2676:
5314:
stated: "As a preliminary matter, terrestrial and MSS ATC are expected to have different prices, coverage, product acceptance and distribution; therefore, the two services appear, at best, to be imperfect substitutes for one another that would be operating in predominantly different market segments ... MSS ATC is unlikely to compete directly with terrestrial CMRS for the same customer base...". In 2004, the FCC clarified that the ground-based towers would be ancillary, noting: "We will authorize MSS ATC subject to conditions that ensure that the added terrestrial component remains ancillary to the principal MSS offering. We do not intend, nor will we permit, the terrestrial component to become a stand-alone service." In July 2010, the FCC stated that it expected LightSquared to use its authority to offer an integrated satellite-terrestrial service to "provide mobile broadband services similar to those provided by terrestrial mobile providers and enhance competition in the mobile broadband sector". GPS receiver manufacturers have argued that LightSquared's licensed spectrum of 1525 to 1559 MHz was never envisioned as being used for high-speed wireless broadband based on the 2003 and 2004 FCC ATC rulings making clear that the
Ancillary Tower Component (ATC) would be, in fact, ancillary to the primary satellite component. To build public support of efforts to continue the 2004 FCC authorization of LightSquared's ancillary terrestrial component vs. a simple ground-based LTE service in the Mobile Satellite Service band, GPS receiver manufacturer
3219:
5306:—to only purchase an integrated satellite-ground-based service from LightSquared and re-sell that integrated service on devices that are equipped to only use the ground-based signal using LightSquared's allocated frequencies of 1525 to 1559 MHz. In December 2010, GPS receiver manufacturers expressed concerns to the FCC that LightSquared's signal would interfere with GPS receiver devices although the FCC's policy considerations leading up to the January 2011 order did not pertain to any proposed changes to the maximum number of ground-based LightSquared stations or the maximum power at which these stations could operate. The January 2011 order makes final authorization contingent upon studies of GPS interference issues carried out by a LightSquared led working group along with GPS industry and Federal agency participation. On February 14, 2012, the FCC initiated proceedings to vacate LightSquared's Conditional Waiver Order based on the NTIA's conclusion that there was currently no practical way to mitigate potential GPS interference.
3784:
identify issues that might arise due to the larger signal power from the LightSquared terrestrial network. The GPS community had not objected to the LightSquared (formerly MSV and SkyTerra) applications until
November 2010, when LightSquared applied for a modification to its Ancillary Terrestrial Component (ATC) authorization. This filing (SAT-MOD-20101118-00239) amounted to a request to run several orders of magnitude more power in the same frequency band for terrestrial base stations, essentially repurposing what was supposed to be a "quiet neighborhood" for signals from space as the equivalent of a cellular network. Testing in the first half of 2011 has demonstrated that the impact of the lower 10 MHz of spectrum is minimal to GPS devices (less than 1% of the total GPS devices are affected). The upper 10 MHz intended for use by LightSquared may have some impact on GPS devices. There is some concern that this may seriously degrade the GPS signal for many consumer uses.
2459:, 27 of which are in use at a given time with the rest allocated as stand-bys. A 32nd was launched in 2018, but as of July 2019 is still in evaluation. More decommissioned satellites are in orbit and available as spares. The additional satellites improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations by providing redundant measurements. With the increased number of satellites, the constellation was changed to a nonuniform arrangement. Such an arrangement was shown to improve accuracy but also improves reliability and availability of the system, relative to a uniform system, when multiple satellites fail. With the expanded constellation, nine satellites are usually visible at any time from any point on the Earth with a clear horizon, ensuring considerable redundancy over the minimum four satellites needed for a position.
2637:
5363:
324:
3740:. This frequency falls into an internationally protected range for aeronautical navigation, promising little or no interference under all circumstances. The first Block IIF satellite that provides this signal was launched in May 2010. On February 5, 2016, the 12th and final Block IIF satellite was launched. The L5 consists of two carrier components that are in phase quadrature with each other. Each carrier component is bi-phase shift key (BPSK) modulated by a separate bit train. "L5, the third civil GPS signal, will eventually support safety-of-life applications for aviation and provide improved availability and accuracy."
1848:
2184:, that combines sets of satellite measurements collected at different times—in effect, taking advantage of the fact that successive receiver positions are usually close to each other. After a set of measurements are processed, the tracker predicts the receiver location corresponding to the next set of satellite measurements. When the new measurements are collected, the receiver uses a weighting scheme to combine the new measurements with the tracker prediction. In general, a tracker can (a) improve receiver position and time accuracy, (b) reject bad measurements, and (c) estimate receiver speed and direction.
5267:
the neighboring GPS band of 1559 to 1610 MHz. In 2004, the FCC adopted the OOBE agreement in its authorization for LightSquared to deploy a ground-based network ancillary to their satellite system – known as the
Ancillary Tower Components (ATCs) – "We will authorize MSS ATC subject to conditions that ensure that the added terrestrial component remains ancillary to the principal MSS offering. We do not intend, nor will we permit, the terrestrial component to become a stand-alone service." This authorization was reviewed and approved by the U.S. Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee, which includes the
1124:
355:
1004:
5601:
3461:(00:00:19 TAI on August 22, 1999). It happened the second time at 23:59:42 UTC on April 6, 2019. To determine the current Gregorian date, a GPS receiver must be provided with the approximate date (to within 3,584 days) to correctly translate the GPS date signal. To address this concern in the future the modernized GPS civil navigation (CNAV) message will use a 13-bit field that only repeats every 8,192 weeks (157 years), thus lasting until 2137 (157 years after GPS week zero).
2582:
GPS's mission capabilities, enabling U.S. Space Force to greatly enhance GPS operational services to U.S. combat forces, civil partners and myriad domestic and international users. The GPS OCX program also will reduce cost, schedule and technical risk. It is designed to provide 50% sustainment cost savings through efficient software architecture and
Performance-Based Logistics. In addition, GPS OCX is expected to cost millions less than the cost to upgrade OCS while providing four times the capability.
3749:
4601:
5310:
broadcasting from space to ground, and at power levels commensurate with mobile satellite services. As regulated under the FCC's Part 15 rules, GPS receivers are not warranted protection from signals outside GPS-allocated spectrum. This is why GPS operates next to the Mobile
Satellite Service band, and also why the Mobile Satellite Service band operates next to GPS. The symbiotic relationship of spectrum allocation ensures that users of both bands are able to operate cooperatively and freely.
5589:
5577:
2797:
3211:
4626:
291:
972:—detecting time slowing in a strong gravitational field using accurate atomic clocks placed in orbit inside artificial satellites. Special and general relativity predicted that the clocks on GPS satellites, as observed by those on Earth, run 38 microseconds faster per day than those on the Earth. The design of GPS corrects for this difference; because without doing so, GPS calculated positions would accumulate errors of up to 10 kilometers per day (6 mi/d).
3231:
18691:
2468:
4707:
2345:
2722:
2266:
1996:
3581:, which contains coarse orbit and status information for up to 32 satellites in the constellation as well as data related to error correction. Thus, to obtain an accurate satellite location from this transmitted message, the receiver must demodulate the message from each satellite it includes in its solution for 18 to 30 seconds. To collect all transmitted almanacs, the receiver must demodulate the message for 732 to 750 seconds or
4617:
satellites alone is unlikely to be accurate enough. Data from more satellites can help because of the tendency for random errors to cancel out and also by giving a larger spread between the sphere centers. But at the same time, more spheres will not generally intersect at one point. Therefore, a near intersection gets computed, typically via least squares. The more signals available, the better the approximation is likely to be.
3821:
obtain a lock, it is necessary that there be an unobstructed line of sight from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver can then acquire the almanac and determine the satellites it should listen for. As it detects each satellite's signal, it identifies it by its distinct C/A code pattern. There can be a delay of up to 30 seconds before the first estimate of position because of the need to read the ephemeris data.
5553:
1717:
5182:
309:
889:
18701:
2629:
3799:
2168:
differences). There are marked performance benefits to the user carrying a clock synchronized with the satellites. Foremost is that only three satellites are needed to compute a position solution. If it were an essential part of the GPS concept that all users needed to carry a synchronized clock, a smaller number of satellites could be deployed, but the cost and complexity of the user equipment would increase.
906:
1309:
2061:) is constant and independent of the satellite speed, the time delay between when the satellite transmits a signal and the ground station receives it is proportional to the distance from the satellite to the ground station. With the distance information collected from multiple ground stations, the location coordinates of any satellite at any time can be calculated with great precision.
279:
843:, and similar agencies in other countries began to broadcast local GPS corrections, reducing the effect of both SA degradation and atmospheric effects (that military receivers also corrected for). The US military had also developed methods to perform local GPS jamming, meaning that the ability to globally degrade the system was no longer necessary. As a result, President
5565:
3602:(CDMA) so receivers can distinguish individual satellites from each other. The system uses two distinct CDMA encoding types: the coarse/acquisition (C/A) code, which is accessible by the general public, and the precise (P(Y)) code, which is encrypted so that only the U.S. military and other NATO nations who have been given access to the encryption code can access it.
1974:(IAF) awarded the Global Positioning System (GPS) its 60th Anniversary Award, nominated by IAF member, the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). The IAF Honors and Awards Committee recognized the uniqueness of the GPS program and the exemplary role it has played in building international collaboration for the benefit of humanity.
5090:
1154:) satellite used for geodetic surveying. The SECOR system included three ground-based transmitters at known locations that would send signals to the satellite transponder in orbit. A fourth ground-based station, at an undetermined position, could then use those signals to fix its location precisely. The last SECOR satellite was launched in 1969.
2675:
2112:(TOF) values, which are (given the speed of light) approximately equivalent to receiver-satellite ranges plus time difference between the receiver and GPS satellites multiplied by speed of light, which are called pseudo-ranges. The receiver then computes its three-dimensional position and clock deviation from the four TOFs.
5410:) was developed at the same time as GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. GLONASS reception in addition to GPS can be combined in a receiver thereby allowing for additional satellites available to enable faster position fixes and improved accuracy, to within two meters (6.6 ft).
8450:
4613:(more generally, true-range multilateration). Signals from at minimum three satellites are required, and their three spheres would typically intersect at two points. One of the points is the location of the receiver, and the other moves rapidly in successive measurements and would not usually be on Earth's surface.
5250:"must use receivers that reasonably discriminate against reception of signals outside their allocated spectrum". For the last 30 years, GPS receivers have operated next to the Mobile Satellite Service band, and have discriminated against reception of mobile satellite services, such as Inmarsat, without any issue.
3015:: It is possible to aggregate GPS data from multiple users to understand movement patterns, common trajectories and interesting locations. GPS data is today used in transportation and disaster engineering to forecast mobility in normal and evacuation situations (e.g., hurricanes, wildfires, earthquakes).
5227:
Enhancement methods of improving accuracy rely on external information being integrated into the calculation process. There are many such systems in place and they are generally named or described based on how the GPS sensor receives the information. Some systems transmit additional information about
4572:
The amount of error in the results varies with the received satellites' locations in the sky, since certain configurations (when the received satellites are close together in the sky) cause larger errors. Receivers usually calculate a running estimate of the error in the calculated position. This is
1119:
In 1960, the Air Force proposed a radio-navigation system called MOSAIC (MObile System for
Accurate ICBM Control) that was essentially a 3-D LORAN. A follow-on study, Project 57, was performed in 1963 and it was "in this study that the GPS concept was born". That same year, the concept was pursued as
5266:
Services, to use their allocated frequencies for an integrated satellite-terrestrial service. In 2002, the U.S. GPS Industry
Council came to an out-of-band-emissions (OOBE) agreement with LightSquared to prevent transmissions from LightSquared's ground-based stations from emitting transmissions into
3563:
25 times each, so that a complete data message requires the transmission of 25 full frames. Each subframe consists of ten words, each 30 bits long. Thus, with 300 bits in a subframe times 5 subframes in a frame times 25 frames in a message, each message is 37,500 bits long. At a transmission rate of
3412:
The GPS navigation message includes the difference between GPS time and UTC. As of
January 2017, GPS time is 18 seconds ahead of UTC because of the leap second added to UTC on December 31, 2016. Receivers subtract this offset from GPS time to calculate UTC and specific time zone values. New GPS
2613:
The project remained delayed in 2023, and was (as of June 2023) 73% over its original estimated budget. In late 2023, Frank
Calvelli, the assistant secretary of the Air Force for space acquisitions and integration, stated that the project was estimated to go live some time during the summer of 2024.
1282:
oversaw GPS policy matters from 1996 to 2004. After that, the
National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing Executive Committee was established by presidential directive in 2004 to advise and coordinate federal departments and agencies on matters concerning the GPS and related systems. The
795:
anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data, and operates independently of any telephone or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning
8680:
Hadas, T.; Krypiak-Gregorczyk, A.; Hernández-Pajares, M.; Kaplon, J.; Paziewski, J.; Wielgosz, P.; Garcia-Rigo, A.; Kazmierski, K.; Sosnica, K.; Kwasniak, D.; Sierny, J.; Bosy, J.; Pucilowski, M.; Szyszko, R.; Portasiak, K.; Olivares-Pulido, G.; Gulyaeva, T.; Orus-Perez, R. (November 2017). "Impact
5153:
GPS error analysis examines error sources in GPS results and the expected size of those errors. GPS makes corrections for receiver clock errors and other effects, but some residual errors remain uncorrected. Error sources include signal arrival time measurements, numerical calculations, atmospheric
4629:
Three satellites (labeled as "stations" A, B, C) have known locations. The true times it takes for a radio signal to travel from each satellite to the receiver are unknown, but the true time differences are known. Then, each time difference locates the receiver on a branch of a hyperbola focused on
3820:
If the almanac information has previously been acquired, the receiver picks the satellites to listen for by their PRNs, unique numbers in the range 1 through 32. If the almanac information is not in memory, the receiver enters a search mode until a lock is obtained on one of the satellites. To
2651:
The user segment (US) is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service. In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned
1294:
The U.S. Department of Defense is required by law to "maintain a Standard Positioning Service (as defined in the federal radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal specification) that will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis" and "develop measures to prevent hostile
1104:
to get an accurate fix of their positions before they launched their SLBMs. The USAF, with two thirds of the nuclear triad, also had requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force were developing their own technologies in parallel to solve what was
5249:
rules. As indicated in the manuals of GPS-enabled devices sold in the United States, as a Part 15 device, it "must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation". With respect to GPS devices in particular, the FCC states that GPS receiver manufacturers
3783:
to operate a terrestrial broadband service near the L1 band. Although LightSquared had applied for a license to operate in the 1525 to 1559 band as early as 2003 and it was put out for public comment, the FCC asked LightSquared to form a study group with the GPS community to test GPS receivers and
3729:
The L3 signal at a frequency of 1.38105 GHz is used to transmit data from the satellites to ground stations. This data is used by the United States Nuclear Detonation (NUDET) Detection System (USNDS) to detect, locate, and report nuclear detonations (NUDETs) in the Earth's atmosphere and near
3475:
The navigational signals transmitted by GPS satellites encode a variety of information including satellite positions, the state of the internal clocks, and the health of the network. These signals are transmitted on two separate carrier frequencies that are common to all satellites in the network.
