Gender - Knowledge

3680:, describes how the doctors address the issues of intersexuality. She starts her argument with an example of the birth of an intersexual individual and maintains "our conceptions of the nature of gender difference shape, even as they reflect, the ways we structure our social system and polity; they also shape and reflect our understanding of our physical bodies." Then she adds how gender assumptions affects the scientific study of sex by presenting the research of intersexuals by John Money et al., and she concludes that "they never questioned the fundamental assumption that there are only two sexes, because their goal in studying intersexuals was to find out more about 'normal' development." She also mentions the language the doctors use when they talk with the parents of the intersexuals. After describing how the doctors inform parents about the intersexuality, she asserts that because the doctors believe that the intersexuals are actually male or female, they tell the parents of the intersexuals that it will take a little bit more time for the doctors to determine whether the infant is a boy or a girl. That is to say, the doctors' behavior is formulated by the cultural gender assumption that there are only two sexes. Lastly, she maintains that the differences in the ways in which the medical professionals in different regions treat intersexual people also give us a good example of how sex is socially constructed. In her 4774: 4823: 4469:, studies suggest that gender differences between individuals can lead to externalized anger that may result in violent outbursts. These violent actions related to gender inequality can be measured by comparing violent neighborhoods to non-violent neighborhoods. By noticing the independent variables (neighborhood violence) and the dependent variable (individual violence), it is possible to analyze gender roles. The strain in the general strain theory is the removal of a positive stimulus and or the introduction of a negative stimulus, which would create a negative effect (strain) within individual, which is either inner-directed (depression/guilt) or outer-directed (anger/frustration), which depends on whether the individual blames themselves or their environment. Studies reveal that even though males and females are equally likely to react to a strain with anger, the origin of the anger and their means of coping with it can vary drastically. 4531:, in practice gender equality is not reached in the context of climate change policies. This is reflected in the fact that discourses of and negotiations over climate change are mostly dominated by men. Some feminist scholars hold that the debate on climate change is not only dominated by men but also primarily shaped in 'masculine' principles, which limits discussions about climate change to a perspective that focuses on technical solutions. This perception of climate change hides subjectivity and power relations that actually condition climate-change policy and science, leading to a phenomenon that Tuana terms 'epistemic injustice'. Similarly, MacGregor attests that by framing climate change as an issue of 'hard' natural scientific conduct and natural security, it is kept within the traditional domains of hegemonic masculinity. 3565:

political scientist may employ 'gender' when conducting empirical research: "gender as a category and as a process." Employing gender as a category allows for political scientists "to delineate specific contexts where behaviours, actions, attitudes and preferences considered masculine or feminine result in particular political outcomes". It may also demonstrate how gender differences, not necessarily corresponding precisely with sex, may "constrain or facilitate political" actors. Gender as a process has two central manifestations in political science research, firstly in determining "the differential effects of structures and policies upon men and women," and secondly, the ways in which masculine and feminine political actors "actively work to produce favorable gendered outcomes".

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scientifically debased usage, sex is what you are biologically; gender is what you become socially; gender identity is your own sense or conviction of maleness or femaleness; and gender role is the cultural stereotype of what is masculine and feminine. Causality with respect to gender identity disorder is sub-divisible into genetic, prenatal hormonal, postnatal social, and post-pubertal hormonal determinants, but there is, as yet, no comprehensive and detailed theory of causality. Gender coding in the brain is bipolar. In gender identity disorder, there is discordance between the natal sex of one's external genitalia and the brain coding of one's gender as masculine or feminine.

2103:. For example, being female characterizes one as a woman, and being a woman signifies one as weak, emotional, and irrational, and incapable of actions attributed to a "man". Butler said that gender and sex are more like verbs than nouns. She reasoned that her actions are limited because she is female. "I am not permitted to construct my gender and sex willy-nilly," she said. " is so because gender is politically and therefore socially controlled. Rather than 'woman' being something one is, it is something one does." More recent criticisms of Judith Butler's theories critique her writing for reinforcing the very conventional dichotomies of gender. 7510:, I heard several First Nations people describe themselves as very much unitary, neither "male" nor "female," much less a pair in one body. Nor did they report an assumption of duality within one body as a common concept within reservation communities; rather, people confided dismay at the Western proclivity for dichotomies. Outside Indo-European-speaking societies, "gender" would not be relevant to the social personae glosses "men" and "women," and "third gender" likely would be meaningless. The unsavory word "berdache" certainly ought to be ditched (Jacobs et al. 1997:3–5), but the urban American neologism "two-spirit" can be misleading. 2173:, argue that gender is more than an identity or role but is something that is institutionalized through "social relational contexts." Ridgeway and Correll define "social relational contexts" as "any situation in which individuals define themselves in relation to others in order to act." They also point out that in addition to social relational contexts, cultural beliefs plays a role in the gender system. The coauthors argue that daily people are forced to acknowledge and interact with others in ways that are related to gender. Every day, individuals are interacting with each other and comply with society's set standard of 2145:

woman in society varies cross-culturally according to what things are considered to be masculine or feminine. These roles are learned from various, intersecting sources such as parental influences, the socialization a child receives in school, and what is portrayed in the local media. Learning gender roles starts from birth and includes seemingly simple things like what color outfits a baby is clothed in or what toys they are given to play with. However, a person's gender does not always align with what has been assigned at birth. Factors other than learned behaviors play a role in the development of gender.

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allocation of these specific traits to the sexes. These traits provide the foundations for the creation of hegemonic gender difference. It follows then, that gender can be assumed as the acquisition and internalisation of social norms. Individuals are therefore socialized through their receipt of society's expectations of 'acceptable' gender attributes that are flaunted within institutions such as the family, the state and the media. Such a notion of 'gender' then becomes naturalized into a person's sense of self or identity, effectively imposing a gendered social category upon a sexed body.

2026: 3851:) to female workers in his employ (disregarding whether they are straight or gay). However the popular sexual self-conception approach (self-conception: gay versus straight) focuses on the different self-conceptions and social conceptions of those who are gay/straight, in comparison with those who are straight (disregarding what might be vastly differing economic and power positions between female and male groups in each category). There is then, in relation to definition of and approaches to "gender", a tension between historic feminist sociology and contemporary homosexual sociology. 3742: 2252: 2070: 3703:. In the United States and Europe, such children, because they have the potential to bear children later in life, are usually raised as girls. Saudi doctors trained in this European tradition recommended such a course of action to the Saudi parents of CAH XX children. A number of parents, however, refused to accept the recommendation that their child, initially identified as a son, be raised instead as a daughter. Nor would they accept feminizing surgery for their child. This was essentially an expression of local community attitudes with the preference for male offspring. 4428:

to earn low incomes because of gender discrimination, as men are more likely to receive higher pay, have more opportunities, and have overall more political and social capital then women. Approximately 75% of world's women are unable to obtain bank loans because they have unstable jobs. It shows that there are many women in the world's population but only a few represent world's wealth. In many countries, the financial sector largely neglects women even though they play an important role in the economy, as Nena Stoiljkovic pointed out in

2509:. These women usually have ordinary female appearances (though nearly all girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) have corrective surgery performed on their genitals). However, despite taking hormone-balancing medication given to them at birth, these females are statistically more likely to be interested in activities traditionally linked to males than female activities. Psychology professor and CAH researcher Dr. Sheri Berenbaum attributes these differences to an exposure of higher levels of male sex hormones in utero. 2236: 3569:

their biology. Because of this, Newman argues, many privilege sex as being a cause of oppression and ignore other issues like race, ability, poverty, etc. Current gender studies classes seek to move away from that and examine the intersectionality of these factors in determining people's lives. She also points out that other non-Western cultures do not necessarily have the same views of gender and gender roles. Newman also debates the meaning of equality, which is often considered the goal of feminism; she believes that

2241: 510:. This can be attributed to the influence of feminism. Haig stated, "Among the reasons that working scientists have given me for choosing gender rather than sex in biological contexts are desires to signal sympathy with feminist goals, to use a more academic term, or to avoid the connotation of copulation." Haig also notes that "gender" became the preferred term when discussing phenomena for which the social versus biological cause was unknown, disputed, or actually an interaction between the two. In 1993, the US 12453: 2595: 4473:

sign that they've somehow lost control, and thus worry that this anger may lead them to harm others and/or damage relationships. On the other end of the spectrum, men are less concerned with damaging relationships and more focused on using anger as a means of affirming their masculinity. According to the general strain theory, men would more likely engage in aggressive behavior directed towards others due to externalized anger whereas women would direct their anger towards themselves rather than others.

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truly express themselves, as they are able to create an identity and socialize with other individuals that can relate. Social networking sites have also given individuals access to create a space where they feel more comfortable about their sexuality. Recent research has indicated that social media is becoming a stronger part of younger individuals' media culture, as more intimate stories are being told via social media and are being intertwined with gender, sexuality, and relationships.

2418:. People who are non-binary (or genderqueer) have gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine. They may identify as having an overlap of gender identities, having two or more genders, having no gender, having a fluctuating gender identity, or being third gender or other-gendered. Recognition of non-binary genders is still somewhat new to mainstream Western culture, and non-binary people may face increased risk of assault, harassment, and discrimination. 4441: 2246: 3657:, argues that the understanding of human bodies as sexually dimorphic was historically not recognised. She states that male and female genitals were considered inherently the same in Western society until the 18th century. At that time, female genitals were regarded as incomplete male genitals, and the difference between the two was conceived as a matter of degree. In other words, there was a belief in a gradation of physical forms, or a spectrum. Scholars such as 1960: 1984: 2262: 1972: 4556:

found that males would post more alcohol and sexual references. The roles were reversed however, when looking at a teenage dating site: women made sexual references significantly more often than males. Boys share more personal information, while girls are more conservative about the personal information they post. Boys, meanwhile, are more likely to orient towards technology, sports, and humor in the information they post to their profile.

3589: 2257: 4226:. Women were also typically given tedious, low-paying jobs and denied opportunities for career advancement. This was often justified by the stereotype that women were naturally more suited to jobs that required concentration, patience, and dexterity, rather than creativity, leadership, or intellect. Although these stereotypes have been dispelled in modern times, women are still underrepresented in prestigious " 2280: 35: 2438:(either males or females who report themselves as high on both masculine and feminine traits) or undifferentiated (either males or females who report themselves as low on both masculine and feminine traits). Twenge (1997) noted that men are generally more masculine than women and women generally more feminine than men, but the association between biological sex and masculinity/femininity is waning. 4282: 2066:, an important component of the self-concept is derived from memberships in social groups and categories; this is demonstrated by group processes and how inter-group relationships impact significantly on individuals' self perception and behaviors. The groups people belong to therefore provide members with the definition of who they are and how they should behave within their social sphere. 2162:

adolescents experience these and other socializing influences, they will become more stereotypical in their gender-role identities and gendered attitudes and behaviors." However, the researchers did state that perhaps the hypothesis Hill and Lynch proposed was true in the past but is not true now due to changes in the population of teens in respect to their gender-role identities.

2434:(PAQ). Both instruments categorize individuals as either being sex typed (males report themselves as identifying primarily with masculine traits, females report themselves as identifying primarily with feminine traits), cross sex-typed (males report themselves as identifying primarily with feminine traits, females report themselves as identifying primarily with masculine traits), 401: 3530:

sex, gender, and sexual orientation, and confuse them in a way that results in denying the rights not only of gays and lesbians, but also of those who do not present themselves or act in a manner traditionally expected of their sex". This prejudice plays out in our legal system when a person is judged differently because they do not present themselves as the "correct" gender.

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following: general mannerisms, deportment and demeanor, play preferences and recreational interests; spontaneous topics of talk in unprompted conversation and casual comment; content of dreams, daydreams, and fantasies; replies to oblique inquiries and projective tests; evidence of erotic practices and, finally, the person's own replies to direct inquiry.

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social expectations that define the behaviors that are "appropriate" for men and women and determine their different access to rights, resources, power in society and health behaviors. Although the specific nature and degree of these differences vary from one society to the next, they still tend to typically favor men, creating an imbalance in power and

3831:. Butler argues that gender is not an expression of what one is, but rather something that one does. It follows then, that if gender is acted out in a repetitive manner it is in fact re-creating and effectively embedding itself within the social consciousness. Contemporary sociological reference to male and female gender roles typically uses 2490:—to the behavioral has been broadly demonstrated and accepted, Money is careful to also note that understanding of the causal chains from biology to behavior in sex and gender issues is very far from complete. Money had previously stated that in the 1950s, American teenage girls who had been exposed to androgenic steroids by their mothers 7330:), p. 47: "In Western societies, as in many regions of the world, gender has been historically conceptualized and constructed as a binary (being either "male" or "female") largely determined by both biological (genetic and hormonal) and social cognitive (social, cultural reinforcement, and modeling of gendered behaviour)." 2207:

manner as possible. A 2005 review of these cases found that about half of natal males reassigned female lived as women in adulthood, including those who knew their medical history, suggesting that gender assignment and related social factors has a major, though not determinative, influence on eventual gender identity.

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specific gender-related characteristics. "The idea that men and women are more different from one another than either is from anything else, must come from something other than nature... far from being an expression of natural differences, exclusive gender identity is the suppression of natural similarities."

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The concept of gender, as I've just said, is recent. So what is it and where does it come from? Simone de Beauvoir famously wrote: 'one is not born, but rather becomes, woman'...But the term 'gender', which had long been associated with grammar, only started to move towards what she was describing in

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Adolescent girls generally use social networking sites as a tool to communicate with peers and reinforce existing relationships; boys on the other hand tend to use social networking sites as a tool to meet new friends and acquaintances. Furthermore, social networking sites have allowed individuals to

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Gender and Development (GAD) is a holistic approach to give aid to countries where gender inequality has a great effect of not improving the social and economic development. It is a program focused on the gender development of women to empower them and decrease the level of inequality between men and

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to describe the problem of women having higher rates of poverty. Women are more vulnerable to chronic poverty because of gender inequalities in the distribution of income, property ownership, credit, and control over earned income. Resource allocation is typically gender-biased within households, and

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American political scientist Karen Beckwith addresses the concept of gender within political science arguing that a "common language of gender" exists and that it must be explicitly articulated in order to build upon it within the political science discipline. Beckwith describes two ways in which the

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Some gendered behavior is influenced by prenatal and early life androgen exposure. This includes, for example, gender normative play, self-identification with a gender, and tendency to engage in aggressive behavior. Males of most mammals, including humans, exhibit more rough and tumble play behavior,

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is defined as the actions or responses that may reveal their status as boy, man, girl or woman, respectively. Elements surrounding gender roles include clothing, speech patterns, movement, occupations, and other factors not limited to biological sex. In contrast to taxonomic approaches, some feminist

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who oversaw Reimer's case, to recommend sex reassignment based on the idea that these patients would be happiest living as women with functioning genitalia. Available evidence indicates that in such instances, parents were deeply committed to raising these children as girls and in as gender-typical a

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lens, gender is transfigured into a vehicle for the social division of power. Gender difference is merely a construct of society used to enforce the distinctions made between what is assumed to be female and male, and allow for the domination of masculinity over femininity through the attribution of

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As the child grows, "...society provides a string of prescriptions, templates, or models of behaviors appropriate to the one sex or the other," which socialises the child into belonging to a culturally specific gender. There is huge incentive for a child to concede to their socialisation with gender

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It would make no sense, then, to define gender as the cultural interpretation of sex, if sex is itself a gender-centered category. Gender should not be conceived merely as the cultural inscription of meaning based on a given sex (a juridical conception); gender must also designate the very apparatus

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notes that the question of whether behavioural similarities across species can be associated with gender identity or not is "an issue of no easy resolution", and suggests that mental states, such as gender identity, are more accessible in humans than other species due to their capacity for language.

