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4717:, and lose their sense of direction as their bodies try to get used to a weightless environment. When they get back to Earth, they have to readjust and may have problems standing up, focusing their gaze, walking, and turning. Importantly, those motor disturbances only get worse the longer the exposure to weightlessness. These changes can affect the ability to perform tasks required for approach and landing, docking, remote manipulation, and emergencies that may occur while landing.
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925:, on 8 March 1965. However, the Voskhod did not have Gemini's capability to maneuver in orbit, and the program was terminated. The US Gemini flights did not achieve the first spacewalk, but overcame the early Soviet lead by performing several spacewalks, solving the problem of astronaut fatigue caused by compensating for the lack of gravity, demonstrating the ability of humans to endure two weeks in space, and performing the first
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4888:– Because of weightlessness, the body's liquids attain an equilibrium that is different from what it is on the Earth. For this reason, an astronaut's face swells and presses on the eyes; and therefore their vision is impaired. The landscape surrounding the astronauts is constant, which lessens visual stimulations. Due to cosmic rays, astronauts may see flashes, even with their eyelids closed.
728:
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1318:(ISS). Construction of the station began in 1998. The station orbits at an altitude of 409 kilometers (221 nmi) and an orbital inclination of 51.65°. Several of the Space Shuttle's 135 orbital flights were to help assemble, supply, and crew the ISS. Russia has built half of the International Space Station and has continued its cooperation with the US.
6421:"We basically awarded based on the proposals that we were given", Kathy Lueders, NASA commercial crew program manager, said in a teleconference with reporters after the announcement. "Both contracts have the same requirements. The companies proposed the value within which they were able to do the work, and the government accepted that".
4855:, and other psychological problems may occur more than for an average person and could impact the crew's safety and mission success. NASA spends millions of dollars on psychological treatments for astronauts and former astronauts. To date, there is no way to prevent or reduce mental problems caused by extended periods of stay in space.
4900:– The sense of taste is directly affected by the sense of smell and therefore when the sense of smell is dulled, the sense of taste is also. The astronauts' food is bland, and there are only certain foods that can be eaten. The food comes only once every few months, when supplies arrive, and there is little or no variety.
4882:– In the space station and spacecraft there are no noises from the outside, as there is no medium that can transmit sound waves. Although there are other team members who can talk to each other, their voices become familiar and do not stimulate the sense of hearing as much. Mechanical noises become familiar, as well.
5077:. Despite the risk of mechanical failures while working in open space, there have been no spacewalk fatalities. Spacewalking astronauts routinely remain attached to the spacecraft with tethers and sometimes supplementary anchors. Un-tethered spacewalks were performed on three missions in 1984 using the
6516:
spaceship portion of the BFR, which would transport people on point-to-point suborbital flights or on missions to the moon or Mars, will be tested on Earth first in a series of short hops. ... a full-scale Ship doing short hops of a few hundred kilometers altitude and lateral distance ... fairly easy
5290:
tank en route to the Moon. The tank burst when electrical power was applied to internal stirring fans in the tank, causing the immediate loss of all of its contents, and also damaging the second tank, causing the gradual loss of its remaining oxygen over a period of 130 minutes. This in turn caused a
5170:
test pilot G.B. North passed out and was seriously injured when testing a
Mercury cabin–space suit atmosphere system in a vacuum chamber, due to nitrogen-rich air leaking from the cabin into his space suit feed. This incident led NASA to decide on a pure oxygen atmosphere for the Mercury, Gemini, and
4858:
Due to these mental disorders, the efficiency of astronauts' work is impaired; and sometimes they are brought back to Earth, incurring the expense of their mission being aborted. A Russian expedition to space in 1976 was returned to Earth after the cosmonauts reported a strong odor that resulted in a
5029:
on 5 April 1975. The abort occurred after the launch escape system had been jettisoned when the launch vehicle's spent second stage failed to separate before the third stage ignited and the vehicle strayed off course. The crew finally managed to separate the spacecraft, firing its engines to pull it
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There are two basic choices for an artificial atmosphere: either an Earth-like mixture of oxygen and an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium, or pure oxygen, which can be used at lower than standard atmospheric pressure. A nitrogen–oxygen mixture is used in the
International Space Station and Soyuz
2084:. She flew in 1963, but it was not until the 1980s that another woman entered space. At the time, all astronauts were required to be military test pilots; women were not able to enter this career, which is one reason for the delay in allowing women to join space crews. After the rules were changed,
1265:
had no main rocket engines, but like the Space
Shuttle orbiter, it used smaller rocket engines to perform its final orbital insertion. A single uncrewed orbital test flight took place in November 1988. A second test flight was planned by 1993, but the program was canceled due to lack of funding and
5303:
as a "life boat". The tank failure was determined to be caused by two mistakes: the tank's drain fitting had been damaged when it was dropped during factory testing, necessitating the use of its internal heaters to boil out the oxygen after a pre-launch test; which in turn damaged the fan wiring's
4683:
4487:
There are two main sources of hazard in space flight: those due to the hostile space environment, and those due to possible equipment malfunctions. Addressing these issues is of great importance for NASA and other space agencies before conducting the first extended crewed missions to destinations
2108:
Despite these developments, women are still underrepresented among astronauts and especially cosmonauts. More than 600 people have flown in space but only 75 have been women. Issues that block potential applicants from the programs, and limit the space missions they are able to go on, are, for
4705:
or leg muscles used for standing up, which causes the muscles to weaken and get smaller. Astronauts can lose up to twenty per cent of their muscle mass on spaceflights lasting five to eleven days. The consequent loss of strength could be a serious problem in case of a landing emergency. Upon
5315:
due to cabin decompression following the separation of their descent capsule from the service module. A cabin ventilation valve had been jolted open at an altitude of 168 kilometres (104 mi) by the stronger-than-expected shock of explosive separation bolts, which were designed to fire
1092:
as early as 1986 or as late as 2000, depending on the level of funding allocated. However, Nixon knew the
American political climate would not support congressional funding for such an ambition, and killed proposals for all but the Shuttle, possibly to be followed by the space station.
449:
4828:
can cause both short- and long-term consequences to the bone marrow stem cells from which blood and immune-system cells are created. Because the interior of a spacecraft is so small, a weakened immune system and more active viruses in the body can lead to a fast spread of infection.
1393:, was launched on 20 November 1999 and recovered the next day, marking the first step of the realization of China's human spaceflight capability. Three more uncrewed missions were conducted in the next few years in order to verify the key technologies. On 15 October 2003
1869:
launch vehicle. Starliner made an uncrewed flight in
December 2019. A second uncrewed flight attempt was launched in May 2022. A crewed flight to fully certify Starliner was launched in June 2024. Similar to SpaceX, development funding has been provided by a mix of
2733:
use the term "human spaceflight" to refer to their programs of launching people into space. These endeavors have also formerly been referred to as "manned space missions", though this is no longer official parlance according to NASA style guides, which call for
1286:
The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 brought an end to the Cold War and opened the door to true cooperation between the US and Russia. The Soviet Soyuz and Mir programs were taken over by the
Russian Federal Space Agency, which became known as the
2785:
by 2030, followed by a crewed lunar mission. The program envisages the development of a fully-autonomous orbital vehicle capable of carrying 2 or 3 crew members to an about 300 km (190 mi) low Earth orbit and bringing them safely back home.
2829:, a fully reusable two-stage system, with near-Earth and cislunar applications and an ultimate goal of landing on Mars. The upper stage of the Starship system, also called Starship, has had 9 atmospheric test flights as of September 2021. The first
5260:. Armstrong had to shut the control system off and use the reentry control system to stop the spin. The craft made an emergency reentry and the astronauts landed safely. The most probable cause was determined to be an electrical short due to a
4920:(the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement) – As a result of weightlessness, few forces are exerted on the astronauts' muscles; and there is less stimulus to this system.
4560:
Astronauts may not be able to quickly return to Earth or receive medical supplies, equipment, or personnel if a medical emergency occurs. The astronauts may have to rely for long periods on limited resources and medical advice from the ground.
8178:
Gueguinou, N.; Huin-Schohn, C.; Bascove, M.; Bueb, J.-L.; Tschirhart, E.; Legrand-Frossi, C.; Frippiat, J.-P. (2009). "Could spaceflight-associated immune system weakening preclude the expansion of human presence beyond Earth's orbit".
5162:(commonly known as "the bends") when transitioning to or from the pure oxygen space suit environment. There have been instances of injury and fatalities caused by suffocation in the presence of too much nitrogen and not enough oxygen.
2634:. The first crewed flight was in 1967. As of August 2022, there have been 149 crewed flights, all of them orbital except one suborbital flight abort and one atmospheric flight abort. The first 66 flights were launched by the
2096:
became the next woman to enter space and the first woman to enter space through the United States program.Since then, eleven other countries have allowed women astronauts. The first all-female spacewalk occurred in 2018, by
12689:
4874:
During astronauts' spaceflight, they are in an extreme environment. This, and the fact that little change is taking place in the environment, will result in the weakening of sensory input to the astronauts' seven senses.
11541:
1379:(CMS), also known as "Project 921", authorization and funding was given for the first phase of a third, successful attempt at crewed spaceflight. To achieve independent human spaceflight capability, China developed the
2468:
For many years, the USSR (later Russia) and the United States were the only countries whose astronauts flew in space. That ended with the 1978 flight of
Vladimir Remek. As of 2010, citizens from 38 nations (including
2890:, including space tourists, flown or intending to fly by a foreign country's or non-domestic private company's space systems – who are not counted in this list toward their country's national spacefaring attempts.
5205:
A pure oxygen atmosphere carries the risk of fire. The original design of the Apollo spacecraft used pure oxygen at greater than atmospheric pressure prior to launch. An electrical fire started in the cabin of
4894:– The space station has a permanent odor described as the smell of gunpowder. Due to the zero gravity, the bodily fluids rise to the face and prevent the sinuses from drying up, which dulls the sense of smell.
10256:
1563:. The projects were canceled in 1992 when it became clear that neither cost nor performance goals could be achieved. No Hermes shuttles were ever built. The Columbus space station was reconfigured as the
5021:
carried ejection seats and escape hatches for its pilot and copilot in early flights; but these could not be used for passengers who sat below the flight deck on later flights, and so were discontinued.
1582:
expendable launch vehicle. A string of failures in 1998 led to funding reductions, and the project's cancellation in 2003 in favor of participation in the
International Space Station program through the
2037:
Participation and representation of humanity in space has been an issue ever since the first phase of space exploration. Some rights of non-spacefaring countries have been secured through international
5361:
Electrical fire in the cabin, spread quickly by 16.7 psi (1.15 bar) pure oxygen atmosphere and flammable nylon materials in cabin and space suits, during pre-launch test; inability to remove
909:
Meanwhile, the USSR remained silent about their intentions to send humans to the Moon and proceeded to stretch the limits of their single-pilot Vostok capsule by adapting it to a two or three-person
6749:
1360:
decided on 14 July 1967 that China should not be left behind, and initiated their own crewed space program: the top-secret
Project 714, which aimed to put two people into space by 1973 with the
10857:
9066:
7546:"Dormant viruses activate during spaceflight – NASA investigates - The stress of spaceflight gives viruses a holiday from immune surveillance, putting future deep-space missions in jeopardy"
2607:
Size comparisons between current and past space stations as they appeared most recently. Solar panels in blue, heat radiators in red. Stations have different depths not shown by silhouettes.
1387:
rocket dedicated to human spaceflight in the next few years, along with critical infrastructures like a new launch site and flight control center being built. The first uncrewed spacecraft,
5512:
foam insulation broken off during launch; penetration of hot atmospheric gases during re-entry, leading to structural failure of the wing, loss of control and disintegration of the orbiter
4782:
at least, and could even be fatal "in a poorly shielded spacecraft". Another storm that could have inflicted a potentially lethal dose of radiation on astronauts outside Earth's protective
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fear of fluid leakage; but after a thorough investigation, it became clear that there was no leakage or technical malfunction. It was concluded by NASA that the cosmonauts most likely had
1972:
after 2020, has been proposed by SpaceX for long-distance commercial travel on Earth, flying 100+ people suborbitally between two points in under one hour, also known as "Earth-to-Earth".
10774:
5330:
As of
December 2015, 23 crew members have died in accidents aboard spacecraft. Over 100 others have died in accidents during activities directly related to spaceflight or testing.
13314:
2713:(US, Russia, Europe, Japan, Canada) assembled in orbit: altitude 409 kilometers (221 nautical miles), 51.65° orbital inclination; crews transported by Soyuz or Crew Dragon spacecraft
6260:
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4913:(motion and equilibrium system) – Due to the lack of gravity, all the movements required of the astronauts are changed, and the vestibular system is damaged by the extreme change.
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on 29 April 2021. It was later visited by multiple cargo and crewed spacecraft and demonstrated China's capability of sustaining Chinese astronauts' long-term stay in space.
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1689:, the Obama administration canceled Constellation for being over budget and behind schedule, while not innovating and investing in critical new technologies. As part of the
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Malfunction of primary landing parachute, and entanglement of reserve parachute; loss of 50% electrical power and spacecraft control problems necessitating emergency abort
11585:
9157:
8499:"Report from Joseph P. Kerwin, biomedical specialist from the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, relating to the deaths of the astronauts in the Challenger accident"
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4774:. If estimated correctly, the amount of radiation that astronauts would be exposed to from a solar storm similar to that of the most powerful in recorded history, the
1150:
The two nations continued to compete rather than cooperate in space, as the US turned to developing the Space Shuttle and planning the space station, which was dubbed
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7493:"Multi-drug resistant Enterobacter bugandensis species isolated from the International Space Station and comparative genomic analyses with human pathogenic strains"
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2003:
capsule, respectively. Both would carry approximately a half-dozen passengers up to space for a brief time of zero gravity before returning to the launch location.
906:
in 1965 and 1966. Gemini's objective was to support Apollo by developing American orbital spaceflight experience and techniques to be used during the Moon mission.
15739:
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5017:, the single-cosmonaut ejection seat could not be used, and no escape tower system was added. The two Voskhod flights in 1964 and 1965 avoided launch mishaps. The
2844:
Several other countries and space agencies have announced and begun human spaceflight programs using natively developed equipment and technology, including Japan (
5138:
foam insulation that had broken off and struck the wing during launch. Hot reentry gasses entered and destroyed the wing structure, leading to the breakup of the
4802:, could potentially have caused any astronauts who were exposed to it to suffer from acute radiation sickness, and may even have been lethal for those engaged in
2723:
Most of the time, the only humans in space are those aboard the ISS, which generally has a crew of 7, and those aboard Tiangong, which generally has a crew of 3.
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discharge, which caused the thruster to remain powered even when switched off. The control system was modified to put each thruster on its own isolated circuit.
4690:
Medical data from astronauts in low Earth orbits for long periods, dating back to the 1970s, show several adverse effects of a microgravity environment: loss of
8612:
Smith, Michael G., Michelle Kelley, and Mathias Basner. "A brief history of spaceflight from 1961 to 2020: An analysis of missions and astronaut demographics."
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There is also some scientific concern that extended spaceflight might slow down the body's ability to protect itself against diseases, resulting in a weakened
2316:
has the longest period of continuous human presence in space, 2 November 2000 to present (23 years and 334 days). This record was previously held by
1531:
According to CMS announcement, all missions of Tiangong Space Station are scheduled to be carried out by the end of 2022. Once the construction is completed,
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on the vehicle, as no heat shield is needed, we can have a large amount of reserve propellant and don't need the high area ratio, deep space Raptor engines.
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above the Moon, setting the current record for the highest absolute altitude attained by a crewed spacecraft: 400,171 kilometers (248,655 miles) from Earth.
4123:
5421:. The electrical disturbance early in the flight degraded the overall effectiveness of the aircraft's control system and further added to pilot workload.
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space station, Russian cosmonauts flying on the Shuttle, and an American astronaut flying aboard a Soyuz spacecraft for long-duration expeditions aboard
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and were stationed for about 30 days, verifying the viability of astronauts' medium-term stay in space. In April 2017, China's first cargo spacecraft,
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in 1991. Two more orbiters were never completed, and the one that performed the uncrewed flight was destroyed in a hangar roof collapse in May 2002.
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5838:(Motion picture (excerpt)). Boston, MA: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Accession Number: TNC:200; Digital Identifier: TNC-200-2
2105:. These two women had both participated in separate spacewalks with NASA. The first mission to the Moon with a woman aboard is planned for 2024.
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necessary for a human landing, and discontinued their lunar programs in 1974. Upon losing the Moon race they concentrated on the development of
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suborbital spacecraft have been under development for the past decade or so; as of 2017, at least one of each type is under development. Both
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It is possible that the mental health of astronauts can be affected by the changes in the sensory systems while in prolonged space travel.
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uncrewed spacecraft. The two spacecraft completed China's first automatic rendezvous and docking on 3 November 2011. About 9 months later,
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4933:
propellants for launch, and the dissipation of large amounts of energy, usually as heat, for safe reentry through the Earth's atmosphere.
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included plans for retiring the Space Shuttle program and replacing it with the capability for spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit. In the
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Spencer, Brett. "The Book and the Rocket: The Symbiotic Relationship between American Public Libraries and the Space Program, 1950–2015."
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had lost control of the X-15 as a result of a combination of distraction, misinterpretation of his instrumentation display, and possible
5041:
launch on 26 September 1983, which was aborted by a launch vehicle fire 90 seconds before liftoff. Both cosmonauts aboard landed safely.
4150:
855:
on 16 June 1963. Through 1963, the US launched a total of two astronauts in suborbital flights and four into orbit. The US also made two
362:
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electrical insulation because the thermostats on the heaters did not meet the required voltage rating due to a vendor miscommunication.
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7211:"Galactic Cosmic Radiation Leads to Cognitive Impairment and Increased Aβ Plaque Accumulation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease"
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sortie space station and inhabited it for 171 days with three crews ferried aboard an Apollo spacecraft. During that time, President
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7209:
Cherry, Jonathan D.; Frost, Jeffrey L.; Lemere, Cynthia A.; Williams, Jacqueline P.; Olschowka, John A.; O'Banion, M. Kerry (2012).
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7764:"Optic Disc Edema, Globe Flattening, Choroidal Folds, and Hyperopic Shifts Observed in Astronauts after Long-duration Space Flight"
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agencies limit women to half as much time in space as men, due to suppositions that women are at greater potential risk for cancer.
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performed the longest single spaceflight, from 8 January 1994 to 22 March 1995 (437 days, 17 hours, 58 minutes, and 16 seconds).
1946:. To date, none of these concepts have been built, although a few vehicles that carry fewer than 10 persons are currently in the
6750:"Female astronauts: How performance products like space suits and bras are designed to pave the way for women's accomplishments"
5013:), depending on the location of egress hatch(es). When the single-hatch Vostok capsule was modified to become the 2 or 3-person
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Kramer, Larry A.; et al. (13 March 2012). "Orbital and Intracranial Effects of Microgravity: Findings at 3-T MR Imaging".
6898:"The Decision for Indian Human Spaceflight Programme – Political Perspectives, National Relevance and Technological Challenges"
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and completed multiple in-orbit propellant refueling tests, which marked the successful completion of the second phase of CMS.
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in extreme cold launch temperature, allowing hot gases to penetrate casing and burn through a strut connecting booster to the
5107:, was killed when his capsule's parachutes failed during an emergency landing on 24 April 1967, causing the capsule to crash.
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In the first use of a launch escape system on the launchpad, before the start of a crewed flight, happened during the planned
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Apollo 10 reaches the fastest speed ever traveled by a human: 39,897 km/h (11.08 km/s or 24,791 mph), or roughly 1/27,000 of
1934:
Over the decades, a number of spacecraft have been proposed for spaceliner passenger travel. Somewhat analogous to travel by
1064:, to head a Space Task Group to recommend follow-on human spaceflight programs after Apollo. The group proposed an ambitious
652:
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4906:– There are almost no stimulating changes in physical contact. There is almost no human physical contact during the journey.
4766:
Without proper shielding, the crews of missions beyond low Earth orbit might be at risk from high-energy protons emitted by
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density, decreased muscle strength and endurance, postural instability, and reductions in aerobic capacity. Over time these
1638:
intended to use to develop its own crewed space facilities by the end of the century. These plans were put to an end by the
1072:, which consisted of a winged, internally fueled orbiter stage burning liquid hydrogen, launched with a similar, but larger
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18006:
17660:
17381:
17319:
17314:
16604:
16353:
16144:
16078:
15967:
15933:
15644:
13904:
13711:
13234:
11632:
11324:
10975:
10590:
10070:
9458:
7573:
5230:—were killed. This led NASA to use a nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere before launch, and low-pressure pure oxygen only in space.
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4317:
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17:
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away from the errant rocket, and both cosmonauts landed safely. The second occurred on 11 October 2018 with the launch of
4929:
Space flight requires much higher velocities than ground or air transportation, and consequently requires the use of high
4316:
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has launched crew to a height above 80 km (50 mi) on a suborbital trajectory. Several other companies—including
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15853:
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in humans may be activated during space missions, possibly adding more risk to astronauts in future deep-space missions.
4236:
4154:
4151:
1855:
16609:
16601:
8472:
8093:
Parsons, Jennifer L.; L. W. Townsend (2000). "Interplanetary Crew Dose Rates for the August 1972 Solar Particle Event".
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hatch cover due to internal pressure; rupture of cabin wall allowed outside air to enter, causing heavy smoke and soot
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spaceport. The first crewed flight was in 2021. As of August 2022, there have been six crewed suborbital flights.
1372:
rocket, was designed to carry a crew of two. The program was officially canceled on 13 May 1972 for economic reasons.
