:
2539:
2485:
2429:
1811:
1582:
1168:
531:
506:
146:
1282:
The
Evolution of Anisogamy: A Fundamental Phenomenon Underlying Sexual Selection
446:. They can also coexist with females and hermaphrodites, a sexual system called
3255:
3215:
3144:
2965:
2703:
2605:
2313:
1368:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
728:
577:
251:
71:
1869:
1664:"The Most Horrifying Parasite: The Sex-Changing Tongue-Eating Cymothoa Exigua"
649:, practice sex change: adults start out male, then become female. In tropical
3341:
3321:
3315:
3220:
3210:
3180:
3159:
3149:
3108:
3076:
3025:
2860:
2713:
2527:
2458:
2424:
2335:
2301:
1981:
1930:
1569:
female Refers to a socket type connector, which must receive a male connector
1397:
1177:
897:
789:
616:
478:
439:
324:
280:
103:
1388:
888:
780:
3336:
3331:
3205:
3195:
3103:
2915:
2817:
2792:
2748:
2594:
2446:
2323:
2318:
2264:
2024:
1938:
1830:
1779:
1415:
1195:
905:
797:
764:"Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of the two sexes"
665:
627:. However, fertile diploid males may still appear in some species, such as
581:
543:
497:
123:
119:
3128:
2875:
2765:
1922:
245:
3260:
3015:
2910:
2870:
2782:
2760:
2743:
2693:
1006:
738:
604:
600:
443:
424:
416:
284:
255:
174:
142:
30:
This article is about the male sex. For the capital of the
Maldives, see
2925:
3154:
3046:
3010:
2960:
2890:
2865:
2802:
2080:
Sex
Differences: Summarizing More than a Century of Scientific Research
1878:
1761:
1472:
1450:
920:
650:
539:
534:. It is also possible in a variety of species, including humans, to be
510:
change sex depending on the number of females present in the vicinity.
356:
263:
229:
3056:
2905:
2895:
2755:
2698:
2434:
2409:
2399:
2387:
2053:
743:
673:
668:
657:
642:
432:
178:
1442:
149:. The use of "male" in regard to sex and gender has been subject to
3265:
3230:
2975:
2838:
2770:
2451:
2352:
1973:
1742:
1719:
661:
501:
99:
83:
1068:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Chapter 20.
415:
Species that are divided into females and males are classified as
3093:
3088:
3066:
2940:
2900:
2885:
2775:
2419:
2392:
715:
624:
620:
535:
447:
292:
259:
209:
170:
343:, the contraction of a Greek name for the planet Mars, which is
31:
3041:
2970:
2935:
2848:
2843:
2807:
2708:
2683:
2660:
2441:
2414:
2247:
977:. SpringerBriefs in law. Dordrecht : Springer. p. v.
704:
596:
547:
519:
493:
469:
428:
420:
386:
213:
190:
186:
182:
138:
115:
95:
87:
2076:
2003:
Zimmer, Carl (2001). "Wolbachia: a tale of sex and survival".
1907:
1361:
1149:
707:
of a single organism includes both the male and female parts.
43:
3113:
2853:
2812:
2673:
1212:
Sawada, Hitoshi; Inoue, Naokazu; Iwano, Megumi (2014-02-07).
646:
573:
523:
363:
217:
91:
75:
1465:"male | Etymology, origin and meaning of male by etymonline"
2920:
1960:
1334:
10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2
719:
successful in attracting mates and passing on their genes.
592:
566:
562:
558:
482:
320:
60:
52:
1792:
971:
Palazzani, Laura; Bailes, Victoria; Fella, Marina (2012).
3061:
2668:
2221:
1247:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1â5.
1119:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1â4,
1035:
Klymkowsky, Michael W.; Melanie M., Cooper (2016-06-04).
733:
612:
608:
554:
394:
390:
79:
584:, both of which are crucial to male sexual development.
2190:
122:, which codes for the production of larger amounts of
2049:
Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations
1636:"hermaphroditism | Definition, Types, & Effects"
1034:
970:
369:("masculine, male, worthy of a man"), diminutive of
2104:Richards, Julia E.; Hawley, R. Scott (2010-12-12).
816:Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10).
603:) and other organisms. Members of the insect order
319:The symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of
1534:
1152:"Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It?"
1117:Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science
1061:
530:where males have XY (as opposed to XX in females)
389:, such as for gender role or gender identity of a
1238:
1030:
1028:
1026:
485:, have both male and female reproductive organs.
468:Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult
169:. The repeated pattern is sexual reproduction in
3313:
2635:
1552:
1211:
822:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111â113.
762:Lehtonen, Jussi; Parker, Geoff A. (2014-12-01).
680:
339:(Salmasius, 1588â1683)" that it is derived from
1580:
1279:Togashi, Tatsuya; Cox, Paul Alan (2011-04-14).
1274:
1272:
1145:
1143:
989:'gender' means human gender, male/female gender
269:
2103:
1023:
761:
636:
2621:
2206:
1285:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1â15.
1245:Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior
3286:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
2130:
1574:
1269:
1140:
815:
526:, are genetically determined as such by the
2157:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1305:
1232:
1092:"Why Sex? Biologists Find New Explanations"
966:
964:
811:
809:
807:
755:
2628:
2614:
2213:
2199:
1557:. Hoboken Taylor and Francis. p. 96.
1555:Film and Video Lighting Terms and Concepts
1278:
842:
232:that give rise to male and female plants.
1877:
1820:
1810:
1769:
1405:
1387:
1215:Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants
1207:
1205:
1185:
1167:
1059:
1000:
998:
887:
863:
779:
438:Males can coexist with hermaphrodites, a
2184:Transactions of the Philological Society
2174:
2045:
2039:
1587:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1114:
961:
849:. Oxford University Press. p. 354.
843:Hine, Robert; Martin, Elizabeth (2015).
804:
513:
463:
42:
1607:
1299:
836:
623:and females and some sterile males are
410:
27:Sex of an organism which produces sperm
14:
3314:
2002:
1996:
1736:
1428:
1202:
1089:
995:
869:
660:, sex is determined by infection with
283:used to represent the male sex is the
2609:
2194:
1843:
1717:
1658:
918:
641:In some species of reptiles, such as
561:, which forms feedforward loops with
323:. It was first used to denote sex by
1959:
453:
2309:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
1850:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1837:
1004:
287:â, a circle with an arrow pointing
24:
2168:
1090:Wilcox, Christie (23 April 2020).
25:
3353:
2134:The Differences Between the Sexes
1537:How to Build Electronic Equipment
1306:Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2000).
373:("male person or animal, male").
3201:Attraction to transgender people
2590:
2589:
2383:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1608:Leonard, Janet L. (2019-05-21).
1539:. New York: Rider. p. 167.
1125:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3063-1
870:Lively, Curtis M. (2010-03-01).
242:Evolution of sexual reproduction
220:, among others. In land plants,
118:, including male humans, have a
2124:
2097:
2070:
1962:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1953:
1901:
1786:
1711:
1686:
1652:
1628:
1601:
1546:
1528:
1510:
1486:
1457:
1422:
1355:
1253:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1
1108:
1083:
1053:
488:Not all species share a common
2491:Sexual reproduction in animals
2137:. Cambridge University Press.
937:
912:
385:can be used in the context of
94:, which fuses with the larger
13:
1:
3291:Social construction of gender
2017:10.1126/science.292.5519.1093
749:
714:Birds often exhibit colorful
681:Secondary sex characteristics
270:Symbol, etymology, and usage
137:can also be used to refer to
3276:Sex as a biological variable
2363:Sex as a biological variable
2346:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
1812:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040187
1169:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899
1060:Dusenbery, David B. (2009).
974:Gender in Philosophy and Law
768:Molecular Human Reproduction
687:Secondary sex characteristic
350:
235:
47:The symbol of the Roman god
7:
1535:J. Richard Johnson (1962).
819:The Biology of Reproduction
722:
637:Environmental determination
589:ZW sex-determination system
528:XY sex-determination system
504:; however, species such as
246:Sex § Evolution of sex
156:
10:
3358:
3191:Androphilia and gynephilia
2501:Penile-vaginal intercourse
2341:Sequential hermaphroditism
1718:Reference, Genetics Home.
1694:"43.1C: Sex Determination"
1614:. Springer. pp. 1â3.
919:Reference, Genetics Home.
684:
615:, are often determined by
580:and the multiplication of
457:
239:
29:
3243:
3173:
3137:
3034:
3001:
2988:
2791:
2659:
2648:
2585:
2538:
2371:
2331:Testis-determining factor
2228:
1870:10.1007/s00265-013-1606-6
1553:Richard Ferncase (2013).
