1867:
for GLONASS and 5.5 cm for BeiDou when using real-time corrections for satellite orbits and clocks. The average SISREs of the BDS-3 MEO, IGSO, and GEO satellites were 0.52 m, 0.90 m and 1.15 m, respectively. Compared to the four major global satellite navigation systems consisting of MEO satellites, the SISRE of the BDS-3 MEO satellites was slightly inferior to 0.4 m of
Galileo, slightly superior to 0.59 m of GPS, and remarkably superior to 2.33 m of GLONASS. The SISRE of BDS-3 IGSO was 0.90 m, which was on par with the 0.92 m of QZSS IGSO. However, as the BDS-3 GEO satellites were newly launched and not completely functioning in orbit, their average SISRE was marginally worse than the 0.91 m of the QZSS GEO satellites.
936:
865:
the position of the signal moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that changes the distance through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and then using techniques such as
63:
751:
888:
805:. The received frequency will differ slightly from the broadcast frequency because of the movement of the satellite with respect to the receiver. By monitoring this frequency shift over a short time interval, the receiver can determine its location to one side or the other of the satellite, and several such measurements combined with a precise knowledge of the satellite's orbit can fix a particular position. Satellite orbital position errors are caused by radio-wave
5577:
5588:
976:
2255:
391:
27:
1312:
1893:
system may be used also for mobile receivers on land with more limited usage and coverage. Used with traditional GNSS systems, it pushes the accuracy of positions to centimetric precision (and to millimetric precision for altimetric application and also allows monitoring very tiny seasonal changes of Earth rotation and deformations), in order to build a much more precise geodesic reference system.
809:, gravity field changes (as the Earth's gravitational field is not uniform), and other phenomena. A team, led by Harold L Jury of Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970 to 1973, found solutions and/or corrections for many error sources. Using real-time data and recursive estimation, the systematic and residual errors were narrowed down to accuracy sufficient for navigation.
923:, is used to determine users location and the location of other people or objects at any given moment. The range of application of satellite navigation in the future is enormous, including both the public and private sectors across numerous market segments such as science, transport, agriculture, insurance, energy, etc.
1117:
system. The receivers will be able to combine the signals from both
Galileo and GPS satellites to greatly increase the accuracy. The full Galileo constellation consists of 24 active satellites, the last of which was launched in December 2021. The main modulation used in Galileo Open Service signal is
864:
Each distance measurement, regardless of the system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking for a point where they meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers,
723:
As many of the global GNSS systems (and augmentation systems) use similar frequencies and signals around L1, many "Multi-GNSS" receivers capable of using multiple systems have been produced. While some systems strive to interoperate with GPS as well as possible by providing the same clock, others do
553:
from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to a high precision, which allows time synchronisation.
1866:
Using multiple GNSS systems for user positioning increases the number of visible satellites, improves precise point positioning (PPP) and shortens the average convergence time. The signal-in-space ranging error (SISRE) in
November 2019 were 1.6 cm for Galileo, 2.3 cm for GPS, 5.2 cm
852:
to maintain synchronization of all the satellites in the constellation. The receiver compares the time of broadcast encoded in the transmission of three (at sea level) or four (which allows an altitude calculation also) different satellites, measuring the time-of-flight to each satellite. Several
1074:
satellites and five geostationary satellites (IGSO). A 16-satellite regional version (covering Asia and
Pacific area) was completed by December 2012. Global service was completed by December 2018. On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation deployment is fully completed after the last satellite was
630:
is the second generation of systems that independently provide a full civilian satellite navigation system, exemplified by the
European Galileo positioning system. These systems will provide the accuracy and integrity monitoring necessary for civil navigation; including aircraft. Initially, this
1892:
Doppler
Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) is a French precision navigation system. Unlike other GNSS systems, it is based on static emitting stations around the world, the receivers being on satellites, in order to precisely determine their orbital position. The
1052:, (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or GLONASS), is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. GLONASS has full global coverage since 1995 and with 24 active satellites.
785:
which broadcast a radio pulse from a known "master" location, followed by a pulse repeated from a number of "slave" stations. The delay between the reception of the master signal and the slave signals allowed the receiver to deduce the distance to each of the slaves, providing a
1357:. Ground stations determine the accuracy of the satellite navigation systems data and transfer it to the geostationary satellites; users may freely obtain this data from those satellites using an EGNOS-enabled receiver, or over the Internet. One main use of the system is in
647:
G3 for GLONASS) for civilian use; they feature higher aggregate accuracy and fewer problems with signal reflection. As of late 2018, a few consumer-grade GNSS devices are being sold that leverage both. They are typically called "Dual band GNSS" or "Dual band GPS"
907:
The original motivation for satellite navigation was for military applications. Satellite navigation allows precision in the delivery of weapons to targets, greatly increasing their lethality whilst reducing inadvertent casualties from mis-directed weapons. (See
1293:
regions. QZSS services were available on a trial basis as of
January 12, 2018, and were started in November 2018. The first satellite was launched in September 2010. An independent satellite navigation system (from GPS) with 7 satellites is planned for 2023.
926:
The ability to supply satellite navigation signals is also the ability to deny their availability. The operator of a satellite navigation system potentially has the ability to degrade or eliminate satellite navigation services over any territory it desires.
554:
These uses are collectively known as
Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated.
1069:
BeiDou started as the now-decommissioned Beidou-1, an Asia-Pacific local network on the geostationary orbits. The second generation of the system BeiDou-2 became operational in China in
December 2011. The BeiDou-3 system is proposed to consist of 30
2585:
ISRO/DOS shall work towards expanding the coverage from regional to global to ensure availability of NavIC standalone signal in any part of the world without relying on other GNSS and aid in wide utilisation of Indian navigation system across the
1197:
The constellation was in orbit as of 2018, and the system was available for public use in early 2018. NavIC provides two levels of service, the "standard positioning service", which will be open for civilian use, and a "restricted service" (an
2174:
To improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, most service allocations are incorporated in national Tables of
Frequency Allocations and Utilisations within the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. Allocations are:
839:
Modern systems are more direct. The satellite broadcasts a signal that contains orbital data (from which the position of the satellite can be calculated) and the precise time the signal was transmitted. Orbital data include a rough
831:
continuously observed the precise orbits of these satellites. As a satellite's orbit deviated, the USNO sent the updated information to the satellite. Subsequent broadcasts from an updated satellite would contain its most recent
1112:
satellites was originally scheduled to be operational in 2010. The original year to become operational was 2014. The first experimental satellite was launched on 28 December 2005. Galileo is expected to be compatible with the
1909:
networks are able to track transceiver units with accuracy of a few kilometres using doppler shift calculations from the satellite. The coordinates are sent back to the transceiver unit where they can be read using
704:
Continental scale Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) for example the Australian GRAS and the joint US Coast Guard, Canadian Coast Guard, US Army Corps of Engineers and US Department of Transportation National
1008:. The exact number of satellites varies as older satellites are retired and replaced. Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is the world's most utilized satellite navigation system.
1238:
is a method of improving a navigation system's attributes, such as accuracy, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process, for example, the
1165:
to have a larger signal footprint and lower number of satellites to map the region. It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy of better than 7.6 metres (25 ft) throughout
1364:
According to specifications, horizontal position accuracy when using EGNOS-provided corrections should be better than seven metres. In practice, the horizontal position accuracy is at the metre level.