3359:
GPS's vulnerability to jamming is a threat that continues to grow as jamming equipment and experience grows. GPS signals have been reported to have been jammed many times over the years for military purposes. Russia seems to have several objectives for this approach, such as intimidating neighbors
3194:
Disabling operation above these limits exempts the receiver from classification as a munition. Vendor interpretations differ. The rule refers to operation at both the target altitude and speed, but some receivers stop operating even when stationary. This has caused problems with some amateur radio
3182:
The U.S. government controls the export of some civilian receivers. All GPS receivers capable of functioning above 60,000 ft (18 km) above sea level and 1,000 kn (500 m/s; 2,000 km/h; 1,000 mph), or designed or modified for use with unmanned missiles and aircraft, are
1242:
issued a directive making GPS freely available for civilian use, once it was sufficiently developed, as a common good. The first Block II satellite was launched on February 14, 1989, and the 24th satellite was launched in 1994. The GPS program cost at this point, not including the cost of the
5625:
In fact, the ship is unlikely to be at precisely 0m, because of tides and other factors which create a discrepancy between mean sea level and actual sea level. In the open ocean, high and low tide typically only differ by about 0.6m, but there are locations closer to land where they can differ by
3605:
The ephemeris is updated every 2 hours and is sufficiently stable for 4 hours, with provisions for updates every 6 hours or longer in non-nominal conditions. The almanac is updated typically every 24 hours. Additionally, data for a few weeks following is uploaded in case of transmission
3460:
field in the C/A and P(Y) navigation messages, and so it becomes zero again every 1,024 weeks (19.6 years). GPS week zero started at 00:00:00 UTC (00:00:19 TAI) on January 6, 1980, and the week number became zero again for the first time at 23:59:47 UTC on August 21, 1999
2439:
from everywhere on the Earth's surface (see animation at right). The result of this objective is that the four satellites are not evenly spaced (90°) apart within each orbit. In general terms, the angular difference between satellites in each orbit is 30°, 105°, 120°, and 105° apart, which sum to
862:
in 2000. When Selective Availability was discontinued, GPS was accurate to about 5 meters (16 ft). GPS receivers that use the L5 band have much higher accuracy of 30 centimeters (12 in), while those for high-end applications such as engineering and land surveying are accurate to within
5313:
The FCC adopted rules in February 2003 that allowed Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) licensees such as LightSquared to construct a small number of ancillary ground-based towers in their licensed spectrum to "promote more efficient use of terrestrial wireless spectrum". In those 2003 rules, the FCC
5158:
and clock data, multipath signals, and natural and artificial interference. Magnitude of residual errors from these sources depends on geometric dilution of precision. Artificial errors may result from jamming devices and threaten ships and aircraft or from intentional signal degradation through
2581:
OCS will continue to be the ground control system of record until the new segment, Next Generation GPS Operation Control System (OCX), is fully developed and functional. The US Department of Defense has claimed that the new capabilities provided by OCX will be the cornerstone for revolutionizing
3437:
The GPS implements two major corrections to its time signals for relativistic effects: one for relative velocity of satellite and receiver, using the special theory of relativity, and one for the difference in gravitational potential between satellite and receiver, using general relativity. The
2609:
On September 14, 2011, the U.S. Air Force announced the completion of GPS OCX Preliminary Design Review and confirmed that the OCX program is ready for the next phase of development. The GPS OCX program missed major milestones and pushed its launch into 2021, 5 years past the original deadline.
47:
5123:
Bancroft's method is algebraic, as opposed to numerical, and can be used for four or more satellites. When four satellites are used, the key steps are inversion of a 4x4 matrix and solution of a single-variable quadratic equation. Bancroft's method provides one or two solutions for the unknown
4616:
In practice, there are many sources of inaccuracy besides clock bias, including random errors as well as the potential for precision loss from subtracting numbers close to each other if the centers of the spheres are relatively close together. This means that the position calculated from three
4608:
The measured ranges, called pseudoranges, contain clock errors. In a simplified idealization in which the ranges are synchronized, these true ranges represent the radii of spheres, each centered on one of the transmitting satellites. The solution for the position of the receiver is then at the
1266:
Since its deployment, the U.S. has implemented several improvements to the GPS service, including new signals for civil use and increased accuracy and integrity for all users, all the while maintaining compatibility with existing GPS equipment. Modernization of the satellite system has been an
1981:
On February 12, 2019, four founding members of the project were awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering with the chair of the awarding board stating: "Engineering is the foundation of civilisation; there is no other foundation; it makes things happen. And that's exactly what today's
4556:
Since the equations have four unknowns —the three components of GPS receiver position and the clock bias—signals from at least four satellites are necessary to attempt solving these equations. They can be solved by algebraic or numerical methods. Existence and uniqueness of GPS solutions are
895:
894:
891:
890:
5253:
The spectrum allocated for GPS L1 use by the FCC is 1559 to 1610 MHz, while the spectrum allocated for satellite-to-ground use owned by Lightsquared is the Mobile Satellite Service band. Since 1996, the FCC has authorized licensed use of the spectrum neighboring the GPS band of 1525 to
1183:
Navstar is often erroneously considered an acronym for "NAVigation System using Timing And Ranging" but was never considered as such by the GPS Joint Program Office (TRW may have once advocated for a different navigational system that used that acronym). With the individual satellites being
5309:
GPS receiver manufacturers design GPS receivers to use spectrum beyond the GPS-allocated band. In some cases, GPS receivers are designed to use up to 400 MHz of spectrum in either direction of the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz, because mobile satellite services in those regions are
3725:
that make observers on the Earth perceive a different time reference with respect to the transmitters in orbit. The L1 carrier is modulated by both the C/A and P codes, while the L2 carrier is only modulated by the P code. The P code can be encrypted as a so-called
2167:
It is sometimes incorrectly said that the user location is at the intersection of three spheres. While simpler to visualize, this is the case only if the receiver has a clock synchronized with the satellite clocks (i.e., the receiver measures true ranges to the satellites rather than range
2787:
GPS has become a widely deployed and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking, and surveillance. GPS's accurate time facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off switching.
896:
1061:
Although there were wide needs for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors, almost none of those was seen as justification for the billions of dollars it would cost in research, development, deployment, and operation of a constellation of navigation satellites. During the
1171:
among others, had to be resolved. A team led by Harold L. Jury of Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970 to 1973, used real-time data assimilation and recursive estimation to do so, reducing systematic and residual errors to a manageable level to permit accurate navigation.
2100:
code (sequence of ones and zeros) that is known to the receiver. By time-aligning a receiver-generated version and the receiver-measured version of the code, the time of arrival (TOA) of a defined point in the code sequence, called an epoch, can be found in the receiver clock time
2451:
each day. This was very helpful during development because even with only four satellites, correct alignment means all four are visible from one spot for a few hours each day. For military operations, the ground track repeat can be used to ensure good coverage in combat zones.
3380:, GPS-guided munitions provided to Ukraine by NATO countries experienced significant failure rates as a result of Russian electronic warfare. Excalibur artillery shells efficiency rate hitting targets dropped from 70% to 6% as Russia adapted its electronic warfare activities.
4816:
1162:
With these parallel developments in the 1960s, it was realized that a superior system could be developed by synthesizing the best technologies from 621B, Transit, Timation, and SECOR in a multi-service program. Satellite orbital position errors, induced by variations in the
1957:(Col. USAF, ret.) was inducted into the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame at Lackland A.F.B., San Antonio, Texas, March 2, 2010, for his role in space technology development and the engineering design concept of GPS conducted as part of Project 621B.
897:
2667:
port at 4,800 bit/s speed. Data is actually sent at a much lower rate, which limits the accuracy of the signal sent using RTCM. Receivers with internal DGPS receivers can outperform those using external RTCM data. As of 2006, even low-cost units commonly include
10893:
2223:
gives the position of the receiver along with the difference between the time kept by the receiver's on-board clock and the true time-of-day, thereby eliminating the need for a more precise and possibly impractical receiver based clock. Applications for GPS such as
1262:
services by private industry to improve civilian accuracy. Moreover, the U.S. military was developing technologies to deny GPS service to potential adversaries on a regional basis. Selective Availability was removed from the GPS architecture beginning with GPS-III.
3972:
is the receiver's clock bias from the much more accurate GPS clocks employed by the satellites. The receiver clock bias is the same for all received satellite signals (assuming the satellite clocks are all perfectly synchronized). The message's transit time is
893:
2239:
Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship on the open ocean usually has a known elevation
796:
information. It provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. Although the United States government created, controls and maintains the GPS system, it is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.
2577:
OCS successfully replaced the legacy 1970s-era mainframe computer at Schriever Air Force Base in September 2007. After installation, the system helped enable upgrades and provide a foundation for a new security architecture that supported U.S. armed forces.
1274:
As of early 2015, high-quality Standard Positioning Service (SPS) GPS receivers provided horizontal accuracy of better than 3.5 meters (11 ft), although many factors such as receiver and antenna quality and atmospheric issues can affect this accuracy.
3360:
while undermining confidence in their reliance on American systems, promoting their GLONASS alternative, disrupting Western military exercises, and protecting assets from drones. China uses jamming to discourage US surveillance aircraft near the contested
2052:
that are synchronized with one another and with the reference atomic clocks at the ground control stations; any drift of the clocks aboard the satellites from the reference time maintained on the ground stations is corrected regularly. Since the speed of
1977:
On December 6, 2018, Gladys West was inducted into the Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame in recognition of her work on an extremely accurate geodetic Earth model, which was ultimately used to determine the orbit of the GPS constellation.
1069:, the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded. It is also the reason for the ultra-secrecy at that time. The
1057:
navigation system, based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations, became the first worldwide radio navigation system. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy.
1023:
Early the next year, Frank McClure, the deputy director of the APL, asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem: pinpointing the user's location, given the satellite's. (At the time, the Navy was developing the submarine-launched
3711:
All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies, 1.57542 GHz (L1 signal) and 1.2276 GHz (L2 signal). The satellite network uses a CDMA spread-spectrum technique where the low-bitrate message data is encoded with a high-rate
12161:
Chwedczuk, Katarzyna; Cienkosz, Daniel; Apollo, Michal; Borowski, Lukasz; Lewinska, Paulina; Guimarães Santos, Celso Augusto; Eborka, Kennedy; Kulshreshtha, Sandeep; Romero-Andrade, Rosendo; Sedeek, Ahmed; Liibusk, Aive; MacIuk, Kamil (2022).
5348:(NTIA), the federal agency that coordinates spectrum uses for the military and other federal government entities, that "there is no practical way to mitigate potential interference at this time". LightSquared is challenging the FCC's action.
16582:
2187:
The disadvantage of a tracker is that changes in speed or direction can be computed only with a delay, and that derived direction becomes inaccurate when the distance traveled between two position measurements drops below or near the
1939:, conceived the present satellite-based system in the early 1960s and developed it in conjunction with the U.S. Air Force. Parkinson served twenty-one years in the Air Force, from 1957 to 1978, and retired with the rank of colonel.
3716:(PRN) sequence that is different for each satellite. The receiver must be aware of the PRN codes for each satellite to reconstruct the actual message data. The C/A code, for civilian use, transmits data at 1.023 million
16519:
913:
The GPS project was launched in the United States in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, combining ideas from several predecessors, including classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. The
9129:
5100:
Both the equations for four satellites, or the least squares equations for more than four, are non-linear and need special solution methods. A common approach is by iteration on a linearized form of the equations, such as the
16104:
15984:
1875:
Federal Systems Company. The citation honors them "for the most significant development for safe and efficient navigation and surveillance of air and spacecraft since the introduction of radio navigation 50 years ago".
4798:
When more than four satellites are available, the calculation can use the four best, or more than four simultaneously (up to all visible satellites), depending on the number of receiver channels, processing capability, and
2897:(FCC) mandated the feature in either the handset or in the towers (for use in triangulation) in 2002 so emergency services could locate 911 callers. Third-party software developers later gained access to GPS APIs from
16131:
15126:
10278:
5138:
Leick et al. (2015) states that "Bancroft's (1985) solution is a very early, if not the first, closed-form solution." Other closed-form solutions were published afterwards, although their adoption in practice is unclear.
4227:
17309:
17011:
16186:
7472:
2984:
systems use GPS to locate devices that are attached to or carried by a person, vehicle, or pet. The application can provide continuous tracking and send notifications if the target leaves a designated (or "fenced-in")
16622:
10790:
2573:
The operation control segment (OCS) currently serves as the control segment of record. It provides the operational capability that supports GPS users and keeps the GPS operational and performing within specification.
2531:(2 SOPS) of the U.S. Space Force. Then 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite regularly with a navigational update using dedicated or shared (AFSCN) ground antennas (GPS dedicated ground antennas are located at
11673:"FCC Docket File Number: SATASG2001030200017, "Mobile Satellite Ventures LLC Application for Assignment and Modification of Licenses and for Authority to Launch and Operate a Next-Generation Mobile Satellite System""
4379:
2885:: clock synchronization enables time transfer, which is critical for synchronizing its spreading codes with other base stations to facilitate inter-cell handoff and support hybrid GPS/cellular position detection for
16156:
1283:
executive committee is chaired jointly by the Deputy Secretaries of Defense and Transportation. Its membership includes equivalent-level officials from the Departments of State, Commerce, and Homeland Security, the
3271:, require all radios within a network to have the same time input to their internal clocks (+/-4 seconds in the case of SINCGARS) to be on the correct frequency at a given time. Military GPS receivers, such as the
10901:
873: in) and can even provide sub-millimeter accuracy with long-term measurements. Consumer devices such as smartphones can be accurate to 4.9 m (16 ft) or better when used with assistive services like
1659:
announced that GPS would be made available for civilian uses once it was completed, although it had been publicly known as early as 1979, that the CA code (Coarse/Acquisition code) would be available to civilian
18567:
3368:
has mounted several major jamming operations near its border with South Korea and offshore, disrupting flights, shipping and fishing operations. Iranian Armed Forces disrupted the civilian airliner plane Flight
2592:
Built on a flexible architecture that can rapidly adapt to the changing needs of today's and future GPS users allowing immediate access to GPS data and constellation status through secure, accurate and reliable
2687:
protocol. Although this protocol is officially defined by the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA), references to this protocol have been compiled from public records, allowing open source tools like
16378:
16201:
16002:
15148:
7722:
819:
announced that the GPS system would be made available for civilian use as of September 16, 1983; however, initially this civilian use was limited to an average accuracy of 100 meters (330 ft) by use of
11992:
11960:"Testimony of Jeff Carlisle, LightSquared Executive Vice President of Regulatory Affairs and Public Policy to U.S. House Subcommittee on Aviation and Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation"
16348:
5085:{\displaystyle \left({\hat {x}},{\hat {y}},{\hat {z}},{\hat {b}}\right)={\underset {\left(x,y,z,b\right)}{\arg \min }}\sum _{i}\left({\sqrt {(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}+(z-z_{i})^{2}}}+bc-p_{i}\right)^{2}}
1695:
In 1991, DARPA's project to create a miniature GPS receiver successfully ended, replacing the previous 16 kg (35 lb) military receivers with a 1.25 kg (2.8 lb) all-digital handheld GPS
11676:
5232:), others provide direct measurements of how much the signal was off in the past, while a third group provides additional navigational or vehicle information to be integrated into the calculation process.
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16527:
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4772:
with large differences compared to the true distances to the satellites. Therefore, in practice, the time difference between the receiver clock and the satellite time is defined as an unknown clock bias
3720:
per second, whereas the P code, for U.S. military use, transmits at 10.23 million chips per second. The actual internal reference of the satellites is 10.22999999543 MHz to compensate for
1830:
On January 11, 2010, an update of ground control systems caused a software incompatibility with 8,000 to 10,000 military receivers manufactured by a division of Trimble Navigation Limited of Sunnyvale,
4461:
946:
on the creation of the mathematical geodetic Earth model is credited as instrumental in the development of computational techniques for detecting satellite positions with the precision needed for GPS.
2076:; However, at a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and the deviation of its own clock from satellite time).
1254:
signing a policy directive to turn off Selective Availability to provide the same accuracy to civilians that was afforded to the military. The directive was proposed by the U.S. Secretary of Defense,
16599:
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15471:
3405:
or other corrections that are periodically added to UTC. GPS time was set to match UTC in 1980, but has since diverged. The lack of corrections means that GPS time remains at a constant offset with
892:
16196:
4109:
6632:
Jury, H L, 1973, Application of Kalman Filter to Real-Time Navigation using Synchronous Satellites, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science, Tokyo, 945–952.
3198:
These limits only apply to units or components exported from the United States. A growing trade in various components exists, including GPS units from other countries. These are expressly sold as
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16999:
16191:
15888:
15880:
14022:
11823:
3809:
Because all of the satellite signals are modulated onto the same L1 carrier frequency, the signals must be separated after demodulation. This is done by assigning each satellite a unique binary
3283:
within a radio network to properly input an accurate time to said radios internal clock. More modern military radios have internal GPS receivers that syncronize the internal clock automatically.
16388:
16114:
15696:
15674:
4577:(GDOP) factors, calculated from the relative sky directions of the satellites used. The receiver location is expressed in a specific coordinate system, such as latitude and longitude using the
3248:
Navigation: Soldiers use GPS to find objectives, even in the dark or in unfamiliar territory, and to coordinate troop and supply movement. In the United States armed forces, commanders use the
2602:
Provides significant information assurance improvements over the current program including detecting and preventing cyber attacks, while isolating, containing and operating during such attacks.
6935:
The Global Positioning System Assessing National Policies, by Scott Pace, Gerald P. Frost, Irving Lachow, David R. Frelinger, Donna Fossum, Don Wassem, Monica M. Pinto, Rand Corporation, 1995,
5325:, airline pilots with the type of systems that would be affected "may go off course and not even realize it". The problems could also affect the Federal Aviation Administration upgrade to the
18400:
3009:: the use of RTK GPS has significantly improved several mining operations such as drilling, shoveling, vehicle tracking, and surveying. RTK GPS provides centimeter-level positioning accuracy.