274:
173:species with two or more
141:, in the social sense of
106:. A male organism cannot
2739:Non-binary / genderqueer
2272:Sex-determination system
1037:"4.9: Sexual dimorphism"
490:sex-determination system
460:Sex-determination system
376:
128:male reproductive organs
3301:Transgender archaeology
2220:
1911:The Biological Bulletin
1844:Doums, Claudie (2013).
1724:Genetics Home Reference
1640:Encyclopedia Britannica
1389:10.1073/pnas.1203495109
1011:Encyclopedia Britannica
925:Genetics Home Reference
846:A Dictionary of Biology
619:, where most males are
3296:Split attraction model
3281:Sexâgender distinction
2255:Sexual differentiation
2180:"On False Etymologies"
1668:From Quarks to Quasars
473:
252:evolution of anisogamy
206:Male/female dimorphism
64:
34:. For other uses, see
3271:Queer heterosexuality
2297:Temperature-dependent
1923:10.1086/bblv229n3p276
1064:Living at Micro Scale
889:10.1093/jhered/esq010
781:10.1093/molehr/gau068
601:butterflies and moths
514:Genetic determination
467:
405:a shape of connectors
46:
36:Male (disambiguation)
3251:Anti-gender movement
3226:Romantic orientation
2083:. Psychology Press.
2056:. pp. 392â393.
1522:Cambridge Dictionary
1494:"Definition of MALE"
882:(suppl_1): S13âS20.
705:sporophyte sex organ
557:. The SRY activates
500:, sex is determined
411:Males across species
381:In humans, the word
167:convergent evolution
133:In humans, the word
102:, in the process of
90:(sex cell) known as
3003:Sexual orientations
2734:Masculine of center
2513:Hormonal motivation
2486:Fungal reproduction
2405:Reproductive system
2176:Wedgwood, Hensleigh
2046:Campbell B (2017).
2011:(5519): 1093â1095.
1862:2013BEcoS..67.1983D
1674:on November 7, 2013
1380:2012PNAS..10913692T
1374:(34): 13692â13697.
1326:2000Pbio...26..386B
876:Journal of Heredity
196:sexual reproduction
3124:Same gender loving
3035:Alternative labels
2518:Human reproduction
2496:Sexual intercourse
2481:Plant reproduction
2110:. Academic Press.
1762:10.1242/dev.032631
1698:Biology LibreTexts
1469:www.etymonline.com
1041:Biology LibreTexts
630:Cataglyphis cursor
474:
403:can also refer to
337:Claude de Saumaise
258:in a species were
108:reproduce sexually
86:that produces the
65:
3309:
3308:
3256:Gender assignment
3239:
3238:
2984:
2983:
2724:Gender neutrality
2603:
2602:
2523:Lordosis behavior
2238:Sexual dimorphism
2144:978-0-521-44878-9
2117:978-0-08-091865-5
2090:978-1-136-87493-2
1856:(12): 1983â1993.
1756:(11): 1813â1821.
1660:Creighton, Jolene
1621:978-3-319-94139-4
1594:978-0-521-66794-4
1584:Bryophyte Biology
1292:978-1-139-50082-1
1262:978-3-319-47829-6
1225:978-4-431-54589-7
1134:978-3-319-16999-6
1075:978-0-674-03116-6
856:978-0-19-871437-8
829:978-1-108-49985-9
774:(12): 1161â1168.
481:animals, such as
454:Sex determination
333:William T. Stearn
57:alchemical symbol
16:(Redirected from
3349:
3099:Non-heterosexual
2999:
2998:
2657:
2656:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2553:Animal sexuality
2476:Sexual selection
2215:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2107:The Human Genome
2101:
2095:
2094:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1881:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1670:. Archived from
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1391:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1171:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1067:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1002:
993:
991:
968:
959:
958:
956:
955:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
916:
910:
909:
891:
867:
861:
860:
840:
834:
833:
813:
802:
801:
783:
759:
697:Sexual selection
314:
310:
307:
304:
302:
165:, an example of
21:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3235:
3186:Analloeroticism
3169:
3165:Heterosociality
3133:
3030:
2993:
2991:
2980:
2795:
2787:
2729:Gender variance
2719:Gender fluidity
2651:
2644:
2634:
2604:
2599:
2581:
2568:Differentiation
2558:Human sexuality
2548:Plant sexuality
2534:
2430:Spermatogenesis
2374:
2367:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2171:
2169:Further reading
2166:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2044:
2040:
2001:
1997:
1958:
1954:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1842:
1838:
1791:
1787:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1551:
1547:
1533:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1498:Merriam-Webster
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1443:10.2307/1217734
1427:
1423:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1210:
1203:
1162:(7): e1001899.