2738:
Jury, H, 1973, Application of the Kalman Filter to Real-time Navigation using Synchronous Satellites, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science, Tokyo, 945-952.
3226:
3310:
1170:
and within a region extending approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) around it. An Extended Service Area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the
3189:
879:
is applied to GPS time correction, the net result is that time on a GPS satellite clock advances faster than a clock on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day.
1353:
EGNOS consists of 40 Ranging Integrity Monitoring Stations, 2 Mission Control Centres, 6 Navigation Land Earth Stations, the EGNOS Wide Area Network (EWAN), and 3
4564:
5293:
853:
such measurements can be made at the same time to different satellites, allowing a continual fix to be generated in real time using an adapted version of
4834:
3371:
2335:
3641:
4717:
4367:
3343:
1372:
3274:
4743:
4692:
4661:
4342:
4311:
2330:
1323:
1304:
1244:
610:
1108:. Galileo became operational on 15 December 2016 (global Early Operational Capability, EOC). At an estimated cost of €10 billion, the system of 30
3215:
3673:
3454:
3022:
4180:
3884:
2112:
2089:
1376:
1248:
2560:
2983:
419:
2199:
4677:
4612:
4327:
4228:
4091:
2144:
1848:
1423:
694:
508:
372:
4557:
2075:
1202:
one) for authorized users (including military). There are plans to expand NavIC system by increasing constellation size from 7 to 11.
4702:
4352:
2605:
1157:
approved the project in May 2006. It consists of a constellation of 7 navigational satellites. Three of the satellites are placed in
2314:
5271:
4861:
2535:
2269:
1346:
by reporting on the reliability and accuracy of their positioning data and sending out corrections. The system will supplement
3163:
4851:
4786:
4550:
3733:
ITU Radio Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations
3487:
2014:
1980:
1927:
377:
591:
GNSS systems that provide enhanced accuracy and integrity monitoring usable for civil navigation are classified as follows:
2083:
2051:
1939:
614:
4687:
4337:
3773:
1327:
848:
is transmitted in a data message that is superimposed on a code that serves as a timing reference. The satellite uses an
598:
491:
4871:
4666:
4316:
4173:
3877:
3750:
Report on Current and Planned Global and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems and Satellite-based Augmentation Systems
3503:
3362:
2294:
1828:
1403:
1380:
1256:
1150:
1061:
741:
687:
618:
597:
is the first generation system and is the combination of existing satellite navigation systems (GPS and GLONASS), with
4891:
3240:
3112:
2482:
2024:
869:
to combine the noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity.
412:
367:
2069:
602:
2962:
5637:
5046:
4409:
3266:
3004:
1119:
1076:
5421:
5283:
4866:
4682:
4597:
4332:
4213:
4081:
3141:
2123:
1833:
1408:
1385:
1347:
1088:
920:
669:
622:
484:
5622:
5612:
4712:
4697:
4506:
4362:
4347:
4251:
4233:
4166:
4096:
3870:
3648:
2299:
2149:
1853:
1428:
1368:
1272:
1240:
912:). Satellite navigation also allows forces to be directed and to locate themselves more easily, reducing the
606:
496:
3385:
3335:
935:
5617:
4987:
4707:
4357:
4256:
2279:
1962:
902:
858:
680:
405:
1388:
and EGNOS received a budget of €14.6 billion for its six-year, 2021–2027, research and development period.
1227:
The first two generations of China's BeiDou navigation system were designed to provide regional coverage.
5399:
5235:
4982:
4829:
4243:
3851:
522:
131:
96:
3857:
3534:"Assessing the latest performance of Galileo-only PPP and the contribution of Galileo to Multi-GNSS PPP"
2637:
5471:
5240:
4913:
2045:
1671:
1260:
1105:
339:
38:
was the first global satellite navigation system and the first to be provided as a free global service.
3533:
3532:
Xia, Fengyu; Ye, Shirong; Xia, Pengfei; Zhao, Lewen; Jiang, Nana; Chen, Dezhong; Hu, Guangbao (2019).
1918:. This can also be used by the gateway to enforce restrictions on geographically bound calling plans.
1876:
5394:
5276:
5014:
4779:
4607:
4223:
4122:
4086:
3680:
3476:
Aswal, Dinesh K.; Yadav, Sanjay; Takatsuji, Toshiyuki; Rachakonda, Prem; Kumar, Harish (2023-08-23).
3450:
2129:
1843:
1418:
1282:
1005:
992:
952:
657:
546:
461:
119:
35:
2789:"What is value in the New Space Economy? The end-users' perspective on satellite data and solutions"
5509:
5009:
4997:
4969:
4592:
4208:
4071:
2569:
2324:
1915:
1887:
964:
844:
for all satellites to aid in finding them, and a precise ephemeris for this satellite. The orbital
294:
126:
106:
4266:
3826:
3811:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) International GNSS Service (IGS)
2503:
1186:, 1,500–6,000 km beyond borders. A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the
5513:
5449:
5228:
5130:
5041:
4945:
4918:
4819:
2057:
1990:
1354:
1187:
774:
558:
329:
91:
20:
2903:
2879:
507:, all of them based on GPS. Previous iterations of the BeiDou navigation system and the present
5561:
5523:
4957:
4876:
4814:
2319:
762:
311:
298:
101:
81:
74:
3749:
3477:
3040:
5411:
5218:
4856:
3823:
Orbits for the Global Positioning System satellites in the Global Navigation Satellite System
3296:
2018:
1984:
1493:
1331:
1101:
827:
Part of an orbiting satellite's broadcast includes its precise orbital data. Originally, the
5580:
5481:
5464:
5101:
5029:
4886:
4772:
4040:
3778:
3592:
3545:
2800:
2701:
2162:
1162:
828:
801:: the satellites travelled on well-known paths and broadcast their signals on a well-known
349:
46:
3720:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.45, definition:
3708:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.47, definition:
3696:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.43, definition:
2612:
797:, a system deployed by the US military in the 1960s. Transit's operation was based on the
8:
5642:
5476:
5454:
5389:
5108:
4952:
4643:
4633:
4531:
4032:
4012:
3992:
3982:
3954:
3944:
3939:
3430:
2927:
1339:
1319:
This article needs some minor updating as EGNOS is still evolving along time (be aware).
1183:
1175:
1171:
1158:
1154:
794:
716:
570:
344:
334:
233:
3596:
3549:
2804:
2705:
5591:
5374:
5300:
5155:
5051:
4903:
4733:
4112:
3977:
3949:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3561:
2836:
2664:
2304:
2284:
2260:
1206:
1179:
1109:
1071:
1001:
940:
876:
562:
395:
190:
156:
146:
5627:
5587:
5546:
5186:
5081:
5056:
5002:
4992:
4809:
4653:
4516:
4303:
4261:
4132:
4117:
4048:
3909:
3565:
3483:
3092:"Launch of first satellite for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite system next year"
3091:
2840:
2828:
2107:
1235:
1114:
896:
586:
577:
of roughly twelve hours (at an altitude of about 20,000 kilometres or 12,000 miles).