10752:
17753:
16884:
16869:
16559:
6067:
3571:
The first subframe of each frame encodes the week number and the time within the week, as well as the data about the health of the satellite. The second and the third subframes contain the
17647:
17461:
16715:
16642:
16169:
16144:
14184:
4550:
11788:"FCC Order, Granted LightSquared Subsidiary LLC, a Mobile Satellite Service licensee in the L-Band, a conditional waiver of the Ancillary Terrestrial Component "integrated service" rule"
8040:
2399:, and also includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit. The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs, eight each in three approximately circular
17419:
17031:
16587:
16547:
16507:
15910:
14015:
9019:
Glaser, Susanne; Fritsche, Mathias; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Rodríguez-Solano, Carlos Javier; Wang, Kan; Dach, Rolf; Hugentobler, Urs; Rothacher, Markus; Dietrich, Reinhard (December 2015).
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minutes) to complete. The message structure has a basic format of a 1500-bit-long frame made up of five subframes, each subframe being 300 bits (6 seconds) long. Subframes 4 and 5 are
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17359:
17244:
15972:
15935:
10845:
4026:
3966:
11609:"Federal Communications Commission Report and Order In the Matter of Fixed and Mobile Services in the Mobile Satellite Service Bands at 1525–1559 MHz and 1626.5–1660.5 MHz"
3438:
acceleration of the satellite could also be computed independently as a correction, depending on purpose, but normally the effect is already dealt with in the first two corrections.
1838:
to develop the GPS Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX) to improve accuracy and availability of GPS navigation signals, and serve as a critical part of GPS modernization.
17061:
16667:
16418:
15101:
5940:
3286:
Target tracking: Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential ground and air targets before flagging them as hostile. These weapon systems pass target coordinates to
2348:
GPS II underwent a four-month series of qualification tests in the AEDC Mark I Space Chamber to determine whether the satellite could withstand extreme heat and cold in space, 1985.
10096:
9190:
Sivalingam, Prahaladhan; Asirvatham, David; Marjani, Mohsen; Syed Masood, Jafar Ali Ibrahim; Chakravarthy, N. S. Kalyan; Veerisetty, Gopinath; Lestari, Martha Tri (April 1, 2024).
2353:
2164:). The line connecting the two satellites involved (and its extensions) forms the axis of the hyperboloid. The receiver is located at the point where three hyperboloids intersect.
10282:
2443:
Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi); orbital radius of approximately 26,600 km (16,500 mi), each SV makes two complete orbits each
2156:
Although usually not formed explicitly in the receiver processing, the conceptual time differences of arrival (TDOAs) define the measurement geometry. Each TDOA corresponds to a
6036:
4785:(or spherical cone), with the cusp located at the satellite, and the base a sphere around the satellite. The receiver is at the intersection of four or more of such hypercones.
2641:
918:
developed the system, which originally used 24 satellites, for use by the United States military, and became fully operational in 1993. Civilian use was allowed from the 1980s.
3429:
that the atomic clocks in GPS transmitters experience. Most receivers lose some accuracy in their interpretation of the signals and are only accurate to about 100 nanoseconds.
16574:
16413:
16326:
7468:
6875:
3911:
1184:
associated with the name Navstar (as with the predecessors Transit and Timation), a more fully encompassing name was used to identify the constellation of Navstar satellites,
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8866:
2589:
OCX will have the ability to control and manage GPS legacy satellites as well as the next generation of GPS III satellites, while enabling the full array of military signals.
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17194:
17189:
16032:
15644:
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1127:
Navigation Technology Satellite – II (Timation IV): NTS-II, the first satellite completely designed and built by NRL under GPS Joint Program funding. Launched June 23, 1977.
12268:
3218:
17199:
15959:
15413:
12081:
10209:
7070:
880:
As of July 2023, 18 GPS satellites broadcast L5 signals, which are considered pre-operational prior to being broadcast by a full complement of 24 satellites in 2027.
5116:
One closed-form solution to the above set of equations was developed by S. Bancroft. Its properties are well known; in particular, proponents claim it is superior in low-
821:
16027:
15807:
5321:
The FCC and LightSquared have each made public commitments to solve the GPS interference issue before the network is allowed to operate. According to Chris Dancy of the
11544:
Selective Availability ended a few minutes past midnight EDT after the end of May 1, 2000. The change occurred simultaneously across the entire satellite constellation.
1637:
In 1972, the USAF Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (Holloman AFB) conducted developmental flight tests of four prototype GPS receivers in a Y configuration over
16284:
14204:
11959:
10179:
10004:
5345:
3726:
P(Y) code that is only available to military equipment with a proper decryption key. Both the C/A and P(Y) codes impart the precise time-of-day to the user.
2523:, along with shared NGA monitor stations operated in England, Argentina, Ecuador, Bahrain, Australia and Washington DC. The tracking information is sent to the MCS at
1761:
announced plans to upgrade GPS with two new civilian signals for enhanced user accuracy and reliability, particularly with respect to aviation safety, and in 2000 the
12406:
10065:
7730:
18250:
7271:
3033:: navigators value digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements, as well as precise positions in real-time with a support of orbit and clock corrections.
2966:
including the daily and sub-daily polar motion, and length-of-day variabilities, Earth's center-of-mass - geocenter motion, and low-degree gravity field parameters.
1774:
On May 2, 2000 "Selective Availability" was discontinued as a result of the 1996 executive order, allowing civilian users to receive a non-degraded signal globally.
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16899:
15228:
15195:
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6139:
5131:(i.e., the pseudoinverse) to find a solution. A case has been made that iterative methods, such as the Gauss–Newton algorithm approach for solving over-determined
18602:
11085:
7231:
2585:
The GPS OCX program represents a critical part of GPS modernization and provides significant information assurance improvements over the current GPS OCS program.
2236:
this cheap and highly accurate timing. Some GPS applications use this time for display, or, other than for the basic position calculations, do not use it at all.
12061:
11999:
11672:
9370:
Braund, Taylor A.; Zin, May The; Boonstra, Tjeerd W.; Wong, Quincy J. J.; Larsen, Mark E.; Christensen, Helen; Tillman, Gabriel; O'Dea, Bridianne (May 4, 2022).
2570:, so receivers do not use it. After the maneuver, engineers track the new orbit from the ground, upload the new ephemeris, and mark the satellite healthy again.
11885:
1246:
Initially, the highest-quality signal was reserved for military use, and the signal available for civilian use was intentionally degraded, in a policy known as
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12028:
7986:
7583:
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units may not show the correct UTC time until after receiving the UTC offset message. The GPS-UTC offset field can accommodate 255 leap seconds (eight bits).
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17738:
11556:
9864:
8603:
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3824:
Processing of the navigation message enables the determination of the time of transmission and the satellite position at this time. For more information see
10035:
7126:
6191:
2064:
Each GPS satellite carries an accurate record of its own position and time, and broadcasts that data continuously. Based on data received from multiple GPS
12237:
11573:
9935:
4698:
at a pair of satellites. With additional satellites, the multiple intersections are not necessarily unique, and a best-fitting solution is sought instead.
2326:
from space, and each GPS receiver uses these signals to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the current time.
1851:
AFSPC Vice Commander Lt. Gen. DT Thompson presents Gladys West with an award as she is inducted into the Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame.
1291:. Components of the executive office of the president participate as observers to the executive committee, and the FCC chairman participates as a liaison.
9787:
7560:
4768:
The clock in the receiver is usually not of the same quality as the ones in the satellites and will not be accurately synchronized to them. This produces
4592:
The GPS equations can be solved by numerical and analytical methods. Geometrical interpretations can enhance the understanding of these solution methods.
18745:
18735:
18229:
9761:
3214:
AN/PRC-119F SINCGARS radio, which requires accurate clock time supplied by an external GPS system to enable frequency hopping operation with other radios
2108:
Conceptually, the receiver measures the TOAs (according to its own clock) of four satellite signals. From the TOAs and the TOTs, the receiver forms four
12131:
10122:
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16012:
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13481:
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5882:
3123:: realization and densification of the terrestrial reference frames in the framework of Global Geodetic Observing System. Co-location in space between
1788:
updated the national policy and replaced the executive board with the National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing.
7529:
18260:
18224:
13438:
13387:
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3191:
export licenses. This rule applies even to otherwise purely civilian units that only receive the L1 frequency and the C/A (Coarse/Acquisition) code.
3012:
2244:, and the elevation of an aircraft may be known. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known altitude,
11059:
9505:
Strugarek, Dariusz; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Arnold, Daniel; Jäggi, Adrian; Zajdel, Radosław; Bury, Grzegorz; Drożdżewski, Mateusz (September 30, 2019).
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6001:
4777:. The equations are then solved simultaneously for the receiver position and the clock bias. The solution space can be seen as a four-dimensional
15121:
14315:
10760:
10566:
10365:
8160:
7399:
5402:
Following the United States' deployment of GPS, other countries have also developed their own satellite navigation systems. These systems include:
5148:
4120:
3476:
Two different encodings are used: a public encoding that enables lower resolution navigation, and an encrypted encoding used by the U.S. military.
3006:
1016:
7319:
18234:
17869:
16609:
10722:
9963:
8129:
6956:
1243:
user equipment but including the costs of the satellite launches, has been estimated at US$ 5 billion (equivalent to $ 10 billion in 2023).
1120:
Project 621B, which had "many of the attributes that you now see in GPS" and promised increased accuracy for Air Force bombers as well as ICBMs.
714:
12211:
11730:
10978:
6545:
5805:
854:
Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of
18654:
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11032:
8545:"GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM: Updated Schedule Assessment Could Help Decision Makers Address Likely Delays Related to New Ground Control System"
6140:
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Future of the Global Positioning System; National Academy of Public Administration (1995).
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3409:(TAI) (TAI - GPS = 19 seconds). Periodic corrections are performed to the on-board clocks to keep them synchronized with ground clocks.
1880:
1806:
In 2005, the first modernized GPS satellite was launched and began transmitting a second civilian signal (L2C) for enhanced user performance.
12442:
7613:
4694:). Thus, from four pseudorange measurements, the receiver can be placed at the intersection of the surfaces of three hyperboloids each with
18255:
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Sośnica, K.; Bury, G.; Zajdel, R. (March 16, 2018). "Contribution of Multi-GNSS Constellation to SLR-Derived Terrestrial Reference Frame".
8654:
7392:
6519:
1777:
In 2004, the United States government signed an agreement with the European Community establishing cooperation related to GPS and Europe's
7655:
5932:
2252:, or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.
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13307:
11850:"FCC Order permitting mobile satellite services providers to provide an ancillary terrestrial component (ATC) to their satellite systems"
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11171:
11132:
10088:
9462:
Strugarek, Dariusz; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Jäggi, Adrian (January 2019). "Characteristics of GOCE orbits based on Satellite Laser Ranging".
9175:
Khetarpaul, S.; Chauhan, R.; Gupta, S. K.; Subramaniam, L. V.; Nambiar, U. (2011). "Mining GPS data to determine interesting locations".
5451:
5108:
The GPS was initially developed assuming use of a numerical least-squares solution method—i.e., before closed-form solutions were found.
3817:. The signals are decoded after demodulation using addition of the Gold codes corresponding to the satellites monitored by the receiver.
536:
11213:
10607:
10148:
9266:
Zhao, Xilei; Xu, Yiming; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Kuligowski, Erica; Nilsson, Daniel; Cova, Thomas J.; Wu, Alex; Yan, Xiang (June 1, 2022).
2119:
with origin at the Earth's center) and the offset of the receiver clock relative to the GPS time are computed simultaneously, using the
1982:
Laureates have done – they've made things happen. They've re-written, in a major way, the infrastructure of our world."
16537:
15684:
13252:
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3356:, when Iraqi forces installed jamming devices on likely targets that emitted radio noise, disrupting reception of the weak GPS signal.
2915:: the accuracy of GPS time signals (±10 ns) is second only to the atomic clocks they are based on, and is used in applications such as
2739:
2632:
GPS receivers come in a variety of formats, from devices integrated into cars, phones, and watches, to dedicated devices such as these.
2283:
2013:
1278:
GPS is owned and operated by the United States government as a national resource. The Department of Defense is the steward of GPS. The
704:
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2940:: measure and calculate the atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction up to 27 km (89,000 ft) from the Earth's surface.
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9587:
Sośnica, Krzysztof; Thaller, Daniela; Dach, Rolf; Steigenberger, Peter; Beutler, Gerhard; Arnold, Daniel; Jäggi, Adrian (July 2015).
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Many civilian applications use one or more of GPS's three basic components: absolute location, relative movement, and time transfer.
808:
in 1973. The first prototype spacecraft was launched in 1978 and the full constellation of 24 satellites became operational in 1993.
6419:
2104:
A message that includes the time of transmission (TOT) of the code epoch (in GPS time scale) and the satellite position at that time
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17793:
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16119:
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7469:"Press release: First Modernized GPS Satellite Built by Lockheed Martin Launched Successfully by the U.S. Air Force – Sep 26, 2005"
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delays (recovery of the number of free electrons). Recovery of Earth surface displacements due to the atmospheric pressure loading.
682:
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8179:
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827:
As civilian GPS usage grew, there was increasing pressure to remove this error. The SA system was temporarily disabled during the
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11495:
Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2013)
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7651:
4753:. This configuration is distinct from the one described above, in which the spheres' radii were the unbiased or geometric ranges
2500:
2363:
1196:
1132:
12078:
10201:
8681:
and Implementation of Higher-Order Ionospheric Effects on Precise GNSS Applications: Higher-Order Ionospheric Effects in GNSS".
7066:
7044:
5221:
refers to techniques used to improve the accuracy of positioning information provided by the Global Positioning System or other
4391:
2503:) monitor stations. The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by dedicated U.S. Space Force monitoring stations in Hawaii,
18672:
17909:
16647:
16490:
16426:
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14199:
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Using more than four involves an over-determined system of equations with no unique solution; such a system can be solved by a
1971:
10931:
7096:
5159:
selective availability, which limited accuracy to ≈ 6–12 m (20–40 ft), but has been switched off since May 1, 2000.
831:, as a shortage of military GPS units meant that many US soldiers were using civilian GPS units sent from home. In the 1990s,
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1898:
1863:, the US's most prestigious aviation award. This team combines researchers from the Naval Research Laboratory, the USAF, the
662:
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1074:
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to read the protocol without violating intellectual property laws. Other proprietary protocols exist as well, such as the
2318:
The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment, a control segment, and a user segment. The
1827:
allayed fears of GPS failure, saying: "There's only a small risk we will not continue to exceed our performance standard."
1179:. It was at this meeting that the real synthesis that became GPS was created. Later that year, the DNSS program was named
1175:
During Labor Day weekend in 1973, a meeting of about twelve military officers at the Pentagon discussed the creation of a
18557:
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14699:
13382:
8230:
7257:
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5344:
On February 14, 2012, the FCC moved to bar LightSquared's planned national broadband network after being informed by the
5222:
3568:. Each 30-second frame begins precisely on the minute or half-minute as indicated by the atomic clock on each satellite.
1139:(Time Navigation) satellites, first launched in 1967, second launched in 1969, with the third in 1974 carrying the first
805:
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10867:
10000:
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642:
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4574:
3336:, an X-ray sensor, a dosimeter, and an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) sensor (W-sensor), that form a major portion of the
3272:
2472:
2196:
of the signals received to compute velocity accurately. More advanced navigation systems use additional sensors like a
1086:
443:
12058:
9372:"Smartphone Sensor Data for Identifying and Monitoring Symptoms of Mood Disorders: A Longitudinal Observational Study"
6284:
3133:: self-navigating, autonomous robots using GPS sensors, which calculate latitude, longitude, time, speed, and heading.
2134:
and height relative to an ellipsoidal Earth model. The height may then be further converted to height relative to the
1108:
To increase the survivability of ICBMs, there was a proposal to use mobile launch platforms (comparable to the Soviet
17988:
16256:
15992:
15433:
14246:
13596:
13467:
12311:
11699:"U.S. GPS Industry Council Petition to the FCC to adopt OOBE limits jointly proposed by MSV and the Industry Council"
11465:
10517:
8433:
7367:
6444:
6372:
6222:
5288:
5242:
3790:
magazine reports that the latest testing (June 2011) confirms "significant jamming" of GPS by LightSquared's system.
3456:, the GPS date is expressed as a week number and a seconds-into-week number. The week number is transmitted as a ten-
3260:
3188:
2894:
2820:
2761:
2599:
Enables new modernized signals (L1C, L2C, and L5) and has M-code capability, which the legacy system is unable to do.
2403:, but this was modified to six orbital planes with four satellites each. The six orbit planes have approximately 55°
2305:
2035:
768:
742:
12036:
8368:
7990:
7591:
6989:
6936:
6754:
Hegarty, Christopher J.; Chatre, Eric (December 2008). "Evolution of the Global Navigation SatelliteSystem (GNSS)".