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to caution against needlessly modifying the genitals of unconsenting minors. Between the 1960s and 2000, many other male newborns and infants were surgically and socially reassigned as females if they were born with malformed penises, or if they lost their penises in accidents. At the time, surgical

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within most societies. Many cultures have different systems of norms and beliefs based on gender, but there is no universal standard to a masculine or feminine role across all cultures. Social roles of men and women in relation to each other is based on the cultural norms of that society, which lead

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Gender inequality is most common in women dealing with poverty. Many women must shoulder all the responsibility of the household because they must take care of the family. Oftentimes this may include tasks such as tilling land, grinding grain, carrying water and cooking. Also, women are more likely

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Butler argues that "bodies only appear, only endure, only live within the productive constraints of certain highly gendered regulatory schemas," and sex is "no longer as a bodily given on which the construct of gender is artificially imposed, but as a cultural norm which governs the materialization

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For as it turns out, what we call gender is a fairly recent concept. It's not that people in Ancient Greece and Rome didn't talk and think and argue about the categories of male and female, masculine and feminine and the nature and extent of sexual difference. They did in both similar to and very

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Forbes published an article in 2010 that reported 57% of Facebook users are women, which was attributed to the fact that women are more active on social media. On average, women have 8% more friends and account for 62% of posts that are shared via Facebook. Another study in 2010 found that in most

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Males are likely to put the blame on others for adversity and therefore externalize feelings of anger. Females typically internalize their angers and tend to blame themselves instead. Female internalized anger is accompanied by feelings of guilt, fear, anxiety and depression. Women view anger as a

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This myth projects an inherent view in ancient Hinduism, that each human carries within himself both female and male components, which are forces rather than sexes, and it is the harmony between the creative and the annihilative, the strong and the soft, the proactive and the passive, that makes a

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Psychological factors such as cognition, personality, and self-concept also contribute to gender development. Gender identity emerges around the age of two to three years. Gender expression, which refers to the outward manifestation of gender, is influenced by cultural norms, personal preferences,

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origins and habits for dealing with gender. For example, Michael Schwalbe believes that humans must be taught how to act appropriately in their designated gender to fill the role properly, and that the way people behave as masculine or feminine interacts with social expectations. Schwalbe comments

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suggests that "there is no animal model for studying sexual identity. It is impossible to ask an animal, whatever its species, to what sex it belongs." He notes that "this would imply that the animal is aware of its own body and sex, which is far from proved", despite recent research demonstrating

5046:), p. 401: "Most cultures currently construct their societies based on the understanding of gender binary—the two gender categorizations (male and female). Such societies divide their population based on biological sex assigned to individuals at birth to begin the process of gender socialization." 4559:

Research in the 1990s suggested that different genders display certain traits, such as being active, attractive, dependent, dominant, independent, sentimental, sexy, and submissive, in online interaction. Even though these traits continue to be displayed through gender stereotypes, recent studies

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The difference between the sociological and popular definitions of gender involve a different dichotomy and focus. For example, the sociological approach to "gender" (social roles: female versus male) focuses on the difference in (economic/power) position between a male CEO (disregarding the fact

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based on sexual orientation. Gays and lesbians are often discriminated against in our legal system because of societal prejudices. Hurst describes how this discrimination works against people for breaking gender norms, no matter what their sexual orientation is. He says that "courts often confuse

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defines gender as "the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed". The beliefs, values and attitude taken up and exhibited by them is as per the agreed upon norms of the society and the personal opinion of the person is not taken into the primary consideration of

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Studies have shown that female users tend to post more "cute" pictures, while male participants were more likely to post pictures of themselves in activities. Women in the U.S. also tend to post more pictures of friends, while men tend to post more about sports and humorous links. The study also

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Research conducted in 2013 found that over 57% of pictures posted on social networking sites were sexual and were created to gain attention. Moreover, 58% of women and 45% of men do not look into the camera, which creates an illusion of withdrawal. Other factors to be considered are the poses in

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With regard to gender studies, Jacquetta Newman states that although sex is determined biologically, the ways in which people express gender is not. Gendering is a socially constructed process based on culture, though often cultural expectations around women and men have a direct relationship to

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on whether or not girls and boys diverge in their gender identities during adolescent years. The researchers based their work on ideas previously mentioned by Hill and Lynch in their gender intensification hypothesis in that signals and messages from parents determine and affect their children's

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is a term used to exemplify the attributes that a society or culture constitutes as "masculine" or "feminine". Although a person's sex as male or female stands as a biological fact that is identical in any culture, what that specific sex means in reference to a person's gender role as a man or a

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are considered feminine and masculine, respectively. The Taijitu and concept of the Zhou period reach into family and gender relations. Yin is female and yang is male. They fit together as two parts of a whole. The male principle was equated with the sun: active, bright, and shining; the female

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Gender conventions play a large role in attributing masculine and feminine characteristics to a fundamental biological sex. Socio-cultural codes and conventions, the rules by which society functions, and which are both a creation of society as well as a constituting element of it, determine the

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creates a problem for some individuals who feel they have to be at one end of a linear spectrum and must identify themselves as man or woman, rather than being allowed to choose a section in between. Globally, communities interpret biological differences between men and women to create a set of

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has also stated that whether or not non-human animals consider themselves to be feminine or masculine is a "difficult, if not impossible, question to answer", as this would require "judgements about what constitutes femininity or masculinity in any given species". Nonetheless, she asserts that

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said that as sexual subjects, humans are the object of power, which is not an institution or structure, rather it is a signifier or name attributed to "complex strategical situation". Because of this, "power" is what determines individual attributes, behaviors, etc. and people are a part of an

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Biological factors such as sex chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy play a significant role in the development of gender. Hormones such as testosterone and estrogen also play a crucial role in shaping gender identity and expression. Anatomy, including genitalia and reproductive organs, can also

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Social theorists have sought to determine the specific nature of gender in relation to biological sex and sexuality, with the result being that culturally established gender and sex have become interchangeable identifications that signify the allocation of a specific 'biological' sex within a

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By the term, gender role, we mean all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but is not restricted to sexuality in the sense of eroticism. Gender role is appraised in relation to the

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Research has found that almost all U.S. teens (95%) aged 12 through 17 are online, compared to only 78% of adults. Of these teens, 80% have profiles on social media sites, as compared to only 64% of the online population aged 30 and older. According to a study conducted by the Kaiser Family

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shaping the individual's opportunities for education, work, family, sexuality, reproduction, authority, and to make an impact on the production of culture and knowledge. Adults who do not perform these ascribed roles are perceived from this perspective as deviant and improperly socialized.

3738:, in other words, how the behavior of one group or individual influences the behavior of other groups or individuals. Starting in the late 20th century, the feminist movement has contributed extensive study of gender and theories about it, notably within sociology but not restricted to it. 2477:

was used in a press release, 21 November 1966, to announce the new clinic for transsexuals at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. It was disseminated in the media worldwide, and soon entered the vernacular. The definitions of gender and gender identity vary on a doctrinal basis. In popularized and

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identities. This hypothesis argues that parents affect their children's gender role identities and that different interactions spent with either parents will affect gender intensification. Priess and among other's study did not support the hypothesis of Hill and Lynch which stated "that as

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is a problematic term because it can mean many different things, such as people being treated identically, differently, or fairly based on their gender. Newman believes this is problematic because there is no unified definition as to what equality means or looks like, and that this can be

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beliefs, which includes gender roles. They state that society's hegemonic cultural beliefs sets the rules which in turn create the setting for which social relational contexts are to take place. Ridgeway and Correll then shift their topic towards sex categorization. The authors define sex

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Interactions between men and women, women and women and men and men that involve any form of dominance and submission. Conversational theorists, for example, have studied the way that interruptions, turn taking and the setting of topics re-create gender inequality in the flow of ordinary

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writes, "hen asked, my colleagues in the Department of Gender Studies agreed that the term gender could be properly applied only to humans, because it involves one's self-concept as man or woman. Sex is a biological concept; gender is a human social and cultural concept." However,

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and hairstyle to relationship and employment choices. Schwalbe believes that these distinctions are important, because society wants to identify and categorize people as soon as we see them. They need to place people into distinct categories to know how we should feel about them.

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bodies", access to any form of identification document with a gender marker may be an issue. For other intersex people, there may be issues in securing the same rights as other individuals assigned male or female; other intersex people may seek non-binary gender recognition.

3665:, and Michael Stolberg have criticized this interpretation of history. Cadden notes that the "one-sex" model was disputed even in ancient and medieval medicine, and Stolberg points out that already in the sixteenth century, medicine had begun to move towards a two-sex model. 4213:

Historically, science has been portrayed as a masculine pursuit in which women have faced significant barriers to participate. Even after universities began admitting women in the 19th century, women were still largely relegated to certain scientific fields, such as

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addresses gender and feminist theory, stating that since the 1970s the concept of gender has transformed and been used in significantly different ways within feminist scholarship. She notes that a transition occurred when several feminist scholars, such as

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in many churches distinguishes between the masculine images used of God (Father, King, God the Son) and the reality they signify, which transcends gender, embodies all the virtues of both men and women perfectly, which may be seen through the doctrine of

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The concept of gender, in the modern social science sense, is a recent invention in human history. The ancient world had no basis of understanding gender as it has been understood in the humanities and social sciences for the past few decades. The term

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that "emphasizes gender self-identification," Julie Greenberg writes, "Most legislation utilizes the word 'sex,' yet courts, legislators, and administrative agencies often substitute the word 'gender' for 'sex' when they interpret these statutes." In

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began employing gender as an analytical category, which highlighted "social and political relations neglected by mainstream accounts". However, Hawkesworth states "feminist political science has not become a dominant paradigm within the discipline".

658:, and was the first to use it in print in a scientific trade journal in 1955. In the seminal 1955 paper, he defined it as "all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman." 4329:

that God is completely non-corporeal, and thus neither male nor female. Conceptions of the gender of God notwithstanding, traditional Judaism places a strong emphasis on individuals following Judaism's traditional gender roles, though many modern

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Many of the more complicated human behaviors are influenced by both innate factors and by environmental ones, which include everything from genes, gene expression, and body chemistry, through diet and social pressures. A large area of research in

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principle corresponds to the moon: passive, shaded, and reflective. Thus "male toughness was balanced by female gentleness, male action and initiative by female endurance and need for completion, and male leadership by female supportiveness."

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states that "perhaps this construct called 'sex' is as culturally constructed as gender; indeed, perhaps it was always already gender, with the consequence that the distinction between sex and gender turns out to be no distinction at

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OECD, ILO, IMF and WBG, (2014). Achieving stronger growth by promoting a more genderbalanced economy. Report prepared for the G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial Meeting. Melbourne, Australia: G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial

11063: 189:. The distinction between gender and sex is made by most contemporary social scientists in Western countries, behavioral scientists and biologists, many legal systems and government bodies, and intergovernmental agencies such as the 564:

forbids intentional discrimination on the basis of gender", the majority opinion noted that with regard to gender, "It is necessary only to acknowledge that 'our Nation has had a long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination,'

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The largest discrimination study of the transgender community, conducted in 2013, found that the transgender community is four times more likely to live in extreme poverty (income of less than $ 10,000 a year) than people who are

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Foundation, 11-to-18-year-olds spend on average over one and a half hours a day using a computer and 27 minutes per day visiting social network sites, i.e. the latter accounts for about one fourth of their daily computer use.

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became the subject of an expanding number of studies over the course of the late 20th century. One of the earliest areas of interest was what became known as "gender identity disorder" (GID) and which is now also described as

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However, some societies have historically acknowledged and even honored people who fulfill a gender role that exists more in the middle of the continuum between the feminine and masculine polarity. For example, the Hawaiian

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systems. This is especially true when a noun class system includes masculine and feminine as well as some other non-gender features like animate, edible, manufactured, and so forth. An example of the latter is found in the

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considers the concept of being a woman to have more challenges, owing not only to society's viewing women as a social category but also as a felt sense of self, a culturally conditioned or constructed subjective identity.

695:(2000) uses the following two sentences to illustrate the difference, noting that the distinction "is useful in principle, but it is by no means widely observed, and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels." 5378: 4016:

Many languages include terms that are used asymmetrically in reference to men and women. Concern that current language may be biased in favor of men has led some authors in recent times to argue for the use of a more

2214:

released a webinar series on gender, gender identity, gender expression, transgender, etc. In the first lecture Sherer explains that parents' influence (through punishment and reward of behavior) can influence gender

2326:

of masculine and feminine, largely corresponding to the biological sexes of male and female. When a baby is born, society allocates the child to one gender or the other, on the basis of what their genitals resemble.

11138: 3730:

between behavior and various possible antecedents such as genetics, gene regulation, access to food and vitamins, culture, gender, hormones, physical and social development, and physical and social environments.

3484:

explicitly excludes reference to biological differences, to focus on cultural differences. This emerged from a number of different areas: in sociology during the 1950s; from the theories of the psychoanalyst

541:, a 2006 law review article by Meredith Render notes "as notions of gender and sexuality have evolved over the last few decades, legal theories concerning what it means to discriminate "because of sex" under 8359:

While the exact forms of play that characterize prepubertal male humans and prepubertal male rhesus may not be identical, both of these primates show a clear division of preadolescent activities into gender

616:"Gender...is a grammatical term only. To talk of persons...of the masculine or feminine g, meaning of the male or female sex, is either a jocularity (permissible or not according to context) or a blunder." 11122:

Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

11097:

9459: 3645:

of production whereby the sexes themselves are established. This production of sex as the pre-discursive should be understood as the effect of the apparatus of cultural construction designated by gender.

661:

The modern academic sense of the word, in the context of social roles of men and women, dates at least back to 1945, and was popularized and developed by the feminist movement from the 1970s onwards (see

11052:

Adema, W., Ali, N., Frey, V., Kim, H., Lunati, M., Piacentini, M. and Queisser, M. (2014). Enhancing Women's Economic Empowerment Through Entrepreneurship and Business leadership in OECD Countries. OECD.

3867:, and others, gender is biopsychosocial. This is because it is derived from biological, psychological, and social factors, with all three factors feeding back into each other to form a person's gender. 6023: 7309:), p. 184: "Historically, in many, if not most, cultures, gender traditionally has been conceived as binary, but the modern and preferred understanding is that gender actually occurs on a spectrum." 6415:

Snow, D.A. and Oliver, P.E. (1995). "Social Movements and Collective Behavior: Social Psychological Dimensions and Considerations", pp. 571–600 in Karen Cook, Gary A. Fine, and James S.House (eds.)

1126: 4519:

power relations arising from it. These differences, however, are mostly not due to biological or physical differences, but are formed by the social, institutional and legal context. Subsequently,

2366:

community, however, these umbrella terms, neologisms, and ways of viewing gender are not necessarily the type of cultural constructs that more traditional members of these communities agree with.

232:

in females and males influence the development of gender in humans; both inform the debate about how far biological differences influence the formation of gender identity and gendered behavior.

3525:

Hurst comments that in a society where we present our genders so distinctly, there can often be severe consequences for breaking these cultural norms. Many of these consequences are rooted in

2073:

A protester holding a flyer with the words "Gender is like that old jumper from my cousin. It was given to me and it doesn't fit" at a rally for transgender equality in Washington D.C. in 2013

11061: 10539: 3256: 2223:. Sherer argued that kids will modify their gender expression to seek reward from their parents and society, but this will not affect their gender identity (their internal sense of self). 10340: 9850: 3328:

to women's experience of life: "One is not born a woman, one becomes one." In context, this is a philosophical statement. However, it may be analyzed in terms of biology—a girl must pass

3962:. Other gender systems exist with no distinction between masculine and feminine; examples include a distinction between animate and inanimate things, which is common to, amongst others, 1614: 4540:

Western cultures, women spend more time sending text messages compared to men as well as spending more time on social networking sites as a way to communicate with friends and family.

12575: 11262: 10731: 10583: 5649:

different from our own. The problem is that they didn't have the concept of gender that has grown so influential in the humanities and the social sciences over the past four decades.

3620:

states "As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time." Sociologists generally regard gender as a social construct. For instance, sexologist

2140:

The assignment of gender involves taking into account the physiological and biological attributes assigned by nature followed by the imposition of the socially constructed conduct.

6628: 5323: 1631: 10205: 7131: 5362: 10786: 2457:

which is influenced by maternal testosterone levels. These levels may also influence sexuality, with non-heterosexual persons exhibiting sex atypical behavior in childhood.

1868: 11289: 5736: 5076: 3775:

categorical gender. The second wave feminist view that gender is socially constructed and hegemonic in all societies, remains current in some literary theoretical circles,

11539: 11135: 6146: 2494:

exhibited more traditionally masculine behavior, such as being more concerned about their future career than marriage, wearing pants, and not being interested in jewelry.

11236: 3798:

The construction of divisions along the lines of gender, such as those produced by labor, power, family, the state, even allowed behaviors and locations in physical space

3790:

Some believe society is constructed in a way that splits gender into a dichotomy via social organisations that constantly invent and reproduce cultural images of gender.

2304:

philosophers have argued that gender "is a vast orchestration of subtle mediations between oneself and others", rather than a "private cause behind manifest behaviours".

3808:

The way that the preceding three processes help to produce gendered components of individual identity, i.e., the way they create and maintain an image of a gendered self

8150: 569:, at 684, 93 S.Ct., at 1769, a history which warrants the heightened scrutiny we afford all gender-based classifications today", and stated "When state actors exercise 5571: 5455: 2053:

challenge these dominant ideologies concerning gender roles and biological sex. One's biological sex is often times tied to specific social roles and expectations.

4413:, and open representation of sexual pleasures are found in artworks like the Khajuraho temples, believed to have been accepted within prevalent social frameworks. 2639: 691: 6488: 3997:. Of the remaining languages that feature grammatical gender, over half have more than the minimum requirement of two genders. Grammatical gender may be based on 11018:

Moon, B.; Blurton, D.; McCluskey, J.D. (2007). "General Strain Theory and Delinquency: Focusing on the Influences of Key Strain Characteristics on Delinquency".

9410: 8204: 3801:

The construction of symbols and images such as language, ideology, dress and the media, that explain, express and reinforce, or sometimes oppose, those divisions

534:

as "a person's self-representation as male or female, or how that person is responded to by social institutions based on the individual's gender presentation."

10267: 12580: 11703: 10517: 7935: 7621: 1733: 1108: 482:

was undergoing its own usage shift toward referring to sexual intercourse rather than male/female categories. During the last two decades of the 20th century,

4667: 4515:

capacities and gendered contribution to climate change. Furthermore, the intersection of climate change and gender raises questions regarding the complex and

4108:

people varies greatly around the world. Some countries have enacted laws protecting the rights of transgender individuals, but others have criminalized their

10317: 3292: 1698: 1120: 11500: 8044: 1703: 1673: 7153: 5690: 1777: 1206: 6706: 4405:(desire), Shiva is the destroyer of the concept. Symbolically, Shiva is pervaded by the power of Parvati and Parvati is pervaded by the power of Shiva. 2042:

has historically been used interchangeably with reference to the female body, though more recently this usage has been viewed as controversial by some

1821: 1201: 424:

had been associated with grammar for most of history and only started to move towards it being a malleable cultural construct in the 1950s and 1960s.