224:
136:
3768:
3410:
2813:
2788:
2748:
5632:
5459:
5288:
5245:
5211:
5176:
5113:
5066:
4908:
3816:
US National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
3791:
United Nations International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)
3600:
3553:
2818:
2808:
2719:
2709:
2133:
1943:
1252:
948:
770:
758:
706:
258:
207:
62:
31:
3790:
2941:
2483:"China's GPS rival Beidou is now fully operational after final satellite launched"
5504:
5404:
5357:
5255:
5196:
5181:
5135:
5118:
5024:
5019:
2762:
1906:
1902:
956:
944:
802:
750:
306:
161:
3850:) Simulation and graphical depiction of the motion of space vehicles, including
3066:
5551:
5538:
5431:
5362:
5352:
5337:
5315:
5305:
5201:
5191:
5140:
5061:
4542:
4521:
4475:
3969:
3605:
3580:
2854:
2274:
1954:
1699:
1191:
1097:
960:
798:
787:
574:
566:
481:
445:
301:
3620:
3557:
2185:
exclusive or shared utilization: within the responsibility of administrations.
822:
5606:
5499:
5416:
5347:
5310:
5150:
5071:
4935:
4930:
4738:
4465:
4399:
3810:
2832:
1994:
1453:
1278:
866:
854:
511:(IRNSS), operationally known as NavIC, are examples of stand-alone operating
457:
248:
243:
238:
166:
141:
3504:"NAVIC SIGNAL IN SPACE ICD FOR STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICE IN L1 FREQUENCY"
887:
5556:
5491:
5160:
5145:
4846:
4841:
4440:
2289:
1607:
1290:
1104:
agreed in March 2002 to introduce their own alternative to GPS, called the
1026:
849:
639:
G1 for GLONASS). In recent years, GNSS systems have begun activating Lower
277:
3244:
3120:
2963:"Commission awards major contracts to make Galileo operational early 2014"
5384:
5250:
4940:
4923:
4795:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4445:
4282:
3893:
3847:
3581:"Evolution of orbit and clock quality for real-time multi-GNSS solutions"
2823:
2724:
1947:
1335:
1149:) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by the
909:
782:
737:
542:
202:
54:
4628:
3386:"Information and Analysis Center for Positioning, Navigation and Timing"
2568:. Bengaluru, India: Department of Space. 2021. p. 7. Archived from
1209:
satellites. The Global NavIC will be free to use for the global public.
1000:
The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of up to 32
5518:
5426:
5369:
5329:
5123:
4824:
4511:
4470:
4430:
4425:
4158:
3862:
2714:
2689:
2309:
1958:
1911:
1199:
913:
806:
745:
652:
By their roles in the navigation system, systems can be classified as:
289:
253:
179:
86:
3359:
2880:"The BDS-3 Preliminary System Is Completed to Provide Global Services"
2787:
Paravano, Alessandro; Locatelli, Giorgio; Trucco, Paolo (2023-09-01).
1277:
The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a four-satellite regional
5528:
5379:
5096:
4977:
4898:
4881:
4526:
4450:
4435:
4383:
4137:
3806:
International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Society Inc (IGNSS)
3221:
975:
845:
833:
538:
526:
441:
284:
197:
3795:
3023:"Soyuz launch from Kourou postponed until 2021, 2 others to proceed"
818:
4638:
4455:
4290:
4002:
3901:
3164:"India's own GPS IRNSS NavIC made by ISRO to go live in early 2018"
3142:"India to build a constellation of 7 navigation satellites by 2012"
1358:
1222:
1218:
872:
778:
676:
621:(GAGAN). Ground-based augmentation is provided by systems like the
605:(GBAS). In the United States, the satellite-based component is the
534:
530:
4671:
4321:
3843:
3820:
3190:"Navigation satellite clocks ticking; system to be expanded: ISRO"
2690:"Investigation on Reference Frames and Time Systems in Multi-GNSS"
2504:"Galileo is the European global satellite-based navigation system"
495:(SBAS), designed to enhance the accuracy of GNSS, include Japan's
4748:
4602:
4460:
4218:
4076:
4036:
3832:
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) GNSS Implementation Team
3389:
2139:
1838:
1413:
1017:
841:
733:
661:
469:
26:
3579:
Kazmierski, Kamil; Zajdel, Radoslaw; Sośnica, Krzysztof (2020).
2355:
Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π
715:
Local GBAS typified by a single GPS reference station operating
5342:
5206:
4587:
4203:
4066:
3997:
3987:
2117:
1448:
1030:
665:
644:
640:
636:
632:
541:) to high precision (within a few centimeters to meters) using
477:
465:
448:. A satellite navigation system with global coverage is termed
4764:
656:
There are four global satellite navigation systems, currently
19:
For maneuvering satellites to maintain orbit and station, see
4753:
4404:
3929:
3747:
Office for Outer Space Affairs of the United Nations (2010),
3475:
2536:"Japan Prepares for GPS Failure with Quasi-Zenith Satellites"
2167:
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to
2038:
1463:
1458:
1438:
1286:
1167:
1136:
968:
766:
686:
Regional SBAS including WAAS (US), EGNOS (EU), MSAS (Japan),
550:
504:
500:
473:
1311:
643:
frequency sets (L2 and L5 for GPS, E5a and E5b for Galileo,
4142:
4127:
4022:
4017:
3959:
3360:
Irene Klotz; Tony Osborne; Bradley Perrett (Sep 12, 2018).
2207: Region 3
2204: Region 2
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
891:
GNSS satellites used for navigation on a smartphone in 2021
698:
675:
Global Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) such as
557:
Global coverage for each system is generally achieved by a
3831:
3451:"China launches final satellite in GPS-like Beidou system"
5223:
4147:
4007:
3934:
3267:"Japan mulls seven-satellite QZSS system as a GPS backup"
3216:"ISRO to boost NavIC, widen user base of location system"
1343:
3805:
3311:"EU Space Programme - Performance - European Commission"
1125:
456:). As of 2024, four global systems are operational: the
3762:
3578:
2786:
2688:
Nicolini, Luca; Caporali, Alessandro (9 January 2018).
1443:
1205:
India plans to make the NavIC global by adding 24 more
3815:
3800:
930:
693:
Regional Satellite Navigation Systems such as India's
2250:
1367:
Similar service is provided in North America by the
16:
Use of satellite signals for geo-spatial positioning
3858:
GPS, GNSS, Geodesy and Navigation Concepts in depth
3837:
2336:
UNSW School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering
3361:
3355:
3353:
3214:
2027:in which earth stations are located on board ships
1373:System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring
919:Now a global navigation satellite system, such as
4744:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
3679:. Personal Satellite Network, Inc. Archived from
3443:
2562:Indian Satellite Navigation Policy - 2021 (Draft)
2422:Approximately 8.6 times when the Moon is nearest
2331:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
1324:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
1305:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
1245:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
611:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
5604:
4572:
3784:
2687:
2659:
2657:
2179:primary: indicated by writing in capital letters
3779:Global Navigation Satellite System Fundamentals
3350:
3033:
2190:
2090:Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service
1377:Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System
1249:Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System
615:Multi-Functional Satellite Augmentation System
4780:
4558:
4174:
3878:
2749:"Relativistic Effects on the Satellite Clock"
2654:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2475:
2393:is the gravitational constant, approximately
2171:of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).
2037:ITU Radio Regulations (article 1) classifies
1194:and user receivers all being built in India.
413:
3531:
635:frequency sets (L1 for GPS, E1 for Galileo,
61:
3796:Institute of Navigation (ION) GNSS Meetings
2003:Maritime radionavigation-satellite service
1921:
509:Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
480:Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the
4787:
4773:
4565:
4551:
4181:
4167:
3885:
3871:
3722:maritime radionavigation-satellite service
3089:
2638:"Galileo General Introduction - Navipedia"
2591:
2229:RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
2113:Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast
2076:Maritime radionavigation-satellite service
793:The first satellite navigation system was
712:Regional scale GBAS such as CORS networks.