6650:
6603:
2360:
from a given point on the Earth's surface changes with time. The point in this example is in Golden, Colorado, USA (
18730:
18519:
16336:
15706:
15701:
14481:
14345:
7677:
6571:
6143:
The global positioning system: a shared national asset: recommendations for technical improvements and enhancements
5525:
5330:
1817:
1199:, renamed to Air Force Geophysical Research Lab (AFGRL) in 1974. AFGRL developed the Klobuchar model for computing
1192:" prototype satellites were launched between 1978 and 1985 (an additional unit was destroyed in a launch failure).
9860:
9817:
8888:
Zajdel, Radosław; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Bury, Grzegorz; Dach, Rolf; Prange, Lars; Kazmierski, Kamil (January 2021).
6280:
Relativistische Zeitdilatation eines künstlichen Satelliten (Relativistic time dilation of an artificial satellite
6059:
4469:
3401:. The difference is that GPS time is not corrected to match the rotation of the Earth, so it does not contain new
2435:
or almost the same locations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always within
18552:
18000:
15679:
15210:
14965:
14557:
14340:
13571:
12292:
10027:
9507:"Determination of Global Geodetic Parameters Using Satellite Laser Ranging Measurements to Sentinel-3 Satellites"
7118:
6175:
5794:
5276:
5198:
5117:
2596:
Provides the warfighter with more secure, actionable and predictive information to enhance situational awareness.
2356:
A visual example of a 24-satellite GPS constellation in motion with the Earth rotating. Notice how the number of
1856:
1751:
996:, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit. The Director of the APL gave them access to their
840:
12233:
11580:
9924:
7552:
7017:
5966:
5903:
3021:: location determines what content to display; for instance, information about an approaching point of interest.
1732:(IOC), with a full constellation (24 satellites) available and providing the Standard Positioning Service (SPS).
16672:
16401:
16341:
14236:
13930:
13511:
13377:
13292:
9783:
8728:"Impact of loading displacements on SLR-derived parameters and on the consistency between GNSS and SLR results"
5500:
5425:
5268:
2743:
2287:
2017:
1778:
1739:(AFSPC) in April 1995, signifying full availability of the military's secure Precise Positioning Service (PPS).
1729:
851:, the US government announced that the next generation of GPS satellites would not include the feature at all.
528:
11756:"Statement of Julius P. Knapp, Chief, Office of Engineering and Technology, Federal Communications Commission"
9753:
6642:
5909:
3976:
3916:
1146:
Another important predecessor to GPS came from a different branch of the United States military. In 1964, the
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18185:
15063:
14653:
13945:
13719:
13556:
13531:
13407:
13392:
12139:
10231:
10118:
6365:
Transit to Tomorrow. Fifty Years of Space Research at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
5480:
5438:
3713:
3599:
3276:
2669:
2528:
1964:
1671:
544:
12098:
8075:
7919:
Fang, B.T. (1992). "Comments on "Existence and uniqueness of GPS solutions" by J.S. Abel and J.W. Chaffee".
7521:
5870:
5362:
3853:
The receiver uses messages received from satellites to determine the satellite positions and time sent. The
1050:
satellite, which proved the feasibility of placing accurate clocks in space, a technology required for GPS.
18111:
17579:
15718:
15503:
15423:
15363:
14476:
14456:
14299:
13402:
12468:
9628:
Bury, Grzegorz; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Zajdel, Radosław; Strugarek, Dariusz; Hugentobler, Urs (January 2021).
6827:
5445:
to enhance GPS's accuracy in Asia-Oceania, with satellite navigation independent of GPS scheduled for 2023.
3837:
3184:
3170:
2963:
2097:
1948:
314:
12164:"Challenges related to the determination of altitudes of mountain peaks presented on cartographic sources"
8980:"Geocenter coordinates derived from multi-GNSS: a look into the role of solar radiation pressure modeling"
3352:
to navigate and perform maneuvers in the war. The war also demonstrated the vulnerability of GPS to being
2652:
to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly stable clock (often a
2636:
18429:
18335:
17934:
16569:
16497:
15997:
15572:
15539:
14802:
14694:
14241:
13682:
11063:
9979:
Dennis D. McCrady (August 1994). The GPS Burst Detector W-Sensor (Report). Sandia National Laboratories.
9714:"Estimating global geodetic parameters using SLR observations to Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou, GPS, and QZSS"
9323:
Yang, Zhuo; Franz, Mark L.; Zhu, Shanjiang; Mahmoudi, Jina; Nasri, Arefeh; Zhang, Lei (January 1, 2018).
8500:
7396:
6005:
5789:
4800:
4781:, and signals from at minimum four satellites are needed. In that case each of the equations describes a
4678:. The locus of points having a constant difference in distance to two points (here, two satellites) is a
2116:
1215:
1101:
812:
792:
27:
14007:
11530:. National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT). October 2001.
10573:
10361:
8157:
3319:
or about 118 km/s (260,000 mph/s) have been developed for use in 155-millimeter (6.1 in)
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18407:
18274:
18209:
17968:
17902:
16099:
16061:
15964:
15554:
15418:
15383:
15346:
15158:
15001:
14958:
14491:
14461:
8939:"System-specific systematic errors in earth rotation parameters derived from GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo"
7323:
5543:
5102:
3394:
3081:: GPS enables highly accurate timestamping of power system measurements, making it possible to compute
2916:
2524:
2516:
2249:
2201:
1883:
1742:
In 1996, recognizing the importance of GPS to civilian users as well as military users, U.S. President
1679:
989:
939:
915:
11415:
Sirola, Niilo (March 2010). "Closed-form algorithms in mobile positioning: Myths and misconceptions".
11317:
Grafarend, Erik W. (2002). "GPS Solutions: Closed Forms, Critical and Special Configurations of P4P".
10567:"Interface Specification IS-GPS-200, Revision D: Navstar GPS Space Segment/Navigation User Interfaces"
9960:
9324:
9267:
6963:
6853:
5904:
National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (February 22, 2021).
5798:
3880:
16443:
16353:
16296:
16076:
16066:
15870:
15639:
15133:
14939:
14042:
13971:
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10975:
8133:
6549:
5834:
5495:
5379:
4683:
3426:
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3349:
3306:
3297:
Missile and projectile guidance: GPS allows accurate targeting of various military weapons including
3287:
2496:
2436:
2400:
1894:
1638:
1054:
1028:
missile, which required them to know the submarine's location.) This led them and APL to develop the
1008:
931:
923:
776:
69:
12505:
11932:
11914:
11849:
11787:
11615:
11425:
8204:
3332:
GPS satellites carry a set of nuclear detonation detectors consisting of an optical sensor called a
824:(SA), a deliberate error introduced into the GPS data (which military receivers could correct for).
18597:
18492:
16916:
16301:
15858:
15351:
14792:
13920:
13541:
13287:
11036:
10730:
9712:
Sośnica, K.; Bury, G.; Zajdel, R.; Strugarek, D.; Drożdżewski, M.; Kazmierski, K. (December 2019).
8402:
7643:
5505:
5432:
and other partner countries, began operation in 2016, and is expected to be fully deployed by 2020.
5391:
5195:
possibly duplicate references to the same phase stuff, esp. between RTK and carrier-phase tracking.
5132:
3825:
3447:
2700:
protocols. Receivers can interface with other devices using methods including a serial connection,
2432:
1675:
1330:
1131:
Updates from the Navy TRANSIT system were too slow for the high speeds of Air Force operation. The
985:
874:
772:
474:
421:
323:
206:
18422:
18417:
12740:
12632:
5967:
National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (March 3, 2022).
1195:
The effect of the ionosphere on radio transmission was investigated in a geophysics laboratory of
992:(APL) decided to monitor its radio transmissions. Within hours they realized that, because of the
18487:
17929:
17743:
16662:
16448:
15947:
15838:
15790:
15689:
15143:
15138:
15006:
14981:
14724:
14292:
14038:
13490:
12461:
9128:
Wesche, Christine; Eisen, Olaf; Oerter, Hans; Schulte, Daniel; Steinhage, Daniel (January 2007).
8726:
Sośnica, Krzysztof; Thaller, Daniela; Dach, Rolf; Jäggi, Adrian; Beutler, Gerhard (August 2013).
7985:
Georg zur Bonsen; Daniel Ammann; Michael Ammann; Etienne Favey; Pascal Flammant (April 1, 2005).
7621:
4687:
3560:
3124:
3082:
3078:
2973:
2732:
2456:
2276:
2006:
1824:
1736:
1078:
1040:
612:
572:
330:
12306:
10816:
10544:
9239:
Nakajima, Yuu; Shiina, Hironori; Yamane, Shohei; Ishida, Toru; Yamaki, Hirofumi (January 2007).
8658:
6523:
3340:. General William Shelton has stated that future satellites may drop this feature to save money.
2219:
GPS requires four or more satellites to be visible for accurate navigation. The solution of the
2176:
The description above is representative of a receiver start-up situation. Most receivers have a
19:
This article is about the American global navigation satellite system. For similar systems, see
18547:
17549:
15589:
15438:
15378:
15356:
15028:
14890:
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14812:
14231:
14128:
13606:
12497:
12453:
11420:
10637:
The Telecommunications Handbook: Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems
5465:
5124:
quantities. When there are two (usually the case), only one is a near-Earth sensible solution.
3877: ≥ 4. When the time of message reception indicated by the on-board receiver clock is
2823:
for position reporting; is often critical during emergency and disaster communications support.
2339:
2069:
1868:
1762:
1626:
1247:
1208:
1123:
958:
859:
592:
11755:
11155:
11116:
10591:
6115:
2656:). They may also include a display for providing location and speed information to the user.
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17992:
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17016:
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16363:
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14915:
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14057:
12180:
12163:
11886:"Federal Communications Commission Fixed and Mobile Services in the Mobile Satellite Service"
11197:
10144:
8289:
7961:
7416:
5515:
5294:
In January 2011, the FCC conditionally authorized LightSquared's wholesale customers—such as
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3001:
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11698:
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10695:
Borre, Kai; M. Akos, Dennis; Bertelsen, Nicolaj; Rinder, Peter; Jensen, Søren Holdt (2007).
10058:"GPS jamming is a growing threat to satellite navigation, positioning, and precision timing"
9729:
9130:"Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity of the EDML deep-drilling site, Antarctica"
8937:
Zajdel, Radosław; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Bury, Grzegorz; Dach, Rolf; Prange, Lars (July 2020).
6405:
1663:
By 1985, ten more experimental Block-I satellites had been launched to validate the concept.
858:
satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX) which was authorized by the
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15584:
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13695:
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13268:
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11368:
11326:
11283:
11238:
Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems, Second Edition
10434:
9725:
9678:
9641:
9600:
9559:
9518:
9471:
9434:
9336:
9289:
9203:
9141:
9032:
8991:
8950:
8901:
8804:
8742:
7880:
7839:
7498:
7267:
7227:
5835:"Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard - 4th Edition"
5593:
5470:
5357:
5246:
4743:
3722:
2701:
2335:
1223:
1094:
780:
552:
502:
428:
31:
20:
12329:
9192:"A review of travel behavioural pattern using GPS dataset: A systematic literature review"
8727:
8530:
8101:
Daly, P. (December 1993). "Navstar GPS and GLONASS: global satellite navigation systems".
8007:
7784:
6797:
6425:
2804:
is mounted on the roof of a hut containing a scientific experiment needing precise timing.
8:
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18084:
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16049:
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15270:
15116:
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13841:
13831:
13803:
13793:
13788:
13581:
13338:
13328:
10953:
9268:"Estimating wildfire evacuation decision and departure timing using large-scale GPS data"
7344:
5878:
5866:
5326:
5128:
3733:
The L4 band at 1.379913 GHz is being studied for additional ionospheric correction.
3377:
3108:
2852:
2781:
1936:
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8746:
7984:
7884:
7753:
5968:
3762:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2610:
According to the Government Accounting Office in 2019, the 2021 deadline looked shaky.
2138:, which is essentially mean sea level. These coordinates may be displayed, such as on a
1295:
use of GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses".
18664:
18412:
18330:
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18169:
18147:
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determination of low-orbiting satellites with GPS receiver installed on board, such as
2995:
data) and other documents for purposes such as creating map overlays with devices like
2882:
2653:
2547:). These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a few
2396:
2139:
1924:
1147:
969:
935:
847:
signed a bill ordering that Selective Availability be disabled on May 1, 2000; and, in
384:
354:
336:
runs through a checklist during Global Positioning System satellite operations in 2004.
170:
11006:
10783:"United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches GPS IIF-12 Satellite for U.S. Air Force"
9241:"Disaster Evacuation Guide: Using a Massively Multiagent Server and GPS Mobile Phones"
2873:: applying location and routes for cars and trucks to function without a human driver.
2395:
The space segment (SS) is composed of 24 to 32 satellites, or Space Vehicles (SV), in
18511:
18282:
18038:
17963:
17574:
16071:
15942:
15403:
15106:
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14613:
14486:
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13897:
13758:
13348:
12554:
12422:
12376:
12355:
12189:
11461:
11346:
11242:
11203:
11161:
11122:
10842:"The System: Test Data Predicts Disastrous GPS Jamming by FCC-Authorized Broadcaster"
10702:
10668:
10641:
10597:
10470:
10452:
10305:
9980:
9698:
9491:
9403:
9352:
9305:
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7965:
7936:
7896:
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6771:
6724:
6682:
6253:
6181:
6147:
5799:"Global Positioning System Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) Performance Standard"
5334:
5299:
5262:. On March 1, 2001, the FCC received an application from LightSquared's predecessor,
5229:
3737:
3643:
Coarse-acquisition (C/A) and encrypted precision (P(Y)) codes, plus the L1 civilian (
3064:
2943:
2926:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2775:
2605:
Supports higher volume near real-time command and control capabilities and abilities.
1655:
because of navigational errors, killing all 269 people on board, U.S. President
1043:
of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour.
484:
469:
11493:
Oszczak, B., "New Algorithm for GNSS Positioning Using System of Linear Equations",
11388:
11303:
8762:
8712:
8655:"Publications and Standards from the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA)"
8339:
8260:
1003:
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9211:
9177:
Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Information Integration on the Web
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9040:
8999:
8958:
8909:
8812:
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8690:
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7888:
7262:
7222:
7092:
6763:
5569:
5375:
5272:
5218:
5169:
4727:
4695:
3169:: GPS technology integrated with computers and mobile communications technology in
3120:
2977:
2536:
2508:
2323:
2319:
1961:
1835:
1259:
1255:
1116:) and so the need to fix the launch position had similarity to the SLBM situation.
1090:
1082:
950:
832:
728:
479:
9630:"Determination of precise Galileo orbits using combined GNSS and SLR observations"
7417:"National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing"
7297:
6783:
4573:
done by multiplying the basic resolution of the receiver by quantities called the
3703:
Used as a civilian safety-of-life (SoL) signal on Block IIF and newer satellites.
3577:– the precise orbit for the satellite. The fourth and fifth subframes contain the
3541:
on L1 (C/A and P/Y) and L2 (P/Y) frequencies at a rate of 50 bits per second (see
3145:: surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property boundaries.
2419:(angle along the equator from a reference point to the orbit's intersection). The
1207:
at AFGRL in 1974. She was concerned with the curving of the paths of radio waves (
18450:
18377:
16431:
16084:
15853:
15843:
15654:
15373:
15170:
14824:
14663:
14608:
13642:
13627:
13576:
12370:
12349:
12085:
12065:
11920:
11514:
11236:
10982:
10871:
10696:
10662:
10635:
9967:
9846:
9216:
9191:
8437:
8351:
8283:
8183:
8164:
7955:
7403:
7351:
7183:
7149:
7021:
6943:
6718:
6141:
5383:
5371:
5127:
When a receiver uses more than four satellites for a solution, Bancroft uses the
4691:
4581:
3361:
3310:
3238:
3156:
2981:
2922:
2886:
2801:
2504:
2412:
2322:
develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments. GPS satellites
2177:
2161:
1954:
1944:
1721:
1711:
1496:
1271:
to meet the growing needs of the military, civilians, and the commercial market.
1012:
927:
919:
10325:
10259:"Russian forces have hit on a cheap way to foil US precision weapons in Ukraine"
9546:
Zajdel, R.; Sośnica, K.; Dach, R.; Bury, G.; Prange, L.; Jäggi, A. (June 2019).
8344:
7814:
6673:
5600:
4746:
are centered at the GPS satellites, whose radii equal the measured pseudoranges
3598:
All satellites broadcast at the same frequencies, encoding signals using unique
1203:
corrections to GPS location. Of note is work done by Australian space scientist
18159:
17096:
16552:
16512:
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15632:
15619:
15466:
15265:
14732:
14720:
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13818:
13647:
13637:
13237:
13056:
9654:
9629:
9548:"Network Effects and Handling of the Geocenter Motion in Multi-GNSS Processing"
9447:
9422:
9240:
9153:
9004:
8979:
8963:
8938:
8914:
8889:
8475:
7871:
Abel, J.S.; Chaffee, J.W. (1991). "Existence and uniqueness of GPS solutions".
