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of Russia). As of 2022, many space observatories have already completed their missions, while others continue operating on extended time. However, the future availability of space telescopes and observatories depends on timely and sufficient funding. While future space observatories are planned by
240:(STS-31). This was launched due to many efforts by Nancy Grace Roman, "mother of Hubble", who was the first Chief of Astronomy and first female executive at NASA. She was a program scientist that worked to convince NASA, Congress, and others that Hubble was "very well worth doing".
229:, "father of Hubble" proposed to put a telescope in space. Spitzer's proposal called for a large telescope that would not be hindered by Earth's atmosphere. After lobbying in the 1960s and 70s for such a system to be built, Spitzer's vision ultimately materialized into the
176:
in 1971. Space telescopes avoid several problems caused by the atmosphere, including the absorption or scattering of certain wavelengths of light, obstruction by clouds, and distortions due to atmospheric refraction such as
360:
Space telescopes are much more expensive to build than ground-based telescopes. Due to their location, space telescopes are also extremely difficult to maintain. The Hubble Space
Telescope was serviced by the
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1251:
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679:"JWST Heralds a New Dawn for Exoplanet Science - The James Webb Space Telescope is opening an exciting new chapter in the study of exoplanets and the search for life beyond Earth"
458:
409:
On 16 January 2023, NASA announced preliminary considerations of several future space telescope programs, including the Great
Observatory Technology Maturation Program,
406:, scientists fear that there would be gaps in coverage that would not be covered immediately by future projects and this would affect research in fundamental science.
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is nearly impossible when done from Earth, and has reached its current importance in astronomy only due to orbiting X-ray telescopes such as the
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301:. A telescope orbiting Earth outside the atmosphere is subject neither to twinkling nor to
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of space telescopes is often much higher than a ground-based telescope with a similar
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181:. Space telescopes can also observe dim objects during the daytime, and they avoid
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Space-based astronomy is more important for frequency ranges that are outside the
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encounter. They are divided into two types: Satellites which map the entire sky (
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313:. Many larger terrestrial telescopes, however, reduce atmospheric effects with
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Wavelength sensitivity of Hubble, Webb, Roman, and other major observatories
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625:"As NASA's Telescopes Falter, Astronomers Fear Losing Their Eyes In Space"
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2010:
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651:"NASA prepares next steps in development of future large space telescope"
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Space
Telescopes – Capturing the Rays of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
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or parts of the sky and beyond. Space telescopes are distinct from
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in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. Suggested by
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that are not severely attenuated by the atmosphere. For example,
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observed in visible light, infrared, and X-rays by NASA's three
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Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology
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2002:
1962:
1954:
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932:
710:"Astronomical Advantages of an Extra-terrestrial Observatory"
248:
165:
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160:
in 1946, the first operational telescopes were the
American
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from artificial light sources on Earth. As a result, the
243:
The first operational space telescopes were the
American
365:, but most space telescopes cannot be serviced at all.
289:
on Earth is limited by the filtering and distortion of
5001:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
572:"Dr. Nancy Grace Roman (1925-2018) - NASA Science"
454:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
16:Instrument in space to study astronomical objects
5049:
368:
676:
233:, which was launched on April 24, 1990, by the
373:Satellites have been launched and operated by
4179:
3401:
2869:
772:
225:In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist
514:"Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr"
752:Space telescopes with frequencies, at GSFC.
416:
4186:
4172:
3408:
3394:
2876:
2862:
779:
765:
670:
642:
599:"Why a Telescope in Space? - NASA Science"
193:), and satellites which focus on selected
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
677:O'Callaghan, Jonthan (23 January 2023).
328:, the only two wavelength ranges of the
266:
128:
120:
4671:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
5050:
4693:Psychological and sociological effects
2938:Psychological and sociological effects
622:
593:
591:
4167:
3389:
2857:
760:
648:
4147:
786:
215:other types of information gathering
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
616:
588:
13:
4402:Weather and environment monitoring
702:
14:
5089:
2810:List of proposed space telescopes
1496:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
733:
623:Kaplan, Sarah (18 October 2018).
544:Space Telescope Science Institute
522:Space Telescope Science Institute
251:launched in 1968, and the Soviet
245:Orbiting Astronomical Observatory
168:launched in 1968, and the Soviet
162:Orbiting Astronomical Observatory
5035:
5023:
5011:
4985:
4975:
4974:
4146:
4135:
4134:
3905:Southern African Large Telescope
3369:
3037:
2883:
2838:
2837:
739:
536:"Hubble Essentials: Quick Facts"
355:
23:
4446:Space launch market competition
4193:
1717:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
649:Foust, Jeff (16 January 2023).