420:
406:
3671:
3604:
3161:
3067:"India to develop its own version of GPS"
2822:
2812:
2723:
2713:
2442:, to 9.6 times when the Moon is farthest
1877:Satellite geodesy § Radio techniques
4188:
3892:
2741:
2533:
2405:is the mass of Earth, approximately 5.98
2315:Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
2191:
1392:
1310:
974:
934:
886:
749:
565:(MEO) satellites spread between several
25:
5272:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
3363:"The Rise Of New Navigation Satellites"
2156:
2015:International Telecommunication Union's
1981:International Telecommunication Union's
1969:Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite
569:. The actual systems vary, but all use
468:'s Global Navigation Satellite System (
5605:
5294:Psychological and sociological effects
3479:Handbook of Metrology and Applications
3333:
2606:"A Beginner's Guide to GNSS in Europe"
2270:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
4768:
4546:
4162:
3866:
3710:aeronautical radionavigation service
3336:"Japan's H-2A conducts QZSS-4 launch"
3264:
3212:
2534:Kriening, Torsten (23 January 2019).
2182:secondary: indicated by small letters
1928:International Telecommunication Union
1870:
1126:Regional navigation satellite systems
979:Launched GNSS satellites 1978 to 2014
513:regional navigation satellite systems
3801:The International GNSS Service (IGS)
3763:Information on specific GNSS systems
3187:
2751:. The Pennsylvania State University.
2529:
2527:
2525:
2084:Aeronautical radionavigation service
2052:Radiodetermination-satellite service
1940:radiodetermination-satellite service
1147:Navigation with Indian Constellation
599:Satellite Based Augmentation Systems
492:Satellite-based augmentation systems
3327:
2032:
1328:satellite-based augmentation system
941:medium altitude orbits around Earth
931:Global navigation satellite systems
13:
5003:Weather and environment monitoring
3741:
3698:radionavigation-satellite service
3374:from the original on Oct 25, 2023.
3334:Graham, William (9 October 2017).
3229:from the original on Sep 20, 2023.
3181:
3005:"Galileo begins serving the globe"
2855:"China's GPS rival is switched on"
2385:is the orbital period in seconds;
2381:is the radius of orbit in metres;
2295:GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation
2224:AERONAUTICAL MOBILE-SATELLITE (R)
2118:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
1381:GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation
1257:GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation
1151:Indian Space Research Organisation
1062:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
619:GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation
450:global navigation satellite system
14:
5654:
3757:
3457:from the original on 24 June 2020
3213:Koshy, Jacob (October 26, 2022).
2942:"Boost to Galileo sat-nav system"
2522:
2064:Radionavigation-satellite service
2025:radionavigation-satellite service
1932:radionavigation-satellite service
1896:
603:Ground Based Augmentation Systems
580:
5586:
5576:
5575:
3838:Supportive or illustrative sites
3774:Information on the Beidou system
3482:. Springer Nature. p. 512.
3346:from the original on 2017-10-10.
2253:
2070:Maritime radionavigation service
1946:. This service may also include
1375:(SDCM), and in Asia, by Japan's
1303:This section is an excerpt from
617:(MSAS); and in India, it is the
389:
5047:Space launch market competition
4794:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3672:Rickerson, Don (January 2005).
3665:
3634:
3613:
3572:
3525:
3496:
3469:
3423:
3403:
3378:
3303:
3289:
3277:from the original on 9 Dec 2023
3258:
3233:
3206:
3155:
3134:
3105:
3083:
3059:
3015:
2997:
2976:
2955:
2934:
2920:
2896:
2872:
2847:
2814:10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.05.001
2780:
2755:
2416:
2349:
1315:Map of the EGNOS ground network
1230:
1212:
1120:Composite Binary Offset Carrier
1077:Xichang Satellite Launch Center
983:In order of first launch year:
882:
823:GPS § Navigation equations
631:system consisted of only Upper
5284:Health threat from cosmic rays
3011:(in German). 23 December 2016.
2930:. europa.eu. 14 December 2016.
2732:
2681:
2630:
2553:
2496:
1950:necessary for its operation".
1089:Galileo (satellite navigation)
939:Clickable image, highlighting
623:Local Area Augmentation System
1:
4507:Geographic information system
4252:Personal navigation assistant
4097:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
3785:Organizations related to GNSS
3009:INTERNATIONALES VERKEHRSWESEN
2468:
2389:is the orbital speed in m/s;
2300:List of emerging technologies
2226:AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
2150:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
1997:are located on board aircraft
1961:which must be protected from
1581:(14 h 5 min)
1369:Wide Area Augmentation System
1273:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
1241:Wide Area Augmentation System
1075:successfully launched at the
812:
613:(EGNOS); in Japan, it is the
609:(WAAS); in Europe, it is the
607:Wide Area Augmentation System
497:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
440:system is a system that uses
4574:Satellite navigation systems
4257:Automotive navigation system
3642:"Globalstar GSP-1700 manual"
3265:Henry, Caleb (15 May 2017).
3168:International Business Times
2280:GNSS positioning calculation
2198:
2197:
1901:The two current operational
1705:4 operational (3 GSO, 1 GEO)
1342:. Currently, it supplements
1004:satellites in six different
903:Automotive navigation system
859:GNSS positioning calculation
523:Satellite navigation devices
7:
5400:Self-replicating spacecraft
5236:International Space Station
3821:US National Geodetic Survey
2246:
1350:in the future version 3.0.
1281:system and enhancement for
1261:inertial navigation systems
829:US Naval Observatory (USNO)
362:List of space organizations
10:
5659:
4914:Space Liability Convention
3844:GPS and GLONASS Simulation
3606:10.1007/s10291-020-01026-6
3538:Advances in Space Research
3144:. Livemint.com. 2007-09-05
3041:"Galileo Initial Services"
2944:. BBC News. 25 August 2006
2160:
2046:Radiodetermination service
1885:
1874:
1663:27 operational + 3 spares
1302:
1270:
1216:
1163:geosynchronous orbit (GSO)
1134:
1106:Galileo positioning system
1086:
1082:
1059:
1015:
1011:
990:
900:
894:
816:
731:
727:
690:(India) and SDCM (Russia).
584:
525:determine their location (
18:
5570:
5537:
5490:
5442:
5328:
5277:Space adaptation syndrome
5264:
5169:
5089:
5080:
4968:
4802:
4726:
4652:
4621:
4580:
4499:
4418:
4392:
4376:
4302:
4275:
4242:
4196:
4105:
4087:Global Positioning System
4057:
4031:
3968:
3900:
3827:UNAVCO GNSS Modernization
3558:10.1016/j.asr.2018.06.008
3162:Rohit KVN (28 May 2017).
3090:S. Anandan (2010-04-10).