17472:
17445:
16607:
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16009:
15639:
14716:
13577:
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capsule to compete with Gemini. They were able to launch two orbital flights in 1964 and 1965 and achieved the first
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that killed 7 astronauts on 28 January 1986. From 1983 to 1998, twenty-two Shuttle flights carried components for a
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16479:
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10209:
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5915:
4617:, that significant changes in the position and structure of the brain have been found in astronauts who have taken
4595:
8498:
6929:"Independence Day 2018 Live Updates: 'We will put an Indian on space before 2022,' says Narendra Modi at Red Fort"
5413:
The accident board found that the cockpit instrumentation had been functioning properly, and concluded that pilot
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4250:
1910:
vehicle and has carried out 16 uncrewed test flights as of September 2021, and one crewed flight carrying founder
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1969:
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This section lists all nations which have attempted human spaceflight programs. This is not to be confused with
1147:
in 1975. The American and Soviet crews shook hands in space, but the purpose of the flight was purely symbolic.
1143:
program, in which an Apollo spacecraft carrying a special docking adapter module would rendezvous and dock with
992:—survived an in-flight spacecraft failure, they flew by the Moon without landing, and returned safely to Earth.
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sequentially, but in fact had fired simultaneously. The loss of pressure became fatal within about 30 seconds.
4745:
4426:
2674:). The first crewed flight was in 2018. As of August 2022, there have been four crewed suborbital flights.
1560:
1160:
military sortie stations from 1973 to 1977, disguised as Salyuts. They followed Salyut with the development of
12635:
8607:
8354:
5542:" descent air-braking system caused the disintegration of the vehicle in flight; pilot survived, copilot died
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4421:
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4419:
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4417:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4269:
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4097:
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plan, NASA relies on transportation services provided by the private sector to reach low Earth orbit, such as
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15385:
14682:
13897:
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10867:
10643:
10602:
9206:
8866:
8591:
Space 2.0: How Private Spaceflight, a Resurgent NASA, and International Partners are Creating a New Space Age
5703:
intended to develop crewed space facilities by the end of the century. These plans were put to an end by the
5296:
5082:
4755:
17977:
8645:
7154:
6434:"Release 14-256 NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station"
5695:
According to a press release of Iraqi News Agency of 5 December 1989 about the first (and last) test of the
5059:, resulting in an explosion of the fuel and separation of the boosters. All seven crew members were killed.
4188:
4187:
18317:
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12653:
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9696:
9173:
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6666:
5214:
on 27 January 1967, and spread rapidly. The high pressure, increased by the fire, prevented removal of the
4750:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4274:
4271:
4265:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4230:
1617:
1166:, the first modular, semi-permanent space station, the construction of which took place from 1986 to 1996.
1069:
1018:
641:
395:
17982:
16614:
11277:
5174:
In 1981, three pad workers were killed by a nitrogen-rich atmosphere in the aft engine compartment of the
4305:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:
2656:. The first crewed flight was in 2003. As of October 2023, there have been 12 crewed orbital flights.
2495:
Human spaceflight programs have been conducted by the Soviet Union–Russian Federation, the United States,
18322:
18139:
17665:
17594:
17559:
16592:
16586:
16469:
16383:
16368:
16323:
16241:
16236:
16171:
15999:
15828:
15762:
15666:
15397:
14921:
14709:
14282:
13914:
13861:
13824:
13783:
13677:
13382:
13362:
13277:
13101:
12840:
12786:
12564:
12353:
12189:
11936:
11783:
11516:
11499:
11265:
10009:
9230:
7658:
7437:"Astronauts who take long trips to space return with brains that have floated to the top of their skulls"
6498:
5626:
5509:
5476:
5135:
5056:
4625:
4459:
3640:
2710:
2313:
1845:
1702:
1610:
1315:
1288:
1278:
1177:
The Space Shuttle started flying in 1981, but the US Congress failed to approve sufficient funds to make
1102:
1076:-fueled booster stage, each equipped with airbreathing jet engines for powered return to a runway at the
1065:
969:
826:
622:
521:
121:
86:
17579:
7939:"Microsaccades in applied environments: Real-world applications of fixational eye movement measurements"
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7182:
5252:
thruster stuck in the on position, sending the craft into a dangerous spin that threatened the lives of
4273:
4266:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:
2688:. The first crewed flight was in 2020. As of March 2024, there have been 12 crewed orbital flights.
2596:
2595:
2594:
1033:, using the Soyuz as a ferry to take cosmonauts to and from the stations. They started with a series of
469:
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2758:(ISRO) began work on this project in 2006. The initial objective is to carry a crew of two or three to
2649:
2641:
2593:
2043:
1736:
in 1981, and is referred to by a presidential Blue Ribbon Committee as the U.S. human spaceflight gap.
1376:
1327:
760:, one of the first two people to land on the Moon and the first to walk on the lunar surface, July 1969
648:
329:
6296:
4710:
flights, astronauts are considerably weakened and are not allowed to drive a car for twenty-one days.
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4199:
4198:
4197:
1791:
1344:
China was the third nation in the world, after the USSR and US, to send humans into space. During the
972:. Through 1972, a total of six Apollo missions landed 12 men to walk on the Moon, half of which drove
554:, often with the spacecraft being operated directly by the onboard human crew. Spacecraft can also be
17897:
17872:
17682:
16403:
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16286:
16266:
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1606:
1535:
will enter the application and development phase, which is poised to last for no less than 10 years.
1413:
1368:
pilots were selected for this goal in March 1971. The Shuguang-1 spacecraft, to be launched with the
1106:
1097:
to reduce development risk, cost, and time, replacing the piloted fly-back booster with two reusable
109:
16610:
8457:
7633:
5009:
Such a launch escape system is not always practical for multiple-crew-member vehicles (particularly
4978:, consisting either of a tower-mounted solid-fuel rocket to quickly carry the capsule away from the
4276:
4186:
4185:
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4135:
2524:
1721:. The period between the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011 and the first launch into space of
1510:
The third phase of CMS began in 2020. The goal of this phase is to build China's own space station,
787:
After the first satellites were launched in 1957 and 1958 by the Soviet Union, the US began work on
18188:
17793:
16398:
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7464:
7091:. Information Kit (PDF). Updated September 2008. European Space Agency. Retrieved on 7 August 2011.
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5505:
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4779:
4754:
Comparison of Radiation Doses – includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the
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rocket and return them safely for a water landing at a predefined landing zone. On 15 August 2018,
1477:
was launched into orbit. It was a space laboratory with more advanced functions and equipment than
1189:
284:
116:
96:
14251:
8215:
7545:
6722:
6127:"Core Module Tianhe Launch a Complete Success – Construction of China Space Station in Full Swing"
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4286:
4077:
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program, the capsule is also available for flights with other customers. A first tourist mission,
1080:
launch site. Other components of the system included a permanent, modular space station; reusable
17877:
17704:
17351:
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16862:
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13636:
13611:
13456:
13309:
13244:
12955:
12916:
12875:
12776:
12467:
12403:
12182:
12084:
11995:
11899:
11872:
11773:
11454:
11116:
11068:
10519:
9279:
7768:
7436:
7271:"Study Shows that Space Travel is Harmful to the Brain and Could Accelerate Onset of Alzheimer's"
5440:
Loss of cabin pressurization due to valve opening upon Orbital Module separation before re-entry
5249:
5239:
5152:
5078:
5068:
4803:
4799:
4759:
4117:
4116:
2735:
2590:
2447:
2417:
2202:
2177:
2024:
1992:
1822:—develop crewed spacecraft. All four companies plan to fly commercial passengers in the emerging
1207:
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575:
319:
81:
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6155:
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11911:
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11768:
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11092:
10881:
10507:
10094:
9708:
9383:
9098:
7347:"NASA's Efforts to Manage Health and Human Performance Risks for Space Exploration (IG-16-003)"
5181:
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5117:
4588:
4311:
4310:
4309:
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4306:
4263:
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4039:
2719:(China) assembled in orbit: 41.5° orbital inclination; crews transported by Shenzhou spacecraft
2716:
1943:
1889:
1863:
1511:
1438:
1230:
1201:
1183:
895:
735:
696:
301:
288:
91:
71:
64:
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were the first to travel beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) and the first to orbit the Moon, on the
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968:
on the Moon on 21 July and returning them safely on 24 July, along with Command Module pilot
753:
721:
17917:
8243:"An Operational Approach to Long-Duration Mission Behavioral Health and Performance Factors"
8069:
6577:
6071:
5193:
In 1995, two pad workers were similarly killed by a nitrogen leak in a confined area of the
2575: Once had official plans for human spaceflight programs, but have since been abandoned.
2050:
and lacking. In addition to the lack of international inclusion, the inclusion of women and
890:
and returning him safely to Earth by the end of the 1960s. That same year, the US began the
18307:
17810:
17763:
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16832:
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12823:
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8903:
8102:
8065:
7999:
7910:
7720:
7441:
7224:
5651:
5539:
5529:
5479:; tank failure; rapid combustion of fuel; orbiter breakup from abnormal aerodynamic forces
5223:
5025:
There have been only two in-flight launch aborts of a crewed flight. The first occurred on
5014:
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4942:
4903:
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3327:
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2853:
2782:
2763:
2685:
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1424:
to support short-term human activities in space. On 25 September 2008 during the flight of
1077:
973:
848:
777:
525:
479:
339:
141:
36:
16589:
16587:
8405:
7988:
Kerr, Richard (31 May 2013). "Radiation Will Make Astronauts' Trip to Mars Even Riskier".
4728:
problems, which may be a major concern for future deep space flight missions, including a
1598:
for independent or ISS flights, but the project did not proceed to the contracting stage.
8:
18262:
18151:
17989:
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17912:
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17174:
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rocket, and was capable of robotic orbital flight and landing. Unlike the Space Shuttle,
1171:
856:
746:
672:
633:, the first Chinese human spaceflight. As of March 2024, humans have not traveled beyond
621:, and have had a continuous presence in space for 23 years and 334 days on the
334:
324:
223:
17070:
16949:
8106:
8003:
7724:
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2810:
is developing a plan to land humans on Mars by the 2030s. The first step has begun with
1758:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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were killed on 30 June 1971 by a combination of mechanical malfunctions; the crew were
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The effects of microgravity on fluid distribution around the body (greatly exaggerated)
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2815:
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before August 2022, but it has been delayed to 2024, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The
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capsule as part of NASA's Commercial Crew Development program, which is launched on a
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7001:"Four years is tight, but can achieve the human spaceflight: ISRO's K Sivan - ETtech"
6908:
6824:
6723:"Female Astronauts Face Discrimination from Space Radiation Concerns, Astronauts Say"
5923:
5812:
5646:
5518:
Asphyxia from cabin breach, trauma from dynamic load environment as orbiter broke up
5418:
5006:) to carry astronauts out of the capsule and away for individual parachute landings.
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has also been lacking. To make spaceflight more inclusive, organizations such as the
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to accomplish the same thing, and launched the first human into space, the cosmonaut
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515:
490:
126:
17126:
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7834:
News (CNN-TV, 02/09/2012) – Video (02:14) – Male Astronauts Return With Eye Problems
7797:
7574:"An alarm went off on SpaceX's all-tourist space flight. The problem was the toilet"
6955:"ISRO Stalls Launch of Uncrewed Gaganyaan Mission and Chandrayaan-3 Due to COVID-19"
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4668:. The alarm signal was found to be associated with an apparent toilet malfunction.
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6261:"Virgin Galactic's 4th Powered Test Flight of SpaceShipTwo Unity in Twitter Posts"
2520:
1840:. It first launched astronauts to orbit and to the ISS in May 2020 as part of the
562:, without any direct human involvement. People trained for spaceflight are called
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17506:
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1984:
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500:
296:
151:
8387:
8307:"Isolation and hallucinations: the mental health challenges faced by astronauts"
6349:"NASA official says Starliner demo mission not likely to launch until next year"
2555: Plans for human spaceflight on the simplest form (suborbital spaceflight,
2473:) have flown in space aboard Soviet, American, Russian, and Chinese spacecraft.
1174:
of 51.6°. It was occupied for 4,592 days and made a controlled reentry in 2001.
886:
raised the stakes of the Space Race by setting the goal of landing a man on the
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17798:
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12094:
12015:
11215:
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9747:
9603:
9469:
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8409:
6018:
5865:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
5676:
5666:
5371:
5253:
5151:
spacecraft, while low-pressure pure oxygen is commonly used in space suits for
5003:
4979:
4930:
4917:
4891:
4729:
4695:
4677:
4555:
4551:
2703:
2496:
2458:
2439:
2391:
2248:
2215:
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2075:
2004:
1965:
1729:
1406:
1332:
1034:
995:
961:
949:
899:
891:
864:
860:
791:, with the aim of launching men into orbit. The USSR was secretly pursuing the
773:
768:
between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR). These nations developed
757:
734:
space capsule, which carried the first Americans into orbit, on display at the
660:
618:
594:
291:
8034:
7511:
5993:
4713:
Astronauts experiencing weightlessness will often lose their orientation, get
807:
rocket and completed a single orbit. On 5 May 1961, the US launched its first
18291:
18117:
18097:
17677:
17410:
17393:
17214:
17131:
17094:
17065:
17055:
17023:
17001:
16981:
16944:
16917:
16912:
16907:
15754:
15190:
15148:
15138:
15011:
15006:
14986:
14661:
14468:
14422:
13962:
13944:
13839:
13829:
13761:
13606:
13239:
12970:
12749:
12453:
12370:
12301:
12264:
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12025:
11889:
11884:
9734:
9625:
9439:
9251:
8476:
8318:
8291:
7740:
7707:
Eddy, D. R.; Schiflett, S. G.; Schlegel, R. E.; Shehab, R. L. (August 1998).
6667:"Why NASA astronauts would not pass the Soviet and Russian selection process"
6043:
5287:
5227:
5176:
5112:
5018:
4995:
4971:
4953:
4817:
4783:
4725:
4698:
effects can impair astronauts' performance or increase their risk of injury.
4639:
4501:
3609:
3157:
3048:
3001:
2983:
2774:
2470:
2404:
2173:
2032:
1980:
1923:
1893:
1823:
1623:
reusable launch system. In 2005, this system was proposed for space tourism.
1525:
1384:
1128:
1094:
1030:
1006:
918:
844:
656:
458:
238:
233:
228:
156:
131:
9421:
8376:
1981 KSC Chronology Part 1 – pages 84, 85, 100; Part 2 – pages 181, 194, 195
7887:
5943:
4847:
During long missions, astronauts are isolated and confined in small spaces.
4528:
The basic needs for breathable air and drinkable water are addressed by the
1412:
The goal of the second phase of CMS was to make technology breakthroughs in
1409:, making China the third nation to launch a human into orbit independently.
712:
647:
Currently, the United States, Russia, and China are the only countries with
427:
18195:
18181:
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17467:
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17082:
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16751:
16571:
15283:
15207:
15133:
15091:
15064:
14996:
14938:
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14368:
14214:
14066:
13809:
13376:
12510:
12445:
12114:
12099:
11800:
11795:
11556:
9713:
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8604:
Moon First and Mars Second: A Practical Approach to Human Space Exploration
8258:
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8122:
8019:
7974:
7895:
7789:
7748:
7708:
7530:
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7296:
7256:
6845:
6323:"American Companies Selected to Return Astronaut Launches to American Soil"
5656:
5526:
5276:
5044:
The only crew fatality during launch occurred on 28 January 1986, when the
4813:, presents further challenges to human spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit.
4721:
4661:
4630:
4621:. Astronauts on longer space trips were affected by greater brain changes.
4573:
3237:
3016:
2970:
2935:
2834:
2777:, declared India will independently send humans into space before the 75th
2659:
2635:
2443:
2354:
2341:
2290:
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2102:
2089:
1996:
1962:
1885:
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1432:
1307:
985:
941:
903:
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812:
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267:
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7955:
7404:
7385:
6551:"Space Expedition Corporation Announces Wet Lease of XCOR Lynx Suborbital"
5760:"Counting the Many Ways the International Space Station Benefits Humanity"
2046:", though the sharing of space by all humanity is sometimes criticized as
1594:
cargo spacecraft. As an alternative to HOPE-X, NASDA in 2001 proposed the
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18230:
18013:
18001:
17996:
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15001:
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9182:
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8883:
8860:
8808:
8802:
8796:
8780:
8758:
8735:
8704:
7550:
7469:
7386:"Effects of Spaceflight on Astronaut Brain Structure as Indicated on MRI"
5257:
5219:
5031:
4852:
4771:
4701:
In a weightless environment, astronauts put almost no weight on the back
4642:
on ISS should be carefully monitored to assure a healthy environment for
4514:
Planners of human spaceflight missions face a number of safety concerns.
3992:
3934:
3692:
3687:
3339:
3077:
2869:
2857:
2691:
2677:
2395:
2325:
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2047:
2000:
1988:
1947:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1833:
1815:
1795:
1614:
1485:
1061:
1026:
965:
840:
655:
have been working to develop human space programs of their own, e.g. for
555:
547:
437:
192:
44:
8594:
8192:
2394:, became the first non-American and non-Soviet in space, as part of the
1674:
December 2018, the first human spaceflight from the United States since
1657:(July 2011), the final human spaceflight of the United States until 2018
18255:
18202:
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17521:
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12712:
12472:
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12323:
12283:
12077:
11778:
9055:
8813:
8764:
8506:
7601:"Exploration Systems Human Research Program – Exercise Countermeasures"
5280:
5272:
5074:
5010:
4860:
4810:
4584:
3596:
3063:
2695:
2565: Plans for human spaceflight on the extreme form (space stations,
2454:
2430:
2426:
2369:
2321:
2262:
2244:
2160:
2093:
1976:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1552:
1499:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1448:
1443:
1426:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1050:
989:
981:
945:
830:
804:
707:
630:
626:
602:
551:
279:
243:
169:
76:
8650:
7465:"ISS microbes should be monitored to avoid threat to astronaut health"
6643:
6529:
4736:. Long space flights can also alter a space traveler's eye movements.
2750:, India was planning to send humans into space on its orbital vehicle
2519:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2306:
has spent the most total time in space on multiple missions, 878 days.
1942:
large numbers of passengers to destinations in space, or on Earth via
1136:
18216:
18209:
17638:
17604:
17435:
17356:
17279:
17274:
17245:
16986:
16939:
16808:
16791:
15106:
14625:
14615:
14572:
14567:
14562:
14536:
14507:
14491:
14033:
14022:
13919:
13892:
13740:
13652:
13512:
13481:
13474:
13271:
13169:
12923:
12482:
12333:
12050:
11931:
11852:
11835:
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11312:
11013:
10578:
10204:
10192:
9671:
9312:
9285:
9257:
9060:
8942:
8819:
7850:
6873:. Indian Space Research Organisation. 7 November 2006. Archived from
6582:
6503:
6265:
5362:
5292:
5284:
5268:
5215:
4825:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4643:
4569:
4565:
3809:
3310:
2811:
2751:
2612:
2286:
2276:
2198:
2039:
2020:
1938:
after the middle of the 20th century, these vehicles are proposed to
1665:
1559:
expendable launch vehicle. It was intended to dock with the European
1349:
1310:
secured Russia's cooperation in converting the planned Space Station
1170:
orbited at an altitude of 354 kilometers (191 nautical miles), at an
1081:
977:
957:
940:
rocket necessary to send the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon, and sent
922:
914:
817:
808:
749:, hypersonic rocket-powered aircraft, which reached the edge of space
638:
563:
454:
433:
274:
187:
17240:
14094:
7937:
Alexander, Robert; Macknik, Stephen; Martinez-Conde, Susana (2020).
6896:
Rao, Mukund Kadursrinivas; Murthi, Sridhara, K. R.; Prasad M. Y. S.
6246:. Orlando Sentinel blog summary of official reports. 3 November 2008
4970:
Since rockets have the potential for fire or explosive destruction,
4839:
Effect of spaceflight on the human body § Psychological effects
4682:
2255:
mission, which orbited the Moon ten times before returning to Earth.
1578:
experimental shuttle spaceplane in the 1980s, to be launched on its
18269:
18107:
17574:
17430:
17415:
17150:
16857:
16705:
15541:
14640:
14635:
14530:
14486:
14437:
9342:
9324:
9318:
9291:
9134:
9009:
9003:
8947:
8888:
8640:
8154:
7215:
7183:"Blindness, Bone Loss, and Space Farts: Astronaut Medical Oddities"
6799:"NASA Astronauts Launch from America in Test of SpaceX Crew Dragon"
6097:"China launches new Long March-5B rocket for space station program"
5704:
5661:
5446:
5435:
5356:
5312:
5308:
5245:
5207:
5194:
4635:
3859:
3345:
3287:
2833:
of the fully integrated two-stage system occurred in April 2023. A
2345:
2252:
2227:
2206:
2138:
1958:
1953:
One large spaceliner concept currently in early development is the
1935:
1837:
1639:
1556:
1224:
1144:
1010:
953:
937:
852:
800:
765:
614:
475:
6375:"Boeing to ground Starliner indefinitely until valve issue solved"
5968:
5891:
Challenge To Apollo The Soviet Union and The Space Race, 1945–1974
4624:
Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the
4583:-supported study reported that spaceflight may harm the brains of
3827:
3248:
2822:
around the Moon and returning it to Earth after a 25-day mission.
776:, producing rockets large enough to be adapted to carry the first
17511:
17499:
17425:
16818:
16796:
16671:
16656:
16068:
14522:
14517:
14512:
14473:
14443:
14407:
13434:
13424:
13327:
12766:
10843:
10472:
9336:
9300:
9218:
9162:
9124:
9045:
8917:
8893:
7813:"Astronauts' vision severely affected during long space missions"
7709:"Cognitive performance aboard the life and microgravity spacelab"
6297:"SpaceX launches Inspiration4, first all-private orbital mission"
5493:
5456:
5386:
5127:
5100:
4879:
4034:
2465:
in 1999 she became the first woman to command a U.S. spacecraft.