413:, and New Great Observatories.
201:, which point toward Earth for
34:needs additional citations for
4683:Health threat from cosmic rays
564:
550:
528:
506:
489:"Lyman Spitzer - NASA Science"
481:
1:
3415:
2820:List of heliophysics missions
474:
369:Future of space observatories
262:
253:Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope
170:Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope
411:Habitable Worlds Observatory
7:
4799:Self-replicating spacecraft
4635:International Space Station
2800:Great Observatories program
444:Earth observation satellite
427:
10:
5094:
5063:Astronomical observatories
4313:Space Liability Convention
2291:Orbiting Solar Observatory
420:
352:are also largely blocked.
287:ground-based observatories
220:
187:ground-based observatories
4969:
4936:
4889:
4841:
4727:
4676:Space adaptation syndrome
4663:
4568:
4488:
4479:
4367:
4201:
4129:
3921:
3898:Large Binocular Telescope
3863:Extremely Large Telescope
3856:Extremely large telescope
3829:
3712:
3652:
3573:
3535:
3496:
3489:
3423:
3365:
3290:
3240:
3231:
3096:
3046:
3035:
2958:
2898:
2891:
2843:Category:Space telescopes
2833:
2792:
2647:
2548:
2517:
1770:
1627:
1464:
1367:
1182:
1073:
907:
862:
801:
794:
338:Chandra X-ray Observatory
297:or twinkling) due to the
291:electromagnetic radiation
4409:Communications satellite
3870:Gran Telescopio Canarias
2805:List of space telescopes
423:List of space telescopes
417:List of space telescopes
330:electromagnetic spectrum
199:Earth imaging satellites
4913:reusable launch systems
4530:Extravehicular activity
4441:Commercial use of space
4345:Militarisation of space
4318:Registration Convention
4234:Accidents and incidents
3965:Astrology and astronomy
3675:Gravitational radiation
721:. Springer, Cham 2017,
449:List of telescope types
439:Balloon-borne telescope
4961:Mission control center
4923:Non-rocket spacelaunch
4357:Billionaire space race
3884:Hubble Space Telescope
3376:Outer space portal
2131:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
558:"The mother of hubble"
342:XMM-Newton observatory
278:
231:Hubble Space Telescope
141:
135:Hubble Space Telescope
126:
4811:Spacecraft propulsion
4261:European Space Agency
3988:Astroparticle physics
3723:Australian Aboriginal
3008:Extraterrestrial life
1752:Space Solar Telescope
748:at Wikimedia Commons·
464:Ultraviolet astronomy
270:
255:aboard space station
172:aboard space station
132:
124:
4436:Satellite navigation
3980:Astronomers Monument
3912:Very Large Telescope
3459:Astronomical symbols
2825:List of planetariums
1727:NRO donation to NASA
434:Airborne observatory
397:(later succeeded by
395:Soviet space program
195:astronomical objects
43:improve this article
5078:Uncrewed spacecraft
5058:American inventions
4821:Electric propulsion
4508:Life-support system
4392:Imagery and mapping
4352:Private spaceflight
4053:List of astronomers
3466:Astronomical object
2521:(Mission completed)
803:Radio and Microwave
684:Scientific American
402:NASA, JAXA and the
276:Great Observatories
191:astronomical survey
139:Great Observatories
4774:Robotic spacecraft
4700:Space and survival
4555:Space colonization
4451:Space architecture
4303:Outer Space Treaty
4039:Physical cosmology
3291:Other technologies
2458:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
2283:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
2267:Mikhailo Lomonosov
2115:Hinotori (Astro-A)
1722:New Worlds Mission
307:angular resolution
279:
272:Kepler's Supernova
142:
127:
4999:
4998:
4946:Flight controller
4723:
4722:
4481:Human spaceflight
4456:Space exploration
4382:Earth observation
4161:
4160:
4046:Quantum cosmology
4032:Planetary geology
3825:
3824:
3536:Celestial subject
3383:
3382:
3361:
3360:
3270:Carbonated drinks
3242:Human spaceflight
3122:of items in space
3033:
3032:
2851:
2850:
2749:SIM & SIMlite
2123:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
2083:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
1642:Astro-1 Telescope
1460:
1459:
744:Media related to
727:978-3-319-27812-4
203:satellite imaging
150:space observatory
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Space telescope"
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5068:Space telescopes
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4688:Space psychology
4513:Animals in space
4486:
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4466:Space technology
4308:Rescue Agreement
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4067:Medieval Islamic
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3990:
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3951:Astroinformatics
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3930:Archaeoastronomy
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3891:Keck Observatory
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3879:
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3786:Medieval Islamic