11359:

Barker, V (2009). "Older adolescents' motivations for social network site use: The influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem".

11113: 1389: 9505: 8638: 2062:

refers to the common identification with a collectivity or social category that creates a common culture among participants concerned. According to

10237: 8841: 8792: 4345:, God is traditionally described in masculine terms and the Church has historically been described in feminine terms. On the other hand, Christian 4139: 9539: 6385: 2091:. The gender system is the basis of social patterns in many societies, which include the separation of sexes, and the primacy of masculine norms. 10546: 6949: 3860: 3556:, began to conceive of gender "as an analytic category within which humans think about and organize their social activity". Feminist scholars in 10867: 10348: 10036: 9989: 9942: 9858: 9785: 9732: 9641:

Christian, Lisa M.; Cole, Steve W.; McDade, Thomas; Pachankis, John E.; Morgan, Ethan; Strahm, Anna M.; Kamp Dush, Claire M. (1 October 2021).

5433: 5282: 3317:

and advocates a deeper analysis of how interactions between the biological being and the social environment influence individuals' capacities.

1863: 11088: 3508:

Charles E. Hurst states that some people think sex will, "...automatically determine one's gender demeanor and role (social) as well as one's

8346: 7190: 2012: 11254: 10241: 8275: 12361: 10728: 10575: 1431: 1178: 11449: 7567: 7493: 5010: 2535:

Poiani suggests that the potential number of species with members possessing a gender identity must be limited due to the requirement for

542: 463:

as way of distinguishing "socially constructed" aspects of male–female differences (gender) from "biologically determined" aspects (sex).

4968: 1351: 1301: 1191: 9271: 9048:

Michael Stolberg. 2003. "A Woman Down to her Bones. The Anatomy of Sexual Difference in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries."

6292:; Hampson, Joan G; Hampson, John (October 1955). "An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism". 12738: 11696: 4934: 4890: 4067:

are gender-neutral. In Persian the same word is used in reference to men and women. Verbs, adjectives and nouns are not gendered. (See

1848: 443:

does not even emerge once. Analysis of more than 30 million academic article titles from 1945 to 2001 showed that the uses of the term

11409:"Youth and intimate media cultures: Gender, sexuality, relationships, and desire as storytelling practices in social networking sites" 4374:) are all mentioned with the masculine pronoun; though the exact meaning of the masculinity of the Christian triune God is contested. 12565: 6428:

Taifel, H. & Turner, J.C. (1986). "The social identity of intergroup relations", pp. 7–24 in S. Worchel & W.G. Austin (eds.)

4068: 3285: 2426:

Two instruments incorporating the multidimensional nature of masculinity and femininity have dominated gender identity research: The

1853: 1765: 1071: 1064: 670:

and social distinctions based on sex are arbitrarily constructed. In this context, matters pertaining to this theoretical process of

11572: 5595: 5344: 1592: 12409: 7139: 7026:"Gender Identity Outcome in Female-Raised 46,XY Persons with Penile Agenesis, Cloacal Exstrophy of the Bladder, or Penile Ablation" 5729:"Evaluation of Sex-Specific Data in Medical Device Clinical Studies – Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff" 2551:"non-human animals do experience femininity and masculinity to the extent that any given species' behaviour is gender segregated." 2286:("Moll Cutpurse") scandalized 17th century society by wearing male clothing, smoking in public, and otherwise defying gender roles. 1858: 1755: 1668: 1530: 1264: 1173: 186: 135:

The word is also used as a synonym for sex, and the balance between these usages has shifted over time. In the mid-20th century, a

7370: 2461: 2129:. There are two contrasting ideas regarding the definition of gender, and the intersection of both of them is definable as below: 11285: 9346: 7703: 5759: 5728: 5060: 2185:

from infancy through adolescence as a girl after his genitals were accidentally mutilated is cited as disproving the theory that

1772: 1196: 11523: 6154: 1809: 494:, writing in 2003, said "the sex/gender distinction is now only fitfully observed." Within the social sciences, however, use of 10978:

Grothoff, G. E.; Kempf-Leonard, K.; Mullins, C. (2014). "Gender and Juvenile Drug Abuse: A General Strain Theory Perspective".

8930:

Birke, Lynda (2001). "In Pursuit of Difference: Scientific Studies of Women and Men," Muriel Lederman and Ingrid Bartsch eds.,

7590: 4160: 2763: 1456: 1399: 1274: 1160: 10681: 12863: 11689: 11655: 11629: 11610: 11533: 11217: 10831:

Chant, Sylvia (2008). "The 'Feminisation of Poverty' and the 'Feminisation' of Anti-Poverty Programmes: Room for Revision?".

10493: 10440: 10394: 10311: 10069: 10022: 9975: 9928: 9761: 9708: 9265: 8503: 8332: 8198: 8136: 8038: 7686: 7445: 6187: 6009: 5970: 5866: 5557: 5409: 5372: 5338: 5258: 5233: 5070: 5004: 4962: 4910: 2783: 2355: 9195: 7414: 5976: 5296: 573:

in reliance on gender stereotypes, they ratify and reinforce prejudicial views of the relative abilities of men and women."

10485: 4523:

is less an intrinsic feature of women and girls but rather a product of their marginalization. Roehr notes that, while the

4129: 3885:

between biological sex, psychological gender, and social gender role. This framework first appeared in a feminist paper on

3517:

that humans "are the results of many people embracing and acting on similar ideas". People do this through everything from

3332:

to become a woman—and sociology, as a great deal of mature relating in social contexts is learned rather than instinctive.

3278: 2610: 1545: 1341: 7344: 5447: 4736: 12795: 8561: 7997: 4401:(otherwise his consort) while the right half represents Shiva. Whereas Parvati is regarded to be the cause of arousal of 1296: 10901: 9103:"From Social Structure to Gene Regulation, and Back: A Critical Introduction to Environmental Epigenetics for Sociology" 7622:"A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and Otherwise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey" 4358:, Jesus at several times mentions the Holy Spirit with the masculine pronoun i.e. John 15:26 among other verses. Hence, 2594: 2414:

In addition to these traditionally recognized third genders, many cultures now recognize, to differing degrees, various

12194: 8393: 7408: 6485: 6450:

Terry, D.J.; Hogg, M.A. (1996). "Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification".

5670: 5641: 5491: 4099: 4018: 3986: 1843: 1515: 1384: 1379: 1143: 10140:"Emesal: The Language of Women and Lamenters in Cuneiform Literature in the Early Second Millennium BC in Mesopotamia" 8188: 6362: 12769: 9517: 9396: 9376: 9301: 8918: 8742: 8692: 8650: 8621: 8527: 8439: 7553: 7533: 6993: 6652: 6615: 6437: 2431: 2190: 2005: 1740: 1710: 1570: 10509: 7925: 7636: 5509:"Introduction to the Special Section-Gendered Power in Cultural Contexts: Capturing the Lived Experience of Couples" 4024:

Several languages attest the use of different vocabulary by men and women, to differing degrees. See, for instance,

3707:

Thus it is evident that culture can play a part in assigning gender, particularly in relation to intersex children.

12790: 12684: 12664: 12276: 8712:

Center for American Progress, (2016). Unjust: How The Broken Criminal Justice System Fails LGBT People. Washington.

5892: 4716: 4116:. Many countries now legally recognize sex reassignments by permitting a change of legal gender on an individual's 2451: 1816: 1804: 1787: 1658: 1416: 1028: 10297: 10095:"Reducing a Male Bias in Language? Establishing the Efficiency of Three Different Gender-Fair Language Strategies" 9172: 7610:

McGee, R. Jon and Richard L. Warms (2011). Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History. New York, McGraw Hill.

6334: 3974:; and systems distinguishing between people (whether human or divine) and everything else, which are found in the 12894: 8028: 4486: 4037: 3878:

Social factors such as culture, socialization, and institutional practices shape gender identity and expression.

1725: 1718: 1599: 1587: 1582: 1421: 771: 689:(as a biological category) is also widespread, although attempts are still made to preserve the distinction. The 10299:

Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics

4234:, and are less likely to hold high-ranking positions, a situation global initiatives such as the United Nations 3631:

However, there are scholars who argue that sex is also socially constructed. For example, gender studies writer

1213: 12899: 7327: 7306: 7164: 5196: 5043: 4235: 4025: 3692: 3597: 3157: 2498: 2211: 1838: 1782: 1626: 1461: 1346: 1087: 552: 8721:

Lydon et al., "Coming Out of Concrete Closets: A Report on Black & Pink's National LGBTQ Prisoner Survey."

8591: 8087: 8070: 7548:(Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture), University of Chicago Press (2005). 7276: 5703: 12366: 6062: 3811:

Gender is implicated in the fundamental, ongoing processes of creating and conceptualising social structures.

3210: 3174: 1943: 1828: 1690: 1643: 1039: 761: 724: 671: 10630: 4489:, but includes an understanding of the different roles and expectation of the genders within the community. 2469:. Studies in this, and related areas, inform the following summary of the subject by John Money. He stated: 2165:

Authors of "Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations",

1636: 12612: 12560: 12402: 12351: 11160:

MacGregor, S. (2010). "A stranger silence still: The need for feminist social research on climate change".

8687:

Schwalbe, M. (2005). The Sociologically Examined Life: Pieces of the Conversation Third Edition. pp. 22–23

5698: 4512: 3374: 3263: 2578: 1998: 1833: 1609: 1604: 1426: 1009: 511: 289: 11110: 10275: 4544:

pictures such as women lying down in subordinate positions or even touching themselves in childlike ways.

4074:

Several languages employ different ways to refer to people where there are three or more genders, such as

3827:

The conception that people are gendered rather than sexed also coincides with Judith Butler's theories of

459:

in the social sciences, arts, and humanities. It was in the 1970s that feminist scholars adopted the term

12820: 12774: 10866:

Grant, Jaime M.; Mottet, Lisa A.; Tanis, Justin; Harrison, Jack; Herman, Jody L.; Keisling, Mara (2011).

6906:(2004). "Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations". 3480:

refers to proposed social and cultural constructions of masculinities and femininities. In this context,

3454: 1873: 1760: 1621: 1366: 1168: 1080: 557: 439:. For example, in a bibliography of 12,000 references on marriage and family from 1900 to 1964, the term 6606: 4005:, or other features, and may be based on a combination of these classes. One of the four genders of the 3910:

is assigned a gender, often with no direct relation to its meaning. For example, the word for "girl" is

3691:

A group of physicians from Saudi Arabia recently reported on several cases of XX intersex children with

12825: 12728: 12356: 12266: 12026: 9736: 9531: 9224: 7831:"Prenatal endocrine influences on sexual orientation and on sexually differentiated childhood behavior" 6691: 6382: 5508: 4331: 4326: 4275: 3583: 3082: 2522: 1933: 1685: 1653: 1648: 1450: 1404: 1336: 1186: 1150: 1034: 899: 428: 144: 9102: 6953: 5101: 3839:

in the plural rather than singular, suggesting diversity both within cultures as well as across them.

2562:

throughout their book. The concept of gender role has also been applied to non-human primates such as

88:, in which gender is divided into two categories, and people are considered part of one or the other ( 12518: 12006: 10871: 8889: 8557: 7958: 4740: 4508: 4498: 4482: 4010: 3617: 3382: 2133: 1678: 1409: 1114: 384: 229: 11243:. Geraldine Terry and Caroline Sweetman (eds.). Warwickshire: Practical Action Publishing, Oxfam GB. 9643:"A biopsychosocial framework for understanding sexual and gender minority health: A call for action" 9430: 5962:

Experience, Meaning, and Identity in Sexuality: A Psychosocial Theory of Sexual Stability and Change

4687: 2362:

people who fulfill these traditional roles in their communities may also participate in the modern,

545:

have experienced a similar evolution". In a 1999 law review article proposing a legal definition of

451:, was often used as a grammatical category early in this period. By the end of this period, uses of 12889: 12733: 12679: 12632: 12550: 12545: 11085: 9610: 5062:

Inventing the Modern American Family: Family Values and Social Change in 20th Century United States

4668:"The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001" 3746: 3536:

stated her "commitment to destroying male dominance and gender itself" while stating her belief in

2833: 1269: 1241: 1057: 11316:

Tortajada-Giménez, Iolanda; Araüna-Baró, Núria; Martínez-Martínez, Inmaculada José (1 June 2013).

10870:. National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Archived from 6707:"Transgender, Gender-Fluid, Nonbinary, and Gender-Nonconforming Employees Deserve Better Policies" 5691:"Guideline for the Study and Evaluation of Gender Differences in the Clinical Evaluation of Drugs" 3486: 2897: 2036:

refers to a personal identification with a particular gender and gender role in society. The term

12843: 12570: 12395: 12376: 11898: 10230: 9596:

Ingraham, Chrys (1994). "The Heterosexual Imaginary: Feminist Sociology and Theories of Gender".

8239: 6112: 5613: 4507:

policy and science. Generally, gender approaches to climate change address gender-differentiated

4433: 4422: 3882: 3662: 3658: 3501:. Those who followed Butler came to regard gender roles as a practice, sometimes referred to as " 3147: 2743: 2628: 2408: 2322:

Historically, most societies have recognized only two distinct, broad classes of gender roles, a

2251: 986: 796: 647:, although this interpretation is contested by many feminist theorists, including Sara Heinämaa. 561: 317: 26: 7662: 7010:

Intersex Society of North America | A world free of shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgery

5881:

A fourth rule is to observe Protagoras' classification of nouns into male, female and inanimate.

5129: 2049:

There are qualitative analyses that explore and present the representations of gender; however,

12723: 12585: 12371: 11408: 11200:

Tuana, N. (2013). "Gendering Climate Knowledge for Justice: Catalyzing a New Research Agenda".

10469: 10457: 9605: 9425: 8374:"Psychological and Anatomical Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Androgens in Female Rhesus*" 7926:"The Real Story on Gay Genes: Homing in on the science of homosexuality – and sexuality itself" 7889:(1994). "The concept of gender identity disorder in childhood and adolescence after 39 years". 7735:

Twenge, Jean M. (1997). "Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis".

7564: 7473: 7218:(1955). "Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: Psychologic findings". 6251: 5760:"Misogyny, Androgyny and Sexual Harassment: Sex Discrimination in a Gender-Deconstructed World" 5402:

Sexual orientation, gender identity and international human rights law: common law perspectives

4994: 4682: 4663: 4580: 4262:

creation myths about human gender, roles and rights (for instance, leadership roles especially

3343:, the author uses "innate gender" and "learned sex roles", but in the 1978 edition, the use of 3310: 3012: 2803: 2447: 2427: 2063: 1394: 1291: 995: 491: 11237:"The Noel Kempff Project in Bolivia: Gender, Power, and Decision-Making in Climate Mitigation" 10605: 10012: 9965: 9918: 4952: 2025: 12346: 9255: 8835: 8786: 8001: 5806: 5790: 5186: 4585: 4466: 4410: 4227: 4086:

A person's gender can have legal significance. In some countries and jurisdictions there are

3828: 3751: 3169: 3137: 2902: 2663: 1918: 1313: 1103: 699:

The effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex (not gender) of the patient.

470:

s meanings, alongside its sociocultural meaning. According to the Oxford English Dictionary,

269: 6124: 4334:

strive for greater egalitarianism. Moreover, traditional Jewish culture recognizes at least

3759: 2178:

categorization as "the sociocognitive process by which we label another as male or female."

2069: 12622: 12602: 12437: 12326: 12301: 12021: 11639: 10473: 8464: 8427: 4590: 4575: 4528: 4202: 3741: 3673: 3462: 3306: 3152: 2892: 2733: 2723: 2683: 1988: 1286: 1236: 1226: 803: 570: 11496: 4393:(literally half-female god). In this composite form, the left half of the body represents 8: 12815: 12617: 12607: 12528: 11809: 11565: 11142: 10804:

The Gender Gap in Poverty in Modern Nations: Single Motherhood, The Market, and the State

10099: 7930: 7670: 6899: 5852: 5592: 5157: 4696: 4595: 4263: 4253: 4053: 4013:

language family can have as many as twenty genders, including plants, places, and shapes.

3975: 3429:. These disciplines study gender and sexuality in the fields of literature and language, 3132: 3097: 3032: 2932: 2586: 2347: 1898: 1797: 1535: 1306: 766: 609: 129: 10477: 9220:"Sexuality and Gender: Findings from the Biological, Psychological, and Social Sciences" 7661:

Stets, Jan E.; Kushida, Melanie; Fares, Phoenicia; Whitham, Monica M. (26 August 2023).