1148:
1141:
1135:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1096:Quanta Magazine
1088:
1084:
1076:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1003:
996:
985:
969:
962:
953:
951:
943:
942:
938:
929:
927:
917:
913:
868:
864:
857:
841:
837:
830:
814:
805:
760:
756:
752:
725:
689:
683:
639:
578:spermatic cords
570:
532:sex chromosomes
516:
507:Cymothoa exigua
462:
456:
419:in animals, as
413:
379:
353:
331:. According to
312:
308:
305:
300:
299:
295:code-point is:
277:
272:
248:
238:
159:
147:gender identity
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Plurisexuality
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3145:Sociosexuality
3141:
3139:
3138:Social aspects
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Heteroflexible
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:Vakasalewalewa
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2314:Sex chromosome
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2143:
2123:
2116:
2096:
2089:
2069:
2063:978-1351514415
2062:
2038:
1995:
1974:10.1086/411613
1952:
1917:(3): 276â281.
1900:
1836:
1785:
1735:
1710:
1685:
1651:
1627:
1620:
1600:
1593:
1573:
1563:
1545:
1527:
1509:
1485:
1456:
1437:(4): 109â113.
1421:
1354:
1298:
1291:
1268:
1261:
1231:
1224:
1201:
1139:
1133:
1107:
1082:
1074:
1052:
1022:
1005:Berrill, N.J.
994:
983:
960:
945:"Y Chromosome"
936:
921:"Y chromosome"
911:
862:
855:
835:
828:
803:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
729:Male pregnancy
724:
721:
685:Main article:
682:
679:
638:
635:
568:
538:or have other
515:
512:
479:hermaphroditic
458:Main article:
455:
452:
412:
409:
378:
375:
355:Borrowed from
352:
349:
317:
316:
276:
273:
271:
268:
237:
234:
158:
155:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3354:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Terms for men
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Postgenderism
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Monosexuality
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Allosexuality
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Homosociality
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Antisexuality
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:Bugis genders
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:Third genders
2790:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Gender bender
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Cross-dresser
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2528:Pelvic thrust
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:Fertilization
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:Gametogenesis
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:parasexuality
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:Hermaphrodite
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:Haplodiploidy
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1564:9780240801575
1560:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
990:
986:
984:9789400749917
980:
976:
975:
967:
965:
950:
946:
940:
926:
922:
915:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
858:
852:
848:
847:
839:
831:
825:
821:
820:
812:
810:
808:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
758:
754:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
720:
717:
712:
708:
706:
701:
698:
694:
688:
678:
676:
675:
671:of the genus
670:
667:
666:endosymbiotic
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
634:
632:
631:
626:
622:
618:
617:haplodiploidy
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
582:Sertoli cells
579:
575:
571:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
511:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
471:
466:
461:
451:
449:
445:
441:
440:sexual system
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
374:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:Carl Linnaeus
322:
298:
297:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
247:
243:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
197:
192:
188:
184:
181:species with
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:fertilisation
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3261:Gender roles
3206:Kinsey scale
3196:Aromanticism
3072:Gray asexual
3021:Heterosexual
2946:Sworn virgin
2916:Mukhannathun
2818:Binabinaaine
2678:
2447:spermatozoon
2375:reproduction
2324:Y chromosome
2319:X chromosome
2265:Virilization
2260:Feminization
2242:
2183:
2133:
2126:
2106:
2099:
2079:
2072:
2048:
2041:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1853:
1849:
1839:
1802:
1799:PLOS Biology
1798:
1788:
1753:
1749:
1738:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1700:. 2018-07-17
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1667:
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1610:
1603:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1468:
1459:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1317:
1313:Paleobiology
1311:
1301:
1281:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1218:. Springer.
1214:
1159:
1156:PLOS Biology
1155:
1116:
1110:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1085:
1063:
1055:
1044:. Retrieved
1040:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:
988:
973:
952:. Retrieved
948:
939:
928:. Retrieved
924:
914:
879:
875:
865:
845:
838:
818:
771:
767:
757:
713:
709:
702:
690:
672:
655:
640:
628:
586:
552:
544:reproduction
522:, including
517:
505:
496:, including
487:
475:
437:
414:
400:
399:
382:
380:
370:
366:
359:
354:
344:
340:
318:
278:
256:mating types
249:
225:
221:
204:
200:
185:of male and
175:mating types
160:
134:
132:
124:testosterone
120:Y chromosome
114:. Most male
67:
66:
40:
3119:Questioning
2992:orientation
2911:Mudoko dako
2871:Femminiello
2783:Transsexual
2761:Trans woman
2744:Transgender
1968:(1): 3â21.