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2636:Hitomi (Astro-H)
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1370:or unclassified)
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1115:Hinode (Solar-B)
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1006:Hinode (Solar-B)
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788:Space telescopes
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674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
620:
614:
613:
611:
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603:science.nasa.gov
595:
586:
585:
583:
582:
576:science.nasa.gov
568:
562:
561:
554:
548:
547:
532:
526:
525:
510:
504:
503:
501:
499:
493:science.nasa.gov
485:
207:weather analysis
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5073:Telescope types
5048:
5047:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4965:
4932:
4904:Escape velocity
4885:
4837:
4804:Space telescope
4757:Reentry capsule
4719:
4659:
4564:
4535:Overview effect
4518:Bioastronautics
4475:
4363:
4197:
4192:
4162:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4125:
4118:
4109:
4102:
4097:X-ray telescope
4095:
4088:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3821:
3814:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3708:
3703:Multi-messenger
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3648:
3641:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3569:
3560:
3553:
3542:
3531:
3526:Space telescope
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3414:
3384:
3379:
3370:
3368:
3357:
3286:
3227:
3092:
3042:
3029:
2954:
2887:
2882:
2852:
2847:
2829:
2815:X-ray telescope
2788:
2670:Constellation-X
2643:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2506:Yokoh (Solar-A)
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2474:Tenma (Astro-B)
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2235:LISA Pathfinder
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2091:HALCA (MUSES-B)
2085:
2077:
2069:
2067:Ginga (Astro-C)
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1786:Akari (Astro-F)
1780:
1766:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1369:
1368:Other (particle
1363:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
952:
944:
936:
927:
919:
903:
898:
890:
882:
874:
858:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
790:
785:
736:
708:Lyman Spitzer,
705:
703:Further reading
700:
699:
689:
687:
675:
671:
661:
659:
647:
643:
633:
631:
621:
617:
607:
605:
597:
596:
589:
580:
578:
570:
569:
565:
560:. June 4, 2024.
556:
555:
551:
534:
533:
529:
512:
511:
507:
497:
495:
487:
486:
482:
477:
469:X-ray telescope
430:
425:
419:
371:
358:
334:X-ray astronomy
315:adaptive optics
303:light pollution
265:
223:
183:light pollution
148:(also known as
146:space telescope
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5091:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5045:
5044:
5032:
5020:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4982:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Ground station
4948:
4942:
4940:
4938:Ground segment
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4871:Interplanetary
4868:
4867:
4866:
4864:Geosynchronous
4861:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4831:Gravity assist
4828:
4823:
4818:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4762:Service module
4759:
4754:
4752:Orbital module
4744:
4739:
4737:Launch vehicle
4733:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4715:Space sexology
4712:
4707:
4705:Space medicine
4702:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:Weightlessness
4537:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4492:
4490:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4461:Space research
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4397:Reconnaissance
4394:
4389:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:European Union
4263:
4258:
4253:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4143:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4013:
4012:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3944:Astrochemistry
3940:
3933:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3877:Hale Telescope
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3623:
3616:
3610:Visible-light
3606:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3551:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3432:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3334:for spacecraft
3331:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3013:Microorganisms
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2908:The human body
2904:
2902:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1947:Compton (CGRO)
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1879:
1874:ASCA (Astro-D)
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Hypertelescope