5820: 4481:

Gender, and particularly the role of women is widely recognized as vitally important to

4197:

was the first state to legally recognize non-binary gender in 2017, and was followed by

12597: 12199: 12078: 11956: 11441: 11384: 11177: 11035: 10995: 10953: 10848: 10765: 10408: 10303: 10179: 10118: 9826: 9779: 9726: 9675: 9642: 9623: 9578: 9451: 9443: 9237: 9164: 9005: 8997: 8823: 8774: 8587: 8399: 8267: 8184: 7863: 7830: 7806: 7771: 7752: 7366: 7113: 7061: 6931: 6923: 6873: 6860: 6840: 6816: 6781: 6574: 6531: 6506: 6467: 6082: 6078: 5934: 5858: 5827: 5427: 5276: 4924: 4866: 4813: 4797: 4708: 4335: 4064: 3994: 3990: 3950: 3903: 3763: 3716: 3654: 3553: 3509: 3386: 3321: 3314: 3231: 2887: 2867: 2542: 2521:

is commonly used to refer to the biological sex of the animals. According to biologist

2370: 2235: 2153: 1964: 1938: 819: 634: 626: 582: 523: 436: 293: 178: 111: 22: 10783: 9338: 9118: 7718: 7082:

Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (September 2016).

3762:

to break into a closely guarded male preserve and become the only female professional

2240: 2189:

is determined solely by parenting. Reimer's case is used by organizations such as the

12904: 12853: 12642: 12513: 12503: 12482: 12159: 11814: 11799: 11764: 11651: 11625: 11606: 11529: 11445: 11376: 11213: 11181: 11173: 11039: 10999: 10958: 10868:"Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey" 10852: 10489: 10436: 10412: 10400: 10390: 10370: 10307: 10123: 10075: 10065: 10028: 10018: 9981: 9971: 9934: 9924: 9821: 9767: 9757: 9714: 9704: 9680: 9662: 9582: 9513: 9392: 9372: 9297: 9261: 9229: 9122: 9009: 8914: 8885: 8872:

Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women, 2nd ed

8857:

Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women, 2nd ed

8827: 8778: 8738: 8688: 8646: 8617: 8509: 8499: 8493: 8435: 8389: 8338: 8328: 8271: 8259: 8194: 8142: 8132: 8092: 8034: 7906: 7868: 7850: 7811: 7793: 7756: 7682: 7549: 7529: 7485: 7451: 7441: 7404: 7323: 7302: 7227: 7105: 7053: 7045: 6989: 6878: 6856: 6841:"Adolescent Gender-Role Identity and Mental Health: Gender Intensification Revisited" 6821: 6803: 6714: 6685: 6648: 6611: 6578: 6536: 6471: 6433: 6301: 6271: 6232: 6224: 6205:"The concept of gender identity disorder in childhood and adolescence after 39 years" 6183: 6086: 6015: 6005: 5966: 5926: 5872: 5862: 5802: 5666: 5637: 5563: 5553: 5528: 5524: 5487: 5415: 5405: 5368: 5334: 5264: 5254: 5229: 5192: 5066: 5039: 5000: 4958: 4929: 4916: 4906: 4871: 4805: 4700: 4516: 4117: 4113: 4087: 4029: 3979: 3593: 3557: 3434: 3370: 3217: 3189: 3184: 3102: 2554:

Despite this, Poiani and Dixson emphasise the applicability of the concept of gender

2100: 2083: 1504: 1498: 959: 824: 790: 236:

approaches to gender include biological, psychological, and social/cultural aspects.

110:. A number of societies have specific genders besides "man" and "woman," such as the 81: 11286:"Gender, social capital and social network(ing) sites: Women bonding, men searching" 10093:

Lindqvist, Anna; Renström, Emma Aurora; Sendén, Marie Gustafsson (18 October 2019).

9658: 9455: 8403: 7587: 7117: 7065: 6979: 6522: 5791:"Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology" 4818: 220:, are interested in the subject. The social sciences sometimes approach gender as a 12659: 12174: 12031: 11431: 11423: 11388: 11368: 11339: 11329: 11205: 11169: 11027: 10987: 10943: 10840: 10761: 10757: 10689: 10481: 10382: 10108: 9816: 9808: 9670: 9654: 9615: 9570: 9435: 9156: 9114: 8989: 8815: 8766: 8754: 8381: 8251: 8082: 7898: 7858: 7842: 7801: 7783: 7744: 7674: 7481: 7469: 7367:"Intersections: Transgender, Queens, Mahu, Whatever': An Oral History from Hawai'i" 7266: 7258: 7095: 7037: 6985: 6935: 6915: 6868: 6852: 6811: 6793: 6566: 6526: 6518: 6459: 6263: 6216: 6120: 6108: 6074: 5918: 5520: 5221: 4896: 4856: 4789: 4712: 4692: 4242: 4223: 4060: 4045: 4006: 3971: 3959: 3917: 3794:

believed gendering occurs in at least five different interacting social processes:

3700: 3544: 3537: 3406: 3087: 3077: 3072: 3052: 3027: 2466: 2166: 2150:

Adolescent Gender-Role Identity and Mental Health: Gender Intensification Revisited

1356: 1002: 701:

In peasant societies, gender (not sex) roles are likely to be more clearly defined.

643:

has been interpreted as the beginning of the distinction between sex and gender in

221: 73: 6557:

Warnecke, T. (2013). "Entrepreneurship and Gender: An Institutional Perspective".

6063:"What Is a Woman? Butler and Beauvoir on the Foundations of the Sexual Difference" 5364:

The Psychology of Women at Work: Challenges and Solutions for Our Female Workforce

4861: 4844: 4317:

is traditionally described in the masculine, but in the mystical tradition of the

4052:

have a gendered distinction due to boarding schools segregated by gender, such as

3512:" (sexual attractions and behavior). Gender sociologists believe that people have 2952: 612:

stated that the definition of the word pertained to this grammar-related meaning:

12884: 12493: 12488: 12261: 12240: 12147: 12127: 12096: 12065: 11804: 11794: 11725: 11716: 11712: 11644: 11117: 11092: 11067: 10991: 10818: 10790: 10735: 9700:

The psychology of gender and health : conceptual and applied global concerns

9509: 9500: 9315: 8642: 8633: 8066: 7594: 7571: 7396: 6903: 6492: 6389: 6366: 6177: 5960: 5599: 5300: 4390: 4367: 4271: 4267: 4109: 4075: 3967: 3963: 3933: 3864: 3682: 3426: 3378: 3339:, terminology for gender issues developed over the 1970s. In the 1974 edition of 3336: 3238: 3164: 3142: 3042: 2967: 2962: 2937: 2927: 2877: 2673: 2526: 2336: 2245: 2186: 2170: 2116: 2095: 1878: 1552: 1520: 1510: 1047: 829: 783: 711: 644: 332: 321: 233: 225: 182: 65: 11209: 10206:"Navajo Nation's LGBTQ Pride Event Celebrates A Return To The Culture's History" 8531: 7846: 7678: 3624:

suggests the distinction between biological sex and gender as a role. Moreover,

2917: 2525:, gender identity is a concept exclusively applied to humans. Also, in a letter 2137:

assignment of gender and imposition of gender roles as per the assigned gender.

12909: 12707: 12592: 12432: 12418: 12331: 12291: 12220: 12041: 11779: 11681: 10712: 10656: 10571: 10168:. Vol. Section 3.3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59. 9439: 9215: 9141: 8730: 8703:

Smith, N. and Stanley, E. (2011). Captive Genders. 1st ed. Edinburgh: AK Press.

7704:"Gender Identity in Consumer Research: A Literature Review and Research Agenda" 7340: 6975: 6570: 6355: 4843:

Lindqvist, Anna; Sendén, Marie Gustafsson; Renström, Emma A. (2 October 2021).

4744: 4605: 4524: 4504: 4359: 3943: 3886: 3677: 3549: 3533: 3526: 3490: 3366: 3362: 3325: 3179: 3092: 3057: 3047: 3007: 2987: 2922: 2793: 2653: 2563: 2536: 2270: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2088: 1908: 1476: 1471: 1018: 639: 538: 413: 337: 254: 201: 197: 140: 136: 56:

includes the social, psychological, cultural and behavioral aspects of being a

38: 11318:"Advertising Stereotypes and Gender Representation in Social Networking Sites" 11202:

Research, Action and Policy: Addressing the Gendered Impacts of Climate Change

11136:"Gender, Climate Change and Adaptation. Introduction to the Gender Dimensions" 10844: 10113: 10094: 9771: 9574: 9037:

Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science, and Culture.

8819: 8770: 8553: 8255: 8005: 7902: 7788: 7198: 7041: 6267: 6220: 6001:

Feminist metaphysics: explorations in the ontology of sex, gender and identity

5419: 12878: 12498: 12442: 12296: 12286: 12256: 12235: 12225: 12184: 12152: 12101: 11936: 11789: 11561: 11477: 11427: 11315: 11031: 10893: 10079: 10032: 9985: 9938: 9753:

Gender trauma : healing cultural, social, and historical gendered trauma

9718: 9666: 9233: 9194:

Little, William (6 November 2014). "Chapter 12. Gender, Sex, and Sexuality".

9126: 8614:

Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class: the Sociology of Group Conflict and Change

8373: 8342: 8263: 8146: 8096: 7854: 7797: 7489: 7262: 7100: 7083: 7049: 6919: 6807: 6718: 6463: 6275: 6228: 6044: 6019: 5930: 5567: 5268: 4845:"What is gender, anyway: a review of the options for operationalising gender" 4615: 4600: 4570: 4520: 4355: 4259: 4190: 4049: 3848: 3780: 3723: 3632: 3498: 3494: 3450: 3022: 3002: 2982: 2977: 2942: 2882: 2862: 2857: 2823: 2703: 2693: 2323: 2261: 2054: 1557: 1540: 1525: 1486: 1279: 1221: 814: 273: 85: 8385: 8071:"Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People" 7770:

Hines, Melissa; Constantinescu, Mihaela; Spencer, Debra (26 February 2015).

7455: 7025: 5876: 5225: 4165:

Some countries now legally recognize non-binary or third genders, including

3922: 3734:

A core research area within sociology is the way human behavior operates on

858: 284: 12627: 12281: 12271: 12179: 11991: 11893: 11868: 11824: 11484:(2 ed.). International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences. 11436: 11380: 10404: 9751: 9684: 8513: 7872: 7815: 7619: 7521: 7231: 7109: 7057: 6882: 6825: 6739: 6540: 6305: 6204: 5532: 4920: 4704: 4610: 4342: 4302: 4285: 4215: 3993:

found that fewer than half of the 258 languages sampled have any system of

3844: 3767: 3601: 3502: 3446: 3442: 3422: 3356: 3107: 3062: 3037: 2992: 2957: 2947: 2912: 2872: 2813: 2773: 2753: 2546:

sophisticated cognitive skills among non-human primates and other species.

2487: 2382: 2351: 2317: 2199: 2195: 2182: 1976: 1492: 1155: 1097: 965: 848: 288:. Both words mean "kind", "type", or "sort". They derive ultimately from a 217: 120: 12204: 11951: 11841: 11372: 10059: 9698: 8322: 8126: 7910: 6665: 6236: 5547: 5484:

How to Understand Your Gender: A Practical Guide for Exploring Who You Are

5213: 4809: 4444:

A bar graph comparing poverty differences based on age and gender in 2012.

4440: 3938: 2256: 933: 352: 12508: 12477: 12336: 12091: 11986: 11946: 11858: 11836: 11819: 11769: 11603:

Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Thinking Gender'

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Ed. C.B. Field et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

11100:

Ed. C.B. Field et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

8735:

Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War Against Women

7663:"Exploring Current Gender Meanings: Creating a New Gender Identity Scale" 6798: 6507:"Help seeking for cardiac symptoms: Beyond the masculine–feminine binary" 4363: 4178: 4105: 3912: 3816: 3727: 3605: 3466: 3418: 3414: 3398: 3224: 3067: 2997: 2415: 2313: 2299: 2158: 2078: 1361: 1259: 973: 954: 928: 884: 865: 732: 715: 128:, etc.). Most scholars agree that gender is a central characteristic for 77: 12001: 11334: 11317: 10948: 10931: 10540:"New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2000-250 BCE" 10381:(4) (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press: 1171–5. 10268:"Kenya takes step toward recognizing intersex people in landmark ruling" 9241: 9219: 6864: 12230: 12122: 12086: 12036: 11966: 11941: 11878: 11676: 10769: 10341:"A Guide to How Gender-Neutral Language is Developing Around the World" 9851:"A Guide to How Gender-Neutral Language is Developing Around the World" 9830: 9799:

Yudkin, M. (1978). "Transsexualism and women: A critical perspective".

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Third Sex Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History

7271: 7215: 6927: 6323: 6289: 5938: 4801: 4198: 3954: 3791: 3625: 3621: 3470: 3017: 2972: 2363: 2283: 2203: 1481: 904: 889: 651: 602: 205: 158: 115: 106: 104:); those who are outside these groups may fall under the umbrella term 11344: 10139: 9627: 9447: 8495:

Masculine/Feminine or Human? An Overview of the Sociology of Sex Roles

8479:

Masculine/Feminine or Human? An Overview of the Sociology of Sex Roles

6629:'The Body in Gender Discourse: The Fragmentary Space of the Feminine.' 5999: 3260: 2354:, especially by those in gender studies or anthropology. Contemporary 490:

in its non-copulatory senses, especially outside the social sciences.

12472: 12132: 11981: 11971: 11831: 11774: 7247:"The Ethics of Nobody I Know: Gender and the Politics of Description" 7132:"American Academy of Pediatrics, Education, LGBT Health and Wellness" 6176:

Goldie, Professor Department of English Terry; Goldie, Terry (2014).

5906: 5848: 4625: 4454: 4351: 4322: 4174: 3776: 3609: 3458: 3438: 2907: 2713: 2435: 2404: 2335:, who occupy "a place in the middle" between male and female, or the 2332: 2291: 2174: 1959: 1748: 1466: 923: 878: 843: 809: 667: 598: 209: 185:

embraced the concept of a distinction between biological sex and the

162: 10576:"The Shekhinah or The Divine Presence or Divine Feminine in Judaism" 10164:

Dixon, R. M. W. (1980). "Speech and song styles: Avoidance styles".

9812: 9703:. Ma. del Pilar Sánchez López, Rosa M. Limiñana-Gras. London. 2017. 9160: 8606: 5922: 4793: 3653:

With regard to history, Linda Nicholson, a professor of history and

3588: 2029:

Gender depicted as an ambiguous phenomenon, by a young Swedish actor

12539: 12341: 12306: 12051: 11914: 11846: 10386: 9619: 9024:

The One-Sex Body on Trial: The Classical and Early Modern Evidence.

8993: 8583: 7246: 6839:

Priess, Heather A.; Lindberg, Sara M.; Hyde, Janet Shibley (2009).

4901: 4382: 4378: 4346: 4318: 4258:

This topic includes internal and external religious issues such as

4186: 4135: 3755: 3669: 3518: 3513: 3402: 3394: 3127: 2506: 2483: 2400: 2391: 2378: 2050: 2043: 1913: 939: 916: 265: 213: 170: 166: 11646:

Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality

10486:

10.1002/1098-237X(200011)84:6<793::AID-SCE6>3.0.CO;2-K

7299:

Culture, Heritage, and Diversity in Older Adult Mental Health Care

4325:

represents the feminine aspect of God's essence. However, Judaism

581:

The word was still widely used, however, in the specific sense of

16:

Characteristics distinguishing between different gender identities

12387: 12169: 12164: 12142: 12016: 11976: 11961: 11851: 10435:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 129–134. 8733:(1995). "My Life as a Writer", pp. 33–34 in Dworkin, Andrea 8131:. A. F. Dixson. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 7154:"American Academy of Pediatrics Webinar Series – What is Gender?" 7009: 6505:

Galdas, P. M.; Johnson, J. L.; Percy, M.E.; Ratner, P.A. (2010).

4398: 4371: 4310: 4231: 4219: 4170: 4041: 4002: 3928: 3430: 3351:

is reversed. By 1980, most feminist writings had agreed on using

3329: 2559: 2502: 2473:

The term "gender role" appeared in print first in 1955. The term

2099:

ontologically and epistemologically constructed set of names and

946: 872: 837: 466:

As of 2024, many dictionaries list "synonym for 'sex'" as one of

313: 11566:"Teens, Gender, and Self-Presentation in Social Media. Sciences" 5188:

Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender

4409:

true person. Evidence of homosexuality, bisexuality, androgyny,

2152:

focuses on the work of Heather A. Priess, Sara M. Lindberg, and

526:. Later, in 2011, the FDA reversed its position and began using 12674: 12669: 12117: 12046: 12011: 11924: 11919: 11883: 11784: 11759: 11671: 9411:"Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations" 8757:(2005). "Engendering political science: An immodest proposal". 7546:

With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India.

7191:"SOLGBTHW Webinar – What is Gender Terminology and Definitions" 6593:

The kaleidoscope of gender: prisms, patterns, and possibilities

4620: 4394: 4298: 4194: 4166: 4147: 4033: 3696: 2497:

There are studies concerning women who have a condition called

2279: 910: 358: 173:. Before the mid-20th century, it was uncommon to use the word 9078: 9076: 8372:

Goy, Robert W.; Uno, Hideo; Sholl, Samuel A. (14 April 2020),

4485:

issues. This often means a focus on gender-equality, ensuring

224:, and gender studies particularly does, while research in the 12189: 11929: 11888: 11749: 8554:"About – Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality (CSGS)" 8302: 6766:

Birke, Lynda (2001). "Chapter 24, In Pursuit of Difference."