1866:
1675:
1654:
1631:
1257:, which was designed to be launched into orbit by the expendable
742:
448:
8429:
6213:"Kankoh-maru Japan's Space Tourism Single Stage Reusable Rocket"
3847:
2020 (concept approved in 2009; but full development not begun)
2600:
2116:
a lack of space suits sized appropriately for female astronauts.
1282:
International Space Station, assembled in orbit by US and Russia
17952:
17143:
17138:
16852:
16847:
16813:
16801:
16746:
16698:
16691:
16666:
16661:
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15526:
14931:
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14362:
14266:
13468:
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12761:
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9085:
9040:
9025:
8997:
8987:
8770:
8626:
8546:
The complete book of spaceflight. From Apollo 1 to Zero gravity
8177:
7301:"Important Research Results NASA Is Not Talking About (Update)"
7077:
Apollo-like capsule chosen for Crew Space Transportation System
5508:
heat shield panel on wing's leading edge, caused by a piece of
5468:
4702:
3510:
3305:
2543: Confirmed and dated plans for human spaceflight programs.
2488:"Astronaut corps" redirects here. For subdivision of NASA, see
2462:
2381:
became the first woman to go into space and to orbit the Earth.
2344:
became the first Soviet and the first human to reach space, on
1829:
1807:
1575:
1124:
676:
617:
nine times between 1968 and 1972 as part of the United States'
11718:
8635:
7936:
5782:"SpaceX Astronauts Reach Space Station After Milestone Voyage"
5051:
broke apart 73 seconds after liftoff, due to the failure of a
4072:
2706:
are currently maintained in Earth orbit for human occupation:
2137:
was the first human in space and the first in Earth orbit, on
2088:
became the second woman to enter space; she was also from the
1239:-class orbiter, Soviet equivalent of the Space Shuttle orbiter
17269:
16842:
16774:
16769:
16684:
16639:
16634:
14699:
14161:
13492:
13265:
13229:
13224:
13015:
11573:
11459:
9269:
8710:
8473:"The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project"
7324:"Report: NASA needs better handle on health hazards for Mars"
5218:
hatch cover in time to rescue the crew. All three astronauts—
4947:
4897:
4885:
4821:
4650:
3877:
3814:
3785:
3710:
3627:
3533:
3458:
3175:
3095:
2947:
2767:
2461:
was the first female Shuttle pilot, and with Shuttle mission
2429:
became the first Chinese in space and to orbit the Earth, on
1733:
1728:
on 13 December 2018 is similar to the gap between the end of
1579:
1571:
1369:
1365:
1157:
1085:
16344:
R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
8146:
Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration
6237:
Congressional watchdog finds NASA's new rocket is in trouble
764:
Human spaceflight capability was first developed during the
720:
space capsule, which carried the first human into orbit, at
16895:
16779:
16644:
12587:
11037:
10779:
10305:
9942:
8992:
8952:
8115:
10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0729:ICDRFT]2.0.CO;2
7706:
7354:
7027:"India will put man in space for seven days: ISRO Chairman"
6849:
5700:
4733:
4691:
4580:
4016:
3952:
3882:
3850:
3767:
3715:
3515:
3357:
3257:
3053:
3006:
2876:
has plans for crewed spacecraft and small shuttle systems.
2849:
2845:
2807:
2726:
1635:
1073:
887:
727:
680:
7911:"The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would Have on Your Body"
7129:"Every Challenge Astronauts Will Face on a flight to Mars"
5299:. The crew managed to return to Earth safely by using the
2328:
on 28 August 1999, a span of 3,644 days (almost 10 years).
1524:, was launched into orbit by China's most powerful rocket
1013:, first crewed space station, with docked Soyuz spacecraft
16624:
15615:
14238:
14181:
12177:
9365:
7578:
7208:
4657:
2730:
2407:, became the first Indian citizen to reach Earth's orbit.
2317:
2059:
2014:
1442:
completed China's first EVA. In 2011, China launched the
1162:
1135:
were negotiating an easing of Cold War tensions known as
1025:
for use in the lunar programs, but failed to develop the
684:
8561:
Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach
7847:"Spaceflight Bad for Astronauts' Vision, Study Suggests"
6401:"NASA Commercial Crew Awards Leave Unanswered Questions"
5485:
Asphyxia from cabin breach, or trauma from water impact
1645:
902:, which flew 10 missions with two-man crews launched by
625:(ISS). On 15 October 2003, the first Chinese taikonaut,
12556:
7836:. CNN (9 February 2012). Retrieved on 22 November 2016.
7089:"Jules Verne" Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Re-entry
6487:, SpaceX, 28 September 2017, accessed 23 December 2017.
5271:, in April 1970, was aborted and the lives of the crew—
1456:
completed the first manual rendezvous and docking with
875:, the 100 kilometres (62 mi) altitude used by the
649:
public or commercial human spaceflight-capable programs
6776:"NASA Astronauts Wrap Up Historic All-Woman Spacewalk"
3916:
3901:
3749:
3734:
3674:
3659:
3497:
3482:
1630:
dated 5 December 1989, there was only one test of the
1538:
8092:
6254:
6252:
5904:
4843:
Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight
3577:
3557:
3219:
3199:
3139:
3119:
2615:
are currently used for launching human spaceflights:
2549: Confirmed plans for human spaceflight programs.
2011:
since the 2000s, but development was halted in 2017.
1109:. The orbiter would have to make unpowered landings.
14017:
6982:"Gaganyaan manned mission not before 2023: Minister"
6895:
6478:
6452:
6314:
5835:
Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs
5561:
3998:
National Aerospace Development Administration (NADA)
3406:
3386:
3054:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
3007:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
574:(Chinese); and non-professionals are referred to as
15346:
7659:"Earth Living Is Tough for Astronaut Used to Space"
5326:
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
2457:became the first American woman in space, in 1983.
2167:, on 17 July 1962 (White) or 19 July 1963 (Walker).
1348:between the two superpowers, which culminated with
843:. The USSR launched five more cosmonauts in Vostok
663:. The first private human spaceflight launch was a
8627:NASA Human Space Flight (United States of America)
8051:
7865:
7384:Roberts, Donna R.; et al. (2 November 2017).
7289:
6889:
6499:"Musk offers more technical details on BFR system"
6249:
5707:of 1991 and the economic hard times that followed.
5134:heat shield had been damaged by a piece of frozen
4613:On 2 November 2017, scientists reported, based on
3464:National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
2888:nations with citizens who have traveled into space
2694:(US): Launched on New Shepard launch vehicle from
1929:
1642:of 1991 and the economic hardships that followed.
1405:in orbit for 21 hours and returned safely back to
1101:, and the smaller orbiter would use an expendable
14722:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
8353:(4). American Heritage Publishing. Archived from
7491:Singh, Nitin K.; et al. (23 November 2018).
7383:
7263:
6426:
5110:On 1 February 2003, the crew of seven aboard the
2868:are for a small spacecraft and space laboratory.
1775:
18289:
9777:
9499:
7871:
7686:"Readjusting to gravity anti-fun for astronauts"
7338:
6871:"Scientists Discuss Indian Manned Space Mission"
5212:Cape Kennedy Air Force Station Launch Complex 34
4724:missions, male astronauts may experience severe
2879:
2537: Currently have human spaceflight programs.
1399:, China's first crewed spaceflight mission, put
799:. On 12 April 1961, Gagarin was launched aboard
16584:
8641:Transitioning to the NASA Constellation Program
8576:Human spaceflight – mission analysis and design
8414:. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA.
8346:American Heritage of Invention & Technology
8035:"Superflares could kill unprotected astronauts"
7490:
6290:
6288:
3181:Space program of the People's Republic of China
3101:Space program of the People's Republic of China
2586:
1806:ventures have been undertaken. As of May 2021,
1462:, which carried China's first female astronaut
1181:a reality. A fleet of four shuttles was built:
1021:. They successfully developed the three-person
609:became the first American in space, as part of
16084:Timeline of first Earth observation satellites
8411:Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference
7902:
7839:
7462:
7174:
7120:
6979:
4660:reported that an alarm had sounded during the
3909:
3887:
3742:
3720:
3667:
3645:
3490:
3468:
1340:, first non-USSR and non-USA crewed spacecraft
1295:included American Space Shuttles visiting the
16745:
16556:
15332:
14800:
14003:
12572:
11734:
11695:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
9763:
9485:
8666:
8521:"Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report"
7981:
7804:
7377:
7202:
6665:Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (3 December 2020).
6664:
6608:
6548:
5158:The use of a gas mixture carries the risk of
3563:
3543:
3205:
3185:
3125:
3105:
2797:cargo-spacecraft-based crewed spacecraft and
2372:became the first American to orbit the Earth.
2357:became the first American to reach space, on
1681:Under the George W. Bush administration, the
1060:In 1969, Nixon appointed his vice president,
593:, who launched as part of the Soviet Union's
403:
16520:Timeline of first images of Earth from space
8216:"How do viruses affect astronauts in space?"
7827:
7761:
7565:
7484:
7428:
7146:
6913:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6285:
5073:Tasks outside a spacecraft require use of a
4606:, which included the potential hazards of a
3412:
3392:
3372:
2781:in 2022. In 2019, ISRO revealed plans for a
1017:During this time, the USSR secretly pursued
51:
8388:"Fatal accident at the Guiana Space Centre"
8271:
8247:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
7537:
7456:
7315:
6490:
6066:
6064:
5898:
1896:market. It reached space in December 2018.
1273:
833:became the first American in orbit, aboard
16563:
16549:
15339:
15325:
14807:
14793:
14010:
13996:
12951:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
12579:
12565:
11741:
11727:
9770:
9756:
9492:
9478:
8673:
8659:
7755:
7435:Foley, Katherine Ellen (3 November 2017).
7273:. SpaceRef. 1 January 2013. Archived from
6747:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6569:
6392:
6150:
6148:
6119:
5062:
2741:
1139:. During the détente, they negotiated the
1019:crewed lunar orbiting and landing programs
410:
396:
14688:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
13845:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
8077:
8032:
7964:
7954:
7520:
7510:
7403:
7246:
7236:
6903:. International Astronautical Federation.
4649:In March 2019, NASA reported that latent
3883:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
3791:Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
3716:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
894:of launching three-man capsules atop the
687:under United States government contract.
18082:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
7908:
7126:
6741:
6294:
6061:
5961:
5809:Praxis manned spaceflight log, 1961–2006
5538:Copilot error: premature deployment of "
5283:—were threatened after the failure of a
5145:
4946:
4749:
4681:
4491:
2604:The image above contains clickable links
2582:
2332:
2080:The first woman to ever enter space was
1790:
1779:
1660:
1649:
1331:
1277:
1229:
1111:
1044:
1005:
994:
752:
741:
726:
711:
18278:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
17306:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
13930:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
12226:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
8680:
7571:
6597:
6458:
6210:
6145:
5806:
4548:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4506:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
2837:of Starship is being developed for the
2275:were first to land on the Moon, during
960:accomplished Kennedy's goal by landing
671:on June 21, 2004. The first commercial
14:
18290:
14869:Psychological and sociological effects
12718:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
12248:Psychological and sociological effects
8593:(2019), overview of space exploration
8406:"Apollo 1 – The Fire: 27 January 1967"
8404:Orloff, Richard W. (September 2004) .
8403:
8397:
8338:
8272:Kanas, Nick; Manzey, Dietrich (2008).
8054:"The Rough Guide to the Moon and Mars"
7683:
7295:
6998:
6796:
6773:
6720:
6461:"Elon Musk: The Architect of Tomorrow"
6372:
6320:
5188:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39
5088:
5081:, and on a flight test in 1994 of the
5055:seal, which caused the failure of the
2015:Human representation and participation
1957:, which, in addition to replacing the
1787:, first private sub-orbital spaceplane
1626:According to a press release from the
1095:Plans for the Shuttle were scaled back
877:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
847:, including the first woman in space,
653:Non-governmental spaceflight companies
16544:
15320:
14788:
13991:
13508:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
12560:
11722:
9751:
9473:
9454:List of proposed missions to the Moon
8654:
8276:(2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer.
8241:Flynn, Christopher F. (1 June 2005).
8240:
7572:Wattles, Jackie (25 September 2021).
7543:
7434:
7344:
7152:
6748:Sokolowski, Susan L. (5 April 2019).
6578:"XCOR Aerospace Files for Bankruptcy"
6575:
6530:SXC - Buying your tickets into space!
6496:
6398:
6321:Bolden, Charlie (16 September 2014).
6258:
5291:loss of electrical power provided by
5248:mission was aborted in orbit when an
5034:. Again, both crew members survived.
2309:Longest-duration crewed space station
1844:mission. Developed as part of NASA's
27:Spaceflight with a crew or passengers
15901:Spaceflight-related human fatalities
13970:
9459:List of proposed space observatories
8826:Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission
8470:
8304:
8213:
8033:Battersby, Stephen (21 March 2005).
7987:
7909:Fong, MD, Kevin (12 February 2014).
7810:
7321:
7180:
7100:
7050:
7024:
6822:
6539:SXC web page, Retrieved 5 April 2013
5859:"Gemini: Stepping Stone to the Moon"
5856:
5727:
5267:The third lunar landing expedition,
4924:
4809:Another type of radiation, galactic
2505:
2230:spacecraft to dock with an uncrewed
2155:(depending on the definition of the
1950:phase of their development process.
1810:has launched humans to orbit, while
1802:Since the early 2000s, a variety of
1738:
1567:on the International Space Station.
827:controlled his spacecraft's attitude
14732:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
8052:Lockwood, Mike; M. Hapgood (2007).
7463:BioMed Central (22 November 2018).
7101:Amos, Jonathan (26 November 2008).
6980:Surendra Singh (17 February 2021).
6692:"Celebrating Women's History Month"
6295:Atkinson, Ian (15 September 2021).
5887:
4963:'s crew to safely abort before the
4951:There was no practical way for the
3413:
3393:
3373:
2936:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2762:(LEO) for a 3-to-7-day flight in a
2578:
2481:For a more comprehensive list, see
1539:Abandoned programs of other nations
1088:interplanetary ferry, leading to a
1037:sortie stations from 1971 to 1986.
936:The US succeeded in developing the
879:(FAI) to denote the edge of space.
825:. Unlike Gagarin, Shepard manually
770:intercontinental ballistic missiles
550:with a crew or passengers aboard a
24:
16580:
16453:Communications satellite companies
14165:(incorporated into Salyut program)
12624:National Aeronautics and Space Act
11957:Weather and environment monitoring
8538:
7762:Mader, T. H.; et al. (2011).
7684:Watson, Traci (11 November 2007).
7623:"NASA Information: Muscle Atrophy"
7153:Chang, Kenneth (27 January 2014).
7127:Williams, Matt (4 February 2021).
6459:Strauss, Neil (15 November 2017).
5811:. New York: Springer. p. 25.
5580:List of human spaceflight programs
4869:
4482:
2791:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
2756:Indian Space Research Organisation
2599:
2483:List of human spaceflight programs
2066:have been formed in recent years.
1798:, first private orbital spacecraft
1243:The USSR copied the US's reusable
1040:
952:into 10 orbits around the Moon in
558:from ground stations on Earth, or
497:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
25:
18334:
16498:First orbital launches by country
13578:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
13132:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
9119:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
8620:
8578:. McGraw-Hill, New York NY 2003,
7103:"Europe's 10bn-euro space vision"
7053:"Europe targets manned spaceship"
6825:"Jonathan's Space Report No. 792"
6721:Kramer, Miriam (27 August 2013).
6399:Foust, Jeff (19 September 2014).
6346:
6259:Malik, Tariq (13 December 2018).
6166:from the original on 13 July 2021
4541:
2666:carrier aircraft taking off from
2611:The following space vehicles and
2476:
2125:
1697:spacecraft to be launched by the
1687:2011 United States federal budget
1119:, first crewed orbital spaceplane
18169:
18157:
18145:
16570:
16525:Timeline of longest spaceflights
15300:
14968:
14814:
14774:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
14093:
13969:
13958:
13957:
13873:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
13631:Space Flight Operations Facility
12817:Operations and Checkout Building
12540:
12530:
12529:
11674:
11662:
11650:
11638:
11626:
11614:
11591:
11579:
11567:
11467:
11448:
11421:
11409:
11390:
11378:
11354:
11342:
11330:
11318:
11306:
11283:
11271:
11259:
11245:
11233:
11221:
11209:
11170:
11158:
11146:
11134:
11122:
11110:
11098:
11086:
11074:
11062:
11043:
11031:
11019:
11007:
10995:
10983:
10964:
10952:
10940:
10928:
10916:
10902:
10890:
10797:
10727:
10708:
10689:
10670:
10651:
10632:
10620:
10608:
10596:
10584:
10572:
10549:
10537:
10525:
10513:
10501:
10489:
10466:
10454:
10425:
10413:
10390:
10378:
10354:
10342:
10330:
10318:
10299:
10245:
10222:
10198:
10186:
10129:
10117:
10088:
10076:
10064:
10052:
10040:
10015:
10003:
9991:
9979:
9967:
9948:
9936:
9924:
9890:
9878:
9866:
9854:
9835:
9823:
8339:Giblin, Kelly A. (Spring 1998).
8305:Bell, Vaughan (5 October 2014).
8079:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48611.x
7943:Journal of Eye Movement Research
7322:Dunn, Marcia (29 October 2015).
6774:Garcia, Mark (18 October 2019).
6549:Staff writers (6 October 2010).
6211:Magazin, Sia (2 December 2022).
5832:Kennedy, John F. (25 May 1961).
5730:"5 Hazards of Human Spaceflight"
5564:
5319:
4965:vehicle's violent disintegration
4596:NASA Office of Inspector General
4572:have been associated with human
4027:
3985:
3945:
3870:
3826:
3778:
3703:
3620:
3539:China Manned Space Agency (CMSA)
3526:
3451:
3444:
3356:
3298:
3247:
3168:
3088:
3041:
2994:
2928:
2748:Indian Human Spaceflight Program
2510:
2009:Lynx single-passenger spaceplane
1743:
1565:European module of the same name
896:Saturn family of launch vehicles
815:, on a suborbital flight aboard
514:
489:
468:
447:
426:
379:
18045:Gravitationally rounded objects
16530:Timeline of private spaceflight
16204:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
16064:Communications satellite firsts
14737:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
13092:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
12001:Space launch market competition
11748:
8636:NASA's Solar System Exploration
8563:. Springer Praxis Books, 2011,
8513:
8491:
8464:
8381:
8369:
8332:
8298:
8274:Space psychology and psychiatry
8265:
8234:
8207:
8171:
8137:
8086:
8045:
8026:
7930:
7700:
7677:
7651:
7615:
7593:
7391:New England Journal of Medicine
7094:
7082:
7070:
7044:
7018:
6992:
6973:
6947:
6921:
6863:
6838:
6816:
6790:
6767:
6714:
6698:. 21 March 2019. Archived from
6684:
6658:
6628:
6576:Foust, Jeff (9 November 2017).
6542:
6522:
6497:Foust, Jeff (15 October 2017).
6373:Berger, Eric (13 August 2021).
6366:
6340:
6230:
6204:
6178:
6089:
6036:
6011:
5986:
5857:Loff, Sarah (21 October 2013).
5689:
4671:
4517:
2953:космонавт (same word in:)
2804:–based small space laboratory.
2654:Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
2446:conducted the first woman-only
1930:Passenger travel via spacecraft
1574:) began the development of the
1555:in 1987, to be launched on the
1268:dissolution of the Soviet Union
701:
12238:Health threat from cosmic rays
8214:Sohn, Rebecca (7 March 2022).
7811:Puiu, Tibi (9 November 2011).
7051:Amos, Jonathan (7 July 2009).
6609:Haris Durrani (19 July 2019).
6555:Space Media Network Promotions
5936:
5911:The Story of the Space Shuttle
5881:
5850:
5825:
5800:
5774:
5752:
5721:
5233:
4974:generally employ some sort of
4820:and the activation of dormant
4746:Health threat from cosmic rays
3589:
3564:
3544:
3206:
3186:
3126:
3106:
1852:, launched in September 2021.
1776:Commercial private spaceflight
13:
1:
16465:Private spaceflight companies
15408:Rocket and missile technology
14683:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
8012:10.1126/science.340.6136.1031
7733:10.1016/s0094-5765(98)00154-4
6611:"Is Spaceflight Colonialism?"
6162:(in Chinese). 29 April 2021.
5728:Mars, Kelli (27 March 2018).
5714:
5083:Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue
4800:which occurred in August 1972
4664:Earth-orbital journey on the
2880:National spacefaring attempts
2814:in 2022, sending an uncrewed
2120:
1489:was launched and docked with
1131:and Soviet general secretary
1123:In 1973, the US launched the
585:The first human in space was
16079:Earth observation satellites
15934:Cumulative spacewalk records
14223:Soviet crewed lunar programs
13910:Space program on U.S. stamps
13835:Gemini and Apollo medallions
13785:Solar System Family Portrait
13561:Joint Polar Satellite System
13430:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
12684:Vision for Space Exploration
12654:Space Exploration Initiative
9779:Public-sector space agencies
8181:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
7782:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021
7238:10.1371/journal.pone.0053275
6797:Potter, Sean (30 May 2020).
6103:. 5 May 2020. Archived from
4832:
4798:launched. This solar storm,
4739:
4587:and accelerate the onset of
2144:17 July 1962 or 19 July 1963
1618:vertical-takeoff-and-landing
1352:landing humans on the Moon,
1227:in the Shuttle payload bay.
1223:sortie space station called
1105:to feed its hydrogen-fueled
976:on the surface. The crew of
7:
18140:Outline of the Solar System
17903:Interplanetary medium/space
16503:First satellites by country
14283:International Space Station
13905:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
13862:We choose to go to the Moon
13825:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
13383:International Space Station
13363:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
13102:Great Observatories program
12946:International Space Station
12924:Roscosmos State Corporation
12841:Science Mission Directorate
12787:Manned Space Flight Network
12354:Self-replicating spacecraft
12190:International Space Station
7181:Mann, Adam (23 July 2012).