2665:"GNSS signal - Navipedia"
2211:
2130:Global Positioning System
1957:and an essential part of
1859:
1802:0.01 (0.033) (encrypted)
1754:1.57542 (L1C/A, L1C, L1S)
1371:(WAAS), in Russia by the
1159:geostationary orbit (GEO)
1055:
993:Global Positioning System
965:Van Allen radiation belts
777:systems used terrestrial
462:Global Positioning System
36:Global Positioning System
5010:Communications satellite
3769:ESA information on EGNOS
3621:"DORIS information page"
3113:"IRNSS Programme - ISRO"
2904:"APPLICATIONS-Transport"
2611:. IFATCA. Archived from
2342:
2325:Space Integrated GPS/INS
1942:used for the purpose of
1922:International regulation
1916:graphical user interface
1888:DORIS (satellite system)
1881:
1601:(23 h 56 min)
1596:(23 h 56 min)
1591:(11 h 58 min)
1586:(11 h 16 min)
1576:(12 h 53 min)
1355:geostationary satellites
1330:(SBAS) developed by the
1297:
1130:
1093:First launch year: 2011
1066:First launch year: 2000
1022:First launch year: 1982
997:First launch year: 1978
5514:reusable launch systems
5131:Extravehicular activity
5042:Commercial use of space
4946:Militarisation of space
4919:Registration Convention
4835:Accidents and incidents
2485:. cnn.com. 24 June 2020
2058:Radionavigation service
1991:radionavigation service
1820:0.1 (0.33) (encrypted)
1815:0.1 (0.33) (encrypted)
1797:0.1 (0.33) (encrypted)
1648:(24 MEO, 3 IGSO, 1 GSO)
1266:
1161:and the remaining 4 in
961:Moon's orbital distance
559:satellite constellation
92:Timeline of spaceflight
21:Orbital station-keeping
5638:Maritime communication
5562:Mission control center
5524:Non-rocket spacelaunch
4958:Billionaire space race
3243:. JAXA. Archived from
2320:Software GNSS Receiver
2193:Allocation to services
1955:safety-of-life service
1953:RNSS is regarded as a
1316:
986:
980:
972:
959:, at one ninth of the
892:
754:
738:GLONASS § History
664:(Russian Federation),
444:to provide autonomous
396:Spaceflight portal
312:Non-rocket spacelaunch
82:History of spaceflight
66:
39:
5412:Spacecraft propulsion
4862:European Space Agency
3674:"Iridium SMS and SBD"
3368:Aviation Week Network
2984:"GIOVE-A launch News"
2161:Further information:
1875:Further information:
1650:5 in orbit validation
1393:Comparison of systems
1332:European Space Agency
1314:
1102:European Space Agency
978:
938:
901:Further information:
890:
819:GPS § Principles
817:Further information:
761:is decades old. The
753:
746:BeiDou § History
732:Further information:
585:Further information:
65:
29:
5623:Aircraft instruments
5613:Satellite navigation
5037:Satellite navigation
4190:Satellite navigation
3894:Time signal stations
3623:. Jason.oceanobs.com
3315:commission.europa.eu
2928:"Galileo goes live!"
2212:5 000–5 010 MHz
2163:Frequency allocation
2157:Frequency allocation
2106:Augmentation system
2101:Examples of RNSS use
2009:) is – according to
1975:) is – according to
1771:Operating since 2016
1719:1.589742 (B1-2)
571:orbital inclinations
545:transmitted along a
434:satellite navigation
5618:American inventions
5422:Electric propulsion
5109:Life-support system
4993:Imagery and mapping
4953:Private spaceflight
4532:GPS animal tracking
4419:Geographic services
3686:on 9 November 2005.
3597:2020GPSS...24..111K
3550:2019AdSpR..63.2784X
3411:"GPS Space Segment"
3340:NASASpaceFlight.com
3188:IANS (2017-06-10).
3094:. Beta.thehindu.com
2805:2023AcAau.210..554P
2706:2018RemS...10...80N
2508:www.euspa.europa.eu
2021:(RR) – defined as «
1987:(RR) – defined as «
1800:0.2 (0.66) (public)
1728:1.164–1.215 (E5a/b)
1658:1 in commissioning
1379:(MSAS) and India's
1340:European Commission
1184:130th meridian east
1176:50th parallel north
1172:30th parallel south
1122:(CBOC) modulation.
953:geostationary orbit
717:Real Time Kinematic
234:Apollo Lunar Module
5375:Robotic spacecraft
5301:Space and survival
5156:Space colonization
5052:Space architecture
4904:Outer Space Treaty
4734:GNSS reflectometry
3194:The Economic Times
2715:10.3390/rs10010080
2305:Moving map display
2285:GNSS reflectometry
2261:Spaceflight portal
2039:radiocommunication
1871:Related techniques
1810:(no DGPS or WAAS)
1808:0.3–5 (0.98–16.40)
1723:1.26852 (B3)
1717:1.561098 (B1)
1688:1 in flight tests
1652:2 GSO planned 20H1
1317:
1180:30th meridian east
1002:medium Earth orbit
981:
973:
893:
877:general relativity
755:
734:GPS § History
719:(RTK) corrections.
563:medium Earth orbit
191:Robotic spacecraft
67:
40:
5600:
5599:
5547:Flight controller
5324:
5323:
5082:Human spaceflight
5057:Space exploration
4983:Earth observation
4762:
4761:
4654:GNSS augmentation
4540:
4539:
4304:GNSS augmentation
4156:
4155:
4049:Radio Data System
3489:978-981-99-2074-7
3047:. 9 December 2016
2793:Acta Astronautica
2767:www.gsa.europa.eu
2540:SpaceWatch.Global
2510:. 26 January 2024
2409:10 kg (1.318
2244:
2243:
2108:GNSS augmentation
2019:Radio Regulations
1985:Radio Regulations
1864:
1863:
1795:3.6 (12) (public)
1758:1.17645 (L5, L5S)
1744:1.164–1.189 (L5)
1742:1.215–1.2396 (L2)
1737:1.189–1.214 (G3)
1730:1.260–1.300 (E6)
1721:1.20714 (B2)
1678:6 to be launched
1338:on behalf of the
1236:GNSS augmentation
1155:Indian government
897:GNSS applications
672:(European Union).
660:(United States),
587:GNSS augmentation
503:and the European
430:
429:
324:Spaceflight types
268:
267:
225:Crewed spacecraft
217:
216:
132:Earth observation
5650:
5590:
5579:
5578:
5289:Space psychology
5114:Animals in space
5087:
5086:
5067:Space technology
4909:Rescue Agreement
4789:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4698:QZSS / Michibiki
4567:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4348:QZSS / Michibiki
4183:
4176:
4169:
4160:
4159:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3647:. Archived from
3646:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3544:(9): 2784–2795.