7446:
6767:
5429:
5387:
4600:
4036:
3302:
3290:
to allow them to engage targets accurately. Military aircraft, particularly in
3280:
3234:
3160:
3139:: used in football and rugby for the control and analysis of the training load.
2949:
2929:: many emergency services depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities.
2544:
2520:
2499:(SCN) ground antennas (for additional command and control capability) and NGA (
2420:
2245:
2142:, or recorded or used by some other system, such as a vehicle guidance system.
2109:
2058:
1860:
1810:
1785:
1707:
1692:
from 1990 to 1991 was the first conflict in which the military widely used GPS.
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1025:
993:
836:
692:
459:
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9483:
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8754:
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16994:
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15493:
15393:
15338:
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15073:
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14760:
14742:
14668:
14658:
14593:
14562:
14527:
14381:
13433:
12985:
12912:
11450:
GNSS Positioning Approaches – GPS Satellite Surveying, Fourth Edition – Leick
11401:
Chaffee, J. and Abel, J., "On the Exact Solutions of Pseudorange Equations",
11380:
10456:
9356:
9309:
9225:
9161:
8923:
7940:
7900:
6775:
6611:
6257:
4807:
4630:
the satellites. The receiver is then located at one of the two intersections.
4610:
4222:{\displaystyle d_{i}=\left({\tilde {t}}_{i}-b-s_{i}\right)c,\;i=1,2,\dots ,n}
3802:
Demodulating and Decoding GPS Satellite Signals using the Coarse/Acquisition
3786:
3644:
3353:
3291:
3223:
3024:
2953:
2902:
2812:
2683:
Many GPS receivers can relay position data to a PC or other device using the
2560:
2556:
2378:
2365:
2225:
2193:
2049:
1800:
1656:
1521:
1471:
1446:
1239:
1164:
1070:
984:) in 1957, two American physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, at
855:
816:
788:
333:
10813:"Air Force Successfully Transmits an L5 Signal From GPS IIR-20(M) Satellite"
9839:
8836:
8544:
8114:
7644:"President announces Roger Easton recipient of National Medal of Technology"
6902:
6497:
6467:
3112:
2796:
2229:
1820:
issued a report warning that some GPS satellites could fail as soon as 2010.
901:
Air Force film introducing the Navstar Global Positioning System, circa 1977
18587:
18142:
18074:
17918:
17859:
16864:
16226:
16126:
16044:
15549:
15453:
15180:
15175:
15165:
15023:
14816:
14684:
14577:
14496:
14416:
14411:
14093:
14072:
13601:
13459:
12368:
11363:
Bancroft, S. (January 1985). "An Algebraic Solution of the GPS Equations".
10474:
9407:
6278:
5768:
5605:
5490:
5259:
3780:
3210:
2659:
GPS receivers may include an input for differential corrections, using the
2540:
2512:
2448:
2444:
2424:
2416:
2189:
2085:
1932:
1902:
1890:
1796:
1743:
1710:, which originally managed the system, was inactivated and replaced by the
1647:
In 1983, after Soviet interceptor aircraft shot down the civilian airliner
1421:
1334:
1251:
1140:
1113:
844:
417:
198:
10513:
10232:"Evidence shows Iran shot down Ukrainian plane 'intentionally' | AvaToday"
9252:
9104:
8630:"Next-gen GPS ground system expected to come online this summer: Calvelli"
8529:. Air Force Space Command News Service. September 14, 2011. Archived from
8430:
7584:"Air Force GPS Problem: Glitch Shows How Much U.S. Military Relies On GPS"
7371:
6440:
6363:
6214:
2991:: applies location coordinates to digital objects such as photographs (in
2527:
25 km (16 mi) ESE of Colorado Springs, which is operated by the
1666:
Beginning in 1988, command and control of these satellites was moved from
17564:
17559:
17554:
17499:
17444:
17149:
16921:
15848:
15627:
15594:
15443:
15315:
15275:
15046:
15041:
15018:
14875:
14829:
14797:
14633:
14628:
14572:
14037:
13742:
13690:
12103:
10753:"First Block 2F GPS Satellite Launched, Needed to Prevent System Failure"
10303:
9690:
9572:
9547:
9423:"Evolution of orbit and clock quality for real-time multi-GNSS solutions"
8694:
7026:
5627:
5581:
5475:
4769:
4374:{\displaystyle d_{i}={\sqrt {(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}+(z-z_{i})^{2}}}}
3843:
3717:
3565:
3470:
3422:
3402:
3365:
3259:
Frequency-Hopping Radio Clock Coordination: Military radio systems using
3152:
3100:
2952:: used to identify, locate and maintain contact reports with one or more
2876:
2830:
2555:
of each satellite's internal orbital model. The updates are created by a
2404:
2241:
2157:
1928:
1667:
1396:
1267:
ongoing initiative by the U.S. Department of Defense through a series of
1189:
943:
784:
374:
13323:
10698:
A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver. A single-Frequency Approach
10447:
10202:"Iran Spokesman Confirms Mysterious Disruption Of GPS Signals In Tehran"
9421:
Kazmierski, Kamil; Zajdel, Radoslaw; Sośnica, Krzysztof (October 2020).
8364:
7879:(6). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 952–956.
4625:
3230:
2126:
The receiver's Earth-centered solution location is usually converted to
290:
18475:
18340:
18320:
18079:
17256:
17069:
16485:
16463:
16209:
15310:
15305:
14934:
14844:
14777:
14772:
14737:
14532:
13711:
13632:
13566:
11338:
9985:
9809:
9531:
9506:
8703:
5419:
began global services in 2018 and finished its full deployment in 2020.
3421:
GPS time is theoretically accurate to about 14 nanoseconds, due to the
3333:
3268:
3166:
3159:
motion and deformation to estimate seismic strain buildup for creating
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3068:
3056:
3030:
2996:
2988:
2933:
2848:
2834:
2826:
2746: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2548:
2290: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2089:
2054:
2020: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1685:
On February 14, 1989, the first modern Block-II satellite was launched.
1219:
1200:
1168:
12108:
9189:
8791:
Bury, Grzegorz; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Zajdel, Radosław (December 2019).
7987:"Continuous Navigation Combining GPS with Sensor-Based Dead Reckoning"
7723:"Mathematician inducted into Space and Missiles Pioneers Hall of Fame"
7014:
5236:
3736:
The L5 frequency band at 1.17645 GHz was added in the process of
2467:
1813:
Control System was transferred to the new Architecture Evolution Plan.
18480:
18048:
18005:
17159:
17111:
16879:
15483:
14787:
14782:
14138:
14118:
14108:
13986:
13668:
12748:
12543:
11295:
11195:
9018:
8978:
Zajdel, Radosław; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Bury, Grzegorz (January 2021).
7932:
7927:(4). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 1163.
7892:
6283:. Astronautica Acta II (in German) (25). Retrieved October 19, 2014.
5155:
4782:
4778:
4679:
3814:
3803:
3573:
3148:
3142:
2937:
2840:
2705:
2684:
2640:
The first portable GPS survey unit, a Leica WM 101, displayed at the
2552:
2532:
2344:
2131:
2073:
2065:
1847:
1323:
1066:
981:
453:
379:
11274:
Hoshen J (1996). "The GPS Equations and the Problem of Apollonius".
10593:
Satellite Systems for Personal Applications: Concepts and Technology
10488:
9325:"Analysis of Washington, DC taxi demand using GPS and land-use data"
8577:"Raytheon's $ 7 Billion GPS Stations Are Running 73% Over Estimates"
8451:"DoD Decision Breathes New Life into Critical OCX Satellite Program"
4742:). The insphere location is such that it touches other spheres. The
4706:
2815:: clock synchronization required for several digital modes such as
2721:
2566:
When a satellite's orbit is being adjusted, the satellite is marked
2265:
1995:
815:
was shot down when it mistakenly entered Soviet airspace, President
18582:
18455:
18345:
14471:
14113:
14103:
14098:
13851:
13750:
13700:
13663:
13591:
13586:
13333:
12549:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12513:
10001:"US Air Force Eyes Changes To National Security Satellite Programs"
9284:
9021:"A consistent combination of GNSS and SLR with minimum constraints"
7954:
Grewal, Mohinder S.; Weill, Lawrence R.; Andrews, Angus P. (2007).
7218:"Navstar - Global system will provide accurate data for navigation"
5905:
5829:
5295:
5255:
3810:
3345:
3320:
3313:. Embedded GPS receivers able to withstand accelerations of 12,000
3264:
3130:
3127:
and microwave observations for deriving global geodetic parameters.
3060:
3018:
2969:
2697:
2645:
2127:
1792:
1747:
1689:
1644:
In 1978, the first experimental Block-I GPS satellite was launched.
1319:
1231:
1136:
1063:
1047:
997:
905:
828:
632:
449:
438:
46:
13622:
13366:
11641:"Federal Communications Commission Table of Frequency Allocations"
11614:. Federal Communications Commission. April 6, 2011. Archived from
10235:
9388:
8604:"Space Force sees further delays to 'troubled' GPS ground segment"
7614:"Contract Award for Next Generation GPS Control Segment Announced"
6990:"National Positioning, Navigation and Timing Advisory Board Named"
4239:
is the geometric distance or range between receiver and satellite
3730:
space. One usage is the enforcement of nuclear test ban treaties.
1716:
1093:
posture, accurate determination of the SLBM launch position was a
1011:’s managers for the Timation program and, later, the GPS program:
284:
Artist's impression of GPS Block IIR satellite in Earth orbit
18592:
18465:
18367:
18362:
18195:
18164:
18137:
17657:
17652:
17204:
16677:
14880:
14764:
14648:
14501:
14256:
14251:
14216:
14194:
13925:
13885:
13516:
13443:
13297:
13018:
13013:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12975:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12789:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12715:
12710:
12450:– General public education website created by the U.S. Government
8079:
7181:
6716:
5485:
5407:
5303:
5263:
4604:
2-D Cartesian true-range multilateration (trilateration) scenario
3542:
3315:
3195:
balloon launches that regularly reach 30 km (100,000 feet).
3052:
3048:
2959:
2906:
2471:
Ground monitor station used from 1984 to 2007, on display at the
2408:
2352:
2197:
1834:
On February 25, 2010, the U.S. Air Force awarded the contract to
1767:
1758:
1619:
512:
369:
346:
12483:
12419:
Pinpoint: How GPS is Changing Technology, Culture, and Our Minds
10664:
Global Positioning System. Signals, Measurements and Performance
9020:
7957:
Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration
6096:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. March 17, 2021
5639:
Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π
2628:
308:
18460:
18372:
18357:
18352:
17887:
16830:
15300:
15190:
14547:
14542:
14451:
14436:
14361:
14210:
13915:
13846:
13836:
13506:
13282:
12705:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12685:
12680:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12564:
12160:
11675:. Federal Communications Commission. March 1, 2001. p. 9.
10572:. Navstar GPS Joint Program Office. p. 103. Archived from
10089:"GPS Under Attack as Crooks, Rogue Workers Wage Electronic War"
9586:
8189:
7670:"Inducted Technologies / 1998: Global Positioning System (GPS)"
6835:
6546:"A Guide to the Global Positioning System (GPS) – GPS Timeline"
6029:"GPS will be accurate within one foot in some phones next year"
4578:
3072:
2898:
2879:: both civilian and military cartographers use GPS extensively.
2664:
2192:
of position measurement. GPS units can use measurements of the
1700:
980:
When the Soviet Union launched its first artificial satellite (
622:
582:
520:
12059:"Spokesperson Statement on NTIA Letter – LightSquared and GPS"
10924:"GPS Almanacs, NANUS, and Ops Advisories (including archives)"
8793:"Multi-GNSS orbit determination using satellite laser ranging"
8527:"GPS Completes Next Generation Operational Control System PDR"
7185:
The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare
6720:
The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare
6681:. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 331.
3798:
17539:
16276:
14421:
13778:
13448:
12559:
12261:"Japan Prepares for GPS Failure with Quasi-Zenith Satellites"
11993:"FCC Chairman Genachowski Letter to Senator Charles Grassley"
10326:"The Role of GPS in Precise Time and Frequency Dissemination"
9245:
2007 International Symposium on Applications and the Internet
8318:(2007). "Finding the repeat times of the GPS constellation".
6349:
Where good ideas come from, the natural history of innovation
6173:
5530:
5395:
5338:
4726:
The receiver position can be interpreted as the center of an
3370:
3136:
3036:
2455:
As of February 2019, there are 31 satellites in the GPS
2135:
1151:
1033:
954:
407:
14314:
8177:
What the Global Positioning System Tells Us about Relativity
7754:"Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering: GPS pioneers lauded"
7147:
6876:"United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology"
5241:
In the United States, GPS receivers are regulated under the
3664:
and military codes on the Block IIR-M and newer satellites.
3647:) and military (M) codes on Block III and newer satellites.
3329:
Reconnaissance: Patrol movement can be managed more closely.
2784:, meaning it has significant civilian applications as well.
17544:
13991:
13976:
13871:
13866:
13808:
12328:. United States Coast Guard. September 1996. Archived from
10723:"United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System (USNDS)"
10694:
10396:, El Segundo, CA: The Aerospace Corporation, archived from
10323:
9784:"The Use of GPS Tracking Technology in Australian Football"
9504:
8476:"GPS.gov: Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX)"
8427:
6852:. International Civil Aviation Organization. Archived from
4566:
3298:
3040:
2992:
2693:
2689:
2660:
1288:
848:
709:
602:
14980:
14624:
AGM-84H/K Standoff Land Attack Missile - Expanded Response
12391:
12204:"China launches final satellite in GPS-like Beidou system"
11925:
11908:
10387:
Fliegel, Henry F.; DiEsposti, Raymond S. (December 1996),
9711:
9627:
9238:
7345:
The Global Positioning System: Assessing National Policies
7067:"Recap story: Three Atlas 5 launch successes in one month"
5346:
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
4456:{\displaystyle p_{i}=\left({\tilde {t}}_{i}-s_{i}\right)c}
2855:
and precise orbit determination. GPS is also used in both
949:
The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based
278:
18308:
14865:
13996:
13856:
13783:
12410:
11936:
11528:"Frequently Asked Questions About Selective Availability"
9272:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
9265:
8657:. National Marine Electronics Association. Archived from
8392:"Optimizing performance through constellation management"
6361:
5865:
5225:
in general, a network of satellites used for navigation.
5120:
situations, compared to iterative least squares methods.
3661:
3457:
2816:
2780:
While originally a military project, GPS is considered a
1872:
1039:
TRANSIT was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a
12369:
Jaizki Mendizabal; Roc Berenguer; Juan Melendez (2009).
11646:. Federal Communications Commission. November 18, 2011.
11508:
Vehicles that use GPS jammers are big threat to aircraft
11480:
Alfred Kleusberg, "Analytical GPS Navigation Solution",
11417:
7th Workshop on Positioning Navigation and Communication
10590:
Richharia, Madhavendra; Westbrook, Leslie David (2011).
9127:
6177:
Handbook of Space Engineering, Archaeology, and Heritage
4035:
is the satellite time. Assuming the message traveled at
2115:
In practice the receiver position (in three dimensional
124:
113:
12447:
11114:
11033:"Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) and Visibility"
9776:
9420:
8890:"Sub-daily polar motion from GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo"
8725:
8313:
7497:. losangeles.af.mil. September 17, 2007. Archived from
6060:"Superaccurate GPS Chips Coming to Smartphones in 2018"
4638:
and the pseudorange between the receiver and satellite
3564:
50-bit/s, this gives 750 seconds to transmit an entire
12354:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
11701:. Federal Communications Commission. September 4, 2003
11160:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 338.
10970:
10968:
10304:
David W. Allan; Neil Ashby; Clifford C. Hodge (1997).
6246:"Gladys West: the hidden figure who helped invent GPS"
4662:) cancels out, resulting in a difference of distances
4634:
If the pseudorange between the receiver and satellite
4104:{\displaystyle \left({\tilde {t}}_{i}-b-s_{i}\right)c}
3397:(UTC), the atomic clocks on the satellites are set to
2559:
that uses inputs from the ground monitoring stations,
264:
12099:"Russia Launches Three More GLONASS-M Space Vehicles"
11718:
11716:
11403:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
11365:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
11276:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
11202:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 36.
10836:
10834:
10489:"GPS.gov: Performance Standards & Specifications"
9961:
Nonproliferation programs and arms control technology
9545:
9461:
9369:
8936:
8887:
8151:
7921:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
7873:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
7251:
7249:
6215:"100 Women: Gladys West - the 'hidden figure' of GPS"
6167:
6004:. Losangeles.af.mil. October 25, 2011. Archived from
5541:
5228:
sources of error (such as clock drift, ephemeris, or
5162:
5135:
problems, generally provide more accurate solutions.