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The Man Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money

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4386: 4182: 3425:. Sometimes Gender studies is offered together with Study of 3390: 2396: 2374: 2038: 853: 409: 326: 280: 93: 89: 61: 42: 34: 10977: 9912: 9910: 9640: 7669:. Frontiers in Sociology and Social Research. Vol. 10. 11996: 11754: 10458:"Women's Science: Learning and Succeeding from the Margins" 9073: 7081: 5507:

Knudson-Martin, Carmen; Mahoney, Anne Rankin (March 2009).

4402: 4281: 4143: 3907: 3577: 2386: 2359: 1923: 894: 478:

during the twentieth century, initially as a euphemism, as

346: 97: 46: 11497:"Doing and undoing gender in a Swedish Internet community" 8290: 7769: 4009:

consists mainly of fruit and vegetables. Languages of the

12137: 11744: 10710:

Vohra, Ashok (8 March 2005), "The Male-Female Hologram,"

10660: 10209: 9907: 8980:

Nicholson, Linda (1994). ""Interpreting Gender". Signs".

8088:

10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0178:dahg]2.0.co;2

6950:"David Reimer, subject of 'sex reassignment,' dead at 38" 6047:, "Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir's Second Sex" in 4889:

Bates, Nancy; Chin, Marshall; Becker, Tara, eds. (2022).

4437:

continue on a higher level regarding state institutions.

4314: 4044:

used by men in the presence of their mothers-in-law (see

4001:(which is the most common basis for grammatical gender), 3998: 3453:, human development, law, and medicine. It also analyses 3410: 2501:, which leads to the overproduction of the masculine sex 2395:), found in the state of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico. The 1928: 666:

below), which theorizes that human nature is essentially

405: 190: 149: 101: 69: 57: 10932:"Reflection on "A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency"" 10865: 10748:

Peterson, Janice (1987). "The Feminization of Poverty".

10304:

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Karen, Beckwith (2005). "A Common Language of Gender?".

8432:

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7660: 7620:

Jack Harrison; Jaime Grant; Jody L. Herman (2011–2012).

6504: 6370:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2642:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

2106: 400: 11407:

de Ridder, Sander; van Bauwel, Sofie (1 January 2015).

10973: 10971: 10969: 10821:. "Trade, Gender and Poverty." pp. 4–8. United Nations. 10606:"Gender Diversity in Jewish Tradition | Reform Judaism" 10092: 8219: 8108: 8106: 6552: 6550: 5289: 4842: 3385:

as central categories of analysis. This field includes

663: 601:, this concept was introduced by the Greek philosopher 10925: 10923: 10921: 10919: 9561:

Lloyd, M. (1999). "Performativity, Parody, Politics".

9339:"Feminist Perspectives on Reproduction and the Family" 8030:

A Taste for the Beautiful: The Evolution of Attraction

7772:"Early androgen exposure and human gender development" 6486:"Gender and the MDGs with Reference to Women as Human" 6252:"Transsexualism, Gender Identity Disorder and the DSM" 4892:

Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation

2346:, "women who function as men". In the language of the 364:

Oxford Etymological Dictionary of the English Language

11672:

GenPORT: Your gateway to gender and science resources

11638: 11622:

Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex"

9209: 9207: 8165: 6449: 5506: 5191:. United Kingdom: Duke University Press. p. 95. 4560:

show that this is not necessarily the case any more.

3574:

significantly important in areas like public policy.

2569: 388:(OED1, Volume 4, 1900) notes the original meaning of 11482:

Teens, Gender, and Self-Presentation in Social Media

11017: 10966: 8467:(2000) Chapter 3 "Of Gender and Genitals", pp. 44–77 8103: 7667:

Advancing Identity Theory, Measurement, and Research

6981:

As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl

6762: 6760: 6547: 5857:, translated by Roberts, William Rhys, Mineola, NY: 3754:, 1828. Spain's desperate situation when invaded by 3668:

In addition, drawing from the empirical research of

2202:, leading many doctors and psychologists, including 498:

in academia increased greatly, outnumbering uses of

11406: 10916: 9101:Landecker, Hannah; Panofsky, Aaron (30 July 2013). 7320:

Handbook of Race-Ethnicity and Gender in Psychology

6607:

Feminist thought: a more comprehensive introduction

6288: 5627: 5625: 3685:: gender politics and the construction of sexuality 705: 11643: 10456:Eisenhart, Margaret A.; Finkel, Elizabeth (1998). 9880: 9204: 8676:Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences 7291: 6838: 6782:"Gender nonconforming youth: current perspectives" 5615:An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 3695:(CAH), a genetically inherited malfunction of the 502:during that same period. In the natural sciences, 382:, which refers to birth. The first edition of the 12739:International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) 10510:"Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality" 10426: 10424: 10422: 9100: 6757: 6610:/ Rosemarie Tong. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press 6333:. Oxford English Dictionary. p. Sense 3(b). 5654: 5321: 5030: 5028: 4154: 4036:, only used by female speakers. Conversely, many 3783:publishing new perspectives as recently as 2008. 2421: 12876: 11711: 10747: 10433:Women and Science: Social Impact and Interaction 10238:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 10231:"Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex" 8979: 6645:Gender Outlaw – On Men, Women and the rest of us 5622: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5220:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 23–62. 4951:Sigelman, Carol K.; Rider, Elizabeth A. (2017). 4895:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 4140:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 3871:influence one's gender identity and expression. 3489:; and in the work of French psychoanalysts like 863: 11476: 10455: 9595: 9487:. Gender and Rural Development. Berlin: Lit. N. 6898: 5552:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 61. 5315: 4993:Maddux, James E.; Winstead, Barbara A. (2019). 4888: 4503:Gender is a topic of increasing concern within 3906:is a property of some languages in which every 2441: 2307: 585:(the assignment of nouns to categories such as 11619: 11600: 11013: 11011: 11009: 10814: 10812: 10449: 10419: 10375:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 10086: 7084:"Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science" 7023: 6417:Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology 6402: 6400: 6398: 6282: 6106: 5399: 5036:The Sage Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender 5025: 4992: 3604:and a departure from restrictive, "feminine", 427:Before the terminological distinction between 12576:Languages with gendered third-person pronouns 12403: 11697: 11155: 11153: 11151: 10648: 10131: 9743: 9538:(Spring 2016 ed.). Stanford University. 9142:"The Impact of Feminist Thought on Sociology" 8491: 8476: 8128:Animal homosexuality: a biosocial perspective 7956: 7435: 7024:Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F. L. (1 August 2005). 5470: 4950: 4731: 4729: 3286: 2006: 68:. Depending on the context, this may include 45:symbol. The blue (right) represents the male 12362:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures 8840:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 8791:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 8670: 8668: 7995: 7613: 7390: 7388: 7088:Psychological Science in the Public Interest 6786:Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics 6175: 5958: 5821:"J.E.B., Petitioner v. ALABAMA ex rel. T.B." 3881:In some English literature, there is also a 3854: 2342:, "men who choose to function as women", or 576: 12603:Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns 11560: 11525:Media, Gender and Identity: An Introduction 11006: 10809: 10796: 10468:(6). Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 10369: 10223: 9389:Gender: The Pain and Pleasure of Difference 9314:Ogli, Burxonov Baxodirjon Botirali (2020). 9213: 8753: 8371: 8327:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 34. 7565:"A lifestyle distinct: the Muxe of Mexico," 7506:At the conferences that produced the book, 7077: 7075: 6395: 5813: 5751: 5299:. Social Science Dictionary. Archived from 4397:(energy, power) in the form of the goddess 3875:and individual differences in personality. 3726:collates evidence in an effort to discover 3710: 431:developed, it was uncommon to use the word 12410: 12396: 11704: 11690: 11255:"What men and women are doing on Facebook" 11148: 10197: 10017:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 115. 9970:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 110. 9923:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 124. 9798: 9784:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9731:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9495: 9493: 9316:"Gender Can Vary Across Related Languages" 8225: 8193:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 5. 8183: 7526:Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India 7480:. 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Archived from 6770:. New York: Routledge, pp. 309–322. 5979:from the original on 17 August 2021 5959:Horley, James; Clarke, Jan (2016). 5764:Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 5404:. London. pp. 22–28, 328–329. 5361:Paludi, Michele Antoinette (2008). 5147: 5091: 5079:from the original on 27 August 2021 4759: 4639: 3953:" is often applied to more complex 2181:The failure of an attempt to raise 1048:Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy 429:biological sex and gender as a role 13: 12417: 11542:from the original on 11 April 2021 11455:from the original on 21 April 2018 11253:Gourdreau, Jenna (26 April 2010). 10586:from the original on 28 April 2021 10431:Sheffield, Suzanne Le-May (2006). 10058:Corbett, Greville G., ed. (2014). 10011:Corbett, Greville G., ed. (2014). 9964:Corbett, Greville G., ed. (2014). 9917:Corbett, Greville G., ed. (2014). 9274:from the original on 11 April 2021 8498:. Itasca, Illinois: F.E. 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D+C Development and Cooperation 10655:Tompkins, Stephan (2 June 2015). 10631:"The Eight Genders in the Talmud" 10247:from the original on 4 March 2016 10138:Guichard, Michaël (31 May 2023). 9369:The Social Construction of Gender 9349:from the original on 21 July 2020 9119:10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145707 9091:Fausto-Sterling (2000) pp. 58–59. 8530:. Whitman College. Archived from 8481:. Itasca, Illinois: F.E. Peacock. 7586:Graham, Sharyn (April–June 2001) 7373:from the original on 12 July 2020 6591:Spade, J., Valentine, C. (2011). 6337:from the original on 21 July 2017 5733:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 5049: 4983: 4957:. Cengage Learning. p. 385. 4941: 4937:from the original on 24 May 2023. 4879: 4833: 4492: 3497:, and American feminists such as 3355:only for socioculturally adapted 2432:Personal Attributes Questionnaire 2191:Intersex Society of North America 118:; these are often referred to as 21:For the grammatical concept, see 12859: 12858: 12849: 12848: 12839: 12838: 12685:Gender bias in medical diagnosis 12451: 12277:Attraction to transgender people 11677:Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook 11554: 11515: 11488: 11352: 11284:Tufekci, Zeynep (31 July 2008). 11277: 11246: 11174:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2010.01889.x 11055: 11046: 10886: 10859: 10824: 10776: 10741: 10674: 10623: 10598: 10564: 10532: 10502: 10363: 10266:Migiro, Katy (5 December 2014). 10172: 10157: 10051: 10004: 9957: 9898: 9873: 9792: 9691: 9634: 9589: 9554: 9523: 9477: 9402: 9381: 9361: 9330: 9307: 9286: 9248: 9187: 9133: 9094: 9085: 9064: 9055: 9042: 9029: 9016: 8973: 8964: 8955: 8946: 8937: 8924: 8903: 8863: 8848: 8799: 8747: 8724: 8715: 8706: 8697: 8681: 8656: 8626: 8485: 8470: 8458: 8445: 8421: 8365: 8314: 8231: 8177: 8118: 8059: 8020: 7189:Dr. Sherer (15 September 2015). 6857:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01349.x 6780:Ehrensaft, Diane (25 May 2017). 6705:Zheng, Lily (20 November 2020). 6331:Oxford English Dictionary Online 6250:Drescher, Jack (31 March 2010). 5907:"Sanity and Hazard in Childhood" 5663:Gender: Antiquity and its Legacy 5634:Gender: Antiquity and its Legacy 5525:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2009.01263.x 5324:"Ch. 1. The Sociology of gender" 4138:people, who according to the UN 3305:Biologist and feminist academic 2593: 2452:Sexual differentiation in humans 2260: 2255: 2250: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2125:, gender can have ambiguity and 1983: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1109:Assisted reproductive technology 706:Gender identity and gender roles 486:was often used as a synonym for 11594: 10904:from the original on 8 May 2019 9659:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.004 9499:Glover, D and Kaplan, C (2000) 8874:. Oxford Press. pp. 11–12. 8380:, CRC Press, pp. 127–142, 8321:Einstein, Gillian, ed. (2007). 7989: 7974: 7960:Man & Woman, Boy & Girl 7950: 7917: 7879: 7835:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 7822: 7763: 7728: 7604: 7580: 7558: 7538: 7515: 7429: 7359: 7347:from the original on 4 May 2020 7333: 7312: 7238: 7182: 7146: 7124: 7003: 6942: 6832: 6773: 6698: 6658: 6637: 6621: 6598: 6595:. Pine Forge Press. 3rd edition 6585: 6523:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.006 6498: 6478: 6443: 6422: 6409: 6375: 6316: 6243: 6196: 6169: 6138: 6100: 6054: 5991: 5952: 5905:Bentley, Madison (April 1945). 5898: 5886: 5841: 5782: 5721: 5683: 5605: 5586: 5539: 5500: 5486:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 5440: 5393: 5354: 5242: 5205: 4534: 4430:D+C Development and Cooperation 4081: 4038:Indigenous Australian languages 4021:in English and other languages. 474:came into use as a synonym for 447:, were much rarer than uses of 11361:Cyberpsychology & Behavior 10833:Journal of Development Studies 10762:10.1080/00213624.1987.11504613 8934:, New York: Routledge. p. 320. 8913:. London: Temple Smith. p. 16 8584:"Department of Gender Studies" 8434:. New York: Basic Books. p. 8 7195:American Academy of Pediatrics 7161:American Academy of Pediatrics 5612:Skeat, Walter William (1882). 4509:consequences of climate change 4236:Sustainable Development Goal 5 4026:Gender differences in Japanese 3693:congenital adrenal hyperplasia 2517:In non-human animal research, 2499:congenital adrenal hyperplasia 2422:Measurement of gender identity 2212:American Academy of Pediatrics 1467:Cisgender / cissexual 1462:Childhood gender nonconformity 1088:Facial masculinization surgery 553:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. 1: 12367:Social construction of gender 11109:Birkmann, Joern et al. (2014) 10682:"Arhanarishvara: Hindu deity" 10204:Nimmo, Cayla (14 July 2023). 10064:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 9563:Theory, Culture & Society 9534:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 9530:Mikkola, Mari (12 May 2008). 9070:Fausto-Sterling (2000) p. 46. 9061:Fausto-Sterling (2000) p. 45. 8932:The Gender and Science Reader 8859:. Oxford Press. pp. 6–7. 7985:. Penguin Books. p. 136. 7924:Abrams, Michael (June 2007). 6768:The Gender and Science Reader 6511:Social Science & Medicine 6381:Mikkola, Mari (12 May 2008). 5893:Fowler's Modern English Usage 5065:. Campus Verlag. p. 36. 4862:10.1080/19419899.2020.1729844 4632: 3942:(grammatically masculine) in 3676:, a professor of biology and 3320:The philosopher and feminist 3211:Feminist Philosophy Quarterly 3175:Social construction of gender 2558:to non-human animals such as 2385:. Another example may be the 2121:According to gender theorist 1944:Social construction of gender 560:case addressing "whether the 244: 181:. In the West, in the 1970s, 12864:Gender and sexual identities 12613:Gender marking in job titles 12352:Sex as a biological variable 10992:10.1080/08974454.2013.842519 10980:Women & Criminal Justice 10729:Gender and Poverty Reduction 9485:Gender Concepts and Theories 8190:The Biology of Homosexuality 7251:Qualitative Research Journal 5699:Food and Drug Administration 5162:American Heritage Dictionary 5134:Cambridge English Dictionary 4155:Non-binary and third genders 3932:(grammatically feminine) in 3916:(grammatically feminine) in 3897: 3815:Looking at gender through a 3476:In gender studies, the term 2442:Biological factors and views 2416:non-binary gender identities 2308:Non-binary and third genders 2196:reconstruction of the vagina 1516:Gender-sexuality questioning 692:American Heritage Dictionary 685:simply as an alternative to 512:Food and Drug Administration 7: 12821:Gender in Bible translation 12775:The NeuroGenderings Network 11367:(2) (2 ed.): 209–213. 11210:10.1007/978-94-007-5518-5_2 10802:Christopher, Karen, et al. 10738:. UNPD.org. 29 October 2014 9756:. Meg-John Barker. London. 9296:. Polity Press, Cambridge. 9140:England, Paula (May 1998). 9039:Cambridge University Press. 8632:Garrett, Stephanie (1992). 8451:de Beauvoir, Simone (1949) 8244:Australian Feminist Studies 7847:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.006 7679:10.1007/978-3-031-32986-9_5 7436:Gilbert Herdt, ed. (1996). 7030:Archives of Sexual Behavior 6051:, No. 72 (1986), pp. 35–49. 5998:Witt, Charlotte E. (2011). 5824:Legal Information Institute 5789:Greenberg, Julie A (1999). 5249:Kimmel, Michael S. (2017). 4954:Life-Span Human Development 4675:Archives of Sexual Behavior 4563: 4247: 3341:Masculine/Feminine or Human 2695:Speculum of the Other Woman 2200:reconstruction of the penis 1081:Facial feminization surgery 558:United States Supreme Court 344:(to produce), appearing in 279:. This, in turn, came from 10: 12926: 12826:God and gender in Hinduism 12729:Gender Empowerment Measure 12267:Androphilia and gynephilia 11480:; Kapidzic, Sanja (2015). 10750:Journal of Economic Issues 10166:The languages of Australia 9440:10.1177/089124390004002002 9107:Annual Review of Sociology 8678:. 6th ed. pp. 131, 139–142 7981:Lewontin, Richard (1990). 7776:Biology of Sex Differences 6571:10.2753/JEI0021-3624470219 6559:Journal of Economic Issues 6419:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 6145:Brewington, Kelly (2006). 5678:the later 1950s and 1960s. 5400:O'Halloran, Kerry (2020). 5322:Lindsey, Linda L. (2010). 5059:Heinemann, Isabel (2012). 4849:Psychology & Sexuality 4496: 4420: 4416: 4251: 4240: 4208: 4158: 4127: 4097: 4059:Several languages such as 3714: 3584:Sex and gender distinction 3581: 2775:The Creation of Patriarchy 2445: 2311: 2110: 1451:Androphilia and gynephilia 1151:Gender self-identification 709: 204:. Other sciences, such as 187:social construct of gender 145:sex and gender distinction 20: 12834: 12808: 12783: 12762: 12755: 12716: 12700: 12693: 12652: 12641: 12527: 12519:List of gender identities 12460: 12449: 12425: 12319: 12249: 12213: 12110: 12077: 12064: 11867: 11735: 11724: 11650:. New York: Basic Books. 11116:23 September 2014 at the 11086:"Livelihoods and Poverty" 10845:10.1080/00220380701789810 10114:10.1007/s11199-018-0974-9 9822:2027/spo.0499697.0004.310 9575:10.1177/02632769922050476 9197:Introduction to Sociology 8890:World Health Organization 8822:(inactive 28 July 2024). 8820:10.1017/s1743923x05211017 8773:(inactive 28 July 2024). 8771:10.1017/s1743923x0523101x 8558:The University of Chicago 8256:10.1080/08164640500470636 8027:Ryan, Michael J. (2019). 7903:10.1080/00926239408403428 7789:10.1186/s13293-015-0022-1 7042:10.1007/s10508-005-4342-9 6744:World Health Organization 6372:, Fourth Edition, (2000). 6268:10.1080/19359701003589637 6221:10.1080/00926239408403428 5546:Ringe, Donald A. (2006). 5367:. ABC-CLIO. p. 153. 5185:Hausman, Bernice (1995). 5106:Oxford English Dictionary 4741:World Health Organization 4499:Climate change and gender 4483:international development 4260:gender of God and deities 4019:gender-neutral vocabulary 3855:Gender as biopsychosocial 3618:World Health Organization 3309:rejects the discourse of 2705:This Sex Which is Not One 2268: 2233: 2134:World Health Organization 825:Non-binary or genderqueer 674:were labelled matters of 650:Controversial sexologist 577:As a grammatical category 435:to refer to anything but 385:Oxford English Dictionary 200:have a branch devoted to 177:to refer to anything but 12796:Women's studies journals 12770:Gender studies academics 12734:Gender Development Index 12680:Gender bias on Knowledge 12633:Preferred gender pronoun 12551:Feminization of language 12546:Feminist language reform 11815:Non-binary / genderqueer 11428:10.1515/commun-2015-0012 11066:2 September 2021 at the 11032:10.1177/0011128707301627 10789:17 February 2022 at the 10657:"Why is God not female?" 10061:The expression of gender 10014:The expression of gender 9967:The expression of gender 9920:The expression of gender 9483:Deji, Olanike F. (2012) 8737:. New York: Free Press. 7528:. Wadsworth Publishing. 7263:10.1108/qrj-03-2014-0011 7245:Laurie, Timothy (2014). 7101:10.1177/1529100616637616 6920:10.1177/0891243204265269 6643:Bornstein, Kate (1995). 6604:Tong, Rosemarie (2009). 6464:10.1177/0146167296228002 6432:. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. 6294:Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp 6004:. Springer. p. 48. 5965:. Springer. p. 24. 4527:officially committed to 4332:denominations of Judaism 4048:). As well, quite a few 3747:The Defence of Saragossa 3711:Psychology and sociology 2835:The Promise of Happiness 1270:Parental rights movement 1179:Political office-holders 1058:Gender-affirming surgery 537:In legal cases alleging 522:to avoid confusion with 336:) and is related to the 316:widely attested in many 249:The modern English word 12791:Gender studies journals 12665:Gender-related violence 12377:Transgender archaeology 11624:. New York: Routledge. 11620:Butler, Judith (1993). 11601:Butler, Judith (1990). 11162:The Sociological Review 11091:28 October 2014 at the 11020:Crime & Delinquency 10734:29 October 2014 at the 10184:www.irishdeafsociety.ie 9750:Iantaffi, Alex (2021). 9345:. Stanford University. 8911:Sex, Gender and Society 8386:10.1201/9780429283116-9 7588:Sulawesi's Fifth Gender 7544:Reddy, Gayatri (2005). 6711:Harvard Business Review 6491:25 January 2020 at the 6388:25 January 2020 at the 6061:Heinämaa, Sara (1997). 5598:19 October 2009 at the 5482:Iantaffi, Alex (2017). 5226:10.1057/9780230101814_2 4434:feminization of poverty 4423:Feminization of poverty 4238:are trying to rectify. 2745:The Politics of Reality 2630:The Subjection of Women 2198:was more advanced than 864: 797:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai 562:Equal Protection Clause 320:. It appears in Modern 318:Indo-European languages 27:Gender (disambiguation) 12895:Social constructionism 12724:Gender and development 12372:Split attraction model 12357:Sex–gender distinction 11145:Web Archives. unep.org 11134:Roehr, Ulrike (2007). 9512:, Routledge, New York 9371:. Sage, Newbury Park. 9149:Contemporary Sociology 9082:Fausto-Sterling (2000) 8970:Butler (1993) pp. 2–3. 8492:Chafetz, J.S. (1978). 8477:Chafetz, J.S. (1974). 8238:Hird, Myra J. (2006). 7395:Treuer, Anton (2011). 6690:: CS1 maint: others ( 6634:. Meknès, Maroc, 1996. 6632:La femme et l'écriture 4775:"The Nature of Gender" 4581:Biological determinism 4445: 4294: 4274:, marriage, abortion, 3771: 3705: 3647: 3613: 2805:Black Feminist Thought 2755:Women, Race, and Class 2480: 2448:Sexual differentiation 2428:Bem Sex Role Inventory 2290:Sexologist John Money 2287: 2074: 2064:social identity theory 2030: 1965:Transgender portal 1934:Sex–gender distinction 1493:Gender detransitioning 1380:Anatomical terminology 703: 618: 437:grammatical categories 416: 396:History of the concept 230:biological differences 179:grammatical categories 84:. Most cultures use a 50: 25:. For other uses, see 12900:Sociological theories 12347:Queer heterosexuality 11640:Fausto-Sterling, Anne 11522:Gauntlett, D (2008). 11373:10.1089/cpb.2008.0228 10180:"Irish Sign Language" 9735:) CS1 maint: others ( 9391:. Longman, Melbourne 8870:White, Linda (1964). 8855:White, Linda (1964). 8808:Politics & Gender 8759:Politics & Gender 8612:Healey, J.F. (2003). 8311:, p. 20,105,110. 8125:Poiani, Aldo (2010). 8002:Penn State University 7724:on 11 September 2012. 7570:24 April 2020 at the 6365:21 March 2006 at the 5602:. Your Dictionary.com 5448:"Gender: definitions" 4586:Coloniality of gender 4511:, as well as unequal 4467:general strain theory 4461:General strain theory 4443: 4411:multiple sex partners 4284: 4252:Further information: 3829:gender performativity 3744: 3724:behavioral psychology 3689: 3642: 3591: 3421:, and politics), and 3170:Gender performativity 2665:The Feminine Mystique 2471: 2282: 2072: 2028: 1919:Queer heterosexuality 1531:Rapid-onset dysphoria 1314:Yogyakarta Principles 697: 614: 571:peremptory challenges 514:(FDA) started to use 403: 228:investigates whether 147:) between biological 37: 12623:Lavender linguistics 12566:Genderless languages 12556:Gender neutrality in 12438:Anti-gender movement 12327:Anti-gender movement 12302:Romantic orientation 11235:Boyd, Emily (2009). 11168:(2_suppl): 124–140. 10545:. 11. Archived from 9508:17 June 2020 at the 9418:Gender & Society 9337:Satz, Debra (2004). 9214:Mayer, Lawrence S.; 8961:Butler (1993) p. xi. 8952:Butler (1990) p. 10. 8909:Oakley, Ann (1972). 8645:, Routledge, p. vii 8641:11 June 2020 at the 8428:Anne Fausto-Sterling 7629:LGBTQ Policy Journal 7593:18 June 2006 at the 6900:Ridgeway, Cecilia L. 6799:10.2147/ahmt.s110859 6392:Stanford University. 5251:The gendered society 4591:Feminist metaphysics 4576:Anti-gender movement 4529:gender mainstreaming 4477:Economic development 4203:District of Columbia 4104:The legal status of 3674:Anne Fausto-Sterling 3543:Political scientist 3307:Anne Fausto-Sterling 2735:In a Different Voice 2725:Throwing Like a Girl 2685:The Dialectic of Sex 1505:Gender transitioning 1457:Blanchard's typology 1385:Fictional characters 1331:Events and awareness 1237:Anti-gender movement 621:As distinct from sex 455:outnumbered uses of 12816:Gender and religion 12618:Language and gender 12608:Genderless language 12079:Sexual orientations 11810:Masculine of center 11564:; Kapidzic, Sanja. 11335:10.3916/C41-2013-17 11143:Library of Congress 11141:17 May 2015 at the 11120:, pp. 1039–1099 in 10900:. 8 November 2013. 10874:on 20 November 2018 10782:Stoiljkovic, Nena. 10574:(18 January 2012). 10552:on 23 December 2023 10478:2000SciEd..84..793A 10345:The Washington Post 9855:The Washington Post 9598:Sociological Theory 9387:Wearing, B (1996). 9292:Connell, R. (1987) 9260:. Routledge. 1995. 9035:Joan Cadden. 1993. 8943:Butler (1990) p. 7. 8886:"Gender and health" 8662:Butler (1990) p. 9. 8616:, Pine Forge Press 8534:on 12 December 2012 8185:Balthazart, Jacques 8067:Ketterson, Ellen D. 7673:. pp. 79–107. 7671:Springer Publishing 7508:Two-Spirited People 7474:"Appropriate Terms" 7201:on 6 December 2019. 6904:Correll, Shelley J. 6049:Yale French Studies 5212:Germon, J. (2009). 4596:Gender and politics 4327:traditionally holds 4264:ordination of women 4254:Gender and religion 4054:Irish Sign Language 3976:Dravidian languages 3699:that aid in making 3377:devoted to gender, 3264:Feminist philosophy 2587:Feminist philosophy 2381:are often cited as 2348:sociology of gender 2227:Societal categories 2087:to the creation of 2084:gender inequalities 1899:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 1444:Theory and concepts 1326:Society and culture 1307:Trans panic defense 681:The popular use of 672:social construction 610:Henry Watson Fowler 290:Proto-Indo-European 240:Etymology and usage 130:social organization 12598:Grammatical gender 12200:Same gender loving 12111:Alternative labels 11204:. pp. 17–31. 10930:Agnew, R. (2012). 10635:My Jewish Learning 10580:State of Formation 10371:Schiebinger, Londa 10278:on 6 December 2014 9409:Acker, J. (1990). 9294:Gender & Power 9257:Gender Articulated 9022:Helen King. 2013. 8590:(IU Bloomington). 8588:Indiana University 8299:, p. 141,164. 8008:on 13 January 2006 7749:10.1007/BF02766650 7702:Palan, K. (2001). 7577:, 6 December 2008. 7403:. Borealis Books. 7397:"Women and Gender" 6203:Money, J. (1994). 