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:Fresnel Imager
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1292:Max Valier Sat
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1228:HXMT (Insight)
1225:
1220:Einstein Probe
1217:
1209:
1204:Chandra (AXAF)
1201:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
935:constellation
930:
922:
913:
911:
905:
904:
902:
901:
893:
885:
877:
868:
866:
860:
859:
857:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
807:
805:
796:
792:
791:
784:
783:
776:
769:
761:
755:
754:
749:
735:
734:External links
732:
731:
730:
715:Neil English:
713:
704:
701:
698:
697:
669:
641:
615:
587:
563:
549:
527:
505:
479:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
429:
426:
421:Main article:
418:
415:
370:
367:
357:
354:
322:optical window
264:
261:
235:Space Shuttle
222:
219:
205:, applied for
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5090:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5043:
5033:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5009:
5008:
5005:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4899:Direct ascent
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4881:Intergalactic
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Rocket engine
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4747:Space capsule
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:Space nursing
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:Health issues
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Space Shuttle
4616:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:Space tourism
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4471:Space weather
4469:
4467:
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4335:Space command
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4330:Space warfare
4328:
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4321:
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4291:United States
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4209:Astrodynamics
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4002:Constellation
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3653:Other methods
3651:
3644:
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3631:
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3607:
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3589:Submillimetre
3586:
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3549:
3548:Extragalactic
3545:
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3513:
3512:Observational
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3303:Manufacturing
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3076:Magnetosphere
3074:
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2472:
2467:
2466:Taiyo (SRATS)
2464:
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2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
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1558:
1553:
1552:Solar-C EUVST
1550:
1545:
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1537:
1534:
1529:
1526:
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1518:
1513:
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1505:
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1489:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1441:Solar Orbiter
1439:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1391:
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1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1155:Solar Orbiter
1153:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
991:
988:
983:
980:
975:
972:
967:
964:
959:
956:
951:
948:
943:
940:
934:
931:
926:
923:
918:
915:
914:
912:
910:
906:
897:
894:
889:
886:
881:
878:
873:
870:
869:
867:
865:
861:
852:
849:
844:
841:
836:
833:
828:
825:
820:
819:Solar Orbiter
817:
812:
809:
808:
806:
804:
800:
797:
793:
789:
782:
777:
775:
770:
768:
763:
762:
759:
753:
750:
747:
742:
738:
737:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
711:
707:
706:
686:
685:
680:
673:
658:
657:
652:
645:
630:
626:
619:
604:
600:
594:
592:
577:
573:
567:
559:
553:
545:
541:
537:
531:
523:
519:
515:
509:
494:
490:
484:
480:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
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440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
424:
414:
412:
407:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
364:
363:Space Shuttle
356:Disadvantages
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:scintillation
292:
288:
284:
277:
273:
269:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
238:
232:
228:
227:Lyman Spitzer
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:Lyman Spitzer
155:
151:
147:
140:
137:, one of the
136:
131:
123:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2023
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5042:Solar System