7155:"Beings Not Made for Space"
6192:. The European Space Agency
6072:"Space Laboratory Missions"
5627:List of spaceflight records
5557:
5128:successful mission in space
4626:International Space Station
3917:
3902:
3837:European Space Agency (ESA)
3750:
3735:
3675:
3660:
3641:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
3578:
3558:
3498:
3483:
3407:
3387:
3262:European Space Agency (ESA)
3220:
3200:
3140:
3120:
2907:Term(s) for space traveler
2779:anniversary of independence
2711:International Space Station
2324:on 5 September 1989 to the
2314:International Space Station
2205:one foot (30 cm) from
2159:) was the first to pilot a
1846:Commercial Crew Development
1703:Commercial Crew Development
1646:United States "Shuttle gap"
1611:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
1316:International Space Station
1289:Roscosmos State Corporation
1066:Space Transportation System
956:in December 1968. In 1969,
629:, went to space as part of
623:International Space Station
522:International Space Station
461:, first in open space, 1965
352:List of space organizations
10:
18339:
17856:Extraterrestrial materials
16194:Medium-lift launch vehicle
15995:Objects at Lagrange points
13722:NASA cameras on spacecraft
13533:James Webb Space Telescope
13445:Solar Dynamics Observatory
12666:U.S. National Space Policy
11868:Space Liability Convention
9614:Command and service module
9297:ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030)
8548:. Wiley, Hoboken NJ 2003,
5863:Gemini: Bridge to the Moon
5585:List of human spaceflights
5471:inter-segment seal in one
5323:
5237:
5092:
5066:
4940:
4836:
4743:
4675:
4545:
4534:
4521:
4495:
3958:Iranian Space Agency (ISA)
3534:People's Republic of China
3176:People's Republic of China
3096:People's Republic of China
2955:(in Russian and Ukrainian)
2802:Japanese Experiment Module
2642:China Manned Space Program
2487:
2480:
2416:became the first woman to
2073:
2018:
1968:in the legacy Earth-orbit
1734:first Space Shuttle flight
1588:Japanese Experiment Module
1377:China Manned Space Program
1328:China Manned Space Program
1325:
1156:. The USSR launched three
705:
694:
690:
679:in May 2020, transporting
18176:Earth sciences portal
18135:
18090:
18027:
17898:Interplanetary dust cloud
17777:
17613:
17543:
17254:
17190:
16883:
16736:
16578:
16488:
16443:
16427:
16212:
16199:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
16189:Small-lift launch vehicle
16132:
16052:
15978:Landings on other planets
15956:
15909:
15781:
15753:
15725:
15665:
15613:
15570:
15425:
15416:
15368:
15355:
15296:
15221:
15171:
15162:
15027:
14977:
14966:
14889:
14829:
14822:
14763:
14670:
14654:
14603:
14549:
14500:
14456:
14337:
14326:
14306:
14275:
14207:
14139:
14128:
14102:
14091:
14042:
14029:
13953:
13853:
13730:
13645:
13590:
13553:
13352:
13162:
13149:
13079:
12993:
12983:
12938:
12864:
12853:
12797:Vehicle Assembly Building
12705:
12604:
12594:
12524:
12491:
12444:
12396:
12282:
12231:Space adaptation syndrome
12218:
12123:
12043:
12034:
11922:
11756:
11689:
11606:
11482:
11440:
11298:
10876:
10758:
10751:
10564:
10481:
10405:
10237:
10178:
10162:
10155:
10030:
9916:
9909:
9815:
9792:
9785:
9724:
9646:
9563:
9512:
9449:
9412:
9364:
9191:
9148:
9076:
8933:
8846:
8839:
8789:
8720:
8695:
8686:
8632:Human Spaceflight Profile
7512:10.1186/s12866-018-1325-2
7345:Staff (29 October 2015).
5642:Monkeys and apes in space
5632:List of crewed spacecraft
4936:
4806:or on the lunar surface.
3910:
3888:
3743:
3721:
3668:
3646:
3637:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
3584:
3491:
3469:
2910:First launched astronaut
2866:Iranian crewed spacecraft
2672:Mojave Air and Space Port
2670:(the first two were from
2650:Long March launch vehicle
1752:This section needs to be
1715:Sierra Nevada Corporation
1693:, NASA is developing the
1607:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
1547:began development of the
1493:. Two astronauts entered
1414:extravehicular activities
1253:-class orbiter or simply
1217:an accident during launch
1215:, which was destroyed in
1049:Artist's rendering of an
974:electric powered vehicles
18189:Local Interstellar Cloud
16901:other near-Earth objects
16480:Spacecraft manufacturers
16015:leaving the Solar System
14769:Space industry of Russia
13868:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
13792:The Day the Earth Smiled
13127:Solar Terrestrial Probes
12586:
11964:Communications satellite
9400:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
8646:U.S. Spaceflight History
8574:Larson, Wiley J. (ed.).
6242:29 November 2011 at the
5682:
5506:reinforced carbon-carbon
5210:during a ground test at
5132:reinforced carbon-carbon
4780:acute radiation sickness
4720:In addition, after long
4706:returning to Earth from
4634:bacterial strains, none
4631:Enterobacter bugandensis
3060:spaceflight participant
3013:spaceflight participant
2820:distant retrograde orbit
2193:were first to perform a
2069:
2007:had been developing the
1892:spacecraft aimed at the
1321:
1274:US / Russian cooperation
1103:external propellant tank
1090:human expedition to Mars
1002:, most serial spacecraft
898:. In 1962, the US began
601:at the beginning of the
576:spaceflight participants
18152:Solar System portal
17878:Giant-impact hypothesis
17485:Trans-Neptunian objects
15894:timeline by nationality
15360:Timeline of spaceflight
14291:Russian Orbital Segment
13925:Other primates in space
13637:Deep Space Atomic Clock
13457:Mars Science Laboratory
13245:Spitzer Space Telescope
12834:Lunar Sample Laboratory
12777:Launch Services Program
12468:reusable launch systems
12085:Extravehicular activity
11996:Commercial use of space
11900:Militarisation of space
11873:Registration Convention
11789:Accidents and incidents
8602:Reneau, Allyson (ed.).
8070:2007A&G....48f..11L
7888:10.1148/radiol.12111986
7544:Staff (15 March 2019).
7031:Business Standard India
7025:IANS (15 August 2018).
6636:"Website of the IAU100
6485:Starship Earth to Earth
5250:attitude control system
5240:Reliability engineering
5153:extravehicular activity
5079:Manned Maneuvering Unit
5069:Extravehicular activity
5063:Extravehicular activity
4804:extravehicular activity
4770:(SPEs) associated with
4579:On 31 December 2012, a
3633:Japanese Rocket Society
2742:Planned future programs
2736:gender-neutral language
2044:province of all mankind
2042:, declaring space the "
2025:Human presence in space
1944:suborbital spaceflights
1613:worked on the proposed
1603:Japanese Rocket Society
1601:From 1993 to 1997, the
1211:, was built to replace
829:. On 20 February 1962,
823:Mercury-Redstone rocket
82:Timeline of spaceflight
18040:Possible dwarf planets
17883:Gravitational collapse
17821:Circumstellar envelope
16620:
16513:Constellation missions
16140:Orbital launch systems
16032:Timeline of satellites
15973:Interplanetary voyages
15307:Outer space portal
13940:National Astronaut Day
13883:The Astronaut Monument
13705:Space Shuttle missions
13405:Mars Exploration Rover
13388:Hubble Space Telescope
13297:Kepler space telescope
13097:Earth Observing System
13071:Mars Exploration Rover
12782:Mercury Control Center
12516:Mission control center
12478:Non-rocket spacelaunch
11912:Billionaire space race
8475:. NASA. Archived from
8341:"Fire in the Cockpit!"
5160:decompression sickness
5130:. A wing-leading-edge
4967:
4861:hallucinated the smell
4763:
4687:
4656:On 25 September 2021,
4040:Copenhagen Suborbitals
2717:Tiangong Space Station
2662:(US): Air launched by
2626:(Russia): Launched on
2608:
2605:
2201:spacecraft to achieve
1864:United Launch Alliance
1799:
1788:
1678:
1658:
1634:space launcher, which
1561:Columbus space station
1516:. The first module of
1446:target spacecraft and
1341:
1283:
1240:
1120:
1070:reusable Space Shuttle
1057:
1014:
1003:
882:In 1961, US President
761:
750:
739:
736:Astronaut Hall of Fame
724:
697:History of spaceflight
386:Spaceflight portal
302:Non-rocket spacelaunch
72:History of spaceflight
56:
18249:Laniakea Supercluster
17866:Sample-return mission
16619:
16428:Launches by spaceport
16037:Sample-return mission
15551:Civilian spaceflight
14939:Extraterrestrial life
14023:Russian space program
13888:Lunar sample displays
13878:Space Mirror Memorial
13820:Voyager Golden Record
13712:United States rockets
12904: (with the
12812:Launch Control Center
12366:Spacecraft propulsion
11816:European Space Agency
9264:Venus Orbiter Mission
8559:Haeuplik-Meusburger:
7956:10.16910/jemr.12.6.15
7405:10.1056/NEJMoa1705129
6186:"Columbus laboratory"
6156:"空间站天和核心舱飞行任务新闻发布会召开"
5906:David Michael Harland
5807:Furniss, Tim (2007).
5324:Further information:
5146:Artificial atmosphere
4950:
4918:proprioception system
4837:Further information:
4768:solar particle events
4753:
4685:
4608:human mission to Mars
4600:health hazards report
4594:In October 2015, the
4537:Astronautical hygiene
4492:Environmental hazards
3832:European Space Agency
3253:European Space Agency
2864:). The plans for the
2825:SpaceX is developing
2795:H-II Transfer Vehicle
2772:Indian Prime Minister
2648:(China): Launched on
2603:
2598:
2333:By nationality or sex
2296:Longest time in space
1991:have craft in active
1794:
1783:
1683:Constellation program
1664:
1653:
1621:single-stage-to-orbit
1592:H-II Transfer Vehicle
1545:European Space Agency
1364:spacecraft. Nineteen
1335:
1281:
1245:Space Shuttle orbiter
1233:
1221:European Space Agency
1179:Space Station Freedom
1117:Space Shuttle orbiter
1115:
1099:solid rocket boosters
1053:about to dock with a
1048:
1009:
998:
871:), that exceeded the
778:artificial satellites
756:
745:
738:, Titusville, Florida
730:
722:Technik Museum Speyer
715:
613:. Humans traveled to
566:(American or other),
538:(also referred to as
528:views the Earth, 2010
55:
18164:Astronomy portal
18065:Solar System objects
17811:Circumplanetary disk
16152:Sounding rocket list
16091:Geosynchronous orbit
16027:Missions to the Moon
15799:by year of selection
14085:Vostochny Cosmodrome
12906:Soviet space program
12824:Johnson Space Center
12792:Kennedy Space Center
12755:spinoff technologies
11991:Satellite navigation
11701:Soviet space program
8616:175 (2020): 290–299.
6823:McDowell, Jonathan.
6535:6 March 2013 at the
6411:on 21 September 2014
5894:. NASA. p. 832.
5652:Commercial astronaut
5473:Solid Rocket Booster
5099:The single pilot of
5053:solid rocket booster
4976:launch escape system
4943:Launch escape system
4786:occurred during the
3930:HTV-based spacecraft
3328:Alexander Viktorenko
2943:Soviet space program
2901:Nation/Organization
2686:Kennedy Space Center
2684:launch vehicle from
2628:Soyuz launch vehicle
2490:NASA Astronaut Corps
2379:Valentina Tereshkova
2232:Agena Target Vehicle
2082:Valentina Tereshkova
1416:(EVA, or spacewalk),
1247:, which they called
1078:Kennedy Space Center
849:Valentina Tereshkova
841:Mercury-Atlas rocket
772:for the delivery of
526:Tracy Caldwell Dyson
18:Manned space mission
18318:Life in outer space
18263:Observable universe
18060:Solar System models
17990:Protoplanetary disk
17913:Interstellar medium
17873:Frost/Ice/Snow line
16489:Other mission lists
16470:Rocket launch sites
16444:Agencies, companies
15740:Crewed Spaceflights
15398:Spaceflight records
15350:lists and timelines
14710:Veterok and Ugolyok
14077:Svobodny Cosmodrome
14072:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
14050:Baikonur Cosmodrome
13915:Apollo 17 Moon mice
13771:Pillars of Creation
13678:Space Shuttle crews
13156:(human and robotic)
13150:Individual featured
12733:Ranks and positions
12376:Electric propulsion
12063:Life-support system
11947:Imagery and mapping
11907:Private spaceflight
10851:Guiana Space Centre
9619:Apollo Lunar Module
8681:Future spaceflights
8432:. NASA SP-2000-4029
8357:on 20 November 2008
8193:10.1189/jlb.0309167
8107:2000RadR..153..729P
8004:2013Sci...340.1031K
7725:1998AcAau..43..193E
7611:on 11 October 2008.
7229:2012PLoSO...753275C
6959:The Weather Channel
6646:on 22 December 2021
6638:Inclusive Astronomy
6301:NASASpaceflight.com
5869:on 21 December 2014
5672:Tourism on the Moon
5409:X-15 Flight 3-65-97
5400:from crash landing
5301:lunar landing craft
5199:Guiana Space Centre
5126:after completing a
5095:Atmospheric reentry
5089:Reentry and landing
4589:Alzheimer's disease
4564:The possibility of
4532:of the spacecraft.
4530:life support system
4524:Life support system
4510:Locomotion in Space
3605:Shenzhou spacecraft
2948:OKB-1 Design Bureau
2646:Shenzhou spacecraft
2632:Baikonur Cosmodrome
2501:private spaceflight
2414:Svetlana Savitskaya
2271:Neil Armstrong and
2237:21–27 December 1968
2224:rendezvous and dock
2165:North American X-15
2086:Svetlana Savitskaya
2064:Inclusive Astronomy
1999:spaceplane and the
1902:is in a multi-year
1804:private spaceflight
1699:Space Launch System
1471:In September 2016,
1381:Shenzhou spacecraft
1306:In 1993, President
1293:Shuttle-Mir Program
1205:. A fifth shuttle,
1172:orbital inclination
857:North American X-15
747:North American X-15
675:crew launch was by
482:in open space, 1965
224:Apollo Lunar Module
18323:1961 introductions
18243:Virgo Supercluster
18224:Milky Way subgroup
18055:Natural satellites
17938:Nebular hypothesis
17918:Interstellar space
17908:Interstellar cloud
17816:Circumstellar disc
17406:Near-Earth objects
17290:names and meanings
16621:
16389:Thor DM-21 Agena-B
16379:Thor DM-18 Agena-A
16292:Falcon 9 and Heavy
15988:artificial objects
15939:Longest spacewalks
15502:Vostok and Voskhod
15222:Other technologies
14756:(1997 documentary)
14748:(1995 documentary)
14745:Out of the Present
14678:List of cosmonauts
14655:Images and artwork
14595:Deep Space Network
14242:(Mars/Venus flyby)
13717:NASA cancellations
13612:Deep Space Network
13602:Near Earth Network
13087:Living With a Star
13061:Project Prometheus
13041:Planetary Observer
12329:Robotic spacecraft
12255:Space and survival
12110:Space colonization
12006:Space architecture
11858:Outer Space Treaty
8753:Boeing Starliner-1
8509:on 3 January 2013.
7365:on 30 October 2015
7326:. Associated Press
7299:(3 January 2013).
7160:The New York Times
7005:The Economic Times
6986:the Times of India
6877:on 13 January 2020
6557:. Space-Travel.com
6160:China Manned Space
6131:China Manned Space
6101:China Manned Space
6076:China Manned Space
6048:China Manned Space
6023:China Manned Space
5998:China Manned Space
5973:China Manned Space
5948:China Manned Space
5572:Spaceflight portal
5297:command spacecraft
5262:static electricity
5171:Apollo spacecraft.
5168:McDonnell Aircraft
5057:external fuel tank
4968:
4794:landed and before
4778:, would result in
4764:
4688:
3684:2000s (abandoned)
3073:Mercury spacecraft
3026:Mercury spacecraft
2793:has developed the
2680:(US): Launched on
2609:
2606:
2499:, and by American
2056:Justspace Alliance
2029:Space colonization
1926:on July 20, 2021.
1922:, and 18-year old
1800:
1789:
1679:
1659:
1522:Tianhe core module
1342:
1284:
1241:
1121:
1058:
1015:
1004:
762:
751:
740:
725:
683:astronauts to the
644:in December 1972.
544:crewed spaceflight
540:manned spaceflight
181:Robotic spacecraft
57:
18303:Human spaceflight
18285:
18284:
18130:
18129:
18126:
18125:
18103:Lagrangian points
18075:by discovery date
17673:Human spaceflight
17644:historical models
17537:
17536:
17156:S/2015 (136472) 1
16538:
16537:
15952:
15951:
15433:Crewed spacecraft
15418:Human spaceflight
15376:Space exploration
15314:
15313:
15292:
15291:
15201:Carbonated drinks
15173:Human spaceflight
15053:of items in space
14964:
14963:
14782:
14781:
14705:Belka and Strelka
14695:Soviet space dogs
14557:Sputnik programme
14545:
14544:
14478:
14433:
14412:
14391:
14322:
14321:
14287:
14243:
14235:
14227:
14219:
14191:
14178:
14166:
14130:Human spaceflight
14081:
14058:
13985:
13984:
13898:stolen or missing
13695:uncrewed missions
13673:Apollo astronauts
13668:Gemini astronauts
13586:
13585:
13370:2001 Mars Odyssey
13145:
13144:
13021:Mars Surveyor '98
12979:
12978:
12922: (with
12855:Human spaceflight
12849:
12848:
12807:Launch Complex 48
12802:Launch Complex 39
12554:
12553:
12501:Flight controller
12278:
12277:
12036:Human spaceflight
12011:Space exploration
11937:Earth observation
11716:
11715:
11436:
11435:
10747:
10746:
10151:
10150:
10033:and the Caribbean
9905:
9904:
9745:
9744:
9501:Crewed spacecraft
9467:
9466:
9408:
9407:
9274:Comet Interceptor
9238:Rosalind Franklin
8957:Lunar Trailblazer
8835:
8834:
8614:Acta Astronautica
8569:978-3-7091-0666-2
8479:on 23 August 2007
8421:978-0-16-050631-4
8164:978-0-309-10264-3
7776:(10): 2058–2069.
7713:Acta Astronautica
7398:(18): 1746–1753.
5929:978-1-85233-793-3
5647:Crewed Mars rover
5555:
5554:
5534:powered drop-test
5405:15 November 1967
5124:killed on reentry
4925:Equipment hazards
4911:vestibular system
4604:space exploration
4067:
4066:
3759:2003 (abandoned)
3507:2003 (abandoned)
3434:2001 (abandoned)
3279:1992 (abandoned)
3229:1981 (abandoned)
3149:1973 (abandoned)
3069:20 February 1962
2979:Vostok spacecraft
2668:Spaceport America
2532:
2531:
2226:, piloting their
2209:for over 5 hours.
2197:, piloting their
2187:Walter M. Schirra
1906:program of their
1773:
1772:
1628:Iraqi News Agency
1596:Fuji crew capsule
1483:. A month later,
665:suborbital flight
661:in-space research
605:. On 5 May 1961,
556:remotely operated
536:Human spaceflight
440:on the Moon, 1969
420:
419:
314:Spaceflight types
258:
257:
215:Crewed spacecraft
207:
206:
122:Earth observation
16:(Redirected from
18330:
18279:
18277:
18268:
18261:
18254:
18247:
18241:
18235:
18229:
18222:
18215:
18208:
18201:
18194:
18187:
18174:
18173:
18172:
18162:
18161:
18160:
18150:
18149:
18148:
17851:Exozodiacal dust
17541:
17540:
17507:Detached objects
16743:
16742:
16739:
16738:
16583:
16565:
16558:
16551:
16542:
16541:
15870:Space travelers
15866:Space scientists
15854:African American
15423:
15422:
15341:
15334:
15327:
15318:
15317:
15305:
15304:
15303:
15169:
15168:
14972:
14827:
14826:
14809:
14802:
14795:
14786:
14785:
14727:Cosmonauts Alley
14590:Luch (satellite)
14476:
14448:
14431:
14410:
14389:
14335:
14334:
14285:
14241:
14233:
14225:
14217:
14189:
14176:
14164:
14137:
14136:
14097:
14079:
14052:
14012:
14005:
13998:
13989:
13988:
13973:
13972:
13961:
13960:
13799:Fallen Astronaut
13440:Van Allen Probes
13160:
13159:
13066:Mars Exploration
12991:
12990:
12862:
12861:
12630:Space Task Group
12602:
12601:
12581:
12574:
12567:
12558:
12557:
12544:
12533:
12532:
12243:Space psychology
12068:Animals in space
12041:
12040:
12021:Space technology
11863:Rescue Agreement
11743:
11736:
11729:
11720:
11719:
11699:Preceded by the
11679:
11678:
11677:
11667:
11666:
11665:
11655:
11654:
11653:
11643:
11642:
11641:
11631:
11630:
11629:
11619:
11618:
11617:
11596:
11595:
11594:
11584:
11583:
11582:
11572:
11571:
11570:
11472:
11471:
11470:
11453:
11452:
11451:
11426:
11425:
11424:
11414:
11413:
11412:
11395:
11394:
11393:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11359:
11358:
11357:
11347:
11346:
11345:
11335:
11334:
11333:
11323:
11322:
11321:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11288:
11287:
11286:
11276:
11275:
11274:
11264:
11263:
11262:
11250:
11249:
11248:
11238:
11237:
11236:
11226:
11225:
11224:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11175:
11174:
11173:
11163:
11162:
11161:
11151:
11150:
11149:
11139:
11138:
11137:
11127:
11126:
11125:
11115:
11114:
11113:
11103:
11102:
11101:
11091:
11090:
11089:
11079:
11078:
11077:
11067:
11066:
11065:
11048:
11047:
11046:
11036:
11035:
11034:
11024:
11023:
11022:
11012:
11011:
11010:
11000:
10999:
10998:
10988:
10987:
10986:
10969:
10968:
10967:
10957:
10956:
10955:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10933:
10932:
10931:
10921:
10920:
10919:
10907:
10906:
10905:
10895:
10894:
10893:
10802:
10801:
10800:
10756:
10755:
10732:
10731:
10730:
10713:
10712:
10711:
10694:
10693:
10692:
10675:
10674:
10673:
10656:
10655:
10654:
10637:
10636:
10635:
10625:
10624:
10623:
10613:
10612:
10611:
10601:
10600:
10599:
10589:
10588:
10587:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10554:
10553:
10552:
10542:
10541:
10540:
10530:
10529:
10528:
10518:
10517:
10516:
10506:
10505:
10504:
10494:
10493:
10492:
10471:
10470:
10469:
10459:
10458:
10457:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10418:
10417:
10416:
10395:
10394:
10393:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10359:
10358:
10357:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10335:
10334:
10333:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10304:
10303:
10302:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10227:
10226:
10225:
10203:
10202:
10201:
10191:
10190:
10189:
10160:
10159:
10134:
10133:
10132:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10093:
10092:
10091:
10081:
10080:
10079:
10069:
10068:
10067:
10057:
10056:
10055:
10045:
10044:
10043:
10020:
10019:
10018:
10008:
10007:
10006:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9984:
9983:
9982:
9972:
9971:
9970:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9941:
9940:
9939:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9914:
9913:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9883:
9882:
9881:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9828:
9827:
9826:
9790:
9789:
9772:
9765:
9758:
9749:
9748:
9494:
9487:
9480:
9471:
9470:
8844:
8843:
8693:
8692:
8675:
8668:
8661:
8652:
8651:
8544:Darling, David.