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3388:. Archived from
3382:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3119:. Archived from
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2908:en.beidou.gov.cn
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2826:
2816:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2353:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2189:
2188:
2134:Differential GPS
1930:(ITU) defines a
1818:1 (3.3) (public)
1813:1 (3.3) (public)
1773:2020 completion
1740:1.563–1.587 (L1)
1735:1.237–1.254 (G2)
1733:1.593–1.610 (G1)
1726:1.559–1.592 (E1)
1707:7 in the future
1627:
1621:
1615:
1566:(20,300–24,200)
1397:
1396:
1253:Differential GPS
949:High Earth orbit
867:Kalman filtering
759:radio navigation
707:Differential GPS
499:(QZSS), India's
482:European Union's
422:
415:
408:
394:
393:
392:
219:
218:
208:Cargo spacecraft
185:
184:
42:
41:
32:U.S. Space Force
5658:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5566:
5533:
5505:Escape velocity
5486:
5438:
5405:Space telescope
5358:Reentry capsule
5320:
5260:
5165:
5136:Overview effect
5119:Bioastronautics
5076:
4964:
4798:
4793:
4763:
4758:
4722:
4648:
4617:
4576:
4571:
4541:
4536:
4495:
4414:
4388:
4372:
4298:
4295:CellGuide ACLYS
4271:
4238:
4192:
4187:
4157:
4152:
4101:
4053:
4027:
3964:
3950:TDF time signal
3896:
3891:
3840:
3787:
3765:
3760:
3744:
3742:Further reading
3739:
3738:
3731:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3577:
3573:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3358:
3351:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3124:
3117:www.isro.gov.in
3111:
3110:
3106:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2884:news.dwnews.com
2878:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2618:on 27 June 2017
2615:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2592:
2578:
2576:
2575:on 30 July 2021
2572:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2451:
2449:405,696 km
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2431:
2429:363,104 km
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2227:
2225:
2213:
2165:
2159:
2126:, European GNSS
2086:(article 1.46)
2072:(article 1.44)
2060:(article 1.42)
2035:
1944:radionavigation
1924:
1907:satellite phone
1903:low Earth orbit
1899:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:2–4 (6.6–13.1)
1801:
1796:
1791:
1772:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1693:30 operational
1692:
1687:
1686:1 commissioning
1685:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1308:
1300:
1275:
1269:
1233:
1225:
1217:Main articles:
1215:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1091:
1085:
1064:
1058:
1020:
1014:
995:
989:
957:graveyard orbit
933:
905:
899:
885:
825:
815:
803:radio frequency
748:
742:GALILEO#History
730:
709:(DGPS) service.
589:
583:
575:orbital periods
573:of >50° and
426:
390:
388:
383:
382:
363:
355:
354:
325:
317:
316:
307:Escape velocity
302:launch vehicles
280:
270:
269:
264:
263:
227:
213:
212:
193:
182:
172:
171:
122:
112:
111:
77:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5656:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5583:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5552:Ground station
5549:
5543:
5541:
5539:Ground segment
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5472:Interplanetary
5469:
5468:
5467:
5465:Geosynchronous
5462:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5432:Gravity assist
5429:
5424:
5419:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5363:Service module
5360:
5355:
5353:Orbital module
5345:
5340:
5338:Launch vehicle
5334:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5316:Space sexology
5313:
5308:
5306:Space medicine
5303:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5141:Weightlessness
5138:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5093:
5091:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Space research
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4998:Reconnaissance
4995:
4990:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:European Union
4864:
4859:
4854:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4727:Related topics
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4629:BDS / BeiDou-1
4625:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4522:Geoinformatics
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4500:Related topics
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:NASA WorldWind
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:External links
3756:
3755:
3754:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3664:
3633:
3612:
3571:
3524:
3495:
3488:
3468:
3442:
3422:
3402:
3377:
3349:
3326:
3302:
3297:"EGNOS System"
3288:
3257:
3232:
3205:
3180:
3154:
3133:
3104:
3082:
3058:
3032:
3029:. 19 May 2020.
3014:
2996:
2975:
2954:
2933:
2919:
2895:
2871:
2846:
2779:
2763:"Applications"
2754:
2740:
2731:
2694:Remote Sensing
2680:
2653:
2629:
2590:
2552:
2521:
2495:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2455:42,164 km
2435:42,164 km
2415:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2275:Geoinformatics
2272:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:(article 1.47)
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:(article 1.45)
2067:
2066:(article 1.43)
2055:
2054:(article 1.41)
2049:
2048:(article 1.40)
2034:
2033:Classification
2031:
1995:earth stations
1923:
1920:
1898:
1897:LEO satellites
1895:
1886:Main article:
1883:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1694:
1689:
1684:24 operational
1680:
1672:24 operational
1659:
1656:15 operational
1646:28 operational
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:European Union
1441:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1271:Main article:
1268:
1265:
1232:
1229:
1214:
1211:
1192:ground segment
1135:Main article:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1115:modernized GPS
1098:European Union
1087:Main article:
1084:
1081:
1060:Main article:
1057:
1054:
1042:vigatsionnaya
1016:Main article:
1013:
1010:
1006:orbital planes
991:Main article:
988:
985:
947:to the lowest
932:
929:
895:Main article:
884:
881:
814:
811:
799:Doppler effect
729:
726:
721:
720:
713:
710:
702:
697:, and Japan's
691:
684:
673:
650:
649:
626:
582:
581:Classification
579:
567:orbital planes
446:geopositioning
428:
427:
425:
424:
417:
410:
402:
399:
398:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
370:
368:Space agencies
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
347:
342:
340:Interplanetary
337:
332:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
304:
292:
287:
281:
276:
275:
272:
271:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
251:
249:Space stations
246:
241:
239:Space capsules
236:
231:
228:
223:
222:
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
194:
189:
188:
183:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
127:Communications
123:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
102:Lunar missions
99:
94:
89:
84:
78:
73:
72:
69:
68:
58:
57:
51:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5655:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5582:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5500:Direct ascent
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5482:Intergalactic
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:Rocket engine
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5348:Space capsule
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Space nursing
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:Health issues
5263:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:Space Shuttle
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Space tourism
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5072:Space weather
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:Space command
4934:
4933:
4932:
4931:Space warfare
4929:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4892:United States
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:Astrodynamics
4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Kalman filter
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4613:IRNSS / NAVIC
4611:
4609:
4608:GPS / NavStar
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:OpenStreetMap
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:IRNSS / NAVIC
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Time from NPL
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3654:on 2011-07-11
3650:
3643:
3637:
3622:
3616:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3585:GPS Solutions
3582:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3513:. August 2023
3512:
3505:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3432:
3426:
3412:
3406:
3392:on 2018-07-21
3391:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3299:. March 2016.
3298:
3292:
3276:
3272:
3271:SpaceNews.com
3268:
3261:
3247:on 2009-03-14
3246:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3209:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3123:on 2022-03-02
3122:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3093:
3086:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3046:
3045:gsa.europa.eu
3042:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2964:
2958:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2824:11311/1249723
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2725:11577/3269537
2721:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2419:
2404:
2399:10 Nm/kg
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373: =
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359: =
2358:
2352:
2348:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2251:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2194:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:services as:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1963:interferences
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:1.27875 (L6)
1756:1.22760 (L2C)
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1696:8 operational
1695:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:32,600–39,000
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:United States
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:(EGNOS) is a
1325:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:time transfer
1274:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:space segment
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:(acronym for
1144:
1138:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1025:The formerly
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
984:
977:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
928:
924:
922:
917:
915:
911:
904:
898:
889:
880:
878:
875:'s theory of
874:
870:
868:
862:
861:for details.
860:
856:
855:trilateration
851:
847:
843:
837:
835:
830:
824:
820:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:Ground-based
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
725:
718:
714:
711:
708:
703:
700:
696:
692:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:
653:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
594:
593:
592:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
547:line of sight
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:
488:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:United States
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
404:
403:
401:
400:
397:
387:
386:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
359:
358:
351:
350:Intergalactic
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
321:
320:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
274:
273:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:Space Shuttle
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
229:
226:
221:
220:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
192:
187:
186:
181:
176:
175:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
121:
116:
115:
108:
107:Mars missions
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
76:
71:
70:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
37:
33:
28:
22:
5492:Space launch
5477:Interstellar
5443:Destinations
5212:Apollo–Soyuz
5161:Space diving
5146:Space toilet
5036:
4970:Applications
4887:Soviet Union
4847:Space policy
4842:Space launch
4573:
4441:Google Earth
4189:
4058:
3854:computation.