4891:Space launch
4876:Interstellar
4842:Destinations
4803:
4611:Apollo–Soyuz
4560:Space diving
4545:Space toilet
4369:Applications
4286:Soviet Union
4246:Space policy
4241:Space launch
3978:
3958:Astrophysics
3937:Astrobiology
3601:Far-infrared
3555:Local system
3525:
3490:Astronomy by
3480:... in space
3367:
3347:
3255:Architecture
3139:Colonization
3113:Archaeology
2928:Neuroscience
2885:... in space
2691:
2674:
2518:Hibernating
2270:(2016–2019?)
1813:(1962, 1964)
1712:Nano-JASMINE
1536:NEO Surveyor
1452:(since 2006)
1444:(since 2020)
1436:(since 1995)
1428:(since 2019)
1420:(since 2017)
1412:(since 2008)
1404:(since 2015)
1396:(since 2015)
1388:(since 2011)
1380:(since 1997)
1359:(since 1999)
1351:(since 2024)
1343:(since 2023)
1335:(since 2022)
1327:(since 2012)
1319:(since 2017)
1311:(since 2018)
1303:(since 2009)
1295:(since 2017)
1287:(since 2004)
1279:(since 2024)
1271:(since 2019)
1263:(since 2021)
1255:(since 2020)
1247:(since 2008)
1239:(since 2002)
1231:(since 2017)
1223:(since 2024)
1215:(since 2015)
1207:(since 1999)
1199:(since 2015)
1174:(since 2004)
1166:(since 2006)
1158:(since 2020)
1150:(since 2008)
1142:(since 1995)
1134:(since 2010)
1126:(since 2013)
1118:(since 2006)
1110:(since 2021)
1102:(since 2015)
1094:(since 2022)
1086:(since 2023)
1065:(since 2018)
1057:(since 2004)
1049:(since 2008)
1041:(since 1995)
1033:(since 2010)
1025:(since 2001)
1017:(since 2013)
1009:(since 2006)
1001:(since 1990)
993:(since 2005)
985:(since 2013)
977:(since 2021)
969:(since 2023)
961:(since 2015)
953:(since 2019)
945:(since 2021)
937:(since 2013)
928:(since 2015)
920:(since 2018)
899:(since 2009)
891:(since 2008)
883:(since 2001)
875:(since 2022)
854:(since 2024)
846:(since 1994)
838:(since 2018)
830:(since 2006)
822:(since 2020)
814:(since 2018)
787:
716:
688:. Retrieved
682:
672:
660:. Retrieved
654:
644:
632:. Retrieved
628:
618:
606:. Retrieved
602:
579:. Retrieved
575:
566:
552:
539:
530:
517:
508:
496:. Retrieved
492:
483:
408:
372:
359:
326:radio window
319:
280:
242:
236:
224:
149:
145:
143:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4849:Sub-orbital
4784:Space probe
4650:New Shepard
4628:Shuttle–Mir
4387:Archaeology
4340:Space force
4323:Moon Treaty
4195:Spaceflight
4025:Planetarium
3682:High-energy
3668:Cosmic rays
3620:Ultraviolet
3166:Exploration
3104:Advertising
3048:Environment
3023:Astrobotany
2986:Fruit flies
2631:(2014–2015)
2583:(2012–2013)
2549:Lost/Failed
2540:(1998–2010)
2532:(1998–2005)
2509:(1991–2001)
2501:(2001–2010)
2485:(1970–1973)
2477:(1983–1985)
2469:(1975–1980)
2461:(2005–2015)
2453:(2003–2020)
2445:(2011–2019)
2437:(1979–1985)
2429:(1975–1979)
2421:(1972–1973)
2413:(1992–2004)
2405:(1995–2012)
2397:(1990–1999)
2389:(2002–2018)
2381:(1983–1984)
2373:(2009–2013)
2357:(2006–2016)
2286:(1972–1981)
2278:(1968–1973)
2262:(1996–1997)
2254:(2003–2019)
2246:(2015–2017)
2238:(2015–2017)
2230:(1997–2002)
2222:(1990–2001)
2214:(2009–2018)
2206:(1996–2004)
2198:(1978–1996)
2190:(1996–1998)
2182:(1995–1996)
2158:(1989–1993)
2150:(2000–2008)
2142:(1979–1981)
2134:(1978–1982)
2126:(2013–2023)
2118:(1981–1991)
2110:(2009–2013)
2102:(1977–1979)
2094:(1997–2005)
2086:(1979–1985)
2078:(1989–1998)
2070:(1987–1991)
2062:(1990–1992)
2054:(2003–2013)
2046:(1987–2001)
2038:(1999–2007)
2030:(1992–2001)
2022:(1983–1986)
2011:Explorer 11
1982:(2017–2019)
1974:(1989–1993)
1966:(1975–1982)
1958:(2006–2013)
1950:(1991–2000)
1942:(2003–2008)
1934:(1996–2003)
1926:(1974–1976)
1918:(1983–1991)
1877:(1993–2000)
1869:(1973–1974)
1861:(2017–2019)
1853:(1979–1982)
1845:(1974–1980)
1837:(1971–1972)
1829:(1967–1969)
1805:(1962–1972)
1797:(1993–2005)
1789:(2006–2011)
1781:(2007–2024)
1075:Ultraviolet
540:Hubble Site
518:Hubble Site
350:ultraviolet
281:Performing
5052:Categories
4918:Launch pad
4909:Expendable
4859:Geocentric
4826:Solar sail
4769:Spaceplane
4729:Spacecraft
4523:Space suit
4501:commercial
4429:Television
4224:Space Race
4018:Photometry
3995:Binoculars
3972:Astrometry
3833:telescopes
3730:Babylonian
3574:EM methods
3452:Astronomer
3348:Telescopes
3233:Technology
3086:Weathering
2933:Psychology
2918:Locomotion
2490:Vanguard 3
1802:Alouette 1
1647:AstroSat-2
1356:XMM-Newton
872:James Webb
690:24 January
662:24 January
634:19 October
581:2024-06-05
475:References
299:atmosphere
263:Advantages
69:newspapers
5018:Astronomy
4928:Spaceport
4779:Satellite
4496:Astronaut
4424:Telephone
4377:Astronomy
4298:Space law
4251:Australia
4090:Telescope
3696:Spherical
3643:Gamma-ray
3612:(optical)
3417:Astronomy
3329:for Earth
3316:Batteries
3298:Logistics
3250:Accidents
3196:Christmas
3061:Corrosion
3001:Tortoises
2959:Non-human
2693:Eddington
2648:Cancelled
2155:Hipparcos
1568:Spektr-UV
1425:Mini-EUSO
1417:ISS-CREAM
1268:Spektr-RG
1188:Gamma-ray
1083:Aditya-L1
974:Hayabusa2
851:Queqiao 2
795:Operating
656:SpaceNews
608:7 January
498:7 January
399:Roscosmos
283:astronomy
259:in 1971.