8532:
8531:
8525:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8505:. Archived from
8495:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8484:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8455:
8451:
8449:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8401:
8395:
8385:
8379:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8187:(5): 1027–1038.
8175:
8169:
8168:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8030:
8024:
8023:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7968:
7958:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7820:
7815:. zmescience.com
7808:
7802:
7801:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7719:(3–6): 193–210.
7704:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7638:
7632:. Archived from
7627:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7607:. Archived from
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7524:
7514:
7498:BMC Microbiology
7488:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7407:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7358:. Archived from
7351:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7250:
7240:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7048:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6935:. 15 August 2018
6925:
6919:
6918:
6912:
6904:
6902:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6754:The Conversation
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6642:. Archived from
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6606:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6546:
6540:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6416:
6407:. Archived from
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6347:Clark, Stephen.
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6292:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6273:on 27 April 2021
6269:. Archived from
6256:
6247:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6152:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6068:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5918:Praxis. p.
5902:
5896:
5895:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5740:on 28 April 2022
5736:. Archived from
5725:
5708:
5699:space launcher,
5693:
5637:Animals in space
5574:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5523:31 October 2014
5490:1 February 2003
5453:28 January 1986
5427:Vehicle breakup
5415:Michael J. Adams
5353:27 January 1967
5333:
5332:
5179:
5115:
5105:Vladimir Komarov
5085:(SAFER) device.
4956:
4790:, shortly after
4776:Carrington Event
4638:to humans, that
4033:
4031:
4030:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3899:
3891:
3890:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3830:
3800:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3732:
3724:
3723:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3601:15 October 2003
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3361:
3360:
3332:Alexander Kaleri
3318:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3271:
3251:
3223:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3143:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2967:
2956:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2898:
2897:
2835:modified version
2818:spacecraft to a
2789:Since 2008, the
2664:White Knight Two
2602:
2585:
2579:Current programs
2574:
2564:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2366:20 February 1962
2195:space rendezvous
2183:15 December 1965
2153:Joseph A. Walker
1768:
1765:
1759:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:in 1975 and the
1711:Boeing Starliner
1418:space rendezvous
1055:Soyuz spacecraft
1023:Soyuz spacecraft
927:space rendezvous
904:Titan II rockets
869:Joseph A. Walker
518:
493:
472:
451:
430:
412:
405:
398:
384:
383:
382:
209:
208:
198:Cargo spacecraft
175:
174:
32:
31:
21:
18338:
18337:
18333:
18332:
18331:
18329:
18328:
18327:
18288:
18287:
18286:
18281:
18275:
18273:
18272:
18266:
18259:
18252:
18245:
18239:
18233:
18227:
18220:
18213:
18206:
18199:
18192:
18185:
18170:
18168:
18158:
18156:
18146:
18144:
18131:
18122:
18086:
18023:
18007:vs. Hill sphere
17933:Molecular cloud
17861:Sample curation
17841:Detached object
17780:
17773:
17617:
17609:
17546:
17533:
17478:Neptune trojans
17261:
17259:
17257:
17250:
17186:
16879:
16750:
16732:
16618:
16581:
16574:
16569:
16539:
16534:
16490:
16484:
16445:
16439:
16423:
16374:Thor DM-18 Able
16282:Delta IV Medium
16214:
16208:
16184:Sounding rocket
16128:
16055:
16048:
15959:
15948:
15905:
15879:by first flight
15777:
15749:
15721:
15661:
15609:
15566:
15412:
15364:
15351:
15345:
15315:
15310:
15301:
15299:
15288:
15217:
15158:
15023:
14973:
14960:
14885:
14818:
14813:
14783:
14778:
14759:
14666:
14662:Mission patches
14650:
14599:
14541:
14496:
14452:
14446:
14330:
14318:
14302:
14271:
14203:
14132:
14124:
14103:Launch vehicles
14098:
14089:
14038:
14025:
14016:
13986:
13981:
13949:
13849:
13840:Mission patches
13815:Pioneer plaques
13778:Mystic Mountain
13755:Family Portrait
13748:The Blue Marble
13732:
13726:
13700:Apollo missions
13641:
13593:
13582:
13549:
13354:
13348:
13185:Mercury-Atlas 6
13155:
13151:
13141:
13075:
13011:Mariner Mark II
12975:
12956:Commercial Crew
12934:
12857:
12845:
12829:Mission Control
12728:Astronaut Corps
12723:Chief Scientist
12701:
12606:
12590:
12585:
12555:
12550:
12520:
12487:
12459:Escape velocity
12440:
12392:
12359:Space telescope
12312:Reentry capsule
12274:
12214:
12119:
12090:Overview effect
12073:Bioastronautics
12030:
11918:
11752:
11747:
11717:
11712:
11685:
11675:
11673:
11663:
11661:
11651:
11649:
11639:
11637:
11627:
11625:
11615:
11613:
11602:
11592:
11590:
11580:
11578:
11568:
11566:
11478:
11468:
11466:
11449:
11447:
11432:
11422:
11420:
11410:
11408:
11391:
11389:
11379:
11377:
11355:
11353:
11343:
11341:
11331:
11329:
11319:
11317:
11307:
11305:
11294:
11284:
11282:
11272:
11270:
11260:
11258:
11246:
11244:
11234:
11232:
11222:
11220:
11210:
11208:
11171:
11169:
11159:
11157:
11147:
11145:
11135:
11133:
11123:
11121:
11111:
11109:
11099:
11097:
11087:
11085:
11075:
11073:
11063:
11061:
11044:
11042:
11032:
11030:
11020:
11018:
11008:
11006:
10996:
10994:
10984:
10982:
10965:
10963:
10953:
10951:
10941:
10939:
10929:
10927:
10917:
10915:
10903:
10901:
10891:
10889:
10872:
10798:
10796:
10743:
10728:
10726:
10709:
10707:
10690:
10688:
10671:
10669:
10652:
10650:
10633:
10631:
10621:
10619:
10609:
10607:
10597:
10595:
10585:
10583:
10573:
10571:
10560:
10550:
10548:
10538:
10536:
10526:
10524:
10514:
10512:
10502:
10500:
10490:
10488:
10477:
10467:
10465:
10455:
10453:
10426:
10424:
10414:
10412:
10401:
10391:
10389:
10379:
10377:
10355:
10353:
10343:
10341:
10331:
10329:
10319:
10317:
10300:
10298:
10246:
10244:
10233:
10223:
10221:
10199:
10197:
10187:
10185:
10174:
10147:
10130:
10128:
10118:
10116:
10089:
10087:
10077:
10075:
10065:
10063:
10053:
10051:
10041:
10039:
10032:
10026:
10016:
10014:
10004:
10002:
9992:
9990:
9980:
9978:
9968:
9966:
9949:
9947:
9937:
9935:
9925:
9923:
9901:
9891:
9889:
9879:
9877:
9867:
9865:
9855:
9853:
9836:
9834:
9824:
9822:
9811:
9794:
9781:
9776:
9746:
9741:
9720:
9642:
9559:
9508:
9498:
9468:
9463:
9445:
9414:
9404:
9360:
9187:
9144:
9072:
8929:
8831:
8785:
8747:Axiom Mission 4
8716:
8682:
8679:
8623:
8541:
8539:Further reading
8536:
8535:
8523:
8519:
8518:
8514:
8497:
8496:
8492:
8482:
8480:
8469:
8465:
8453:
8452:
8443:
8442:
8435:
8433:
8422:
8402:
8398:
8386:
8382:
8374:
8370:
8360:
8358:
8337:
8333:
8323:
8321:
8303:
8299:
8284:
8270:
8266:
8239:
8235:
8225:
8223:
8212:
8208:
8176:
8172:
8165:
8143:
8142:
8138:
8091:
8087:
8058:Astron. Geophys
8050:
8046:
8031:
8027:
7986:
7982:
7935:
7931:
7921:
7919:
7907:
7903:
7870:
7866:
7856:
7854:
7853:. 13 March 2012
7845:
7844:
7840:
7832:
7828:
7818:
7816:
7809:
7805:
7760:
7756:
7705:
7701:
7691:
7689:
7682:
7678:
7668:
7666:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7642:
7640:
7639:on 22 July 2020
7636:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7616:
7599:
7598:
7594:
7584:
7582:
7570:
7566:
7556:
7554:
7542:
7538:
7489:
7485:
7475:
7473:
7461:
7457:
7447:
7445:
7433:
7429:
7382:
7378:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7349:
7343:
7339:
7329:
7327:
7320:
7316:
7306:
7304:
7294:
7290:
7280:
7278:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7207:
7203:
7193:
7191:
7179:
7175:
7165:
7163:
7151:
7147:
7137:
7135:
7125:
7121:
7111:
7109:
7099:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7061:
7059:
7049:
7045:
7035:
7033:
7023:
7019:
7009:
7007:
6997:
6993:
6978:
6974:
6964:
6962:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6894:
6890:
6880:
6878:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6854:
6852:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6829:
6827:
6821:
6817:
6807:
6805:
6795:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6772:
6768:
6758:
6756:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6730:
6719:
6715:
6705:
6703:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6619:
6617:
6607:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6574:
6570:
6560:
6558:
6547:
6543:
6537:Wayback Machine
6527:
6523:
6509:
6507:
6495:
6491:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6457:
6453:
6443:
6441:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6414:
6412:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6381:
6371:
6367:
6357:
6355:
6353:Spaceflight Now
6345:
6341:
6331:
6329:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6303:
6293:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6257:
6250:
6244:Wayback Machine
6235:
6231:
6221:
6219:
6209:
6205:
6195:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6136:
6134:
6133:. 30 April 2021
6125:
6124:
6120:
6110:
6108:
6107:on 17 June 2021
6095:
6094:
6090:
6080:
6078:
6070:
6069:
6062:
6052:
6050:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6027:
6025:
6019:"Shenzhou VIII"
6017:
6016:
6012:
6002:
6000:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5903:
5899:
5888:Siddiqi, Asif.
5886:
5882:
5872:
5870:
5855:
5851:
5841:
5839:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5763:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5570:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5376:carbon monoxide
5348:Cause of death
5342:Accident cause
5328:
5322:
5244:The March 1966
5242:
5236:
5175:
5148:
5140:orbiter vehicle
5111:
5097:
5091:
5071:
5065:
4952:
4945:
4939:
4927:
4872:
4870:Sensory systems
4845:
4835:
4748:
4742:
4715:motion sickness
4680:
4674:
4666:SpaceX Dragon 2
4558:
4544:
4539:
4526:
4520:
4512:
4498:Bioastronautics
4494:
4485:
4483:Safety concerns
4480:
4478:
4069:
4028:
4026:
4012:NADA spacecraft
3986:
3984:
3968:2019 (on hold)
3946:
3944:
3915:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3871:
3869:
3798:
3796:
3779:
3777:
3748:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3704:
3702:
3673:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3621:
3619:
3582:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3527:
3525:
3496:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3452:
3450:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3365:
3355:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:космонавт
3299:
3297:
3272:
3269:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3169:
3167:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3111:
3089:
3087:
3059:
3042:
3040:
3012:
2995:
2993:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2895:
2882:
2839:Artemis program
2760:low Earth orbit
2744:
2597:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2511:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2436:18 October 2019
2423:15 October 2003
2392:Czechoslovakian
2335:
2304:Gennady Padalka
2300:Valeri Polyakov
2203:station-keeping
2149:Robert M. White
2128:
2123:
2078:
2072:
2052:people of color
2035:
2017:
1985:Virgin Galactic
1966:launch vehicles
1955:SpaceX Starship
1932:
1888:, a commercial
1882:Virgin Galactic
1812:Virgin Galactic
1778:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1707:SpaceX Dragon 2
1691:Artemis program
1648:
1541:
1375:In 1992, under
1330:
1324:
1276:
1133:Leonid Brezhnev
1043:
1041:Post-Apollo era
970:Michael Collins
933:of spacecraft.
917:, performed by
884:John F. Kennedy
789:Project Mercury
782:low Earth orbit
774:nuclear weapons
716:Replica of the
710:
704:
699:
693:
635:low Earth orbit
611:Project Mercury
533:
532:
531:
530:
529:
519:
510:
509:
508:
501:Akihiko Hoshide
494:
485:
484:
483:
473:
464:
463:
462:
452:
443:
442:
441:
431:
416:
380:
378:
373:
372:
353:
345:
344:
315:
307:
306:
297:Escape velocity
292:launch vehicles
270:
260:
259:
254:
253:
217:
203:
202:
183:
172:
162:
161:
112:
102:
101:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18336:
18326:
18325:
18320:
18315:
18310:
18305:
18300:
18283:
18282:
18179:
18178:
18166:
18154:
18142:
18136:
18133:
18132:
18128:
18127:
18124:
18123:
18121:
18120:
18115:
18110:
18105:
18100:
18094:
18092:
18088:
18087:
18085:
18084:
18079:
18078:
18077:
18072:
18062:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18042:
18037:
18031:
18029:
18025:
18024:
18022:
18021:
18019:Scattered disc
18016:
18011:
18010:
18009:
17999:
17994:
17993:
17992:
17987:
17986:
17985:
17975:
17970:
17965:
17960:
17950:
17945:
17940:
17935:
17930:
17925:
17920:
17915:
17910:
17905:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17880:
17875:
17870:
17869:
17868:
17863:
17853:
17848:
17843:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17823:
17818:
17813:
17808:
17807:
17806:
17804:Excretion disk
17799:Accretion disk
17796:
17791:
17789:Star formation
17785:
17783:
17775:
17774:
17772:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17746:
17741:
17736:
17735:
17734:
17724:
17719:
17714:
17713:
17712:
17702:
17697:
17692:
17691:
17690:
17685:
17680:
17678:space stations
17670:
17669:
17668:
17663:
17653:
17652:
17651:
17646:
17641:
17631:
17625:
17623:
17611:
17610:
17608:
17607:
17602:
17597:
17592:
17587:
17582:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17562:
17557:
17551:
17549:
17538:
17535:
17534:
17532:
17531:
17526:
17525:
17524:
17519:
17517:Scattered disc
17514:
17509:
17504:
17503:
17502:
17497:
17482:
17481:
17480:
17475:
17465:
17464:
17463:
17458:
17453:
17448:
17443:
17438:
17433:
17428:
17423:
17413:
17408:
17403:
17402:
17401:
17396:
17391:
17386:
17385:
17384:
17379:
17369:
17364:
17359:
17349:
17348:
17347:
17342:
17337:
17332:
17327:
17322:
17317:
17312:
17304:
17299:
17298:
17297:
17292:
17282:
17277:
17272:
17266:
17264:
17252:
17251:
17249:
17248:
17243:
17238:
17233:
17228:
17223:
17218:
17208:
17203:
17196:
17194:
17188:
17187:
17185:
17184:
17183:
17182:
17172:
17171:
17170:
17160:
17159:
17158:
17148:
17147:
17146:
17136:
17135:
17134:
17129:
17119:
17118:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17087:
17086:
17085:
17075:
17074:
17073:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17048:
17047:
17046:
17041:
17036:
17031:
17026:
17021:
17011:
17010:
17009:
17004:
16999:
16994:
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16954:
16953:
16952:
16947:
16942:
16937:
16932:
16922:
16921:
16920:
16915:
16905:
16904:
16903:
16898:
16889:
16887:
16881:
16880:
16878:
16877:
16876:
16875:
16870:
16865:
16860:
16855:
16850:
16845:
16840:
16835:
16825:
16824:
16823:
16822:
16821:
16816:
16806:
16805:
16804:
16799:
16784:
16783:
16782:
16777:
16772:
16767:
16756:
16754:
16737:
16734:
16733:
16731:
16730:
16723:
16716:
16709:
16702:
16695:
16688:
16681:
16674:
16669:
16664:
16659:
16654:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16579:
16576:
16575:
16568:
16567:
16560:
16553:
16545:
16536:
16535:
16533:
16532:
16527:
16522:
16517:
16516:
16515:
16505:
16500:
16494:
16492:
16486:
16485:
16483:
16482:
16477:
16475:Space agencies
16472:
16467:
16462:
16461:
16460:
16449:
16447:
16446:and facilities
16441:
16440:
16438:
16437:
16431:
16429:
16425:
16424:
16422:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16366:
16364:Thor and Delta
16361:
16356:
16351:
16346:
16341:
16336:
16331:
16326:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16306:
16305:
16304:
16299:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16277:Delta IV Heavy
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16254:
16249:
16244:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16218:
16216:
16215:by rocket type
16210:
16209:
16207:
16206:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16181:
16176:
16175:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16154:
16149:
16148:
16147:
16136:
16134:
16130:
16129:
16127:
16126:
16121:
16116:
16111:
16110:Magnetospheric
16108:
16103:
16098:
16093:
16088:
16087:
16086:
16076:
16071:
16066:
16060:
16058:
16054:Earth-orbiting
16050:
16049:
16047:
16046:
16045:
16044:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16023:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
15997:
15992:
15991:
15990:
15985:
15975:
15970:
15964:
15962:
15954:
15953:
15950:
15949:
15947:
15946:
15941:
15936:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15915:
15913:
15907:
15906:
15904:
15903:
15898:
15897:
15896:
15891:
15886:
15884:by nationality
15881:
15876:
15868:
15863:
15862:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15806:
15801:
15796:
15785:
15783:
15779:
15778:
15776:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15759:
15757:
15751:
15750:
15748:
15747:
15742:
15737:
15731:
15729:
15723:
15722:
15720:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15703:
15702:
15697:
15689:
15688:
15687:
15682:
15671:
15669:
15663:
15662:
15660:
15659:
15654:
15649:
15648:
15647:
15642:
15634:
15633:
15632:
15621:
15619:
15611:
15610:
15608:
15607:
15602:
15597:
15596:
15595:
15590:
15582:
15576:
15574:
15568:
15567:
15565:
15564:
15563:
15562:
15557:
15549:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15488:
15487:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15447:
15446:
15445:
15440:
15429:
15427:
15420:
15414:
15413:
15411:
15410:
15405:
15400:
15395:
15390:
15389:
15388:
15383:
15372:
15370:
15366:
15365:
15363:
15362:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15344:
15343:
15336:
15329:
15321:
15312:
15311:
15297:
15294:
15293:
15290:
15289:
15287:
15286:
15281:
15276:
15271:
15270:
15269:
15268:
15267:
15265:for spacecraft
15262:
15254:
15249:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15225:
15223:
15219:
15218:
15216:
15215:
15210:
15205:
15204:
15203:
15193:
15188:
15183:
15177:
15175:
15166:
15160:
15159:
15157:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15141:
15136:
15131:
15130:
15129:
15119:
15114:
15109:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15089:
15088:
15087:
15082:
15072:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15056:
15055:
15050:
15042:
15037:
15031:
15029:
15025:
15024:
15022:
15021:
15020:
15019:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14983:
14981:
14975:
14974:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14961:
14959:
14958:
14957:
14956:
14946:
14944:Microorganisms
14941:
14936:
14935:
14934:
14929:
14924:
14919:
14914:
14909:
14904:
14893:
14891:
14887:
14886:
14884:
14883:
14878:
14873:
14872:
14871:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14839:The human body
14835:
14833:
14824:
14820:
14819:
14812:
14811:
14804:
14797:
14789:
14780:
14779:
14777:
14776:
14771:
14764:
14761:
14760:
14758:
14757:
14753:Mission to Mir
14749:
14741:
14740:
14739:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14717:Ivan Ivanovich
14714:
14713:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14692:
14691:
14690:
14680:
14674:
14672:
14668:
14667:
14665:
14664:
14658:
14656:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14648:
14643:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14618:
14613:
14607:
14605:
14601:
14600:
14598:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14586:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14553:
14551:
14550:Communications
14547:
14546:
14543:
14542:
14540:
14539:
14534:
14527:
14526:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14504:
14502:
14501:In development
14498:
14497:
14495:
14494:
14489:
14484:
14479:
14471:
14466:
14460:
14458:
14454:
14453:
14451:
14450:
14441:
14435:
14426:
14420:
14417:Resurs-DK No.1
14414:
14405:
14399:
14393:
14387:Phobos program
14384:
14378:
14372:
14366:
14360:
14357:Luna programme
14354:
14348:
14341:
14339:
14332:
14324:
14323:
14320:
14319:
14317:
14316:
14310:
14308:
14307:In development
14304:
14303:
14301:
14300:
14295:
14294:
14293:
14279:
14277:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14236:
14228:
14226:(Moon landing)
14220:
14211:
14209:
14205:
14204:
14202:
14201:
14192:
14184:
14179:
14171:
14159:
14154:
14149:
14143:
14141:
14134:
14126:
14125:
14123:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14106:
14104:
14100:
14099:
14092:
14090:
14088:
14087:
14082:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14046:
14044:
14040:
14039:
14037:
14036:
14030:
14027:
14026:
14015:
14014:
14007:
14000:
13992:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13979:
13967:
13954:
13951:
13950:
13948:
13947:
13942:
13937:
13935:Astronauts Day
13932:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13901:
13900:
13895:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13857:
13855:
13851:
13850:
13848:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13802:
13795:
13788:
13781:
13774:
13767:
13766:
13765:
13751:
13744:
13736:
13734:
13728:
13727:
13725:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13708:
13707:
13702:
13697:
13687:
13682:
13681:
13680:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13649:
13647:
13643:
13642:
13640:
13639:
13634:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13609:
13604:
13598:
13596:
13594:and navigation
13592:Communications
13588:
13587:
13584:
13583:
13581:
13580:
13575:
13572:Europa Clipper
13568:
13563:
13557:
13555:
13551:
13550:
13548:
13547:
13542:
13541:
13540:
13530:
13529:
13528:
13523:
13510:
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13026:New Millennium
13023:
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12506:Ground station
12503:
12497:
12495:
12493:Ground segment
12489:
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12461:
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12442:
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12426:Interplanetary
12423:
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12419:Geosynchronous
12416:
12406:
12400:
12398:
12394:
12393:
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12390:
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12386:Gravity assist
12383:
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12346:
12341:
12336:
12326:
12321:
12320:
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12317:Service module
12314:
12309:
12307:Orbital module
12299:
12294:
12292:Launch vehicle
12288:
12286:
12280:
12279:
12276:
12275:
12273:
12272:
12270:Space sexology
12267:
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12260:Space medicine
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12097:
12095:Weightlessness
12092:
12087:
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12059:
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12047:
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12023:
12018:
12016:Space research
12013:
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11998:
11993:
11988:
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11960:
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11954:
11952:Reconnaissance
11949:
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10482:Southeast Asia
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9731:United States
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9706:
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9688:United States
9686:
9685:
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9674:
9666:
9665:
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9659:
9650:
9648:
9647:In development
9644:
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9590:United States
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9539:United States
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9465:
9464:
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9456:
9450:
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9444:
9443:
9442:(28 September)
9437:
9436:(11 September)
9431:
9430:(10 September)
9425:
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8886:
8881:
8878:Europa Clipper
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8756:
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8733:
8730:SpaceX Crew-10
8726:
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8718:
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8715:
8714:
8708:
8701:
8699:
8690:
8684:
8683:
8678:
8677:
8670:
8663:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8629:
8622:
8621:External links
8619:
8618:
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8610:
8600:
8597:
8587:
8572:
8557:
8540:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8512:
8490:
8463:
8420:
8396:
8380:
8368:
8331:
8297:
8282:
8264:
8253:(6): B42–B51.