5828:Cornell Law School 5795:Arizona Law Review 5735:. 22 August 2014. 5303:on 2 February 2011 4747:on 30 January 2017 4446: 4295: 4094:Transgender people 3995:grammatical gender 3991:Greville G Corbett 3951:grammatical gender 3904:Grammatical gender 3893:Gender and society 3772: 3760:Agustina de Aragón 3717:Sex and psychology 3614: 3510:sexual orientation 3401:and politics, and 3322:Simone de Beauvoir 3315:social determinism 3232:Radical Philosophy 2543:Jacques Balthazart 2537:self-consciousness 2297:in 1955. The term 2288: 2154:Janet Shibley Hyde 2075: 2031: 1939:Sexual orientation 1778:Disenfranchisement 1347:Day of Remembrance 1248:trans-exclusionary 733:Transgender topics 635:Simone de Beauvoir 583:grammatical gender 524:sexual intercourse 417: 330:(type, kind, also 51: 23:Grammatical gender 12872: 12871: 12804: 12803: 12751: 12750: 12747: 12746: 12514:Gender neutrality 12504:Gender expression 12483:Non-binary gender 12385: 12384: 12332:Gender assignment 12315: 12314: 12060: 12059: 11800:Gender neutrality 11657:978-0-465-07714-4 11631:978-0-415-61015-5 11612:978-0-415-38955-6 11562:Herring, Susan C. 11535:978-1-134-15502-6 11239:, pp. 101–110 in 11219:978-94-007-5517-8 11095:, pp. 793–832 in 10949:10.1093/sf/sos117 10894:"Transgender FAQ" 10692:on 15 August 2018 10610:reformjudaism.org 10495:978-0-226-19544-5 10462:Science Education 10442:978-0-8135-3737-5 10396:978-0-674-00544-0 10351:on 8 January 2020 10313:978-0-9942513-7-4 10236:. United Nations 10071:978-3-11-030733-7 10024:978-3-11-030733-7 9977:978-3-11-030733-7 9930:978-3-11-030733-7 9861:on 8 January 2020 9763:978-1-78775-107-1 9710:978-0-12-803866-6 9267:978-0-415-91399-7 8755:Hawkesworth, Mary 8674:Hurst, C. (2007) 8505:978-0-87581-231-1 8334:978-0-262-27224-7 8324:Sex and the brain 8200:978-0-19-983882-0 8138:978-0-511-78958-8 8040:978-0-691-19139-3 7688:978-3-031-32985-2 7447:978-0-942299-82-3 7142:on 4 August 2017. 6845:Child Development 6189:978-0-7748-2794-2 6109:Hawkesworth, Mary 6011:978-90-481-3782-4 5972:978-1-137-40096-3 5868:978-0-486-43793-4 5559:978-1-4294-9182-2 5411:978-0-429-44265-0 5374:978-0-275-99677-2 5340:978-0-13-244830-7 5260:978-0-19-026031-6 5235:978-1-349-37508-0 5072:978-3-593-39640-8 5006:978-0-429-64787-1 4964:978-1-337-51606-8 4912:978-0-309-27510-1 4230:" fields such as 4118:birth certificate 4088:same-sex marriage 3610:wartime necessity 3594:Rosie the Riveter 3558:Political Science 3435:political science 3371:interdisciplinary 3303: 3302: 3190:Standpoint theory 3185:Intersectionality 2613:A Vindication of 2513:Non-human animals 2462:biology of gender 2277: 2276: 2023: 2022: 1869:elected officials 1499:Gender expression 1352:Day of Visibility 1161:Non-binary gender 1127:Standards of Care 784:Gender identities 412:genders from the 82:gender expression 74:social constructs 12917: 12862: 12861: 12852: 12851: 12842: 12841: 12760: 12759: 12698: 12697: 12660:Gender apartheid 12650: 12649: 12485:(or Genderqueer) 12455: 12454: 12412: 12405: 12398: 12389: 12388: 12175:Non-heterosexual 12075: 12074: 11733: 11732: 11706: 11699: 11692: 11683: 11682: 11661: 11649: 11635: 11616: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11577: 11570: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11519: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11474: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11454: 11439: 11413: 11404: 11393: 11392: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11337: 11313: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11281: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11250: 11244: 11233: 11224: 11223: 11197: 11186: 11185: 11157: 11146: 11132: 11126: 11107: 11101: 11078: 11072: 11059: 11053: 11050: 11044: 11043: 11015: 11004: 11003: 10975: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10951: 10927: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10890: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10828: 10822: 10819:Cagatay, Nilufer 10816: 10807: 10800: 10794: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10745: 10739: 10726: 10717: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10688:. Archived from 10678: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10551: 10544: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10428: 10417: 10416: 10367: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10347:. Archived from 10336: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10274:. Archived from 10263: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10246: 10235: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10135: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10116: 10107:(1–2): 109–117. 10090: 10084: 10083: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9914: 9905: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9857:. Archived from 9846: 9835: 9834: 9824: 9801:Feminist Studies 9796: 9790: 9789: 9783: 9775: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9730: 9722: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9678: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9613: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9527: 9521: 9497: 9488: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9464: 9433: 9415: 9406: 9400: 9385: 9379: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9322:(in Ukrainian). 9311: 9305: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9252: 9246: 9245: 9225:The New Atlantis 9211: 9202: 9201: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9146: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9098: 9092: 9089: 9083: 9080: 9071: 9068: 9062: 9059: 9053: 9046: 9040: 9033: 9027: 9020: 9014: 9013: 8977: 8971: 8968: 8962: 8959: 8953: 8950: 8944: 8941: 8935: 8928: 8922: 8907: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8839: 8831: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8790: 8782: 8751: 8745: 8728: 8722: 8719: 8713: 8710: 8704: 8701: 8695: 8685: 8679: 8672: 8663: 8660: 8654: 8630: 8624: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8528:"Gender Studies" 8524: 8518: 8517: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8449: 8443: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8356: 8354: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8240:"Animal Transex" 8235: 8229: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8101: 8100: 8090: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8004:. Archived from 7993: 7987: 7986: 7983:Not In Our Genes 7978: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7866: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7809: 7791: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7743:(5–6): 305–325. 7732: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7717:. Archived from 7708: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7641: 7635:. Archived from 7626: 7617: 7611: 7608: 7602: 7599:Inside Indonesia 7584: 7578: 7562: 7556: 7542: 7536: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7503: 7501: 7482:UC-Santa Barbara 7466: 7460: 7459: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7392: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7337: 7331: 7316: 7310: 7297:Maria Llorente, 7295: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7274: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7212: 7203: 7202: 7197:. Archived from 7186: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7170:on 7 August 2018 7169: 7158: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7138:. Archived from 7128: 7122: 7121: 7103: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7021: 7012: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6986:Harper Perennial 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6956:on 7 August 2018 6952:. Archived from 6946: 6940: 6939: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6876: 6851:(5): 1531–1544. 6836: 6830: 6829: 6819: 6801: 6777: 6771: 6764: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6689: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6666:"What Is Fluid?" 6662: 6656: 6641: 6635: 6625: 6619: 6602: 6596: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6554: 6545: 6544: 6534: 6502: 6496: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6447: 6441: 6426: 6420: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6393: 6379: 6373: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6157:on 13 April 2010 6153:. Archived from 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6117:academic.oup.com 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6058: 6052: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5702:. Archived from 5695: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5629: 5620: 5619: 5609: 5603: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5479: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5452:www.euro.who.int 5444: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5423: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5350:on 5 April 2015. 5349: 5343:. Archived from 5328: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5272: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5182: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5056: 5047: 5034:Kevin L. Nadal, 5032: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4904: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4864: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4829:on 29 June 2021. 4828: 4822:. Archived from 4821: 4779: 4770: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4743:. Archived from 4733: 4724: 4723: 4722:on 15 June 2012. 4721: 4715:. Archived from 4690: 4672: 4660: 4243:Women in science 4224:child psychology 4046:Avoidance speech 4007:Dyirbal language 3985:A sample of the 3960:Dyirbal language 3701:steroid hormones 3545:Mary Hawkesworth 3538:radical feminism 3295: 3288: 3281: 3262: 2839: 2829: 2819: 2809: 2799: 2789: 2779: 2769: 2759: 2749: 2739: 2729: 2719: 2709: 2699: 2689: 2679: 2669: 2659: 2648: 2647: 2634: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2597: 2574: 2573: 2467:gender dysphoria 2394: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2230: 2167:Cecilia Ridgeway 2015: 2008: 2001: 1986: 1985: 1977:LGBTQ portal 1975: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1962: 1813: 1640: 1507: 1495: 1453: 1400:Media portrayals 1253: 1252: 1251:radical feminism 1249: 1245: 1197:Military service 1129: 1117: 1100: 1090: 1083: 1074: 1067: 1060: 1050: 1031: 1021: 1012: 1005: 1003:Gender dysphoria 998: 869: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 720: 719: 654:coined the term 597:). According to 372:kind, breed, sex 366:of 1882 defined 226:natural sciences 222:social construct 12925: 12924: 12920: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12915: 12914: 12890:Social concepts 12875: 12874: 12873: 12868: 12830: 12800: 12779: 12743: 12712: 12689: 12644: 12637: 12530: 12523: 12494:Gender identity 12489:Gender variance 12456: 12452: 12447: 12421: 12416: 12386: 12381: 12311: 12262:Analloeroticism 12245: 12241:Heterosociality 12209: 12106: 12069: 12067: 12056: 11871: 11863: 11805:Gender variance 11795:Gender fluidity 11727: 11720: 11710: 11668: 11658: 11632: 11613: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11581: 11579: 11575: 11568: 11559: 11555: 11545: 11543: 11536: 11520: 11516: 11506: 11504: 11493: 11489: 11475: 11468: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11437:1854/LU-5889652 11411: 11405: 11396: 11357: 11353: 11328:(41): 177–186. 11314: 11305: 11295: 11293: 11282: 11278: 11268: 11266: 11251: 11247: 11234: 11227: 11220: 11198: 11189: 11158: 11149: 11133: 11129: 11118:Wayback Machine 11108: 11104: 11093:Wayback Machine 11080:Olsson, Lennart 11079: 11075: 11068:Wayback Machine 11060: 11056: 11051: 11047: 11016: 11007: 10976: 10967: 10928: 10917: 10907: 10905: 10892: 10891: 10887: 10877: 10875: 10864: 10860: 10829: 10825: 10817: 10810: 10801: 10797: 10791:Wayback Machine 10781: 10777: 10746: 10742: 10736:Wayback Machine 10727: 10720: 10709: 10705: 10695: 10693: 10680: 10679: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10653: 10649: 10639: 10637: 10629: 10628: 10624: 10614: 10612: 10604: 10603: 10599: 10589: 10587: 10572:Tuchman, Lauren 10569: 10565: 10555: 10553: 10549: 10542: 10538: 10537: 10533: 10523: 10521: 10508: 10507: 10503: 10496: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10429: 10420: 10397: 10368: 10364: 10354: 10352: 10337: 10333: 10323: 10321: 10314: 10296: 10295: 10291: 10281: 10279: 10264: 10260: 10250: 10248: 10244: 10233: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10202: 10198: 10188: 10186: 10178: 10177: 10173: 10162: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10136: 10132: 10091: 10087: 10072: 10056: 10052: 10042: 10040: 10025: 10009: 10005: 9995: 9993: 9978: 9962: 9958: 9948: 9946: 9931: 9915: 9908: 9903: 9899: 9889: 9887: 9879: 9878: 9874: 9864: 9862: 9847: 9838: 9813:10.2307/3177542 9797: 9793: 9777: 9776: 9764: 9748: 9744: 9724: 9723: 9711: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9639: 9635: 9594: 9590: 9559: 9555: 9545: 9543: 9528: 9524: 9510:Wayback Machine 9498: 9491: 9482: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9431:10.1.1.693.1964 9413: 9407: 9403: 9386: 9382: 9366: 9362: 9352: 9350: 9335: 9331: 9312: 9308: 9291: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9268: 9254: 9253: 9249: 9216:McHugh, Paul R. 9212: 9205: 9192: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9161:10.2307/2654137 9144: 9138: 9134: 9099: 9095: 9090: 9086: 9081: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9060: 9056: 9047: 9043: 9034: 9030: 9021: 9017: 8978: 8974: 8969: 8965: 8960: 8956: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8938: 8929: 8925: 8908: 8904: 8894: 8892: 8884: 8883: 8879: 8868: 8864: 8853: 8849: 8833: 8832: 8804: 8800: 8784: 8783: 8752: 8748: 8731:Dworkin, Andrea 8729: 8725: 8720: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8698: 8686: 8682: 8673: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8643:Wayback Machine 8631: 8627: 8611: 8607: 8597: 8595: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8537: 8535: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8506: 8490: 8486: 8475: 8471: 8465:Fausto-Sterling 8463: 8459: 8450: 8446: 8426: 8422: 8413: 8411: 8396: 8370: 8366: 8352: 8350: 8335: 8319: 8315: 8307: 8303: 8295: 8291: 8281: 8279: 8236: 8232: 8226:Balthazart 2012 8224: 8220: 8210: 8208: 8201: 8182: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8156: 8154: 8139: 8123: 8119: 8111: 8104: 8064: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8041: 8025: 8021: 8011: 8009: 7994: 7990: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7922: 7918: 7884: 7880: 7827: 7823: 7768: 7764: 7733: 7729: 7721: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7689: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7643: 7642:on 25 July 2012 7639: 7624: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7605: 7595:Wayback Machine 7585: 7581: 7572:Wayback Machine 7563: 7559: 7543: 7539: 7520: 7516: 7499: 7497: 7470:Kehoe, Alice B. 7467: 7463: 7448: 7434: 7430: 7420: 7418: 7411: 7393: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7343:. 27 May 2014. 7339: 7338: 7334: 7317: 7313: 7296: 7292: 7282: 7280: 7243: 7239: 7213: 7206: 7187: 7183: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7080: 7073: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7004: 7000:Revised in 2006 6996: 6973: 6969: 6959: 6957: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6897: 6890: 6837: 6833: 6778: 6774: 6765: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6703: 6699: 6683: 6682: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6642: 6638: 6626: 6622: 6603: 6599: 6590: 6586: 6555: 6548: 6503: 6499: 6495:. Academia.edu. 6493:Wayback Machine 6483: 6479: 6448: 6444: 6427: 6423: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6396: 6390:Wayback Machine 6380: 6376: 6367:Wayback Machine 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6287: 6283: 6248: 6244: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6174: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6143: 6139: 6129: 6127: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6059: 6055: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6012: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5973: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5923:10.2307/1417846 5903: 5899: 5895:, 1926: p. 211. 5891: 5887: 5869: 5861:, p. 127, 5846: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5709:on 6 April 2015 5706: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5673: 5659: 5655: 5644: 5630: 5623: 5610: 5606: 5600:Wayback Machine 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5560: 5544: 5540: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5480: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5425: 5424: 5412: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5375: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5341: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5274: 5273: 5261: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5183: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5156: 5155: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5073: 5057: 5050: 5033: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5007: 4991: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4965: 4949: 4942: 4913: 4887: 4880: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4794:10.2307/2061790 4777: 4771: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4735: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4688:10.1.1.359.9143 4670: 4661: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4566: 4537: 4501: 4495: 4479: 4463: 4425: 4419: 4391:Ardhanarishvara 4368:the Holy Spirit 4272:gender equality 4268:sex segregation 4256: 4250: 4245: 4211: 4163: 4157: 4132: 4126: 4124:Intersex people 4110:gender identity 4102: 4096: 4084: 3900: 3895: 3865:Meg-John Barker 3857: 3719: 3713: 3683:Sexing the Body 3655:women's studies 3637: 3586: 3580: 3387:Women's studies 3379:gender identity 3337:feminist theory 3299: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3165:Gender equality 3122: 3114: 3113: 3112: 2852: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2827: 2817: 2807: 2797: 2787: 2777: 2767: 2757: 2747: 2737: 2727: 2717: 2707: 2697: 2687: 2677: 2675:Sexual Politics 2667: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2572: 2527:Ellen Ketterson 2523:Michael J. Ryan 2515: 2475:gender identity 2454: 2444: 2430:(BSRI) and the 2424: 2392:[ˈmuʃe] 2356:Native American 2320: 2312:Main articles: 2310: 2292:coined the term 2273: 2249: 2229: 2219:but not gender 2187:gender identity 2171:Shelley Correll 2119: 2117:Gender fluidity 2109: 2096:Michel Foucault 2060:Social identity 2034:Gender identity 2019: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1957: 1949: 1948: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1807: 1801: 1794: 1634: 1579: 1573: 1563: 1562: 1553:Transmedicalism 1521:Gender variance 1511:Gender identity 1503: 1491: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1436: 1376: 1371: 1342:Beauty pageants 1333: 1327: 1319: 1318: 1275:Transgender men 1250: 1247: 1244:Gender-critical 1243: 1242: 1233: 1183: 1169:Rights movement 1165: 1146: 1135: 1134: 1125: 1113: 1096: 1093: 1086: 1079: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1046: 1029:Hormone therapy 1027: 1024: 1017: 1008: 1001: 994: 990: 979: 978: 830:Gender fluidity 786: 776: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 718: 712:Gender identity 710:Main articles: 708: 700: 645:feminist theory 627:Madison Bentley 623: 579: 398: 253:comes from the 247: 242: 234:Biopsychosocial 198:social sciences 183:feminist theory 139:distinction in 66:gender identity 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12923: 12913: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12856: 12846: 12844:Discrimination 12835: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12812: 12810: 12806: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12777: 12772: 12766: 12764: 12757: 12753: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12720: 12718: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12708:Gender pay gap 12704: 12702: 12695: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12656: 12654: 12647: 12639: 12638: 12636: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12593:Gender paradox 12590: 12589: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12535: 12533: 12525: 12524: 12522: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12464: 12462: 12458: 12457: 12450: 12448: 12446: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12433:Gender studies 12429: 12427: 12423: 12422: 12419:Gender studies 12415: 12414: 12407: 12400: 12392: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12323: 12321: 12317: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12292:Plurisexuality 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12253: 12251: 12247: 12246: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12221:Sociosexuality 12217: 12215: 12214:Social aspects 12211: 12210: 12208: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12160:Heteroflexible 12157: 12156: 12155: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12114: 12112: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12083: 12081: 12072: 12062: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12042:Vakasalewalewa 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11933: 11932: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11904: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11875: 11873: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11861: 11856: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11834: 11829: 11828: 11827: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11741: 11739: 11730: 11722: 11721: 11709: 11708: 11701: 11694: 11686: 11680: 11679: 11674: 11667: 11666:External links 11664: 11663: 11662: 11656: 11636: 11630: 11617: 11611: 11596: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11553: 11534: 11514: 11487: 11478:Herring, Susan 11466: 11416:Communications 11394: 11351: 11303: 11276: 11245: 11225: 11218: 11187: 11147: 11127: 11102: 11073: 11054: 11045: 11026:(4): 582–613. 11005: 10965: 10915: 10885: 10858: 10839:(2): 165–197. 10823: 10808: 10795: 10775: 10756:(1): 329–337. 10740: 10718: 10713:Times of India 10703: 10673: 10647: 10622: 10597: 10563: 10531: 10501: 10494: 10448: 10441: 10418: 10395: 10387:10.1086/495540 10362: 10331: 10312: 10289: 10258: 10222: 10196: 10171: 10156: 10144:hypotheses.org 10130: 10085: 10070: 10050: 10023: 10003: 9976: 9956: 9929: 9906: 9897: 9885:wiktionary.org 9872: 9836: 9791: 9762: 9742: 9709: 9690: 9633: 9620:10.2307/201865 9611:10.1.1.470.737 9604:(2): 203–219. 9588: 9569:(2): 195–213. 9553: 9522: 9489: 9476: 9424:(2): 139–158. 9401: 9380: 9360: 9329: 9326:(11): 416–418. 9306: 9285: 9266: 9247: 9228:(50): 10–143. 9203: 9186: 9155:(3): 263–268. 9132: 9113:(1): 333–357. 9093: 9084: 9072: 9063: 9054: 9041: 9028: 9015: 8994:10.1086/494955 8972: 8963: 8954: 8945: 8936: 8923: 8902: 8877: 8862: 8847: 8798: 8765:(1): 141–156. 8746: 8723: 8714: 8705: 8696: 8680: 8664: 8655: 8625: 8605: 8575: 8545: 8519: 8504: 8484: 8469: 8457: 8453:The Second Sex 8444: 8420: 8395:978-0429283116 8394: 8364: 8333: 8313: 8301: 8289: 8230: 8218: 8199: 8176: 8164: 8137: 8117: 8102: 8058: 8039: 8019: 7988: 7973: 7949: 7916: 7897:(3): 163–177. 7878: 7841:(2): 170–182. 7821: 7762: 7727: 7694: 7687: 7653: 7612: 7603: 7579: 7575:New York Times 7557: 7537: 7514: 7461: 7446: 7440:. Zone Books. 7428: 7410:978-0873518017 7409: 7384: 7358: 7332: 7311: 7290: 7237: 7226:(6): 253–264. 7204: 7181: 7145: 7123: 7071: 7036:(4): 423–438. 7013: 7002: 6994: 6967: 6941: 6914:(4): 510–531. 6888: 6831: 6772: 6756: 6731: 6697: 6657: 6636: 6627:Vigo, Julian. 6620: 6597: 6584: 6565:(2): 455–464. 6546: 6497: 6477: 6458:(8): 776–793. 6442: 6421: 6408: 6394: 6374: 6348: 6315: 6281: 6262:(2): 109–122. 6242: 6215:(3): 163–177. 6195: 6188: 6168: 6137: 6099: 6053: 6045:Butler, Judith 6037: 6010: 5990: 5971: 5951: 5917:(2): 212–246. 