3748:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3681:the original
3667:
3656:. Retrieved
3649:the original
3636:
3625:. Retrieved
3615:
3591:(111): 111.
3588:
3584:
3574:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3517:20 September
3515:. Retrieved
3510:
3498:
3478:
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3453:. phys.org.
3445:
3434:. Retrieved
3425:
3414:. Retrieved
3405:
3394:. Retrieved
3390:the original
3380:
3367:
3339:
3329:
3318:. Retrieved
3314:
3305:
3291:
3279:. Retrieved
3270:
3260:
3249:. Retrieved
3245:the original
3241:"About QZSS"
3235:
3220:
3208:
3197:. Retrieved
3193:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3167:
3157:
3146:. Retrieved
3136:
3125:. Retrieved
3121:the original
3116:
3107:
3096:. Retrieved
3085:
3074:. Retrieved
3070:
3061:
3051:25 September
3049:. Retrieved
3044:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2988:. Retrieved
2986:. 2005-12-28
2978:
2967:. Retrieved
2965:. 2010-01-07
2957:
2946:. Retrieved
2936:
2922:
2911:. Retrieved
2907:
2898:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2861:. 2012-03-08
2858:
2849:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2771:. Retrieved
2769:. 2011-08-18
2766:
2757:
2743:
2734:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2672:. Retrieved
2669:gssc.esa.int
2668:
2645:. Retrieved
2642:gssc.esa.int
2641:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2584:
2577:. Retrieved
2570:the original
2561:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2539:
2512:. Retrieved
2507:
2498:
2487:. Retrieved
2477:
2418:
2413:10 lb).
2402:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2290:GPS spoofing
2228:
2192:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2132:(GPS), with
2063:
2036:
2022:
2011:Article 1.45
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1988:
1977:Article 1.47
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1952:
1948:feeder links
1935:
1931:
1925:
1900:
1891:
1865:
1785:Operational
1782:Operational
1779:Operational
1776:Operational
1768:Operational
1751:2.49202 (S)
1749:1.17645 (L5)
1747:1.57542 (L1)
1691:24 by design
1682:24 by design
1675:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1599:23.93 h
1594:23.93 h
1589:11.97 h
1584:11.26 h
1579:14.08 h
1574:12.88 h
1366:
1363:
1352:
1321:
1318:
1291:Asia-Oceania
1276:
1259:(GAGAN) and
1234:
1231:Augmentation
1226:
1213:Early BeiDou
1204:
1196:
1153:(ISRO). The
1146:
1142:
1140:
1095:
1092:
1068:
1065:
1047:
1046:putnikovaya
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1021:
999:
996:
982:
963:), with the
925:
918:
906:
883:Applications
871:
863:
850:atomic clock
838:
826:
792:
783:transmitters
756:
722:
668:(China) and
651:
628:
595:
590:
556:
543:time signals
521:
516:
512:
490:
489:
453:
449:
437:
433:
431:
373:Space forces
345:Interstellar
278:Space launch
151:
120:Applications
97:Space probes
5450:Sub-orbital
5385:Space probe
5251:New Shepard
5229:Shuttle–Mir
4988:Archaeology
4941:Space force
4924:Moon Treaty
4796:Spaceflight
4581:Operational
4491:Yandex Maps
4486:Yahoo! Maps
4481:ViaMichelin
4446:Google Maps
4287:SiRFatlasIV
4283:SiRFstarIII
4262:GPS tracker
3848:Java applet
3027:Space Daily
2799:: 554–563.
1912:AT commands
1669:26 in orbit
1666:Currently:
1661:By design:
1641:Satellites
1336:EUROCONTROL
910:Guided bomb
330:Sub-orbital
254:Spaceplanes
203:Space probe
137:Exploration
55:Spaceflight
5643:Navigation
5607:Categories
5519:Launch pad
5510:Expendable
5460:Geocentric
5427:Solar sail
5370:Spaceplane
5330:Spacecraft
5124:Space suit
5102:commercial
5030:Television
4825:Space Race
4622:Historical
4512:Geocaching
4471:Petal Maps
4431:Baidu Maps
4426:Apple Maps
4393:Technology
4267:GPS logger
3658:2011-12-30
3627:2011-12-30
3436:2019-10-25
3416:2015-07-24
3396:2018-07-21
3320:2024-06-13
3251:2009-02-22
3199:2018-01-24
3148:2011-12-30
3127:2018-07-14
3098:2011-12-30
3076:2011-12-30
3071:Rediff.com
2990:2015-01-16
2969:2010-04-19
2948:2008-06-10
2913:2020-06-23
2889:2018-12-27
2865:2020-06-23
2773:2019-10-08
2674:2018-11-17
2647:2018-11-17
2514:26 January
2489:2020-06-26
2469:References
2444:(that is,
2424:(that is,
2310:Pseudolite
1959:navigation
1698:(3 GEO, 5
1676:2 inactive
1029:, and now
914:fog of war
813:Principles
807:refraction
601:(SBAS) or
442:satellites
295:Expendable
290:Launch pad
180:Spacecraft
162:Telescopes
157:Settlement
152:Navigation
87:Space Race
5529:Spaceport
5380:Satellite
5097:Astronaut
5025:Telephone
4978:Astronomy
4899:Space law
4852:Australia
4674:(retired)
4527:Geomatics
4517:Geocoding
4451:Here WeGo
4436:Bing Maps
4377:Protocols
4324:(retired)
4138:Radio VNG
4059:Satellite
3970:Shortwave
3566:125213815
3281:10 August
3222:The Hindu
2841:258538772
2833:0094-5765
2700:(2): 80.
2545:10 August
2169:Article 5
1993:in which
1860:Sources:
1712:Frequency
1654:BeiDou-2:
1644:BeiDou-3:
1561:(22,000)
1556:(12,540)
1551:(11,890)
1546:(14,429)
1541:(13,140)
1488:Regional
1485:Regional
1470:Coverage
1383:(GAGAN).
1285:covering
1200:encrypted
1038:bal'naya
945:Low Earth
846:ephemeris
834:ephemeris
561:of 18–30
539:elevation
527:longitude
378:Companies
285:Spaceport
198:Satellite
142:Espionage
5628:Avionics
5581:Category
5246:Tiangong
5241:Shenzhou
5170:Programs
5015:Internet
4820:Timeline
4708:StarFire
4703:SouthPAN
4639:Timation
4456:MapQuest
4358:StarFire
4353:SouthPAN
4276:Chipsets
4003:ROA Time
3902:Longwave
3455:Archived
3431:"送信信号一覧"
3372:Archived
3344:Archived
3275:Archived
3227:Archived
3173:29 April
2859:BBC News
2377:, where
2247:See also
2200:Region 1
1938:) as "a
1790:Accuracy
1536:km (mi)
1534:Altitude
1359:aviation
1289:and the
1223:BeiDou-2
1219:BeiDou-1
1178:and the
971:to scale
967:and the
955:and its
873:Einstein
779:longwave
681:StarFire
677:OmniSTAR
648:devices.