237:Discovery
211:espionage
179:twinkling
154:telescope
4980:Category
4645:Tiangong
4640:Shenzhou
4569:Programs
4414:Internet
4219:Timeline
4140:Category
3849:Category
3744:Egyptian
3661:Neutrino
3596:Infrared
3544:Galactic
3519:Sidewalk
3473:Glossary
3443:Timeline
3191:Religion
3181:Military
3117:of Earth
2996:Primates
2923:Medicine
2744:Sentinel
2442:Spektr-R
2378:RELIKT-1
2219:Kristall
2107:Herschel
1931:BeppoSAX
1692:JEM-EUSO
1687:iWF-MAXI
1629:Proposed
1592:LiteBIRD
1584:Spektr-M
1308:MinXSS-2
1236:INTEGRAL
1099:Astrosat
925:Astrosat
864:Infrared
629:NDTV.com
428:See also
393:and the
346:Infrared
340:and the
324:and the
311:aperture
257:Salyut 1
174:Salyut 1
5004:Portals
4854:Orbital
4655:Artemis
4586:Voskhod
4581:Mercury
4489:General
4229:Records
4214:History
4202:General
4152:Commons
4104:history
4074:Russian
3922:Related
3831:Optical
3816:Tibetan
3800:Serbian
3793:Persian
3737:Chinese
3714:Culture
3634:History
3505:Amateur
3436:History
3429:Outline
3353:Weapons
3321:Nuclear
3282:Writing
3277:Toilets
3260:Farming
3208:Tourism
3203:Selfies
3144:Economy
3109:Alcohol
3097:Society
3081:Weather
3056:Climate
2966:Animals
2913:Hygiene
2892:Biology
2793:Related
2704:FINESSE
2682:Destiny
2665:Astro-G
2628:Tsubame
2620:Astro-E
2596:ABRIXAS
2450:Spitzer
2434:Solwind
2386:R/HESSI
2346:Orion 2
2338:Orion 1
2043:Kvant-1
1939:CHIPSat
1902:Astro-2
1882:Astro-1
1858:ASTERIA
1850:Ariel 6
1842:Ariel 5
1834:Ariel 4
1826:Ariel 3
1818:Ariel 2
1810:Ariel 1
1771:Retired
1762:THESEUS
1747:Solar-D
1742:PhoENiX
1587:(2030+)
1544:JASMINE
1512:Xuntian
1480:SPHEREx
1465:Planned
1014:NEOSSat
909:Optical
835:Queqiao
221:History
152:) is a
83:scholar
4991:Portal
4984:
4973:
4789:Lander
4742:Rocket
4606:Skylab
4601:Apollo
4591:Gemini
4576:Vostok
4281:Russia
4120:Zodiac
4060:French
3765:Indian
3758:Hebrew
3497:Manner
3325:Solar
3312:Power
3308:Mining
3213:Voting
3161:Ethics
3149:Mining
3134:Burial
3066:Debris
3018:Plants
2769:TAUVEX
2676:Darwin
2655:Aelita
2639:(2016)
2623:(2000)
2615:(1999)
2607:(1996)
2604:HETE-1
2599:(1999)
2591:(1965)
2575:(1976)
2567:(1970)
2559:(1966)
2493:(1959)
2410:SAMPEX
2370:Planck
2365:(2018)
2362:PicSat
2354:PAMELA
2349:(1973)
2341:(1971)
2243:MinXSS
2211:Kepler
2174:(1983)
2166:(2024)
2147:HETE-2
2139:HEAO-3
2099:HEAO-1
2075:Granat
2019:EXOSAT
2014:(1961)
2006:(2010)
1998:(2008)
1990:(1993)
1979:CXBN-2
1915:Astron
1910:(1995)
1885:(1990)
1821:(1964)
1794:ALEXIS
1702:LUVOIR
1652:EXCEDE
1619:(2035)
1611:(2035)
1608:Athena
1603:(2033)