8233:
8206:
8170:
8163:
8155:10.17226/11760
8136:
8101:(6): 729–733.
8085:
8044:
8025:
7998:(6136): 1031.
7980:
7929:
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7826:
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7754:
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7676:
7650:
7614:
7592:
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7536:
7483:
7455:
7427:
7376:
7337:
7314:
7288:
7277:on 21 May 2020
7262:
7223:(12): e53275.
7201:
7173:
7145:
7133:Universe Today
7119:
7093:
7081:
7069:
7043:
7017:
6991:
6972:
6961:. 11 June 2020
6946:
6920:
6888:
6862:
6837:
6815:
6789:
6766:
6740:
6713:
6702:on 15 May 2022
6683:
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6541:
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6391:
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6284:
6248:
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6203:
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6144:
6118:
6088:
6060:
6035:
6010:
5994:"Shenzhou VII"
5985:
5960:
5935:
5928:
5897:
5880:
5849:
5824:
5818:978-0387341750
5817:
5799:
5773:
5762:. 5 April 2019
5751:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5677:Women in space
5674:
5669:
5667:Space medicine
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5612:
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5546:
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5524:
5520:
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5513:
5502:
5497:Space Shuttle
5491:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5465:
5460:Space Shuttle
5454:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5384:
5383:24 April 1967
5380:
5379:
5372:Cardiac arrest
5369:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5321:
5318:
5254:Neil Armstrong
5235:
5232:
5203:
5202:
5197:launch pad at
5191:
5172:
5147:
5144:
5090:
5087:
5067:Main article:
5064:
5061:
5046:Space Shuttle
4996:ejection seats
4980:launch vehicle
4972:space capsules
4938:
4935:
4931:energy density
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4871:
4868:
4834:
4831:
4741:
4738:
4732:to the planet
4730:crewed mission
4696:deconditioning
4678:Weightlessness
4673:
4670:
4640:microorganisms
4628:(ISS) of five
4619:trips in space
4556:Space medicine
4552:Sleep in space
4543:
4542:Medical issues
4540:
4522:Main article:
4519:
4516:
4493:
4490:
4488:such as Mars.
4484:
4481:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3972:ISA spacecraft
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
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3940:
3937:
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3508:
3505:
3502:
3466:
3461:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3441:Tammouz 2 or 3
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3427:mallāḥ faḍāʼiy
3370:
3367:
3363:Ba'athist Iraq
3352:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3336:17 March 1992
3334:
3325:
3313:
3308:
3294:
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3014:
3009:
3004:
2990:
2989:
2986:
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2976:
2975:12 April 1961
2973:
2968:
2951:
2940:
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2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2878:
2743:
2740:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2704:space stations
2702:The following
2700:
2699:
2689:
2675:
2657:
2639:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2518:
2516:
2509:
2497:Mainland China
2478:
2477:Space programs
2475:
2471:space tourists
2459:Eileen Collins
2452:
2451:
2440:Christina Koch
2437:
2434:
2424:
2421:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2388:Vladimír Remek
2385:
2382:
2376:
2373:
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2352:
2349:
2339:
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2307:
2297:
2294:
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2280:
2269:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2249:William Anders
2238:
2235:
2222:were first to
2216:Neil Armstrong
2213:
2210:
2184:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2145:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2126:By achievement
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2099:Christina Koch
2076:Women in space
2074:Main article:
2071:
2068:
2016:
2013:
2005:XCOR Aerospace
1931:
1928:
1914:, his brother
1884:is developing
1858:developed the
1832:has developed
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1764:September 2024
1751:
1749:
1742:
1647:
1644:
1540:
1537:
1407:Inner Mongolia
1326:Main article:
1323:
1320:
1275:
1272:
1042:
1039:
1031:space stations
962:Neil Armstrong
950:William Anders
900:Project Gemini
892:Apollo program
793:Vostok program
758:Neil Armstrong
706:Main article:
703:
700:
695:Main article:
692:
689:
659:or commercial
619:Apollo program
595:Vostok program
570:(Russian), or
520:
513:
512:
511:
495:
488:
487:
486:
474:
467:
466:
465:
453:
446:
445:
444:
432:
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:
418:
417:
415:
414:
407:
400:
392:
389:
388:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
360:
358:Space agencies
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
332:
330:Interplanetary
327:
322:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
294:
282:
277:
271:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
255:
252:
251:
246:
241:
239:Space stations
236:
231:
229:Space capsules
226:
221:
218:
213:
212:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
184:
179:
178:
173:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
117:Communications
113:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
94:
92:Lunar missions
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
63:
62:
59:
58:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18335:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18316:
18314:
18311:
18309:
18306:
18304:
18301:
18299:
18296:
18295:
18293:
18280:
18271:
18264:
18257:
18250:
18244:
18238:
18232:
18225:
18218:
18211:
18204:
18197:
18190:
18183:
18177:
18167:
18165:
18155:
18153:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18137:
18134:
18119:
18118:Tidal locking
18116:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18098:Double planet
18096:
18095:
18093:
18089:
18083:
18080:
18076:
18073:
18071:
18068:
18067:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18050:Minor planets
18048:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18032:
18030:
18026:
18020:
18017:
18015:
18012:
18008:
18005:
18004:
18003:
18000:
17998:
17995:
17991:
17988:
17984:
17983:Merging stars
17981:
17980:
17979:
17976:
17974:
17971:
17969:
17966:
17964:
17961:
17959:
17956:
17955:
17954:
17951:
17949:
17946:
17944:
17941:
17939:
17936:
17934:
17931:
17929:
17926:
17924:
17921:
17919:
17916:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17871:
17867:
17864:
17862:
17859:
17858:
17857:
17854:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17844:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17805:
17802:
17801:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17787:
17786:
17784:
17782:
17776:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17750:
17747:
17745:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17733:
17730:
17729:
17728:
17725:
17723:
17720:
17718:
17715:
17711:
17708:
17707:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17698:
17696:
17693:
17689:
17686:
17684:
17681:
17679:
17676:
17675:
17674:
17671:
17667:
17664:
17662:
17659:
17658:
17657:
17654:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
17636:
17635:
17632:
17630:
17627:
17626:
17624:
17621:
17616:
17612:
17606:
17603:
17601:
17598:
17596:
17593:
17591:
17588:
17586:
17585:Subsatellites
17583:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17563:
17561:
17558:
17556:
17553:
17552:
17550:
17548:
17545:Hypothetical
17542:
17539:
17530:
17527:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17508:
17505:
17501:
17498:
17496:
17493:
17492:
17491:
17488:
17487:
17486:
17483:
17479:
17476:
17474:
17471:
17470:
17469:
17466:
17462:
17459:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17449:
17447:
17444:
17442:
17439:
17437:
17434:
17432:
17429:
17427:
17424:
17422:
17419:
17418:
17417:
17414:
17412:
17411:Asteroid belt
17409:
17407:
17404:
17400:
17397:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17387:
17383:
17380:
17378:
17375:
17374:
17373:
17370:
17368:
17365:
17363:
17360:
17358:
17355:
17354:
17353:
17350:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17326:
17323:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17311:
17308:
17307:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17287:
17286:
17285:Minor planets
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17268:
17267:
17265:
17263:
17253:
17247:
17244:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17216:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17201:
17198:
17197:
17195:
17193:
17189:
17181:
17178:
17177:
17176:
17173:
17169:
17166:
17165:
17164:
17161:
17157:
17154:
17153:
17152:
17149:
17145:
17142:
17141:
17140:
17137:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17125:
17124:
17123:
17120:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17092:
17091:
17088:
17084:
17081:
17080:
17079:
17076:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17053:
17052:
17049:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
17035:
17032:
17030:
17027:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17016:
17015:
17012:
17008:
17005:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16959:
16958:
16955:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16927:
16926:
16923:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16910:
16909:
16906:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16893:
16891:
16890:
16888:
16886:
16882:
16874:
16871:
16869:
16866:
16864:
16861:
16859:
16856:
16854:
16851:
16849:
16846:
16844:
16841:
16839:
16836:
16834:
16831:
16830:
16829:
16826:
16820:
16817:
16815:
16812:
16811:
16810:
16807:
16803:
16800:
16798:
16795:
16794:
16793:
16790:
16789:
16788:
16785:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16768:
16766:
16763:
16762:
16761:
16758:
16757:
16755:
16753:
16748:
16744:
16741:
16740:
16735:
16729:
16728:
16724:
16722:
16721:
16717:
16715:
16714:
16710:
16708:
16707:
16703:
16701:
16700:
16696:
16694:
16693:
16689:
16687:
16686:
16682:
16680:
16679:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16652:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16622:
16577:
16573:
16566:
16561:
16559:
16554:
16552:
16547:
16546:
16543:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16523:
16521:
16518:
16514:
16511:
16510:
16509:
16508:NASA missions
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16493:
16491:and timelines
16487:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16459:
16456:
16455:
16454:
16451:
16450:
16448:
16442:
16436:
16435:Satish Dhawan
16433:
16432:
16430:
16426:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16345:
16342:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16332:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16294:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
16258:
16255:
16253:
16250:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16219:
16217:
16211:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16159:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16146:
16143:
16142:
16141:
16138:
16137:
16135:
16131:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16089:
16085:
16082:
16081:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16070:
16067:
16065:
16062:
16061:
16059:
16057:
16051:
16043:
16040:
16039:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16002:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15989:
15986:
15984:
15981:
15980:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15965:
15963:
15961:
15955:
15945:
15942:
15940:
15937:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15927:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15916:
15914:
15912:
15908:
15902:
15899:
15895:
15892:
15890:
15887:
15885:
15882:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15871:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15860:
15859:Ibero-America
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15791:
15790:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15780:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15760:
15758:
15756:
15752:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15732:
15730:
15728:
15724:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15692:
15691:Spaceflights
15690:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15677:
15676:
15673:
15672:
15670:
15668:
15664:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15646:
15643:
15641:
15638:
15637:
15636:Spaceflights
15635:
15631:
15628:
15627:
15626:
15623:
15622:
15620:
15618:
15617:
15612:
15606:
15603:
15601:
15598:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15585:
15584:Spaceflights
15583:
15581:
15578:
15577:
15575:
15573:
15569:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15552:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15452:
15451:
15448:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15435:
15434:
15431:
15430:
15428:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15415:
15409:
15406:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15378:
15377:
15374:
15373:
15371:
15367:
15361:
15358:
15357:
15354:
15349:
15342:
15337:
15335:
15330:
15328:
15323:
15322:
15319:
15309:
15308:
15295:
15285:
15282:
15280:
15277:
15275:
15272:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15257:
15255:
15253:
15250:
15248:
15245:
15244:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15234:Manufacturing
15232:
15230:
15227:
15226:
15224:
15220:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15202:
15199:
15198:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15178:
15176:
15174:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15161:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15128:
15125:
15124:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15077:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15045:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15032:
15030:
15026:
15018:
15015:
15014:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15007:Magnetosphere
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14984:
14982:
14980:
14976:
14971:
14955:
14952:
14951:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14918:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14899:
14898:
14895:
14894:
14892:
14888:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14870:
14867:
14866:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14836:
14834:
14832:
14828:
14825:
14821:
14817:
14810:
14805:
14803:
14798:
14796:
14791:
14790:
14787:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14766:
14765:
14762:
14755:
14754:
14750:
14747:
14746:
14742:
14738:
14735:
14734:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14697:
14696:
14693:
14689:
14686:
14685:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14675:
14673:
14669:
14663:
14660:
14659:
14657:
14653:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14611:Baikal-Angara
14609:
14608:
14606:
14602:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14560:
14559:(begun 1957)
14558:
14555:
14554:
14552:
14548:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14532:
14528:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14510:
14509:
14506:
14505:
14503:
14499:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14485:
14483:
14480:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14461:
14459:
14455:
14445:
14442:
14439:
14436:
14430:
14427:
14424:
14423:Koronas-Foton
14421:
14418:
14415:
14409:
14406:
14403:
14400:
14397:
14394:
14388:
14385:
14382:
14379:
14376:
14373:
14370:
14367:
14364:
14361:
14358:
14355:
14352:
14349:
14346:
14343:
14342:
14340:
14336:
14333:
14329:
14325:
14315:
14312:
14311:
14309:
14305:
14299:
14296:
14292:
14289:
14288:
14284:
14281:
14280:
14278:
14274:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14240:
14237:
14232:
14229:
14224:
14221:
14216:
14213:
14212:
14210:
14206:
14200:
14196:
14193:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14144:
14142:
14138:
14135:
14131:
14127:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14107:
14105:
14101:
14096:
14086:
14083:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14056:
14051:
14048:
14047:
14045:
14041:
14035:
14032:
14031:
14028:
14024:
14020:
14013:
14008:
14006:
14001:
13999:
13994:
13993:
13990:
13978:
13977:
13968:
13966:
13965:
13956:
13955:
13952:
13946:
13945:Nikon NASA F4
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13890:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13863:
13859:
13858:
13856:
13852:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13830:NASA insignia
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13810:Lunar plaques
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13800:
13796:
13794:
13793:
13789:
13787:
13786:
13782:
13780:
13779:
13775:
13773:
13772:
13768:
13764:
13763:
13762:Pale Blue Dot
13759:
13758:
13757:
13756:
13752:
13750:
13749:
13745:
13743:
13742:
13738:
13737:
13735:
13729:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13696:
13693:
13692:
13691:
13690:NASA missions
13688:
13686:
13685:NASA aircraft
13683:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13655:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13648:
13644:
13638:
13635:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13607:Space Network
13605:
13603:
13600:
13599:
13597:
13595:
13589:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13573:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13558:
13556:
13552:
13546:
13543:
13539:
13536:
13535:
13534:
13531:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13520:
13516:
13515:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13483:
13479:
13477:
13476:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13463:
13460:
13459:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13452:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13436:
13433:
13431:
13428:
13426:
13423:
13419:
13416:
13415:
13414:
13412:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:
13398:
13396:
13395:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13378:
13374:
13372:
13371:
13367:
13365:
13364:
13360:
13359:
13357:
13351:
13343:
13340:
13339:
13338:
13336:
13332:
13330:
13329:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13307:
13306:
13304:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13292:
13288:
13286:
13285:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13273:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13260:
13256:
13254:
13252:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13240:Space Shuttle
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13219:
13216:
13215:
13214:
13213:
13209:
13207:
13206:
13202:
13200:
13199:
13195:
13193:
13192:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13167:
13165:
13161:
13158:
13154:
13148:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13122:New Frontiers
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13084:
13082:
13078:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13031:Lunar Orbiter
13029:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12998:
12996:
12992:
12989:
12986:
12982:
12972:
12971:Lunar Gateway
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12943:
12941:
12937:
12931:
12930:Constellation
12928:
12925:
12921:
12920:
12915:
12913:
12912:Space Shuttle
12910:
12907:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12877:
12873:
12870:
12869:
12867:
12863:
12860:
12856:
12852:
12842:
12839:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12826:
12825:
12822:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12794:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12756:
12753:
12752:
12751:
12750:NASA research
12748:
12746:
12743:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12730:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12710:
12708:
12704:
12697:
12694:
12691:
12688:
12685:
12682:
12679:
12676:
12673:
12670:
12667:
12664:
12661:
12658:
12655:
12652:
12649:
12646:
12643:
12640:
12637:
12634:
12631:
12628:
12625:
12622:
12619:
12616:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12603:
12600:
12597:
12593:
12589:
12582:
12577:
12575:
12570:
12568:
12563:
12562:
12559:
12547:
12543:
12538:
12536:
12527:
12526:
12523:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12498:
12496:
12494:
12490:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12454:Direct ascent
12452:
12451:
12449:
12447:
12443:
12437:
12436:Intergalactic
12434:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12411:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12401:
12399:
12395:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12371:Rocket engine
12369:
12368:
12367:
12364:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12331:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12304:
12303:
12302:Space capsule
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12289:
12287:
12285:
12281:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12265:Space nursing
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12249:
12246:
12245:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12232:
12229:
12228:
12227:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12219:Health issues
12217:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12184:
12181:
12180:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12173:Space Shuttle
12171:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12158:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12128:
12126:
12122:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12105:Space tourism
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12065:
12064:
12061:
12057:
12054:
12053:
12052:
12049:
12048:
12046:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12033:
12027:
12026:Space weather
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11966:
11965:
11962:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11939:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11929:
11927:
11925:
11921:
11913:
11910:
11909:
11908:
11905:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11890:Space command
11888:
11887:
11886:
11885:Space warfare
11883:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11855:
11854:
11851:
11847:
11846:United States
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11803:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11771:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11764:Astrodynamics
11762:
11761:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11744:
11739:
11737:
11732:
11730:
11725:
11724:
11721:
11709:participation
11708:
11704:
11702:
11698:
11696:
11692:
11691:
11688:
11682:
11672:
11670:
11660:
11658:
11648:
11646:
11636:
11634:
11624:
11622:
11612:
11611:
11609:
11605:
11599:
11589:
11587:
11577:
11575:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11512:Cospas-Sarsat
11510:
11506:
11503:
11502:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11487:
11485:
11481:
11475:
11465:
11461:
11458:
11457:
11456:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11439:
11429:
11419:
11417:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11398:
11388:
11386:
11376:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11363:
11362:
11352:
11350:
11340:
11338:
11328:
11326:
11316:
11314:
11304:
11303:
11301:
11297:
11291:
11281:
11279:
11269:
11267:
11257:
11253:
11243:
11242:
11241:
11231:
11229:
11219:
11217:
11207:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11178:
11168:
11166:
11156:
11154:
11144:
11142:
11132:
11130:
11120:
11118:
11108:
11106:
11096:
11094:
11084:
11082:
11072:
11070:
11060:
11056:
11053:
11052:
11051:
11041:
11039:
11029:
11027:
11017:
11015:
11005:
11003:
10993:
10991:
10981:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10972:
10962:
10960:
10950:
10948:
10938:
10936:
10926:
10924:
10914:
10910:
10900:
10899:
10898:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10879:
10875:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10852:
10849:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10806:
10805:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10781:
10778:
10777:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10767:
10764:
10763:
10761:
10757:
10754:
10750:
10739:
10735:
10725:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10716:
10706:
10702:
10699:
10698:
10697:
10687:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10678:
10668:
10664:
10661:
10660:
10659:
10649:
10645:
10642:
10641:
10640:
10630:
10628:
10618:
10616:
10606:
10604:
10594:
10592:
10582:
10580:
10570:
10569:
10567:
10563:
10557:
10547:
10545:
10535:
10533:
10523:
10521:
10511:
10509:
10499:
10497:
10487:
10486:
10484:
10480:
10474:
10464:
10462:
10452:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10423:
10421:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10404:
10398:
10388:
10386:
10376:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10363:
10362:
10352:
10350:
10340:
10338:
10328:
10326:
10316:
10312:
10309:
10308:
10307:
10297:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10254:
10253:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10236:
10230:
10220:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10206:
10196:
10194:
10184:
10183:
10181:
10177:
10171:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10161:
10158:
10154:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10127:
10125:
10115:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10086:
10084:
10074:
10072:
10062:
10060:
10050:
10048:
10038:
10037:
10035:
10031:Latin America
10029:
10023:
10013:
10011:
10001:
9999:
9989:
9987:
9977:
9975:
9965:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9946:
9944:
9934:
9932:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9917:North America
9915:
9912:
9908:
9898:
9888:
9886:
9876:
9874:
9864:
9862:
9852:
9848:
9845:
9844:
9843:
9833:
9831:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9814:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9791:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9773:
9768:
9766:
9761:
9759:
9754:
9753:
9750:
9736:
9735:SpaceShip III
9733:
9732:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9723:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9703:
9700:
9699:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9683:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9645:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9626:Space Shuttle
9624:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9571:
9570:Soviet Union
9569:
9568:
9566:
9562:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9524:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9511:
9506:
9502:
9495:
9490:
9488:
9483:
9481:
9476:
9475:
9472:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9448:
9441:
9440:SpaceX Crew-9
9438:
9435:
9432:
9429:
9426:
9423:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9411:
9401:
9398:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9374:Europa Lander
9372:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9353:
9350:
9347:
9344:
9341:
9338:
9335:
9332:
9329:
9326:
9323:
9320:
9317:
9314:
9311:
9308:
9305:
9302:
9299:
9296:
9293:
9290:
9287:
9284:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9271:
9268:
9265:
9262:
9259:
9256:
9253:
9252:Solar-C EUVST
9250:
9247:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9217:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9190:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9079:
9075:
9068:
9065:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9051:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9011:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8932:
8925:
8924:SpainSat NG I
8922:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8868:
8865:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8838:
8827:
8824:
8821:
8818:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8804:
8801:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8788:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8766:
8763:
8760:
8757:
8754:
8751:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8719:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8685:
8676:
8671:
8669:
8664:
8662:
8657:
8656:
8653:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8615:
8611:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8584:0-07-236811-X
8581:
8577:
8573:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8555:
8554:0-471-05649-9
8551:
8547:
8543:
8542:
8529:
8522:
8516:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8478:
8474:
8471:NASA (1974).