535:altitude
531:latitude
299:reusable
147:Military
47:a series
45:Part of
5633:Geodesy
5455:Orbital
5256:Artemis
5187:Voskhod
5182:Mercury
5090:General
4830:Records
4815:History
4803:General
4749:Wavelet
4644:Tsiklon
4634:Transit
4603:GLONASS
4598:Galileo
4461:OpenCPN
4244:Devices
4219:GLONASS
4214:Galileo
4197:Systems
4106:Defunct
4082:Galileo
4077:GLONASS
3593:Bibcode
3546:Bibcode
3461:24 June
2801:Bibcode
2702:Bibcode
2579:27 July
2458:
2446:
2438:
2426:
2140:GLONASS
2124:GALILEO
2013:of the
1979:of the
1839:GLONASS
1834:Galileo
1825:System
1792:m (ft)
1765:Status
1626:(2.125)
1571:Period
1482:Global
1479:Global
1476:Global
1473:Global
1414:GLONASS
1409:Galileo
1400:System
1386:Galileo
1348:Galileo
1182:to the
1174:to the
1083:Galileo
1031:Russian
1018:GLONASS
1012:GLONASS
943:, from
921:Galileo
842:almanac
795:Transit
728:History
670:Galileo
662:GLONASS
625:(LAAS).
485:Galileo
470:GLONASS
464:(GPS),
335:Orbital
167:Tourism
75:History
5592:Portal
5585:
5574:
5390:Lander
5343:Rocket
5207:Skylab
5202:Apollo
5192:Gemini
5177:Vostok
4882:Russia
4588:BeiDou
4204:BeiDou
4067:BeiDou
3998:JN53DV
3988:HD2IOA
3564:
3486:
2839:
2831:
2622:20 May
2586:globe.
2327:(SIGI)
2152:(QZSS)
2136:(DGPS)
2017:(ITU)
1983:(ITU)
1905:(LEO)
1829:BeiDou
1618:17/10
1614:(1.86)
1608:S. day
1559:36,000
1554:20,180
1549:19,130
1544:23,222
1539:21,150
1511:&
1494:Coding
1449:Russia
1435:Owner
1404:BeiDou
1247:, the
1243:, the
1056:BeiDou
1050:istema
1027:Soviet
857:: see
821:, and
781:radio
744:, and
666:Beidou
641:L Band
633:L Band
533:, and
478:BeiDou
466:Russia
438:satnav
259:Vostok
5395:Rover
5197:Soyuz
5020:Radio
4877:Japan
4872:India
4857:China
4754:RINEX
4693:NTRIP
4678:JPALS
4672:GPS·C
4667:GAGAN
4662:EGNOS
4593:DORIS
4405:S-GPS
4400:A-GPS
4343:NTRIP
4328:JPALS
4322:GPS·C
4317:GAGAN
4312:EGNOS
4209:DORIS
4092:IRNSS
4072:DORIS
3930:DCF77
3684:(PDF)
3677:(PDF)
3652:(PDF)
3645:(PDF)
3562:S2CID
3507:(PDF)
2837:S2CID
2616:(PDF)
2609:(PDF)
2573:(PDF)
2566:(PDF)
2395:6.673
2343:Notes
2145:NAVIC
2120:(BDS)
2007:MRNSS
1973:ARNSS
1914:or a
1882:DORIS
1849:NavIC
1702:MEO)
1624:17/8
1620:(1.7)
1612:13/7
1606:Rev./
1464:Japan
1459:India
1439:China
1424:NavIC
1298:EGNOS
1287:Japan
1168:India
1143:NavIC
1137:NavIC
1131:NavIC
969:Earth
775:Omega
767:LORAN
763:DECCA
724:not.
695:NAVIC
688:GAGAN
551:radio
505:EGNOS
501:GAGAN
474:China
5557:Pass
5512:and
4718:SDCM
4713:WAAS
4688:MSAS
4683:LAAS
4384:NMEA
4368:SDCM
4363:WAAS
4338:MSAS
4333:LAAS
4234:QZSS
4143:WWVL
4128:OLB5
4023:YVTO
4018:WWVH
3960:WWVB
3925:Beta
3519:2024
3511:ISRO
3484:ISBN
3463:2020
3283:2019
3175:2021
3053:2020
2829:ISSN
2624:2015
2581:2022
2547:2019
2516:2024
2366:and
1936:RNSS
1926:The
1854:QZSS
1714:GHz
1528:CDMA
1523:CDMA
1518:CDMA
1513:CDMA
1509:FDMA
1504:CDMA
1499:CDMA
1429:QZSS
1334:and
1322:The
1267:QZSS
1221:and
1141:The
1118:the
1100:and
1096:The
773:and
699:QZSS
679:and
517:RNSS
454:GNSS
297:and
30:The
5224:Mir
4410:RTK
4291:MTK
4224:GPS
4148:Y3S
4133:OMA
4123:NAA
4118:HBG
4113:BSF
4041:UHF
4033:VHF
4013:WWV
4008:RWM
3993:HLA
3983:CHU
3978:BPM
3945:RTZ
3940:RBU
3935:JJY
3920:BSF
3915:BPL
3910:BPC
3852:DOP
3601:doi
3554:doi
2819:hdl
2809:doi
2797:210
2720:hdl
2710:doi
2029:.»
1999:.»
1844:GPS
1700:GSO
1419:GPS
1344:GPS
1283:GPS
1207:MEO
1110:MEO
1072:MEO
1036:Glo
987:GPS
788:fix
771:GEE
658:GPS
645:and
637:and
549:by
519:).
476:'s
472:),
460:'s
436:or
34:'s
5609::
4037:FM
3599:.
3589:24
3587:.
3583:.
3560:.
3552:.
3542:63
3540:.
3536:.
3509:.
3370:.
3366:.
3352:^
3342:.
3338:.
3313:.
3273:.
3269:.
3225:.
3219:.
3192:.
3166:.
3115:.
3069:.
3043:.
3025:.
3007:.
2906:.
2882:.
2857:.
2835:.
2827:.
2817:.
2807:.
2795:.
2791:.
2765:.
2718:.
2708:.
2698:10
2696:.
2692:.
2667:.
2656:^
2640:.
2593:^
2583:.
2538:.
2524:^
2506:.
2401:;
2375:GM
2364:GM
2023:A
1989:A
1965:.
1636:1
1633:1
1630:2
1361:.
1263:.
1255:,
1251:,
1190:,
1079:.
1040:Na
1033:,
916:.
836:.
790:.
769:,
765:,
740:,
736:,
529:,
487:.
432:A
49:on
4788:e
4781:t
4774:v
4566:e
4559:t
4552:v
4182:e
4175:t
4168:v
4039:/
4035:/
3886:e
3879:t
3872:v
3846:(
3753:.
3661:.
3630:.
3609:.
3603::
3595::
3568:.
3556::
3548::
3521:.
3492:.
3465:.
3439:.
3419:.
3399:.
3323:.
3285:.
3254:.
3202:.
3177:.
3151:.
3130:.
3101:.
3079:.
3055:.
2993:.
2972:.
2951:.
2916:.
2892:.
2868:.
2843:.
2821::
2811::
2803::
2776:.
2728:.
2722::
2712::
2704::
2677:.
2650:.
2626:.
2549:.
2518:.
2492:.
2460:)
2452:/
2440:)
2432:/
2411:×
2407:×
2403:M
2397:×
2391:G
2387:V
2383:T
2379:R
2371:R
2368:V
2361:T
2357:R
2005:(
1971:(
1934:(
1307:.
1048:S
1044:S
951:(
701:.
683:.
537:/
515:(
452:(
421:e
414:t
407:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