4819:
4472:
4463:, we see they are biased versions of the true range:
4394:
4260:
4123:
4049:
3979:
3919:
3883:
3690:
Being studied for additional ionospheric correction.
3452:
As opposed to the year, month, and day format of the
3027:: tracking mental health functioning and sociability.
2863:
as well as by professional observatories for finding
1211:) traversing the ionosphere from NavSTAR satellites.
14275:
Designation believed to be this type but unconfirmed
9923:"Excalibur XM982 Precision Engagement Projectiles".
9322:
6399:
3861:
components of satellite position and the time sent (
3348:, before GPS was fully developed in 1995, to assist
2084:
Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal (
11062:. University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from
11035:. University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from
10965:
8103:
Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal
7840:"JAXA | Positioning to know your location and time"
5237:
Regulatory spectrum issues concerning GPS receivers
4609:intersection of the surfaces of these spheres; see
3869:denotes the satellite and has the value 1, 2, ...,
2663:SC-104 format. This is typically in the form of an
2171:
2068:, an end user's GPS receiver can calculate its own
1230:because of navigational errors, in the vicinity of
12389:
11990:
11713:
11196:B. Hofmann-Wellenhof; K. Legat; M. Wieser (2003).
10831:
10589:
10324:Peter H. Dana; Bruce M Penrod (July–August 1990).
9916:
8389:
8158:GPS Overview from the NAVSTAR Joint Program Office
7953:
7420:
7246:
7209:
6306:Guier, William H.; Weiffenbach, George C. (1997).
5084:
4544:
4455:
4373:
4221:
4103:
4020:
3960:
3905:
1901:, established the basis for GPS, improving on the
1735:Full Operational Capability (FOC) was declared by
13439:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
12088:. February 14, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
10667:(2nd ed.). Ganga-Jamuna Press. p. 115.
10629:
10627:
10625:
10279:"Notice Advisory to Navstar Users (NANU) 2016069"
9978:
9668:
8977:
8859:"Using GPS to improve tropical cyclone forecasts"
8790:
7815:"Radio wave | Examples, Uses, Facts, & Range"
6299:
5706:Approximately 8.6 times when the Moon is nearest
3344:GPS type navigation was first used in war in the
3338:United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System
3155:. Between earthquakes GPS can be used to measure
3151:: GPS enables direct fault motion measurement of
2946:for weather and atmospheric science applications.
2833:delays (recovery of the water vapor content) and
1809:On September 14, 2007, the aging mainframe-based
1150:orbited its first Sequential Collation of Range (
16:American satellite-based radio navigation service
18717:
13267:
12347:
11826:. gpsworld.com. December 8, 2011. Archived from
11452:. Wiley Online Library. 2015. pp. 257–399.
11358:
11356:
10386:
10313:. Hewlett Packard – via HP Memory Project.
8285:Global Positioning: Technologies and Performance
7960:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp.
6494:"Why Did the Department of Defense Develop GPS?"
6305:
6002:"Factsheets: GPS Advanced Control Segment (OCX)"
5962:
5960:
5958:
5406:The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (
5149:Error analysis for the Global Positioning System
4899:
4722:), that need not necessarily be mutually tangent
4114:For n satellites, the equations to satisfy are:
12234:"Galileo navigation satellite system goes live"
11574:"2011 John Deere StarFire 3000 Operator Manual"
11497:, Nashville, TN, September 2013, pp. 3560–3563.
9879:
8250:
8248:
7443:"Assisted-GPS Test Calls for 3G WCDMA Networks"
6878:. America.gov. February 3, 2006. Archived from
5996:
5994:
5763:
5761:
3677:Used for nuclear detonation (NUDET) detection.
3244:As of 2009, military GPS applications include:
3177:
1222:carrying 269 people, was shot down by a Soviet
12394:The American Practical Navigator – Chapter 11
12079:"FCC Bars LightSquared Broadband Network Plan"
10886:
10622:
10119:"Russia Undermining World's Confidence in GPS"
6346:
2679:A typical GPS receiver with integrated antenna
2207:
1960:In 1998, GPS technology was inducted into the
1250:. This changed on May 1, 2000, with President
1100:Precise navigation would enable United States
17903:
14966:
14300:
14023:
13727:
13475:
13253:
12469:
11957:
11353:
10976:Geoffrey Blewitt: Basics of the GPS Technique
10423:"Relativity in the Global Positioning System"
9886:"Excalibur Family of Artillery Projectiles".
8550:. US Government Accounting Office. May 2019.
8227:"USCG Navcen: GPS Frequently Asked Questions"
7445:. 3g.co.uk. November 10, 2004. Archived from
6753:
6395:
6393:
6174:Ann Darrin; Beth L. O'Leary (June 26, 2009).
6090:"How Do You Measure Your Location Using GPS?"
5955:
5933:"Why the Military Released GPS to the Public"
5677:is the gravitational constant, approximately
5318:Ltd. formed the "Coalition To Save Our GPS".
5281:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
5142:
3779:In 2011, a conditional waiver was granted to
3537:Each GPS satellite continuously broadcasts a
2151:
1859:selected the GPS Team as winners of the 1992
1298:
736:
13489:
12068:. February 14, 2012. Accessed March 3, 2013.
12051:
12029:"Internet network may jam GPS in cars, jets"
11267:
10994:
10992:
10990:
9589:"Satellite laser ranging to GPS and GLONASS"
9552:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
8683:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
8503:. Defense Industry Daily. October 13, 2011.
8245:
7691:Williams Jr., Richard A. (October 5, 2011).
7690:
7393:National Archives and Records Administration
7182:Michael Russell Rip; James M. Hasik (2002).
6717:Michael Russell Rip; James M. Hasik (2002).
6520:"Charting a Course Toward Global Navigation"
5991:
5758:
4545:{\displaystyle p_{i}=d_{i}+bc,\;i=1,2,...,n}
3793:
3545:). Each complete message takes 750 seconds (
2079:
1143:into orbit and the fourth launched in 1977.
942:are credited with inventing it. The work of
12416:
12022:
12020:
11603:
11601:
11482:University of Stuttgart Research Compendium
11408:
11228:
11153:
10745:
7870:
7553:"Air Force Responds to GPS Outage Concerns"
7119:"Origin of Global Positioning System (GPS)"
6850:"ICAO Completes Fact-Finding Investigation"
6749:
6747:
6671:
6522:. The Aerospace Corporation. Archived from
6026:
5452:Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
5191:needs attention from an expert in Geography
5154:effects (ionospheric/tropospheric delays),
4587:
3432:
2433:the satellites pass over the same locations
2230:synchronization of cell phone base stations
1703:, a Dutch sat-nav manufacturer was founded.
1135:(NRL) continued making advances with their
26:"GPS" redirects here. For GPS devices, see
18746:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
18736:Equipment of the United States Space Force
17910:
17896:
14973:
14959:
14307:
14293:
14030:
14016:
13734:
13720:
13482:
13468:
13260:
13246:
12476:
12462:
11761:. gps.gov. September 15, 2011. p. 3.
8390:Massatt, Paul; Wayne Brady (Summer 2002).
8070:
8068:
7693:"GPS Program Receives International Award"
7320:"FactSheet: 2nd Space Operations Squadron"
6957:"GPS & Selective Availability Q&A"
6390:
5791:United States Department of Transportation
4716:) inscribed and tangent to other circles (
4508:
4191:
2145:
1765:authorized the effort, referring to it as
1746:issued a policy directive declaring GPS a
1177:Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS)
743:
729:
710:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
705:International Terrestrial Reference System
45:
18741:Programs of the United States Space Force
12323:"NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment Introduction"
12179:
12132:"GLONASS the future for all smartphones?"
11424:
11316:
11057:
10987:
10660:
10633:
10538:
10464:
10446:
9984:
9932:Director, Operational Test and Evaluation
9895:Director, Operational Test and Evaluation
9737:
9653:
9612:
9571:
9530:
9446:
9397:
9387:
9283:
9215:
9003:
8962:
8913:
8816:
8702:
8008:"NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment Introduction"
8002:
8000:
7362:
7360:
7041:"GPS Constellation Status for 08/26/2015"
6027:Kastrenakes, Jacob (September 25, 2017).
5726:, to 9.6 times when the Moon is farthest
5428:, a global system being developed by the
3865:) are designated as where the subscript
3393:While most clocks derive their time from
2762:Learn how and when to remove this message
2478:The control segment (CS) is composed of:
2306:Learn how and when to remove this message
2220:
2120:
2036:Learn how and when to remove this message
14783:M14 Stand-off Munitions Disruptor (SMUD)
14316:Equipment of the United States Air Force
13741:
12258:
12181:10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2022.01.49-59
12017:
11598:
11487:
11395:
11362:
11273:
11191:
11189:
10894:"LightSquared Tests Confirm GPS Jamming"
10169:
9861:"Commanders and Soldiers' GPS-receivers"
8627:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7370:. U.S. Naval Observatory. Archived from
7368:"USNO NAVSTAR Global Positioning System"
6900:
6744:
6496:. Trimble Navigation Ltd. Archived from
6212:
6146:. National Academies Press. p. 16.
5930:
5689:is the mass of Earth, approximately 5.98
5361:
4705:
4624:
4599:
4021:{\displaystyle {\tilde {t}}_{i}-b-s_{i}}
3961:{\displaystyle t_{i}={\tilde {t}}_{i}-b}
3797:
3609:
3229:
3217:
3209:
2795:
2674:
2635:
2627:
2466:
2351:
2343:
1846:
1715:
1122:
1036:in 1972) also played a role in TRANSIT.
1002:
904:
887:
14045:space vehicle designations (since 1962)
13225:Italics indicate future missions. Signs
12210:. The Associated Press. June 23, 2020.
12026:
11517:. Metro.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-08-02.
11060:"Receiver Position, Velocity, and Time"
10281:. GPS Operations Center. Archived from
10256:
10086:
10028:"GPS and the World's First "Space War""
10025:
10007:from the original on September 22, 2013
9867:from the original on September 21, 2009
9820:from the original on September 11, 2014
9790:from the original on September 27, 2016
8557:from the original on September 10, 2019
8065:
8020:from the original on September 10, 2008
7914:
7912:
7910:
7652:United States Naval Research Laboratory
7581:
7550:
7532:from the original on September 26, 2013
7519:
7467:
7148:Dietrich Schroeer; Mirco Elena (2000).
7099:from the original on September 23, 2010
6058:Moore, Samuel K. (September 21, 2017).
4243:(the values without subscripts are the
3831:
3373:'s GPS when it shot down the aircraft.
2563:information, and various other inputs.
2501:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
1641:, using ground-based pseudo-satellites.
1197:Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory
1000:to do the heavy calculations required.
18718:
12259:Kriening, Torsten (January 23, 2019).
11866:from the original on December 16, 2011
11804:from the original on December 16, 2011
11768:from the original on December 16, 2011
11653:from the original on December 16, 2011
11474:
11414:
11234:
10954:Gold Code Generators in Virtex Devices
10952:"George, M., Hamid, M., and Miller A.
10793:from the original on February 28, 2018
10596:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 443.
10362:"GPS time accurate to 100 nanoseconds"
10342:from the original on December 15, 2012
10003:. Aviationweek.com. January 18, 2013.
9941:from the original on November 15, 2022
9810:"The Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array"
9092:
9059:
8628:Hitchens, Theresa (November 7, 2023).
8281:
7997:
7782:
7658:from the original on October 11, 2007.
7357:
7129:from the original on February 11, 2017
7047:from the original on September 5, 2015
7015:GPS Wing Reaches GPS III IBR Milestone
6946:, GPS History, Chronology, and Budgets
6917:from the original on December 25, 2017
6868:
6584:from the original on February 11, 2014
6465:
6447:from the original on February 17, 2013
6378:from the original on December 26, 2020
6243:
6225:from the original on February 13, 2019
5323:Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
5201:may be able to help recruit an expert.
2485:an alternative master control station,
1972:International Astronautical Federation
1905:land-based radio system called LORAN (
1757:In 1998, United States Vice President
1280:Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)
1258:, in view of the widespread growth of
1073:consisted of the United States Navy's
18396:International Orienteering Federation
17891:
14954:
14288:
14011:
13715:
13463:
13241:
12457:
12240:from the original on October 18, 2017
11736:from the original on October 20, 2011
11679:from the original on January 14, 2012
11216:from the original on October 10, 2021
11186:
11174:from the original on October 10, 2021
11135:from the original on October 10, 2021
10848:from the original on October 11, 2011
10815:. LA AFB News Release. Archived from
10520:from the original on November 1, 2010
10420:
10038:from the original on February 8, 2016
9904:from the original on October 18, 2021
9858:
9099:(3 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
9065:
8601:
8507:from the original on October 18, 2011
8254:
7857:
7397:U.S. Global Positioning System Policy
7073:from the original on November 1, 2015
6996:from the original on January 13, 2010
6904:NASA Historical Data Book, Volume VII
6723:. Naval Institute Press. p. 65.
6672:Dick, Steven; Launius, Roger (2007).
6608:Mark Wade's Encyclopedia Astronautica
6070:from the original on January 18, 2018
6057:
6039:from the original on January 18, 2018
5943:from the original on January 28, 2020
4561:is greater than four, this system is
4557:discussed by Abell and Chaffee. When
2893:launched in the late 1990s. The U.S.
2048:The GPS satellites carry very stable
1075:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
1046:In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the
18011:Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area
14619:AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile
11665:
11506:Attewill, Fred. (February 13, 2013)
10172:"North Korea Is Jamming GPS Signals"
9093:Sickle, Jan Van (October 10, 2011).
8127:
8100:
7918:
7907:
7752:Amos, Jonathan (February 12, 2019).
7751:
7475:from the original on August 10, 2017
7322:. USAF Space Command. Archived from
7296:. USAF Space Command. Archived from
7256:Dore, Richard (September 16, 1979).
7255:
7216:Dore, Richard (September 16, 1979).
7215:
6808:from the original on October 4, 2017
6798:"ION Fellow - Mr. John A. Klobuchar"
6474:from the original on January 5, 2010
6362:Helen E. Worth; Mame Warren (2009).
6194:from the original on August 14, 2021
5175:
3848:
3742:
2744:adding citations to reliable sources
2715:
2288:adding citations to reliable sources
2259:
2018:adding citations to reliable sources
1989:
1302:
18700:
12271:from the original on April 19, 2019
12129:
11991:Julius Genachowski (May 31, 2011).
11405:, vol:30, no:4, pp: 1021–1030, 1994
11255:from the original on March 15, 2021
9764:from the original on August 3, 2021
9754:"GPS Helps Robots Get the Job Done"
9074:. Newton, Massachusetts: TechTarget
9068:"What is geo-fencing (geofencing)?"
8772:from the original on March 15, 2021
8345:This article from author's web site
8233:from the original on April 30, 2011
7620:. February 25, 2010. Archived from
6421:DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap
6412:
6400:Catherine Alexandrow (April 2008).
6244:Mohdin, Aamna (November 19, 2020).
5979:from the original on April 12, 2022
5885:from the original on April 12, 2022
5847:from the original on April 27, 2017
5831:United States Department of Defense
5811:from the original on April 27, 2017
5443:satellite-based augmentation system
5426:Galileo navigation satellite system
5368:medium altitude orbits around Earth
5223:global navigation satellite systems
4788:
4734:, given by the receiver clock bias
4701:
3826:Demodulation and Decoding, Advanced
3222:Attaching a GPS guidance kit to an
3187:(weapons)—which means they require
2488:four dedicated ground antennas, and
2431:, 11 hours and 58 minutes, so that
1816:On May 19, 2009, the United States
1087:intercontinental ballistic missiles
804:The GPS project was started by the
781:global navigation satellite systems
715:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
677:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
296:Late 1990s civilian GPS receiver ("
13:
12286:
12214:from the original on June 24, 2020
11534:from the original on June 16, 2015
11115:Gilbert Strang; Kai Borre (1997).
10934:from the original on July 12, 2010
10212:from the original on July 12, 2021
10182:from the original on March 6, 2019
10151:from the original on March 6, 2019
10125:from the original on March 6, 2019
10099:from the original on March 6, 2019
10068:from the original on March 6, 2019
8371:from the original on July 18, 2019
8259:. avionicswest.com. Archived from
8046:. January 19, 2007. Archived from
7795:from the original on April 5, 2023
7764:from the original on April 6, 2019
7729:. December 7, 2018. Archived from
6987:
6698:from the original on March 3, 2013
6438:
6315:Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest
5931:McDuffie, Juquai (June 19, 2017).
5871:"What is a GPS? How does it work?"