8467:
8459:
8447:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8417:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8400:
8393:
8389:
8384:
8377:
8372:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8335:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8301:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8283:9781402067709
8279:
8275:
8268:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8237:
8221:
8217:
8210:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8174:
8166:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8149:. NAP. 2006.
8148:
8147:
8140:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8089:
8080:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8048:
8040:
8039:New Scientist
8036:
8029:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7992:
7984:
7976:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7933:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7905:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7882:(3): 819–27.
7881:
7877:
7876:
7868:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7835:
7830:
7814:
7807:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7770:
7769:Ophthalmology
7765:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7703:
7687:
7680:
7665:. 3 June 2013
7664:
7660:
7654:
7635:
7631:
7624:
7618:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7596:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7568:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7540:
7532:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7487:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7459:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7431:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7380:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7348:
7341:
7325:
7318:
7302:
7298:
7297:Cowing, Keith
7292:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7258:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7205:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7177:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7149:
7134:
7130:
7123:
7108:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7085:
7079:, 22 May 2008
7078:
7073:
7058:
7054:
7047:
7032:
7028:
7021:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6987:
6983:
6976:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6934:
6933:Firstpost.com
6930:
6924:
6916:
6910:
6899:
6892:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6851:
6847:
6846:"Style Guide"
6841:
6826:
6819:
6804:
6800:
6793:
6777:
6770:
6755:
6751:
6744:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6672:
6668:
6661:
6645:
6641:
6639:
6631:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6572:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6525:
6518:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6481:
6466:
6465:Rolling Stone
6462:
6455:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6422:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6354:
6350:
6343:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6302:
6298:
6291:
6289:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6255:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6233:
6218:
6214:
6207:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6049:
6045:
6044:"Shenzhou IX"
6039:
6024:
6020:
6014:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5931:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5837:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5788:. 30 May 2020
5787:
5786:Bloomberg.com
5783:
5777:
5761:
5755:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5720:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5688:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5562:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5510:External Tank
5507:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5477:External Tank
5474:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:30 June 1971
5431:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5320:Fatality risk
5317:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5288:liquid oxygen
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5228:Roger Chaffee
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5178:
5177:Space Shuttle
5173:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5156:
5154:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5136:external tank
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5114:
5113:Space Shuttle
5108:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5042:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5020:
5019:Space Shuttle
5016:
5012:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4998:(employed on
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4982:(employed on
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4954:Space Shuttle
4949:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4827:
4824:in the body.
4823:
4819:
4818:immune system
4814:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4784:magnetosphere
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4708:long-duration
4704:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4684:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4502:Space habitat
4499:
4489:
4070:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3904:
3897:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:(in Sanskrit)
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3737:
3730:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3662:
3655:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:Long March 2F
3608:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3580:
3573:
3560:
3553:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3485:
3478:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3409:
3402:
3389:
3382:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3215:
3202:
3195:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3158:Long March 2A
3156:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3135:
3122:
3115:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:United States
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:(suborbital)
3018:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:United States
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2960:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2904:Space agency
2903:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2874:space program
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2783:space station
2780:
2776:
2775:Narendra Modi
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:Soyuz program
2618:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2568:
2558:
2526:
2525:MediaWiki.org
2522:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2448:walk in space
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:walk in space
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:Rakesh Sharma
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2338:12 April 1961
2337:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:14 April 1970
2281:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:16 March 1966
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:walk in space
2176:was first to
2175:
2174:Alexei Leonov
2172:
2170:18 March 1965
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:12 April 1961
2130:
2129:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2033:Human outpost
2030:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1924:Oliver Daemen
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:space tourism
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:space tourism
1821:
1820:Sierra Nevada
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1767:
1755:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1587:
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1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1526:Long March 5B
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1508:
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1502:
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1496:
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1398:
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1385:Long March 2F
1382:
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1359:
1355:
1351:
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1155:
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1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Richard Nixon
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
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1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
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1036:
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947:
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934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:Alexei Leonov
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
867:, piloted by
866:
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837:
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828:
824:
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819:
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723:
719:
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709:
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688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:space tourism
654:
650:
645:
643:
642:lunar mission
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:12 April 1961
596:
592:
588:
583:
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569:
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561:
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553:
549:
545:
541:
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517:
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477:
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460:
459:Alexei Leonov
456:
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394:
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391:
390:
387:
377:
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369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
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349:
348:
341:
340:Intergalactic
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
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318:
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311:
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234:Space Shuttle
232:
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98:
97:Mars missions
95:
93:
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88:
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70:
69:
66:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18313:Space policy
18298:Solar System
18274:Each arrow (
18196:Local Bubble
18182:Solar System
18180:
17973:Planetesimal
17928:Kuiper cliff
17672:
17656:Space probes
17629:Colonization
17468:Kirkwood gap
17389:Saturn Moons
17302:Planetesimal
16760:Terrestrials
16725:
16718:
16711:
16704:
16697:
16690:
16683:
16676:
16649:
16572:Solar System
16179:Upper stages
16020:lunar probes
15958:Solar System
15944:Spacewalkers
15929:2015–present
15889:billionaires
15614:
15485:2021–present
15450:Spaceflights
15417:
15298:
15186:Architecture
15172:
15070:Colonization
15044:Archaeology
14859:Neuroscience
14816:... in space
14751:
14743:
14529:
14381:Vega program
14369:Zond program
14218:(Moon flyby)
14215:Zond (7K-L1)
14174:Soyuz-Apollo
14129:
14067:Kapustin Yar
14043:Launch sites
13975:
13963:
13797:
13790:
13784:
13776:
13769:
13760:
13753:
13746:
13739:
13570:
13519:Perseverance
13518:
13480:
13473:
13450:
13410:
13393:
13377:New Horizons
13375:
13368:
13361:
13334:
13326:
13302:
13290:
13283:
13270:
13258:
13250:
13211:
13203:
13196:
13189:
12918:
12902:Apollo–Soyuz
12854:
12446:Space launch
12431:Interstellar
12397:Destinations
12166:Apollo–Soyuz
12115:Space diving
12100:Space toilet
12035:
11924:Applications
11841:Soviet Union
11801:Space policy
11796:Space launch
11705:Preceded by
11557:Intersputnik
11402:TÜBİTAK UZAY
10863:EUTELSAT IGO
10759:Pan-European
10720:TÜBİTAK UZAY
10179:Central Asia
9795:and pan-Arab
9714:Dream Chaser
9702:Starship HLS
9636:SpaceShipTwo
9631:SpaceShipOne
9428:Polaris Dawn
9389:Nano-JASMINE
9237:
9225:MBR Explorer
9168:NEO Surveyor
8799:(March 2026)
8687:
8613:
8603:
8590:
8575:
8560:
8545:
8527:
8515:
8507:the original
8502:
8493:
8481:. Retrieved
8477:the original
8466:
8434:. Retrieved
8410:
8399:
8394:, 5 May 1993
8391:
8383:
8371:
8359:. Retrieved
8355:the original
8350:
8344:
8334:
8322:. Retrieved
8311:The Observer
8310:
8300:
8273:
8267:
8250:
8246:
8236:
8224:. Retrieved
8219:
8209:
8184:
8180:
8173:
8145:
8139:
8098:
8094:
8088:
8064:(6): 11–17.
8061:
8057:
8047:
8038:
8028:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7946:
7942:
7932:
7920:. Retrieved
7914:
7904:
7879:
7873:
7867:
7855:. Retrieved
7841:
7829:
7817:. Retrieved
7806:
7773:
7767:
7757:
7716:
7712:
7702:
7690:. Retrieved
7679:
7667:. Retrieved
7662:
7653:
7641:. Retrieved
7634:the original
7629:
7617:
7609:the original
7604:
7595:
7585:25 September
7583:. Retrieved
7577:
7567:
7555:. Retrieved
7549:
7539:
7502:
7496:
7486:
7474:. Retrieved
7468:
7458:
7446:. Retrieved
7440:
7430:
7395:
7389:
7379:
7367:. Retrieved
7360:the original
7353:
7340:
7328:. Retrieved
7317:
7305:. Retrieved
7303:. NASA Watch
7291:
7279:. Retrieved
7275:the original
7265:
7220:
7214:
7204:
7192:. Retrieved
7186:
7176:
7164:. Retrieved
7158:
7148:
7136:. Retrieved
7132:
7122:
7110:. Retrieved
7106:
7096:
7084:
7072:
7060:. Retrieved
7056:
7046:
7034:. Retrieved
7030:
7020:
7008:. Retrieved
7004:
6999:ETtech.com.
6994:
6985:
6975:
6963:. Retrieved
6958:
6949:
6937:. Retrieved
6932:
6923:
6891:
6879:. Retrieved
6875:the original
6865:
6853:. Retrieved
6840:
6828:. Retrieved
6818:
6806:. Retrieved
6802:
6792:
6780:. Retrieved
6769:
6757:. Retrieved
6753:
6743:
6731:. Retrieved
6726:
6716:
6704:. Retrieved
6700:the original
6695:
6686:
6674:. Retrieved
6671:www.rbth.com
6670:
6660:
6648:. Retrieved
6644:the original
6637:
6630:
6618:. Retrieved
6614:
6587:. Retrieved
6581:
6571:
6559:. Retrieved
6554:
6544:
6524:
6515:
6508:. Retrieved
6502:
6492:
6480:
6468:. Retrieved
6464:
6454:
6442:. Retrieved
6438:www.nasa.gov
6437:
6428:
6420:
6415:21 September
6413:. Retrieved
6409:the original
6404:
6394:
6384:16 September
6382:. Retrieved
6379:Ars Technica
6378:
6368:
6358:23 September
6356:. Retrieved
6352:
6342:
6332:16 September
6330:. Retrieved
6326:
6316:
6306:16 September
6304:. Retrieved
6300:
6275:. Retrieved
6271:the original
6264:
6232:
6220:. Retrieved
6216:
6206:
6194:. Retrieved
6189:
6180:
6168:. Retrieved
6159:
6135:. Retrieved
6130:
6121:
6109:. Retrieved
6105:the original
6100:
6091:
6079:. Retrieved
6075:
6051:. Retrieved
6047:
6038:
6026:. Retrieved
6022:
6013:
6001:. Retrieved
5997:
5988:
5976:. Retrieved
5972:
5963:
5951:. Retrieved
5947:
5944:"Shenzhou V"
5938:
5910:
5900:
5890:
5883:
5871:. Retrieved
5867:the original
5862:
5852:
5840:. Retrieved
5834:
5827:
5808:
5802:
5790:. Retrieved
5785:
5776:
5764:. Retrieved
5754:
5742:. Retrieved
5738:the original
5733:
5723:
5691:
5657:Mars to Stay
5620:2021–present
5531:
5527:SpaceShipTwo
5498:
5461:
5329:
5307:The crew of
5306:
5277:Jack Swigert
5273:James Lovell
5266:
5243:
5204:
5182:
5157:
5149:
5118:
5109:
5098:
5072:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5024:
5008:
4969:
4959:
4928:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4846:
4815:
4808:
4772:solar flares
4765:
4722:space flight
4719:
4712:
4700:
4689:
4672:Microgravity
4662:Inspiration4
4655:
4648:
4629:
4623:
4612:
4593:
4578:
4574:space flight
4563:
4559:
4527:
4518:Life support
4513:
4486:
4068:
3820:
3588:
3579:hángtiānyuán
3426:
3366:(1968–2003)
3320:
3317:(in Russian)
3266:
3238:Long March 2
3221:hángtiānyuán
3141:hángtiānyuán
3017:Alan Shepard
2971:Yuri Gagarin
2958:
2939:(1922–1991)
2894:
2885:
2843:
2824:
2806:
2799:
2788:
2745:
2725:
2722:
2701:
2660:SpaceShipTwo
2636:Soviet Union
2610:
2566:
2556:
2494:
2467:
2453:
2444:Jessica Meir
2410:25 July 1984
2401:2 April 1984
2384:2 March 1978
2375:16 June 1963
2358:
2355:Alan Shepard
2342:Yuri Gagarin
2291:pericynthion
2285:The crew of
2268:20 July 1969
2241:Frank Borman
2191:Tom Stafford
2157:space border
2135:Yuri Gagarin
2107:
2103:Jessica Meir
2090:Soviet Union
2079:
2063:
2055:
2036:
1997:SpaceShipTwo
1974:
1963:Falcon Heavy
1952:
1933:
1898:
1886:SpaceshipTwo
1880:
1854:
1850:Inspiration4
1828:
1801:
1785:SpaceShipOne
1761:
1753:
1726:Flight VP-03
1723:SpaceShipTwo
1719:Dream Chaser
1701:. Under the
1680:
1672:Flight VP-03
1667:
1625:
1600:
1585:
1569:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1503:docked with
1498:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1437:
1433:Zhai Zhigang
1431:
1425:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1374:
1343:
1311:
1308:Bill Clinton
1305:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1141:Apollo–Soyuz
1122:
1107:main engines
1059:
1016:
986:Jack Swigert
946:James Lovell
942:Frank Borman
935:
908:
881:
836:Friendship 7
834:
816:
813:Alan Shepard
797:Yuri Gagarin
786:
763:
702:Cold War era
669:SpaceShipOne
646:
607:Alan Shepard
591:Yuri Gagarin
584:
579:
571:
567:
560:autonomously
543:
539:
535:
534:
505:space selfie
363:Space forces
335:Interstellar
268:Space launch
214:
110:Applications
87:Space probes
29:
18308:Spaceflight
18237:Local Sheet
18231:Local Group
18014:Rubble pile
18002:Roche limit
17997:Ring system
17948:Outer space
17923:Kuiper belt
17893:Hill sphere
17888:Hills cloud
17836:Debris disk
17831:Cosmic dust
17615:Exploration
17570:Planet Nine
17555:Fifth giant
17529:Hills cloud
17490:Kuiper belt
17461:exceptional
17377:Trojan camp
16314:H-II and H3
16257:Delta DM-19
16247:Black Brant
15960:exploration
15735:Expeditions
15675:Expeditions
15625:Expeditions
15580:Expeditions
15348:Spaceflight
15097:Exploration
15035:Advertising
14979:Environment
14954:Astrobotany
14917:Fruit flies
14440:(2011–2019)
14429:Fobos-Grunt
14419:(2006-2016)
14404:(1990-1992)
14398:(1989-1998)
14392:(1988-1989)
14383:(1984-1987)
14377:(1983-1991)
14371:(1964–1970)
14365:(1961–1985)
14359:(1958–1976)
14353:(1972–1996)
14347:(1961–1982)
14187:Shuttle–Mir
14062:Dombarovsky
13805:Deep fields
13733:and artwork
13731:NASA images
13303:Opportunity
12772:NASA Social
12598:and history
12404:Sub-orbital
12339:Space probe
12205:New Shepard
12183:Shuttle–Mir
11942:Archaeology
11895:Space force
11878:Moon Treaty
11750:Spaceflight
11707:Interkosmos
11681:Interkosmos
10787:Eurocontrol
10437:Antrix Corp
9793:Pan-African
9553:New Shepard
9543:Crew Dragon
9434:Soyuz MS-26
9396:(mid 2020s)
9339:(2031–2032)
9294:(2029–2031)
9183:Superbird-9
9170:(September)
9121:(2026–2027)
9036:Space Rider
8978:Gaganyaan-3
8973:Gaganyaan-2
8920:(September)
8899:Hakuto-R M2
8884:Gaganyaan-1
8863:(September)
8861:Bion-M No.2
8809:Gaganyaan-5
8803:Artemis III
8797:Soyuz MS-29
8781:Gaganyaan-4
8776:Shenzhou 21
8767:(September)
8761:(September)
8759:Soyuz MS-28
8742:Shenzhou 20
8736:Soyuz MS-27
8713:(late 2024)
8705:Shenzhou 19
8589:Pyle, Rod.
8454:|work=
8222:. Future US
8095:Radiat. Res
7922:12 February
7692:14 February
7669:21 November
7643:20 November
7551:EurekAlert!
7476:25 November
7470:EurekAlert!
6650:18 November
6470:15 November
6217:Sia Magazin
6190:www.esa.int
5969:"About CMS"
5551:from crash
5467:Failure of
5313:asphyxiated
5258:David Scott
5234:Reliability
5220:Gus Grissom
5039:Soyuz T-10a
5032:Soyuz MS-10
5011:spaceplanes
4853:cabin fever
4851:, anxiety,
4811:cosmic rays
4762:(2011–2013)
4615:MRI studies
4602:related to
4063:Suborbital
4054:Tycho Brahe
3993:North Korea
3918:asutoronoto
3903:uchūhikōshi
3855:ARV phase-2
3751:asutoronoto
3736:uchūhikōshi
3693:Kankoh-maru
3688:Kankoh-maru
3676:asutoronoto
3661:uchūhikōshi
3590:tàikōng rén
3583:taikonaut (
3499:asutoronoto
3484:uchūhikōshi
3408:rāʼid faḍāʼ
3388:rajul faḍāʼ
3340:Soyuz TM-14
3270:(in French)
3267:spationaute
3233:Piloted FSW
3078:Atlas LV-3B
3035:Suborbital
3022:5 May 1961
2966:(in Kazakh)
2916:Spacecraft
2870:North Korea
2858:North Korea
2831:test flight
2692:New Shepard
2678:Crew Dragon
2521:Phabricator
2503:companies.
2396:Interkosmos
2326:Soyuz TM-29
2273:Buzz Aldrin
2258:26 May 1969
2220:David Scott
2048:imperialist
2001:New Shepard
1993:development
1989:Blue Origin
1948:test flight
1908:New Shepard
1900:Blue Origin
1834:Crew Dragon
1816:Blue Origin
1796:Crew Dragon
1615:Kankoh-maru
1486:Shenzhou 11
1068:based on a
1062:Spiro Agnew
966:Buzz Aldrin
873:Kármán line
580:spacefarers
548:spaceflight
524:crewmember
438:Buzz Aldrin
320:Sub-orbital
244:Spaceplanes
193:Space probe
127:Exploration
45:Spaceflight
18292:Categories
18256:Local Hole
18203:Gould Belt
17943:Oort cloud
17779:Formation,
17769:Deep space
17605:Vulcanoids
17522:Oort cloud
17446:first 1000
17382:Greek camp
17280:Meteoroids
17275:Damocloids
17221:Charikloan
16458:comparison
16384:Thor DM-18
16369:Thor-Agena
16324:Long March
16242:Atlas LV3C
16237:Atlas LV3B
16157:Spacecraft
16145:Comparison
16074:PocketQube
16056:satellites
15834:Cosmonauts
15789:Astronauts
15745:Spacewalks
15707:Spacewalks
15652:Spacewalks
15600:Spacewalks
15560:Suborbital
15443:by program
15403:Space Race
15393:Spacecraft
15279:Telescopes
15164:Technology
15017:Weathering
14864:Psychology
14849:Locomotion
14767:See also:
14621:Mars-Grunt
14583:Sputnik 99
14578:Sputnik 41
14234:(moonbase)
14055:Kazakhstan
13893:Moon rocks
13653:Astronauts
13646:NASA lists
13503:OSIRIS-REx
13337:helicopter
13205:Pioneer 11
13198:Pioneer 10
13001:Hitchhiker
12876:suborbital
12713:Space Race
12473:Launch pad
12464:Expendable
12414:Geocentric
12381:Solar sail
12324:Spaceplane
12284:Spacecraft
12078:Space suit
12056:commercial
11984:Television
11779:Space Race
11693:See also:
10406:South Asia
10010:USSPACECOM
9422:Türksat 6A
9056:SSC Demo-1
9052:(February)
9000:(February)
8926:(November)
8867:Blue Ghost
8814:Artemis IV
8765:Artemis II
8732:(February)
8707:(November)
8483:20 October
8392:ESA Portal
8324:1 February
8226:20 October
7819:9 February
7688:. ABC News
7505:(1): 175.