1879:10261/88167
1805:(6): e187.
1750:Development
739:Masculinity
605:Hymenoptera
502:genetically
444:androdioecy
425:seed plants
285:Mars symbol
230:sporophytes
179:anisogamous
143:gender role
126:to develop
98:gamete, or
55:and is the
3316:Categories
3155:Asociality
3109:Polysexual
3077:Demisexual
3047:Bi-curious
3026:Homosexual
2994:identities
2961:Two-spirit
2866:Fakafifine
2861:Fa'afafine
2803:Androgynos
2652:identities
2643:identities
2508:Copulation
2229:Biological
1729:2020-07-22
1720:"SRY gene"
1704:2020-07-22
1645:2020-07-22
1503:2023-03-22
1473:Etymonline
1320:(3): 386.
1101:2020-07-22
1046:2020-07-22
1016:2020-07-22
954:2020-09-07
949:Genome.gov
930:2020-07-22
750:References
658:arthropods
651:clown fish
643:alligators
607:, such as
540:karyotypes
492:. In most
433:cryptogams
417:gonochoric
357:Old French
313:♂
264:Volvocales
240:See also:
151:discussion
3129:TakatÄpui
3104:Pansexual
3057:Ex-ex-gay
2896:Koekchuch
2876:GĂŒevedoce
2796:and sexes
2766:Fakaleitī
2756:Trans man
2749:Akava'ine
2699:Cisgender
2689:Androgyne
2563:Mechanics
2540:Sexuality
2435:Oogenesis
2410:Sex organ
2400:Germ cell
2388:Anisogamy
2153:cite book
2054:Routledge
1982:0033-5770
1931:0006-3185
1893:2 October
1398:0027-8424
1241:Anisogamy
1178:1545-7885
898:0022-1503
790:1360-9947
744:Gentleman
674:Wolbachia
662:parasitic
595:and some
542:. During
421:dioecious
351:Etymology
309:MALE SIGN
289:northeast
279:A common
260:isogamous
236:Evolution
216:and land
189:types to
171:isogamous
112:asexually
78:) is the
3266:Intersex
3244:See also
3231:Sapphism
3016:Bisexual
2976:X-gender
2951:Travesti
2926:NĂĄdleehi
2839:Chibados
2771:Mak nyah
2595:Category
2573:Activity
2469:Internal
2464:External
2353:Intersex
2186:(6): 68.
2178:(1855).
2033:37441675
2025:11352061
1990:85177125
1947:22783998
1939:26695826
1888:18141328
1831:16700629
1780:19429785
1744:(2009).
1416:22869736
1347:12 April
1342:36648568
1196:24983465
906:20421322
798:25323972
723:See also
669:bacteria
656:In many
599:(mostly
429:dioicous
367:masculus
306:♂
210:chytrids
191:oogamous
163:lineages
157:Overview
84:organism
3094:Lesbian
3089:Khanith
3067:Gay men
3011:Asexual
2941:Sipiniq
2901:Lhamana
2886:Kathoey
2833:Calalai
2830:Calabai
2776:Rae-rae
2661:Genders
2420:Meiosis
2393:Isogamy
2005:Science
1858:Bibcode
1822:1463023
1771:4075598
1678:7 April
1478:23 July
1451:1217734
1407:3427103
1376:Bibcode
1322:Bibcode
1187:4077654
992:(eBook)
716:plumage
693:fitness
625:diploid
621:haploid
597:insects
572:in the
536:XX male
520:mammals
494:animals
448:trioecy
442:called
427:and as
362:, from
345:Thouros
293:Unicode
291:. The
214:diatoms
183:gametes
116:mammals
3052:Ex-gay
3042:Banjee
2990:Sexual
2971:Winkte
2956:Tumtum
2936:Palopa
2849:Eunuch
2844:Enaree
2808:Apwint
2709:Femboy
2684:Female
2650:Gender
2641:sexual
2637:Gender
2442:Gamete
2415:Mating
2373:Sexual
2248:Female
2141:
2114:
2087:
2060:
2031:
2023:
1988:
1980:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1886:
1829:
1819:
1778:
1768:
1618:
1591:
1561:
1518:"male"
1449:
1414:
1404:
1396:
1340:
1289:
1259:
1222:
1194:
1184:
1176:
1131:
1072:
981:
904:
896:
853:
826:
796:
788:
647:snails
574:gonads
548:female
524:humans
498:humans
470:female
387:gender
303:
301:U+2642
281:symbol
275:Symbol
222:female
218:plants
187:female
139:gender
96:female
88:gamete
82:of an
72:symbol
3174:Other
3114:Queer
2931:Nullo
2891:Köçek
2881:Hijra
2854:Galli
2827:Bissu
2813:Bakla
2674:Woman
2231:terms
2029:S2CID
1986:S2CID
1943:S2CID
1884:S2CID
1447:JSTOR
1431:Taxon
1338:S2CID
1007:"Sex"
593:birds
518:Most
483:worms
377:Usage
364:Latin
360:masle
92:sperm
18:Males
3342:Boys
3322:Male
2921:Muxe
2906:MÄhĆ«
2679:Male
2639:and
2452:ovum
2243:Male
2159:link
2139:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2021:PMID
1978:ISSN
1935:PMID
1927:ISSN
1895:2021
1827:PMID
1776:PMID
1680:2014
1616:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1480:2023
1412:PMID
1394:ISSN
1349:2021
1287:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1192:PMID
1174:ISSN
1129:ISBN
1070:ISBN
979:ISBN
902:PMID
894:ISSN
851:ISBN
824:ISBN
794:PMID
786:ISSN
613:bees
611:and
609:ants
587:The
565:and
563:FGF9
559:Sox9
401:Male
383:male
329:Mars
321:Mars
250:The
244:and
226:male
224:and
135:male
100:ovum
68:Male
61:iron
59:for
53:Mars
49:Mars
32:Malé
3337:Men
3332:Sex
3062:Gay
2694:Boi
2669:Man
2222:Sex
2013:doi
2009:292
1970:doi
1919:doi
1915:229
1874:hdl
1866:doi
1817:PMC
1807:doi
1766:PMC
1758:doi
1754:136
1439:doi
1402:PMC
1384:doi
1372:109
1330:doi
1249:doi
1182:PMC
1164:doi
1121:doi
884:doi
880:101
776:doi
734:Man
567:PGD
555:SRY
431:in
423:in
395:boy
393:or
391:man
371:mÄs
145:or
80:sex
3318::
2292:ZO
2287:XO
2282:ZW
2277:XY
2182:.
2155:}}
2151:{{
2052:.
2027:.
2019:.
2007:.
1984:.
1976:.
1966:55
1964:.
1941:.
1933:.
1925:.
1913:.
1882:.
1872:.
1864:.
1854:67
1852:.
1848:.
1825:.
1815:.
1801:.
1797:.
1774:.
1764:.
1752:.
1748:.
1722:.
1696:.
1666:.
1662:.
1638:.
1567:.
1520:.
1496:.
1471:.
1467:.
1445:.
1435:11
1433:.
1410:.
1400:.
1392:.
1382:.
1370:.
1366:.
1336:.
1328:.
1318:26
1316:.
1310:.
1271:^
1255:.
1243:.
1204:^
1190:.
1180:.
1172:.
1160:12
1158:.
1154:.
1142:^
1127:,
1094:.
1039:.
1025:^
1009:.
997:^
987:.
963:^
947:.
923:.
900:.
892:.
878:.
874:.
806:^
792:.
784:.
772:20
770:.
766:.
695:.
664:,
633:.
550:.
450:.
435:.
407:.
347:.
341:ΞÏ
212:,
198:.
153:.
130:.
74::
2629:e
2622:t
2615:v
2214:e
2207:t
2200:v
2161:)
2147:.
2120:.
2093:.
2066:.
2035:.
2015::
1992:.
1972::
1949:.
1921::
1897:.
1876::
1868::
1860::
1833:.
1809::
1803:4
1782:.
1760::
1732:.
1707:.
1682:.
1648:.
1624:.
1597:.
1524:.
1506:.
1482:.
1453:.
1441::
1418:.
1386::
1378::
1351:.
1332::
1324::
1295:.
1265:.
1251::
1228:.
1198:.
1166::
1123::
1104:.
1080:.
1078:.
1049:.
1019:.
957:.
933:.
908:.
886::
859:.
832:.
800:.
778::
569:2
315:)
311:(
76:â
70:(
63:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