5769:"Fiscal Year 2023 Program Funding"
5669:is the orbital period in seconds;
5665:is the radius of orbit in metres;
5417:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
5351:
5163:Accuracy enhancement and surveying
4810:or weighted least squares method.
4658:, the common receiver clock bias (
4251:components of receiver position):
3273:Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver
2889:and other applications. The first
2473:Air Force Space and Missile Museum
2462:
909:GPS constellation system animation
587:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
553:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
444:Horizontal position representation
14:
18757:
14803:Mk 14 Mod 0 Enhanced Battle Rifle
14331:
12436:
12027:Tessler, Joelle (April 7, 2011).
11896:from the original on May 27, 2012
11890:Federal Communications Commission
11857:Federal Communications Commission
11824:"Javad Ashjaee GPS World webinar"
11795:Federal Communications Commission
10661:Misra, Pratap; Enge, Per (2006).
10610:from the original on July 4, 2014
10541:"GPS Week Number Rollover Issues"
10368:from the original on May 14, 2012
10257:Panella, Chris (April 30, 2024).
9934:. December 2010. pp. 65–66.
9840:Missile Technology Control Regime
9066:Rouse, Margaret (December 2016).
8869:from the original on May 28, 2015
8431:NAVSTAR Global Positioning System
8288:. John Wiley & Sons. p.
8197:"The GPS Satellite Constellation"
8128:Dana, Peter H. (August 8, 1996).
7563:from the original on May 23, 2009
7522:"GPS system 'close to breakdown'"
7274:from the original on May 23, 2023
7258:"Satellite technology key to GPS"
7234:from the original on May 23, 2023
6572:"Geodetic Explorer – A Press Kit"
6308:"Genesis of Satellite Navigation"
6287:from the original on July 3, 2014
6213:Butterly, Amelia (May 20, 2018).
5823:
5289:U.S. Department of Transportation
5243:Federal Communications Commission
3479:
2895:Federal Communications Commission
2213:
1784:In 2004, United States President
1754:to manage it as a national asset.
1616:(Last update: September 26, 2024)
1089:(ICBMs). Considered vital to the
18699:
18690:
18689:
17917:
14891:MK-19 automatic grenade launcher
14881:M72 Light Anti-tank Weapon (LAW)
14482:CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition
12252:
12226:
12196:
12154:
12123:
12091:
12071:
11984:
11951:
11935:. Saveourgps.org. Archived from
11878:
11842:
11816:
11780:
11748:
11691:
11633:
11566:
11549:
11520:
11500:
11441:
11310:
11147:
11118:Linear Algebra, Geodesy, and GPS
11108:
11078:
11051:
11030:
11024:
10946:
10916:
10870:. Saveourgps.org. Archived from
10860:
10805:
10775:
10715:
10688:
10654:
10583:
10559:
10532:
10506:
10481:
10414:
10380:
10354:
10317:
10297:
10271:
10250:
10224:
10194:
10170:Mizokami, Kyle (April 5, 2016).
10163:
10137:
10111:
10087:Brunker, Mike (August 8, 2016).
10080:
10050:
10019:
9993:
9972:
9953:
9859:Sinha, Vandana (July 24, 2003).
9852:
9832:
9802:
9746:
9705:
9662:
9621:
9580:
9539:
9498:
9455:
9414:
9363:
9316:
9259:
9232:
9183:
9168:
9121:
9086:
9012:
8971:
8930:
8881:
8851:
8825:
8784:
8719:
8673:
8647:
8621:
8602:Albon, Courtney (June 9, 2023).
8595:
7520:Johnson, Bobbie (May 19, 2009).
6441:"Navstar: GPS Satellite Network"
5912:from the original on May 6, 2021
5700:
5633:
5630:for more details and references.
5599:
5587:
5575:
5563:
5551:
5526:Notice Advisory to Navstar Users
5331:United States Defense Department
5180:
5168:This section is an excerpt from
4793:
3906:{\displaystyle {\tilde {t}}_{i}}
3747:
3606:updates that delay data upload.
3464:
2720:
2329:
2264:
2233:
2212:For a list of applications, see
2172:Receiver in continuous operation
1994:
1879:Two GPS developers received the
1818:Government Accountability Office
1307:
961:, developed in the early 1940s.
769:satellite-based radio navigation
503:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
353:
322:
307:
289:
277:
103:30–500 cm (0.98–16 ft)
18001:Amateur radio direction finding
14866:M136 AT4 Light Anti-tank Weapon
14649:AGM-130 Powered Standoff Weapon
14472:GBU-53/B Small Diameter Bomb II
11958:Jeff Carlisle (June 23, 2011).
11448:"GNSS Positioning Approaches".
11157:Geometry: Our Cultural Heritage
10974:section 4 beginning on page 15
10234:. July 12, 2021. Archived from
8833:"Common View GPS Time Transfer"
8569:
8537:
8519:
8493:
8468:
8443:
8421:
8409:
8383:
8357:
8307:
8275:
8219:
8170:
8121:
8094:
8033:
7978:
7947:
7832:
7807:
7776:
7745:
7715:
7684:
7662:
7636:
7606:
7575:
7551:Coursey, David (May 21, 2009).
7544:
7513:
7487:
7461:
7435:
7409:
7386:
7338:
7312:
7286:
7175:
7141:
7111:
7085:
7059:
7033:
7008:
6981:
6949:
6929:
6894:
6842:
6820:
6790:
6710:
6665:
6635:
6626:
6596:
6564:
6538:
6512:
6486:
6459:
6432:
6355:
6340:
6271:
6237:
6206:
6180:. CRC Press. pp. 239–240.
6133:
6108:
6082:
6051:
5795:Federal Aviation Administration
5619:
5536:Geostationary balloon satellite
5285:U.S. Department of the Interior
5277:Federal Aviation Administration
5271:, U.S. Space Force, U.S. Army,
4801:geometric dilution of precision
4620:
3388:
3294:roles, use GPS to find targets.
2731:needs additional citations for
2711:
2617:
2491:six dedicated monitor stations.
2482:a master control station (MCS),
2275:needs additional citations for
2152:§ Geometric interpretation
2005:needs additional citations for
1881:National Academy of Engineering
1857:National Aeronautic Association
1752:Interagency GPS Executive Board
1728:By December 1993, GPS achieved
1053:In the 1970s, the ground-based
1032:system. In 1959, ARPA (renamed
975:
841:Federal Aviation Administration
667:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
181:20,180 km (12,540 mi)
40:Global Positioning System (GPS)
14690:BQM-167 Subscale Aerial Target
10634:Penttinen, Jyrki T.J. (2015).
10145:"China Jamming US Forces' GPS"
9349:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.10.021
9329:Journal of Transport Geography
8501:"The USA's GPS-III Satellites"
8167:. Retrieved December 15, 2006.
6675:Societal Impact of Spaceflight
6020:
5924:
5897:
5859:
5783:
5501:Local-area augmentation system
5366:Clickable image, highlighting
5269:U.S. Department of Agriculture
5111:
5038:
5018:
5006:
4986:
4974:
4954:
4876:
4861:
4846:
4831:
4738:(scaled by the speed of light
4584:or a country-specific system.
4575:geometric dilution of position
4420:
4360:
4340:
4328:
4308:
4296:
4276:
4149:
4062:
3987:
3940:
3891:
3383:
2819:, FT4 and JS8; also used with
2551:of each other, and adjust the
2407:(tilt relative to the Earth's
1795:announced successful tests of
1730:initial operational capability
1672:2nd Satellite Control Squadron
1624:For a more complete list, see
1322:format but may read better as
1157:
1105:essentially the same problem.
697:Internet link to a point 2010
627:Geodetic Reference System 1980
545:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
250:$ 1.84 billion per year (2023)
1:
14654:AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon
13946:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
12351:The global positioning system
11797:. FCC.Gov. January 26, 2011.
11419:. WPNC 2010. pp. 38–44.
10930:. United States Coast Guard.
9959:Sandia National Laboratory's
7783:Nelson, Jon (June 19, 2019).
7674:Space Technology Hall of Fame
7582:Elliott, Dan (June 1, 2010).
7294:"AF Space Command Chronology"
6548:. Radio Shack. Archived from
5752:
5673:is the orbital speed in m/s;
5481:Satellite navigation software
5439:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
4763:
3913:, the true reception time is
3600:code-division multiple access
3277:Defense Advanced GPS Receiver
3250:Commander's Digital Assistant
3171:automotive navigation systems
2670:Wide Area Augmentation System
2642:Irish National Science Museum
2529:2nd Space Operations Squadron
2228:, traffic signal timing, and
1985:
1965:Space Technology Hall of Fame
1622:from Block IIR-M is unhealthy
687:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
18575:North American Championships
14798:M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle
13269:Satellite navigation systems
12312:Resources in other libraries
11579:. John Deere. Archived from
11000:"Global Positioning Systems"
10844:. GPS World. March 1, 2011.
10427:Living Reviews in Relativity
9671:Geophysical Research Letters
9217:10.1016/j.measen.2024.101031
8186:. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
8013:. United States Government.
6643:"MX Deployment Reconsidered"
6424:. April 2008. Archived from
6321:(1): 178–181. Archived from
5095:
3838:GNSS positioning calculation
3527:(satellite network synopsis,
3178:Restrictions on civilian use
2964:Earth orientation parameters
2891:handsets with integrated GPS
2255:
1949:National Medal of Technology
1102:ballistic missile submarines
637:Geographic point coord. 1983
315:Automotive navigation system
7:
17935:List of orienteering events
14752:USAF Pilot's Survival Knife
12402:. United States government.
12390:Nathaniel Bowditch (2002).
12348:Parkinson; Spilker (1996).
12084:September 22, 2013, at the
11933:"Coalition to Save Our GPS"
10981:September 22, 2013, at the
10868:"Coalition to Save Our GPS"
10390:GPS and relativity overview
9966:September 28, 2006, at the
9845:September 16, 2008, at the
8076:"Global Positioning System"
7989:. GPS World. Archived from
7282:– via Newspapers.com.
7242:– via Newspapers.com.
6351:, New York: Riverhead Books
5458:
5193:. The specific problem is:
4043:, the distance traveled is
3615:
3485:
3416:
3205:
3109:location based mobile games
3071:, and some cubesats, e.g.,
2917:GPS disciplined oscillators
2791:
2411:) and are separated by 60°
2208:Non-navigation applications
1750:system and establishing an
1216:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
813:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
799:
597:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
28:Satellite navigation device
10:
18762:
18647:Mountain bike orienteering
18293:WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica
17969:Mountain bike orienteering
14492:CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon
14462:GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb
11919:December 13, 2012, at the
11724:"Order on Reconsideration"
11513:February 16, 2013, at the
11241:. GNSS/GPS. Artech House.
11121:. SIAM. pp. 448–449.
10514:"Satellite message format"
10307:The Science of Timekeeping
9655:10.1007/s10291-020-01045-3
9464:Advances in Space Research
9448:10.1007/s10291-020-01026-6
9154:10.3189/002214307783258512
9005:10.1007/s10291-020-01037-3
8964:10.1007/s10291-020-00989-w
8915:10.1007/s00190-020-01453-w
8835:. nist.gov. Archived from
8455:U.S. Department of Defense
8415:United States Coast Guard
8350:February 16, 2008, at the
8163:November 16, 2007, at the
7785:"What Is an Atomic Clock?"
7618:Los Angeles Air Force Base
7350:December 30, 2015, at the
6901:Rumerman, Judy A. (2009).
6768:10.1109/JPROC.2008.2006090
6577:. NASA. October 29, 1965.
5355:
5167:
5146:
5143:Error sources and analysis
4595:
3841:
3835:
3517:(precise satellite orbit)
3468:
3445:
3395:Coordinated Universal Time
3307:precision-guided munitions
3288:precision-guided munitions
2773:
2621:
2525:Schriever Space Force Base
2517:Colorado Springs, Colorado
2333:
2211:
2202:inertial navigation system
2149:
1884:Charles Stark Draper Prize
1855:On February 10, 1993, the
1680:Colorado Springs, Colorado
1299:Timeline and modernization
990:Applied Physics Laboratory
940:Applied Physics Laboratory
916:U.S. Department of Defense
883:
806:U.S. Department of Defense
657:World Geodetic System 1984
300:") in a marine application
201:or 11 hours and 58 minutes
25:
18:
18726:Global Positioning System
18685:
18663:
18645:
18613:
18510:
18503:
18438:
18388:
18301:
18273:
18243:
18217:
18208:
18178:
18130:
18104:
18097:
18057:
18021:
17987:
17950:
17943:
17925:
17878:
17827:
17691:
17610:
16849:
16708:
15831:
15532:
15331:
14989:
14928:Physical Training Uniform
14903:
14876:M67 Fragmentation Grenade
14858:
14850:Remington 870 MCS shotgun
14830:M2HB Browning machine gun
14811:
14759:
14719:
14712:
14677:
14586:
14520:
14457:GBU-31, GB-32, GB-38 JDAM
14404:
14397:
14354:
14322:
14265:
14152:
14086:
14050:
13954:
13936:Global Positioning System
13906:
13880:
13817:
13749:
13681:
13656:
13615:
13549:
13540:
13497:
13421:
13347:
13316:
13275:
13229:indicate launch failures.
13222:
13055:
12984:
12911:
12858:
12739:
12631:
12573:
12504:
12495:
12486:Global Positioning System
12407:Global Positioning System
12307:Resources in your library
12298:Global Positioning System
11458:10.1002/9781119018612.ch6
11435:10.1109/WPNC.2010.5653789
10640:. John Wiley & Sons.
10062:www.militaryaerospace.com
9849:. Retrieved May 17, 2006.
9838:Arms Control Association.
9739:10.1186/s40623-019-1000-3
9614:10.1007/s00190-015-0810-8
9484:10.1016/j.asr.2018.08.033
9302:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103277
9045:10.1007/s00190-015-0842-0
8818:10.1007/s00190-018-1143-1
8755:10.1007/s00190-013-0644-1
8440:. Retrieved May 14, 2006.
8436:February 8, 2006, at the
8332:10.1007/s10291-006-0038-4
8078:. Gps.gov. Archived from
7419:. Pnt.gov. Archived from
7354:, p.245. RAND corporation
7188:. Naval Institute Press.
5867:Science Reference Section
5496:Indoor positioning system
5392:Van Allen radiation belts
4684:hyperboloid of revolution
3794:Demodulation and decoding
3756:This section needs to be
3441:
3427:International Atomic Time
3407:International Atomic Time
3254:Soldier Digital Assistant
2901:upon launch, followed by
2497:Satellite Control Network
2080:More detailed description
2070:four-dimensional position
1895:The Aerospace Corporation
1842:
1639:White Sands Missile Range
1615:
1595:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1133:Naval Research Laboratory
1009:Naval Research Laboratory
932:The Aerospace Corporation
924:Naval Research Laboratory
777:United States Space Force
757:Global Positioning System
647:North American Datum 1983
617:South American Datum 1969
259:
220:
215:
205:
185:
177:
165:
160:
152:
134:
123:
112:
107:
99:
91:
83:
75:
65:
57:
44:
18598:Kainuu Orienteering Week
14835:M240B Medium Machine Gun
14793:M24 sniper weapon system
13491:Satellite constellations
12130:Jon (January 10, 2012).
11381:10.1109/TAES.1985.310538
10701:. Springer. p. 18.
9718:Earth, Planets and Space
8354:, with minor correction.
8182:January 4, 2007, at the
5612:
5506:Local positioning system
5133:non-linear least squares
4588:Geometric interpretation
3448:GPS week number rollover
3433:Relativistic corrections
3252:and lower ranks use the
2974:vehicle tracking systems
2495:The MCS can also access
1970:On October 4, 2011, the
1893:, emeritus president of
1861:Robert J. Collier Trophy
1676:Falcon Air Force Station
986:Johns Hopkins University
773:United States government
508:Global Pos. System (GPS)
475:Spatial reference system
18731:20th-century inventions
18603:Jan Kjellström Festival
18488:Scoutcraft orienteering
18251:OpenOrienteering Mapper
17930:History of orienteering
17880:Unknown or not assigned
14982:United States Air Force
12064:April 23, 2012, at the
10928:GPS Almanac Information
9730:2019EP&S...71...20S
8417:General GPS News 9–9–05
8401:: 17–21. Archived from
7727:Air Force Space Command
7154:. Ashgate. p. 80.
6962:. NOAA]. Archived from
6756:Proceedings of the IEEE
6347:Steven Johnson (2010),
5388:Moon's orbital distance
4688:two-sheeted hyperboloid
3125:Satellite laser ranging
2978:person tracking systems
2146:User-satellite geometry
1825:Air Force Space Command
1737:Air Force Space Command
1331:converting this section
1079:United States Air Force
331:Air Force Space Command
227:Initial constellation:
161:Orbital characteristics
18558:European Championships
18288:Suunnistussimulaattori
14840:M249 light machine gun
14272:Unofficial designation
12498:List of GPS satellites
10516:. Gpsinformation.net.