7448:3 November
7369:29 October
7330:30 October
7166:27 January
7138:5 February
6782:23 January
6615:The Nation
6510:15 October
6444:29 October
6405:Space News
6222:17 October
6196:26 October
5744:9 February
5715:References
5540:feathering
5532:Enterprise
5462:Challenger
5378:poisoning
5293:fuel cells
5281:Fred Haise
5238:See also:
5093:See also:
5075:space suit
5048:Challenger
4960:Challenger
4941:See also:
4849:Depression
4744:See also:
4676:See also:
4644:astronauts
4636:pathogenic
4585:astronauts
4546:See also:
4535:See also:
4496:See also:
4044:astronaut
3841:astronaut
3795:Vyomanaut
3597:Yang Liwei
3559:yǔhángyuán
3414:ملاح فضائي
3324:cosmonaut
3273:astronaut
3201:yǔhángyuán
3121:yǔhángyuán
3066:(orbital)
3064:John Glenn
2764:spacecraft
2746:Under the
2696:Corn Ranch
2624:spacecraft
2613:spaceports
2455:Sally Ride
2431:Shenzhou 5
2427:Yang Liwei
2370:John Glenn
2351:5 May 1961
2322:Soyuz TM-8
2263:lightspeed
2245:Jim Lovell
2161:spaceplane
2121:Milestones
2094:Sally Ride
2062:-featured
2019:See also:
1977:spaceplane
1920:Wally Funk
1918:, aviator
1916:Mark Bezos
1912:Jeff Bezos
1890:suborbital
1872:government
1836:flying on
1553:spaceplane
1505:Tiangong 2
1500:Tianzhou 1
1495:Tiangong 2
1491:Tiangong 2
1480:Tiangong 1
1474:Tiangong 2
1459:Shenzhou 9
1454:Tiangong 1
1449:Shenzhou 8
1444:Tiangong 1
1439:Liu Boming
1427:Shenzhou 7
1402:Yang Liwei
1396:Shenzhou 5
1390:Shenzhou 1
1358:Zhou Enlai
1354:Mao Zedong
1346:Space Race
1213:Challenger
1190:Challenger
1051:Apollo CSM
990:Fred Haise
982:Jim Lovell
831:John Glenn
805:Vostok 3KA
708:Space Race
637:since the
631:Shenzhou 5
627:Yang Liwei
603:Space Race
589:cosmonaut
572:taikonauts
568:cosmonauts
564:astronauts
552:spacecraft
499:astronaut
478:astronaut
457:cosmonaut
436:astronaut
285:Expendable
280:Launch pad
170:Spacecraft
152:Telescopes
147:Settlement
142:Navigation
77:Space Race
18217:Milky Way
18210:Orion Arm
17978:Formation
17963:Migration
17958:Disrupted
17826:Coatlicue
17794:Accretion
17781:evolution
17727:Asteroids
17639:astronomy
17634:Discovery
17495:Cubewanos
17416:Asteroids
17246:Quaoarian
17236:Neptunian
17226:Chironean
17211:Saturnian
16987:Enceladus
16404:V-2 tests
16302:2020–2022
16297:2010–2019
16272:Delta III
15924:2000–2014
15919:1965–1999
15773:Rollbacks
15537:Gaganyaan
15480:2011–2020
15475:2001–2010
15470:1991–2000
15465:1981–1990
15460:1971–1980
15455:1961–1970
15260:for Earth
15247:Batteries
15229:Logistics
15181:Accidents
15127:Christmas
14992:Corrosion
14932:Tortoises
14890:Non-human
14626:Mercury-P
14616:Laplace-P
14573:Sputnik 3
14568:Sputnik 2
14563:Sputnik 1
14537:Spektr-UV
14508:Luna-Glob
14492:Spektr-RG
14469:Elektro–L
14208:Cancelled
14080:(defunct)
14034:Roscosmos
13920:Moon tree
13741:Earthrise
13616:Goldstone
13513:Mars 2020
13482:Voyager 2
13475:Voyager 1
13411:Curiosity
13355:operating
13353:Currently
13335:Ingenuity
13272:MESSENGER
13251:Sojourner
13180:Mercury 3
13170:Apollo 11
13117:Discovery
13107:Explorers
12696:Augustine
12660:Augustine
12483:Spaceport
12334:Satellite
12051:Astronaut
11979:Telephone
11932:Astronomy
11853:Space law
11806:Australia
11361:Roscosmos
11349:KazCosmos
11313:ArmCosmos
11014:DTU Space
10976:BIRA-IASB
10923:EU SatCen
10682:KACST-SRI
10579:ArmCosmos
10565:West Asia
10238:East Asia
10205:Roscosmos
10193:KazCosmos
10163:Pan-Asian
9725:Cancelled
9709:Blue Moon
9672:Gaganyaan
9548:Starliner
9313:Spektr-UV
9307:SAOCOM-2B
9286:Tianwen-4
9258:Tianwen-3
9246:SAOCOM-2A
9207:Dragonfly
9201:Chang'e 8
9104:ispace M3
9095:Chang'e 7
9061:Tianwen-2
8983:Garatéa-L
8959:(January)
8914:(October)
8880:(October)
8820:Artemis V
8456:ignored (
8446:cite book
8319:0029-7712
8292:233972618
8220:Space.com
7875:Radiology
7851:Space.com
7741:0094-5765
7663:Space.com
7422:205102116
7307:7 January
7281:7 January
7036:15 August
7010:15 August
6855:6 January
6733:7 January
6727:Space.com
6620:2 October
6583:SpaceNews
6561:6 October
6504:SpaceNews
6266:Space.com
5873:4 January
5615:2011–2020
5610:2001–2010
5605:1991–2000
5600:1981–1990
5595:1971–1980
5590:1961–1970
5363:plug door
5285:cryogenic
5269:Apollo 13
5216:plug door
5166:In 1960,
5027:Soyuz 18a
4833:Isolation
4826:Radiation
4796:Apollo 17
4792:Apollo 16
4788:Space Age
4740:Radiation
4598:issued a
4570:bone loss
4566:blindness
3810:Gaganyaan
3394:رائد فضاء
3321:kosmonavt
3311:Roscosmos
3058:astronaut
3011:astronaut
2962:cosmonaut
2959:kosmonavt
2919:Launcher
2812:Artemis I
2752:Gaganyaan
2360:Freedom 7
2289:attained
2287:Apollo 13
2277:Apollo 11
2199:Gemini 6A
2109:example:
2040:space law
2021:Space law
1979:or small
1940:transport
1860:Starliner
1350:Apollo 11
1314:into the
1208:Endeavour
1196:Discovery
1082:space tug
1027:N1 rocket
978:Apollo 13
958:Apollo 11
923:Voskhod 2
915:spacewalk
859:flights (
851:, aboard
818:Freedom 7
809:astronaut
639:Apollo 17
503:taking a
455:Voskhod 2
434:Apollo 11
368:Companies
275:Spaceport
188:Satellite
132:Espionage
18270:Universe
18108:Moonlets
17688:programs
17661:timeline
17649:timeline
17580:Planet X
17575:Planet V
17512:Sednoids
17500:Plutinos
17473:Centaurs
17451:families
17180:Dysnomia
17168:Xiangliu
17163:Gonggong
17151:Makemake
17110:Kerberos
16997:Hyperion
16935:Callisto
16930:Ganymede
16863:Gonggong
16858:Makemake
16713:Gonggong
16706:Makemake
16359:Starship
16329:Minotaur
16287:Delta IV
16267:Delta II
16252:Electron
16213:Launches
16172:heaviest
16162:uncrewed
16133:Vehicles
16069:CubeSats
16010:orbiters
15968:Timeline
15829:European
15768:Missions
15727:Tiangong
15717:Deployed
15712:Visitors
15700:uncrewed
15685:Visiting
15657:Visitors
15645:uncrewed
15605:Visitors
15593:uncrewed
15542:Spacelab
15532:Shenzhou
15438:timeline
15386:timeline
15122:Religion
15112:Military
15048:of Earth
14927:Primates
14854:Medicine
14641:Venera-D
14636:Spektr-M
14604:Concepts
14531:Kazachok
14487:Resurs-P
14482:Meteor-M
14447:(failed)
14438:Spektr-R
14432:(failed)
14411:(failed)
14390:(failed)
14331:programs
14133:programs
13964:Category
13626:Canberra
13538:timeline
13526:timeline
13462:timeline
13418:timeline
13315:observed
13310:timeline
13278:Aquarius
13218:timeline
13191:Magellan
13153:missions
13051:Surveyor
12987:programs
12917:Shuttle–
12858:programs
12690:Aldridge
12609:creation
12535:Category
12200:Tiangong
12195:Shenzhou
12124:Programs
11969:Internet
11774:Timeline
11586:UNCOPUOS
10897:DG DEFIS
10858:EUMETSAT
9910:Americas
9816:National
9697:Starship
9657:Mengzhou
9523:Shenzhou
9505:programs
9424:(8 July)
9415:launched
9413:Recently
9343:LiteBIRD
9325:EnVision
9319:Spektr-M
9292:Venera-D
9135:ULTRASAT
9099:Rashid 2
9012:Series B
9010:MetOp-SG
9006:Series A
9004:MetOp-SG
8948:ESCAPADE
8912:Juventas
8889:GOSAT-GW
8840:Uncrewed
8755:(August)
8749:(Spring)
8528:NASA.gov
8430:00061677
8361:23 March
8259:15943194
8201:19690292
8131:25250687
8123:10825747
8020:23723213
7975:33828760
7896:22416248
7857:14 March
7798:13965518
7790:21849212
7749:11541924
7557:16 March
7531:30466389
7414:29091569
7257:23300905
7216:PLoS ONE
7112:27 March
7107:BBC News
7062:27 March
7057:BBC News
6909:cite web
6640:project"
6533:Archived
6327:NASA.gov
6240:Archived
6164:Archived
5916:Springer
5908:(2004).
5842:1 August
5705:Gulf War
5662:NewSpace
5558:See also
5504:Damaged
5499:Columbia
5447:Asphyxia
5436:Soyuz 11
5357:Apollo 1
5339:Mission
5309:Soyuz 11
5246:Gemini 8
5224:Ed White
5208:Apollo 1
5195:Ariane 5
5183:Columbia
5119:Columbia
4726:eyesight
4021:Orbital
3979:Orbital
3939:Orbital
3896:Japanese
3864:Orbital
3860:Ariane V
3819:Orbital
3772:Orbital
3729:Japanese
3697:Orbital
3654:Japanese
3614:Orbital
3520:Orbital
3477:Japanese
3374:رجل فضاء
3350:Orbital
3346:Soyuz-U2
3292:Orbital
3288:Ariane V
3242:Orbital
3162:Orbital
3153:Shuguang
3082:Orbital
3031:Redstone
2988:Orbital
2964:Ғарышкер
2827:Starship
2682:Falcon 9
2398:program.
2346:Vostok 1
2253:Apollo 8
2228:Gemini 8
2207:Gemini 7
2139:Vostok 1
1959:Falcon 9
1936:airliner
1838:Falcon 9
1826:market.
1640:Gulf War
1557:Ariane 5
1551:shuttle
1533:Tiangong
1518:Tiangong
1513:Tiangong
1465:Liu Yang
1362:Shuguang
1338:Shenzhou
1336:Chinese
1225:Spacelab
1202:Atlantis
1184:Columbia
1145:Soyuz 19
1074:kerosene
1011:Salyut 1
954:Apollo 8
938:Saturn V
853:Vostok 6
845:capsules
801:Vostok 1
766:Cold War
615:the Moon
480:Ed White
476:Gemini 4
289:reusable
137:Military
37:a series
35:Part of
18091:Related
18070:by size
17759:Neptune
17744:Jupiter
17695:Mercury
17620:outline
17565:Phaeton
17560:Nemesis
17547:objects
17399:Neptune
17372:Jupiter
17352:Trojans
17345:Neptune
17330:Jupiter
17310:Mercury
17241:Haumean
17231:Uranian
17213: (
17127:Hiʻiaka
17061:Proteus
17051:Neptune
17039:Miranda
17029:Umbriel
17019:Titania
17007:all 146
16972:Iapetus
16925:Jupiter
16819:Neptune
16797:Jupiter
16765:Mercury
16747:Planets
16672:Neptune
16657:Jupiter
16630:Mercury
16399:Tsyklon
16262:Delta 1
16227:Antares
15874:by name
15819:Chinese
15814:Mercury
15794:by name
15755:Shuttle
15555:Orbital
15547:Artemis
15512:Mercury
15497:Russian
15426:General
15381:outline
15369:General
15284:Weapons
15252:Nuclear
15213:Writing
15208:Toilets
15191:Farming
15139:Tourism
15134:Selfies
15075:Economy
15040:Alcohol
15028:Society
15012:Weather
14987:Climate
14897:Animals
14844:Hygiene
14823:Biology
14671:Related
14523:Luna 28
14518:Luna 27
14513:Luna 26
14477:(joint)
14474:ExoMars
14444:Luna 25
14408:Mars 96
14351:Prognoz
14328:Robotic
14286:(joint)
14195:Energia
14190:(joint)
14177:(joint)
14152:Voskhod
13976:Commons
13854:Related
13663:by year
13658:by name
13435:GOES 15
13425:GOES 14
13342:flights
13328:InSight
13284:Cassini
13212:Galileo
13137:SIMPLEx
13112:Voyager
13080:Current
13036:Pioneer
13006:Mariner
12985:Robotic
12966:Artemis
12939:Current
12882:Mercury
12874: (
12767:NASA TV
12706:General
12605:History
12409:Orbital
12210:Artemis
12141:Voskhod
12136:Mercury
12044:General
11784:Records
11769:History
11757:General
11547:ISS MCB
11441:Oceania
11216:PTSPACE
11182:CBK PAN
10844:ESTRACK
10770:CENELEC
10473:SUPARCO
10420:SPARRSO
10257:SASTIND
9974:FAA/AST
9807:Arabsat
9678:Russia
9599:Mercury
9579:Voskhod
9564:Retired
9529:Russia
9394:TEREX-1
9337:DAVINCI
9331:VERITAS
9321:(2030+)
9301:Luna 28
9280:Harmony
9219:Luna 27
9213:JASMINE
9163:Luna 26
9125:Xuntian
9069:(April)
9067:TRACERS
9046:SPHEREx
8998:LOXSAT1
8969:(April)
8967:SWFO-L1
8943:DESTINY
8918:PROBA-3
8894:GSAT-20
8856:Biomass
8828:(~2030)
8738:(March)
8608:excerpt
8606:(2020)
8595:excerpt
8530:. NASA.
8436:12 July
8103:Bibcode
8066:Bibcode
8000:Bibcode
7991:Science
7966:7962687
7721:Bibcode
7522:6251167
7248:3534034
7225:Bibcode
7194:23 July
6965:13 June
6939:21 June
6881:21 June
6830:12 July
6729:. Purch
6528:(2012)
6170:13 July
6137:26 July
6111:26 July
6081:25 July
6053:25 July
6028:25 July
6003:25 July
5978:25 July
5953:25 July
5792:16 June
5697:Tammouz
5494:STS-107
5457:STS-51L
5419:vertigo
5387:Soyuz 1
5345:Deaths
5295:to the
5186:at the
5101:Soyuz 1
5015:Voskhod
4984:Mercury
4880:Hearing
4822:viruses
4758:on the
4703:muscles
4651:viruses
4568:and of
4035:Denmark
3911:アストロノート
3744:アストロノート
3669:アストロノート
3572:Chinese
3552:Chinese
3492:アストロノート
3342:to MIR
3214:Chinese
3194:Chinese
3134:Chinese
3114:Chinese
2856:), and
2523:and on
2320:, from
2147:Either
1981:capsule
1878:funds.
1876:private
1867:Atlas V
1754:updated
1676:STS-135
1655:STS-135
1632:Al-Abid
1570:Japan (
1422:docking
1312:Freedom
1259:Energia
1153:Freedom
1137:détente
1086:nuclear
931:docking
911:Voskhod
732:Mercury
691:History
673:orbital
507:in 2012
325:Orbital
157:Tourism
65:History
18265:
18258:
18251:
18226:
18219:
18212:
18205:
18198:
18191:
18184:
18113:Syzygy
18035:Comets
17968:System
17953:Planet
17846:EXCEDE
17754:Uranus
17749:Saturn
17739:Comets
17732:mining
17710:mining
17600:Vulcan
17441:active
17436:Hygiea
17431:Pallas
17394:Uranus
17340:Uranus
17335:Saturn
17270:Comets
17262:bodies
17260:System
17206:Jovian
17144:Weywot
17139:Quaoar
17132:Namaka
17122:Haumea
17095:Charon
17071:all 16
17066:Nereid
17056:Triton
17044:all 28
17024:Oberon
17014:Uranus
17002:Phoebe
16982:Tethys
16957:Saturn
16950:all 95
16945:Europa
16918:Deimos
16913:Phobos
16892:Earth
16853:Quaoar
16848:Haumea
16828:Dwarfs
16814:Uranus
16802:Saturn
16787:Giants
16752:dwarfs
16699:Quaoar
16692:Haumea
16667:Uranus
16662:Saturn
16414:Vulcan
16334:Proton
16319:Kosmos
16222:Ariane
16167:crewed
16106:Kosmos
16005:active
16000:Probes
15983:rovers
15844:Muslim
15809:Gemini
15804:Apollo
15782:People
15695:crewed
15640:crewed
15588:crewed
15572:Salyut
15527:Skylab
15522:Apollo
15517:Gemini
15492:Soviet
15256:Solar
15243:Power
15239:Mining
15144:Voting
15092:Ethics
15080:Mining
15065:Burial
14997:Debris
14949:Plants
14464:Bion-M
14457:Active
14449:(2023)
14434:(2011)
14425:(2009)
14413:(1996)
14396:Granat
14375:Astron
14363:Venera
14276:Active
14267:Kliper
14252:Zvezda
14247:Spiral
14231:Zvezda
14157:Salyut
14147:Vostok
14115:Proton
14110:Angara
14019:Soviet
13621:Madrid
13554:Future
13469:NuSTAR
13400:THEMIS
13322:RHESSI
13259:Spirit
13056:Viking
13046:Ranger
12897:Skylab
12892:Apollo
12887:Gemini
12745:Budget
12698:(2009)
12692:(2004)
12686:(2004)
12680:(2003)
12674:(2002)
12672:CFUSAI
12668:(1996)
12662:(1990)
12656:(1989)
12650:(1987)
12644:(1986)
12642:Rogers
12638:(1986)
12632:(1958)
12626:(1958)
12620:(1915)
12596:Policy
12546:Portal
12539:
12528:
12344:Lander
12297:Rocket
12161:Skylab
12156:Apollo
12146:Gemini
12131:Vostok
11836:Russia
11607:Former
11598:UNOOSA
11500:COSPAR
10971:BELSPO
10752:Europe
10544:GISTDA
10520:PhilSA
10385:SaTReC
10287:PLAASF
9955:NESDIS
9885:NASRDA
9802:RASCOM
9786:Africa
9668:India
9662:Lanyue
9653:China
9609:Apollo
9604:Gemini
9574:Vostok
9519:China
9513:Active
9357:(2035)
9351:(2035)
9349:Athena
9345:(2032)
9333:(2031)
9327:(2031)
9315:(2030)
9309:(2030)
9303:(2030)
9288:(2029)
9282:(2029)
9276:(2029)
9266:(2028)
9260:(2028)
9254:(2028)
9248:(2028)
9242:(2028)
9233:(2028)
9227:(2028)
9221:(2028)
9215:(2028)
9209:(2028)
9203:(2028)
9086:ALTIUS
9041:SPARCS
9026:PETREL
8988:HTV-X1
8908:Milani
8822:(2030)
8816:(2028)
8805:(2026)
8771:Vast-1
8688:Crewed
8582:
8567:
8552:
8428:
8418:
8378:, NASA
8317:
8290:
8280:
8257:
8199:
8161:
8129:
8121:
8018:
7973:
7963:
7894:
7796:
7788:
7747:
7739:
7529:
7519:
7442:Quartz
7420:
7412:
7255:
7245:
6808:31 May
6778:. NASA
6759:10 May
6706:14 May
6676:23 May
6589:13 May
6440:. NASA
6277:13 May
5926:
5815:
5549:Trauma
5469:O-ring
5398:Trauma
5279:, and
5226:, and
5004:Gemini
5000:Vostok
4990:, and
4988:Apollo
4937:Launch
4841:, and
4554:, and
4508:, and
4050:2020s
4032:
4017:Unha 9
4008:2020s
3990:
3950:
3892:
3875:
3797:
3783:
3725:
3708:
3650:
3625:
3568:
3548:
3531:
3473:
3456:
3421:Arabic
3417:
3401:Arabic
3397:
3381:Arabic
3377:
3306:Russia
3303:
3283:Hermes
3210:
3190:
3173:
3130:
3110:
3093:
3046:
2999:
2984:Vostok
2933:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2463:STS-93
2247:, and
2163:, the
2031:, and
1995:: the
1975:Small
1970:market
1856:Boeing
1842:Demo-2
1830:SpaceX
1808:SpaceX
1730:Apollo
1709:, the
1609:, and
1576:HOPE-X
1549:Hermes
1520:, the
1420:, and
1291:. The
1199:, and
1125:Skylab
1084:; and
1035:Salyut
988:, and
948:, and
718:Vostok
677:SpaceX
587:Soviet
249:Vostok
18028:Lists
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