1595:(2032)
1579:(2030)
1571:(2030)
1563:(2029)
1555:(2028)
1547:(2028)
1539:(2027)
1531:(2027)
1523:(2027)
1515:(2026)
1507:(2026)
1499:(2026)
1491:(2026)
1488:K-EUSO
1483:(2025)
1475:(2025)
1472:PETREL
1449:STEREO
1385:AMS-02
1348:XPoSat
1324:NuSTAR
1163:STEREO
1107:Hibari
998:Hubble
990:HiRISE
966:Euclid
958:DSCOVR
950:CHEOPS
827:STEREO
725:
712:, 1946
213:, and
185:which
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
5030:Stars
4794:Rover
4596:Soyuz
4419:Radio
4276:Japan
4271:India
4256:China
4111:lists
4081:Women
3772:Inuit
3751:Greek
3689:Radar
3627:X-ray
3582:Radio
3562:Solar
3343:Radar
3223:Women
3186:Music
3154:Trade
2981:Frogs
2950:Sleep
2900:Human
2764:SPOrt
2759:SPICA
2739:OSO K
2734:OSO J
2588:OSO C
2572:CORSA
2564:OAO-B
2556:OAO-1
2537:TRACE
2482:Uhuru
2426:SAS-C
2418:SAS-B
2394:ROSAT
2331:OSO 8
2326:OSO 7
2321:OSO 6
2316:OSO 5
2311:OSO 4
2306:OSO 3
2301:OSO B
2296:OSO 1
2275:OAO-2
2227:LEGRI
2163:ILO-X
2059:Gamma
2051:GALEX
2003:EPOXI
1995:EPOCh
1963:Cos-B
1955:CoRoT
1890:BBXRT
1778:AGILE
1757:THEIA
1732:ORBIS
1682:ILO-1
1667:HabEx
1662:FOCAL
1637:Arcus
1600:Taiji
1560:ARIEL
1504:PLATO
1401:DAMPE
1393:CALET
1340:XRISM
1316:NICER
1284:Swift
1252:GECAM
1244:Fermi
1212:DAMPE
1196:CALET
1184:X-ray
1171:Swift
1147:SOLAR
1091:ASO-S
1054:Swift
1046:SOLAR
942:CHASE
933:BRITE
888:SOLAR
285:from
249:OAO-2
166:OAO-2
90:JSTOR
76:books
4956:Pass
4911:and
3842:List
3807:folk
3779:Maya
3265:Food
3171:Food
3071:Dust
2991:Mice
2976:Dogs
2971:Cats
2784:XIPE
2779:XEUS
2754:SNAP
2729:LOFT
2724:JDEM
2709:GEMS
2699:FAME
2687:EChO
2660:AOSO
2612:WIRE
2580:CXBN
2529:SWAS
2498:WMAP
2402:RXTE
2251:MOST
2203:IXAE
2179:IRTS
2171:IRAS
2035:FUSE
2027:EUVE
1971:COBE
1707:Lynx
1697:LUCI
1616:LISA
1576:UVEX
1528:LORD
1520:COSI
1433:SOHO
1409:IBEX
1332:LEIA
1300:MAXI
1276:SVOM
1260:IXPE
1186:and
1139:SOHO
1123:IRIS
1062:TESS
1038:SOHO
1022:Odin
982:Gaia
896:WISE
880:Odin
843:Wind
811:NCLE
723:ISBN
692:2023
664:2023
636:2018
610:2024
500:2024
404:CNSA
391:JAXA
387:CNSA
379:ISRO
375:NASA
348:and
133:The
62:news
4623:Mir
4009:IAU
3218:War
3176:Law
3129:Art
2945:Sex
2774:TPF
2719:IXO
2714:HOP
2259:MSX
2195:IUE
2187:ISO
1987:DXS
1923:ANS
1906:HUT
1895:HUT
1866:ATM
1737:OST
1672:HWO
1377:ACE
1131:SDO
1030:SDO
917:Aoi
383:ESA
45:by
5054::
3546:/
1908:)
681:.
653:.
627:.
601:.
590:^
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542:.
538:.
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389:,
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