5897: 5885: 5867: 5840: 5812: 5781: 5750: 5720: 5682: 5672:978-0195380828 5671: 5653: 5643:978-0195380828 5642: 5621: 5604: 5585: 5558: 5538: 5513:Family Process 5499: 5493:978-1785927461 5492: 5469: 5439: 5410: 5392: 5373: 5353: 5339: 5314: 5288: 5259: 5241: 5234: 5204: 5197: 5174: 5146: 5118: 5090: 5071: 5048: 5024: 5005: 4982: 4963: 4940: 4911: 4902:10.17226/26424 4878: 4855:(4): 332–344. 4832: 4788:(4): 561–573. 4758: 4725: 4666:(April 2004). 4637: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4606:Gender paradox 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4536: 4533: 4525:United Nations 4505:climate change 4497:Main article: 4494: 4493:Climate change 4491: 4478: 4475: 4462: 4459: 4421:Main article: 4418: 4415: 4249: 4246: 4210: 4207: 4159:Main article: 4156: 4153: 4128:Main article: 4125: 4122: 4098:Main article: 4095: 4092: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4057: 4050:sign languages 4022: 4014: 3999:biological sex 3983: 3947: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3887:transsexualism 3856: 3853: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3712: 3709: 3678:gender studies 3640:She continues: 3579: 3576: 3550:Sandra Harding 3534:Andrea Dworkin 3527:discrimination 3491:Julia Kristeva 3383:representation 3375:academic field 3363:Gender studies 3326:existentialism 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3148:existentialism 3145: 3140: 3135: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3098:Wollstonecraft 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851:Major thinkers 2850: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2831: 2821: 2811: 2801: 2795:Gender Trouble 2791: 2781: 2771: 2761: 2751: 2741: 2731: 2721: 2711: 2701: 2691: 2681: 2671: 2661: 2655:The Second Sex 2651: 2638: 2636: 2626: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2571: 2568: 2564:rhesus monkeys 2514: 2511: 2443: 2440: 2423: 2420: 2309: 2306: 2275: 2274: 2271:Gender symbols 2269: 2266: 2265: 2228: 2225: 2123:Kate Bornstein 2113:Sex assignment 2108: 2105: 2089:gender systems 2021: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2010: 2003: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1980: 1979: 1967: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1909:Gender studies 1906: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1874:Cafeteria riot 1871: 1866: 1856: 1854:United Kingdom 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1756:United Kingdom 1753: 1752: 1751: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1641: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1477:Cross-dressing 1474: 1472:Cisnormativity 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1337:Awareness Week 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1260:Discrimination 1257: 1256: 1255: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1222:Bathroom bills 1216: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1194: 1189: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1118: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1072:male-to-female 1068: 1065:female-to-male 1052: 1051: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1023: 1022: 1019:Sex assignment 1015: 1014: 1013: 999: 991: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 976: 971: 970: 969: 962: 952: 951: 950: 943: 936: 926: 921: 920: 919: 914: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 875: 870: 861: 856: 846: 841: 834: 833: 832: 822: 817: 812: 807: 800: 793: 787: 782: 781: 778: 777: 775: 774: 769: 764: 758: 755: 754: 736: 735: 729: 728: 707: 704: 640:The Second Sex 622: 619: 578: 575: 539:discrimination 414:Pioneer plaque 397: 394: 255:Middle English 246: 243: 241: 238: 202:gender studies 143:(known as the 141:modern English 137:terminological 126:fourth genders 39:Gender symbols 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12922: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12865: 12857: 12855: 12847: 12845: 12837: 12836: 12833: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12782: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12761: 12758: 12754: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12692: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12640: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12532: 12526: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12499:Gender binary 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12444: 12443:Postgenderism 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12413: 12408: 12406: 12401: 12399: 12394: 12393: 12390: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12318: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12297:Postgenderism 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12287:Monosexuality 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12257:Allosexuality 12255: 12254: 12252: 12248: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12236:Homosociality 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12226:Antisexuality 12224: 12222: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12212: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12154: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12063: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11908: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11899:Bugis genders 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11869:Third genders 11866: 11860: 11857: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11790:Gender bender 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11780:Cross-dresser 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11723: 11718: 11714: 11707: 11702: 11700: 11695: 11693: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11659: 11653: 11648: 11647: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11627: 11623: 11618: 11614: 11608: 11604: 11599: 11598: 11574: 11567: 11563: 11557: 11541: 11537: 11531: 11528:. Routledge. 11527: 11526: 11518: 11502: 11499:. Cambridge. 11498: 11491: 11483: 11479: 11473: 11471: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11410: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11355: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11249: 11242: 11238: 11232: 11230: 11221: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11131: 11124: 11119: 11115: 11112: 11106: 11099: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11083: 11077: 11069: 11065: 11062: 11058: 11049: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11014: 11012: 11010: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10936:Social Forces 10933: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10889: 10873: 10869: 10862: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10827: 10820: 10815: 10813: 10805: 10799: 10792: 10788: 10785: 10784:Smart finance 10779: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10725: 10723: 10715: 10714: 10707: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10677: 10662: 10658: 10651: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10611: 10607: 10601: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10567: 10548: 10541: 10535: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10497: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10452: 10444: 10438: 10434: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10335: 10319: 10315: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10300: 10293: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10262: 10243: 10239: 10232: 10226: 10211: 10207: 10200: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10167: 10160: 10145: 10141: 10134: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10101: 10096: 10089: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10063: 10062: 10054: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10020: 10016: 10015: 10007: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9973: 9969: 9968: 9960: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9913: 9911: 9901: 9886: 9882: 9876: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9832: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9807:(3): 97–106. 9806: 9802: 9795: 9787: 9781: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9755: 9754: 9746: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9702: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9637: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9557: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9518:0-415-44243-5 9515: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9496: 9494: 9486: 9480: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9412: 9405: 9398: 9397:0-582-86903-X 9394: 9390: 9384: 9378: 9377:0-8039-3956-6 9374: 9370: 9364: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9302:0-8047-1430-4 9299: 9295: 9289: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9251: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9208: 9199: 9198: 9190: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9097: 9088: 9079: 9077: 9067: 9058: 9051: 9045: 9038: 9032: 9025: 9019: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8988:(1): 79–105. 8987: 8983: 8976: 8967: 8958: 8949: 8940: 8933: 8927: 8920: 8919:0-85117-020-X 8916: 8912: 8906: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8851: 8843: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8802: 8794: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8743:0-7432-3626-2 8740: 8736: 8732: 8727: 8718: 8709: 8700: 8694: 8693:0-07-282579-0 8690: 8684: 8677: 8671: 8669: 8659: 8652: 8651:0-422-60570-0 8648: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8629: 8623: 8622:1-4129-1521-X 8619: 8615: 8609: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8549: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8488: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8461: 8454: 8448: 8441: 8440:0-465-04792-0 8437: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8361: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8317: 8310: 8305: 8298: 8293: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8250:(49): 35–50. 8249: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8222: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8180: 8174:, p. 36. 8173: 8168: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8121: 8114: 8109: 8107: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8032: 8031: 8023: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7984: 7977: 7962: 7961: 7953: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7731: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7657: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7607: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7583: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7561: 7555: 7554:0-226-70756-3 7551: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7534:0-534-50903-7 7531: 7527: 7523: 7522:Nanda, Serena 7518: 7511: 7509: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7389: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7094:(2): 45–101. 7093: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7076: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7018: 7011: 7006: 6997: 6995:0-06-092959-6 6991: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6687: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6654: 6653:0-679-75701-5 6650: 6646: 6640: 6633: 6630: 6624: 6617: 6616:0-8133-4375-5 6613: 6609: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6551: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6438:0-8185-0278-9 6435: 6431: 6425: 6418: 6412: 6406:Butler (1990) 6403: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6378: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6319: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6300:(4): 301–19. 6299: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6185: 6182:. UBC Press. 6181: 6180: 6172: 6156: 6152: 6151:Baltimore Sun 6148: 6141: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5994: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5844: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5692: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5626: 5617: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5357: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5284: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5181: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5055: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4999:. Routledge. 4998: 4997: 4989: 4987: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4885: 4883: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4837: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4638: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4616:Postgenderism 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4601:Gender bender 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571:Androcentrism 4569: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4521:vulnerability 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4487:participation 4484: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4465:According to 4458: 4456: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4356:New Testament 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4276:homosexuality 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4191:United States 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3861:Alex Iantaffi 3859:According to 3852: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3833:masculinities 3830: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3781:Mary Bucholtz 3778: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3708: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3633:Judith Butler 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3499:Judith Butler 3496: 3495:Luce Irigaray 3492: 3488: 3487:Jacques Lacan 3483: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3451:media studies 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3407:Men's studies 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3381:and gendered 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3250: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2847: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2825:Whipping Girl 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2615:the Rights of 2608: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2532:Poiani (2010) 2528: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210:In 2015, the 2208: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2055:Judith Butler 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2027: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859:United States 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773:United States 1771: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730:South Africa 1729: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1558:Transmisogyny 1556: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541:Transfeminism 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1526:Postgenderism 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1487:Gender binary 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1280:Transmisogyny 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1207:United States 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1174:Organizations 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1115:Voice therapy 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:masculinizing 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1000: 997: 996:Gender clinic 993: 992: 988: 983: 982: 975: 972: 968: 967: 963: 961: 958: 957: 956: 953: 949: 948: 944: 942: 941: 937: 935: 932: 931: 930: 927: 925: 922: 918: 915: 913: 912: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 880: 876: 874: 871: 868: 867: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 851: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 839: 835: 831: 828: 827: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 815:Gender bender 813: 811: 808: 806: 805: 801: 799: 798: 794: 792: 789: 788: 785: 780: 779: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 757: 756: 738: 737: 734: 731: 730: 726: 722: 721: 717: 713: 702: 696: 694: 693: 688: 684: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 659: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 641: 637:'s 1949 book 636: 632: 628: 617: 613: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 574: 572: 568: 563: 559: 555: 554: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 415: 411: 407: 404:Depiction of 402: 393: 391: 387: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 360: 355: 354: 349: 348: 343: 339: 335: 334: 329: 328: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 286: 282: 278: 275: 274:Middle French 271: 267: 263: 259: 256: 252: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 122: 121:third genders 117: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 86:gender binary 83: 80:) as well as 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 12628:Male as norm 12555: 12538: 12467: 12337:Gender roles 12282:Kinsey scale 12272:Aromanticism 12148:Gray asexual 12097:Heterosexual 12022:Sworn virgin 11992:Mukhannathun 11894:Binabinaaine 11736: 11645: 11621: 11602: 11595:Bibliography 11580:. 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Retrieved 4745:the original 4717:the original 4681:(2): 87–96. 4678: 4674: 4611:Gynocentrism 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4535:Social media 4517:intersecting 4502: 4480: 4471: 4464: 4451: 4447: 4429: 4426: 4407: 4376: 4343:Christianity 4340: 4308: 4303:yin and yang 4296: 4290: 4286: 4257: 4228:hard science 4216:home science 4212: 4164: 4133: 4103: 4085: 4082:Legal status 3937: 3927: 3921: 3911: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3858: 3845:heterosexual 3841: 3837:femininities 3836: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3789: 3785: 3773: 3768:Spanish Army 3752:David Wilkie 3745: 3735: 3733: 3728:correlations 3720: 3706: 3690: 3681: 3667: 3652: 3650:of bodies." 3648: 3643: 3639: 3630: 3615: 3606:gender roles 3570: 3567: 3563: 3542: 3532: 3524: 3507: 3503:performative 3481: 3477: 3475: 3443:anthropology 3423:LGBT studies 3419:gender roles 3409:(concerning 3399:gender roles 3389:(concerning 3361: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3319: 3304: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3138:epistemology 2834: 2824: 2814: 2804: 2794: 2784: 2774: 2764: 2754: 2744: 2734: 2724: 2714: 2704: 2694: 2684: 2674: 2664: 2654: 2641: 2629: 2612: 2555: 2553: 2541: 2518: 2516: 2496: 2491: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2459: 2455: 2425: 2413: 2389:(pronounced 2383:third gender 2368: 2352:third gender 2343: 2339: 2329: 2321: 2318:Third gender 2298: 2294: 2289: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2183:David Reimer 2180: 2164: 2149: 2148:The article 2147: 2141: 2139: 2131: 2120: 2094:Philosopher 2093: 2079:social roles 2076: 2059: 2048: 2037: 2033: 2032: 1903: 1844:Nazi Germany 1796: 1576: 1417:Publications 1373: 1330: 1156:Legal gender 1144:legal status 1098:Hair removal 964: 945: 938: 909: 877: 849:Third gender 836: 802: 795: 698: 690: 686: 682: 680: 675: 660: 655: 649: 638: 630: 624: 615: 607: 594: 590: 586: 580: 566: 551: 546: 536: 531: 527: 519: 515: 507: 503: 499: 495: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 465: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 432: 426: 421: 418: 389: 383: 380:genere natus 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 357: 351: 345: 341: 333:genre sexuel 331: 325: 324:in the word 309: 305: 301: 297: 283: 276: 270:Anglo-Norman 261: 257: 250: 248: 218:neuroscience 195: 174: 154: 148: 134: 125: 119: 105: 78:gender roles 53: 52: 31: 18: 12717:Development 12670:Gender bias 12509:Gender role 12478:Transgender 12195:Questioning 12068:orientation 11987:Mudoko dako 11947:Femminiello 11859:Transsexual 11837:Trans woman 11820:Transgender 10878:20 November 10640:23 December 10615:23 December 10556:23 December 10324:12 November 10043:2 September 9996:2 September 9949:2 September 9890:14 December 9653:: 107–116. 9546:21 November 9179:14 February 8414:8 September 8353:8 September 8309:Poiani 2010 8297:Poiani 2010 8282:8 September 8172:Poiani 2010 8157:8 September 8113:Poiani 2010 7646:20 December 7377:17 February 7351:17 February 7272:10453/44221 7174:17 February 7136:www.aap.org 6976:Colapinto J 6960:11 November 6647:, Vintage, 6290:Money, John 6130:24 December 6030:6 September 5833:24 December 5801:: 265–328. 5774:24 December 5743:26 February 5333:. Pearson. 4751:26 November 4664:Haig, David 4336:six genders 4179:New Zealand 4106:transgender 4011:Niger-Congo 3843:that he is 3817:Foucauldian 3663:Joan Cadden 3467:nationality 3415:masculinity 3225:philoSOPHIA 3180:Care ethics 3153:metaphysics 3033:Taylor Mill 2868:de Beauvoir 2715:Gyn/Ecology 2604:Major works 2548:Hird (2006) 2436:androgynous 2409:a tradition 2344:ininiikaazo 2314:Genderqueer 2300:gender role 2295:gender role 2159:gender role 1808: [ 1788:Transphobia 1741:South Korea 1711:New Zealand 1635: [ 1202:South Korea 1142:Rights and 1010:in children 987:Health care 974:Transsexual 955:Transgender 929:Trans woman 885:Mudoko dako 866:Femminiello 716:Gender role 656:gender role 518:instead of 64:, or other 12879:Categories 12645:inequality 12231:Asociality 12185:Polysexual 12153:Demisexual 12123:Bi-curious 12102:Homosexual 12070:identities 12037:Two-spirit 11942:Fakafifine 11937:Fa'afafine 11879:Androgynos 11728:identities 11719:identities 11571:. Oxford. 11345:10272/7056 10686:Britannica 10666:4 November 10215:3 November 10149:4 November 9772:1202930548 9353:6 February 8814:(1): 132. 8211:18 October 8081:(2): 178. 8075:BioScience 7942:18 October 7421:17 October 7328:1461488605 7307:1615372059 6749:8 February 6092:8 February 5578:16 October 5519:(1): 5–8. 5420:1110674742 5198:0822316927 5044:1483384276 4782:Demography 4633:References 4513:adaptation 4360:the Father 4241:See also: 4199:California 4114:expression 3955:noun class 3949:The term " 3883:trichotomy 3849:homosexual 3792:Joan Acker 3715:See also: 3672:children, 3659:Helen King 3626:Ann Oakley 3622:John Money 3582:See also: 3554:Joan Scott 3471:disability 3373:study and 3311:biological 3133:analytical 2898:De la Cruz 2446:See also: 2399:people of 2364:two-spirit 2284:Mary Frith 2217:expression 2204:John Money 2111:See also: 1679:Tamil Nadu 1571:By country 1482:Deadnaming 1432:Television 1410:non-binary 1395:Literature 1292:Inequality 1265:Non-binary 1192:Healthcare 1035:feminizing 905:Two-spirit 890:Mukhannath 859:Faʻafafine 652:John Money 603:Protagoras 492:David Haig 245:Derivation 206:psychology 159:psychology 116:South Asia 107:non-binary 12763:Academics 12694:Financial 12529:Gender in 12473:Cisgender 12205:Takatāpui 12180:Pansexual 12133:Ex-ex-gay 11972:Koekchuch 11952:Güevedoce 11872:and sexes 11842:Fakaleitī 11832:Trans man 11825:Akava'ine 11775:Cisgender 11765:Androgyne 11446:199487985 11322:Comunicar 11182:141663550 11040:145118032 11000:144473355 10986:: 22–43. 10959:145274165 10942:: 33–38. 10853:154939529 10413:225088475 10124:255011887 10100:Sex Roles 10080:913049820 10033:913049820 9986:913049820 9939:913049820 9780:cite book 9727:cite book 9719:967324413 9667:0149-7634 9606:CiteSeerX 9583:145251297 9520:, p. xxi. 9469:28 August 9426:CiteSeerX 9320:JournalNX 9234:1543-1215 9127:0360-0572 9010:225085688 8828:146644541 8779:146467636 8343:181029707 8272:214614711 8264:0816-4649 8147:665835558 8097:0006-3568 8012:30 August 7855:0091-3022 7798:2042-6410 7757:144858334 7737:Sex Roles 7490:0741-5672 7050:1573-2800 6808:1179-318X 6792:: 57–67. 6719:0017-8012 6655:pp. 51–52 6579:153502466 6472:145426706 6341:5 January 6276:1935-9705 6229:0092-623X 6087:143621442 6020:780208834 5983:17 August 5944:17 August 5931:0002-9556 5849:Aristotle 5568:170965273 5462:22 August 5428:cite book 5385:30 August 5277:cite book 5269:949553050 5111:11 August 4930:247432505 4872:213397968 4683:CiteSeerX 4626:Sex ratio 4455:cisgender 4354:. In the 4352:Imago Dei 4323:Shekhinah 4189:. 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