10147:. September 26, 2016.
9096:GPS for Land Surveyors
7402:April 6, 2006, at the
6942:March 4, 2016, at the
5466:List of GPS satellites
5399:
5386:, at one ninth of the
5103:Gauss–Newton algorithm
5086:
4744:circumscribing spheres
4723:
4686:(more specifically, a
4631:
4605:
4546:
4457:
4375:
4223:
4105:
4022:
3962:
3907:
3806:
3618:GPS frequency overview
3507:GPS time relationship
3241:
3227:
3215:
2956:vehicles in real-time.
2887:mobile emergency calls
2843:: both positional and
2805:
2680:
2648:
2633:
2475:
2392:
2349:
2340:List of GPS satellites
1951:on February 13, 2006.
1869:Rockwell International
1852:
1763:United States Congress
1724:
1627:List of GPS satellites
1355:Summary of satellites
1269:satellite acquisitions
1248:Selective Availability
1209:atmospheric refraction
1128:
1020:
910:
902:
822:Selective Availability
140:; 46 years ago
138:February 22, 1978
30:. For other uses, see
18389:Organisations / lists
14931:Service Dress Uniform
14916:Airman Battle Uniform
14604:LGM-30G Minuteman III
14502:BLU-116 Bunker Buster
14467:GBU-44/B Viper Strike
12409:Open Courseware from
11972:on September 29, 2011
11859:. February 10, 2003.
11367:. AES-21 (1): 56–59.
11235:Groves, P.D. (2013).
10579:on September 8, 2012.
10208:. December 29, 2020.
9786:. September 6, 2012.
9253:10.1109/SAINT.2007.13
9134:Journal of Glaciology
9105:10.4324/9780203305225
8115:10.1049/ecej:19930069
7993:on November 11, 2006.
7654:. November 22, 2005.
7020:May 23, 2013, at the
6969:on September 21, 2005
6910:. NASA. p. 136.
6408:on February 24, 2013.
5869:(November 19, 2019).
5516:Mobile phone tracking
5365:
5254:1559 MHz to the
5199:WikiProject Geography
5087:
4730:(insphere) of radius
4709:
4628:
4603:
4547:
4458:
4376:
4224:
4106:
4023:
3963:
3908:
3836:Further information:
3801:
3610:Satellite frequencies
3566:almanac message (GPS)
3446:Further information:
3346:1991 Persian Gulf War
3233:
3221:
3213:
3107:, and other kinds of
3002:GPS aircraft tracking
2913:Clock synchronization
2845:clock synchronization
2799:
2678:
2639:
2631:
2624:GPS navigation device
2622:Further information:
2470:
2447:, repeating the same
2355:
2347:
2180:, sometimes called a
2150:Further information:
2123:to process the TOFs.
2117:Cartesian coordinates
1865:Aerospace Corporation
1850:
1823:On May 21, 2009, the
1719:
1285:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1205:Elizabeth Essex-Cohen
1126:
1006:
966:Friedwardt Winterberg
908:
900:
403:Geographical distance
298:GPS navigation device
58:Country/ies of origin
18191:Satellite navigation
18044:Mounted orienteering
14886:M79 grenade launcher
13743:Time signal stations
12417:Greg Milner (2016).
12396:Satellite Navigation
11830:on November 26, 2011
11621:on December 16, 2011
11154:Audun Holme (2010).
11096:on December 26, 2017
10547:on February 25, 2013
10421:Ashby, Neil (2003).
10026:Greenemeier, Larry.
9925:FY2010 Annual Report
9897:. 2003. p. 69.
9888:FY2003 Annual Report
9691:10.1002/2017GL076850
9573:10.1029/2019JB017443
9196:Measurement: Sensors
8695:10.1002/2017JB014750
8405:on January 25, 2012.
8282:Samama, Nel (2008).
8130:"GPS Orbital Planes"
7449:on November 27, 2010
7268:Torrance, California
7228:Torrance, California
7069:. October 31, 2015.
6828:"GPS Signal Science"
6552:on February 13, 2010
5797:(October 31, 2008).
5471:GPS satellite blocks
5454:, deployed by India.
5358:Satellite navigation
5333:guidance, and local
4817:
4470:
4392:
4258:
4121:
4047:
3977:
3917:
3881:
3832:Navigation equations
3723:relativistic effects
3660:P(Y) code, plus the
3279:(DAGR), are used by
2740:improve this article
2379:39.7469°N 105.2108°W
2336:GPS satellite blocks
2284:improve this article
2221:navigation equations
2121:navigation equations
2014:improve this article
1670:, California to the
1224:interceptor aircraft
783:(GNSS) that provide
775:and operated by the
771:system owned by the
577:Sea Level Datum 1929
429:Geodetic coordinates
32:GPS (disambiguation)
21:Satellite navigation
18673:World Championships
18655:World Championships
18623:World Championships
18520:World Championships
18471:Location-based game
18085:Transmitter hunting
14921:Army Combat Uniform
14871:M18A1 Claymore Mine
14346:AN/GSQ-272 Sentinel
14341:AN/USQ-163 Falconer
12335:on October 21, 2013
12111:on February 6, 2009
12077:Paul Riegler, FBT.
12005:on January 13, 2012
11939:on October 24, 2011
11373:1985ITAES..21...56B
11331:2002GPSS....5...29G
11288:1996ITAES..32.1116H
11086:"Modern navigation"
10874:on October 30, 2011
10733:on October 10, 2011
10448:10.12942/lrr-2003-1
10439:2003LRR.....6....1A
10350:– via P Dana.
10032:Scientific American
9683:2018GeoRL..45.2339S
9646:2021GPSS...25...11B
9605:2015JGeod..89..725S
9564:2019JGRB..124.5970Z
9523:2019RemS...11.2282S
9476:2019AdSpR..63..417S
9439:2020GPSS...24..111K
9341:2018JTGeo..66...35Y
9294:2022TRPD..10703277Z
9208:2024MeasS..3201031S
9146:2007JGlac..53..442W
9037:2015JGeod..89.1165G
8996:2021GPSS...25....1Z
8955:2020GPSS...24...74Z
8906:2021JGeod..95....3Z
8839:on October 28, 2012
8809:2019JGeod..93.2447B
8747:2013JGeod..87..751S
8533:on October 2, 2011.
8207:on October 22, 2011
8139:on January 26, 2018
8041:"GPS Support Notes"
7885:1991ITAES..27..952A
7588:The Huffington Post
7495:"losangeles.af.mil"
7471:. Lockheed Martin.
7374:on January 26, 2011
7151:Technology Transfer
7095:. Navcen.uscg.gov.
6614:on January 16, 2010
6526:on November 1, 2002
6500:on October 18, 2007
6439:Howell, Elizabeth.
6116:"New Civil Signals"
5879:Library of Congress
5380:geostationary orbit
5327:air traffic control
5129:generalized inverse
4690:) in 3D space (see
3620:
3490:
3378:Russo-Ukrainian War
3079:Phasor measurements
2962:: determination of
2853:celestial mechanics
2782:dual-use technology
2375: /
2250:inertial navigation
2214:§ Applications
2204:to complement GPS.
2160:of revolution (see
1937:Stanford University
1897:and an engineer at
1653:prohibited airspace
1356:
1228:prohibited airspace
1077:(SLBMs) along with
968:proposed a test of
779:. It is one of the
607:European Datum 1950
565:Standards (history)
465:Reference ellipsoid
413:Figure of the Earth
317:in a taxicab, 2000s
41:
18665:Trail orienteering
18413:List of orienteers
18326:cardinal direction
18029:Canoe orienteering
17979:Trail orienteering
14748:MP5 submachine gun
14700:QF-4 Aerial Target
14447:GBU-27 Paveway III
14442:GBU-24 Paveway III
13429:GNSS reflectometry
12057:FCC press release
11586:on January 5, 2012
11339:10.1007/PL00012897
11066:on August 23, 2005
11039:on August 23, 2005
10904:on August 12, 2011
10206:Iran International
10121:. April 30, 2018.
9593:Journal of Geodesy
9532:10.3390/rs11192282
9376:JMIR Mental Health
9025:Journal of Geodesy
8894:Journal of Geodesy
8797:Journal of Geodesy
8735:Journal of Geodesy
8255:Thomassen, Keith.
7300:on August 17, 2011
6882:on October 9, 2013
6604:"SECOR Chronology"
6402:"The Story of GPS"
5875:Everyday Mysteries
5833:(September 2008).
5521:Navigation paradox
5511:Military invention
5400:
5335:emergency services
5316:Trimble Navigation
5082:
4945:
4934:
4724:
4710:A smaller circle (
4632:
4606:
4542:
4453:
4371:
4219:
4101:
4037:the speed of light
4018:
3958:
3903:
3807:
3616:
3539:navigation message
3529:error correction)
3488:GPS message format
3486:
3454:Gregorian calendar
3326:Search and rescue.
3242:
3228:
3216:
2927:emergency services
2883:Cellular telephony
2865:extrasolar planets
2806:
2681:
2672:(WAAS) receivers.
2654:crystal oscillator
2649:
2634:
2476:
2397:medium Earth orbit
2393:
2384:39.7469; -105.2108
2358:satellites in view
2350:
2140:moving map display
1925:Bradford Parkinson
1853:
1725:
1674:(2SCS) located at
1651:that strayed into
1368:Satellite launches
1354:
1333:, if appropriate.
1226:after straying in
1148:United States Army
1129:
1091:nuclear deterrence
1021:
970:general relativity
936:Bradford Parkinson
911:
903:
485:Vertical positions
108:Constellation size
79:Military, civilian
39:
18713:
18712:
18681:
18680:
18631:
18542:
18535:
18528:
18512:Foot orienteering
18439:Non-sport related
18283:Catching Features
18269:
18268:
18204:
18203:
18093:
18092:
18039:Mountain marathon
17964:Foot orienteering
17944:Sport disciplines
17885:
17884:
14948:
14947:
14940:CMU – 33A/P22P-18
14899:
14898:
14708:
14707:
14477:GBU-54 Laser JDAM
14432:GBU-12 Paveway II
14427:GBU-10 Paveway II
14393:
14392:
14282:
14281:
14005:
14004:
13898:Radio Data System
13709:
13708:
13677:
13676:
13457:
13456:
13349:GNSS augmentation
13235:
13234:
12428:978-0-393-08912-7
12382:978-0-07-159869-9
12361:978-1-56347-106-3
12293:Library resources
12265:SpaceWatch.Global
12168:Geodetski Vestnik
12142:on March 10, 2016
11892:. July 15, 2010.
11248:978-1-60807-005-3
11209:978-3-211-00828-7
11167:978-3-642-14441-7
11128:978-0-9614088-6-2
10787:www.ulalaunch.com
10708:978-0-8176-4390-4
10674:978-0-9709544-1-1
10647:978-1-119-94488-1
10603:978-1-119-95610-5
10176:Popular Mechanics
10064:. June 28, 2016.
9114:978-0-429-14911-5
9031:(12): 1165–1180.
8803:(12): 2447–2463.
8689:(11): 9420–9436.
8661:on August 4, 2009
8299:978-0-470-24190-5
8263:on March 30, 2016
8053:on March 27, 2009
7971:978-0-470-09971-1
7680:on June 12, 2012.
7406:. March 29, 1996.
7195:978-1-55750-973-4
7161:978-0-7546-2045-7
7030:November 10, 2008
6988:Steitz, David E.
6762:(12): 1902–1917.
6730:978-1-55750-973-4
6688:978-0-16-080190-7
6187:978-1-4200-8432-0
6153:978-0-309-05283-2
5937:Popular Mechanics
5693:10 kg (1.318
5230:ionospheric delay
5216:
5215:
5047:
4936:
4891:
4879:
4864:
4849:
4834:
4682:on a plane and a
4423:
4369:
4152:
4065:
3990:
3943:
3894:
3849:Problem statement
3777:
3776:
3738:GPS modernization
3707:
3706:
3687:1379.913 MHz
3533:
3532:
3525:Almanac component
3261:frequency hopping
2944:Radio occultation
2871:Automated vehicle
2857:amateur astronomy
2776:GNSS applications
2772:
2771:
2764:
2423:is one-half of a
2324:broadcast signals
2316:
2315:
2308:
2092:) that includes:
2046:
2045:
2038:
1871:Corporation, and
1634:
1633:
1352:
1351:
1083:strategic bombers
953:systems, such as
898:
875:Wi-Fi positioning
835:systems from the
753:
752:
701:
700:
480:Spatial relations
470:Satellite geodesy
425:
271:
270:
18753:
18703:
18702:
18693:
18692:
18627:
18615:Ski orienteering
18538:
18531:
18524:
18508:
18507:
18446:Adventure travel
18314:orienteering map
18215:
18214:
18102:
18101:
18065:Adventure racing
18034:Car orienteering
17974:Ski orienteering
17948:
17947:
17912:
17905:
17898:
17889:
17888:
17866:
17856:
17851:
17846:
17836:
17820:
17810:
17800:
17790:
17780:
17775:
17770:
17765:
17760:
17750:
17735:
17730:
17725:
17705:
17700:
17684:
17674:
17664:
17644:
17639:
17634:
17629:
17619:
17603:
17598:
17593:
17588:
17528:
17518:
17488:
17483:
17453:
17428:
17398:
17393:
17388:
17373:
17353:
17343:
17293:
17288:
17273:
17268:
17263:
17233:
17228:
17143:
17138:
17133:
17128:
17093:
17088:
17053:
17048:
17043:
17038:
17028:
16983:
16973:
16963:
16953:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16928:
16842:
16822:
16802:
16792:
16772:
16752:
16742:
16732:
16722:
16596:
16477:
16440:
16323:
16308:
16273:
16268:
16238:
16058:
16041:
15922:
15917:
15907:
15877:
15804:
15784:
15764:
15759:
15754:
15749:
15744:
15671:
15661:
15651:
15616:
15611:
15606:
15601:
15566:
15561:
15546:
15520:
15510:
15500:
15490:
15480:
15450:
15430:
15410:
15400:
15390:
15370:
15292:
15282:
15262:
15257:
15247:
15202:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15070:
15060:
15055:
15035:
14975:
14968:
14961:
14952:
14951:
14717:
14716:
14695:MQM-107 Streaker
14639:AGM-114 Hellfire
14599:AIM-9 Sidewinder
14512:B83 nuclear bomb
14507:B61 nuclear bomb
14402:
14401:
14329:
14328:
14309:
14302:
14295:
14286:
14285:
14228:
14073:SLV-4 (Titan II)
14032:
14025:
14018:
14009:
14008:
13736:
13729:
13722:
13713:
13712:
13547:
13546:
13484:
13477:
13470:
13461:
13460:
13393:QZSS / Michibiki
13262:
13255:
13248:
13239:
13238:
12478:
12471:
12464:
12455:
12454:
12432:
12421:. W. W. Norton.
12403:
12401:
12386:
12365:
12344:
12342:
12340:
12334:
12327:
12281:
12280:
12278:
12276:
12256:
12250:
12249:
12247:
12245:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12219:
12200:
12194:
12193:
12183:
12158:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12147:
12138:. Archived from
12127:
12121:
12120:
12118:
12116:
12107:. Archived from
12095:
12089:
12075:
12069:
12055:
12049:
12048:
12046:
12044:
12035:. Archived from
12024:
12015:
12014:
12012:
12010:
12004:
11998:. Archived from
11997:
11988:
11982:
11981:
11979:
11977:
11971:
11965:. Archived from
11964:
11955:
11949:
11948:
11946:
11944:
11929:
11923:
11912:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11882:
11876:
11875:
11873:
11871:
11865:
11854:
11846:
11840:
11839:
11837:
11835:
11820:
11814:
11813:
11811:
11809:
11803:
11792:
11784:
11778:
11777:
11775:
11773:
11767:
11760:
11752:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11741:
11735:
11729:. July 3, 2003.
11728:
11720:
11711:
11710:
11708:
11706:
11695:
11689:
11688:
11686:
11684:
11669:
11663:
11662:
11660:
11658:
11652:
11645:
11637:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11620:
11613:
11605:
11596:
11595:
11593:
11591:
11585:
11578:
11570:
11564:
11563:
11561:
11553:
11547:
11546:
11541:
11539:
11524:
11518:
11504:
11498:
11491:
11485:
11478:
11472:
11471:
11445:
11439:
11438:
11428:
11412:
11406:
11399:
11393:
11392:
11360:
11351:
11350:
11314:
11308:
11307:
11296:10.1109/7.532270
11282:(3): 1116–1124.
11271:
11265:
11264:
11262:
11260:
11232:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11221:
11193:
11184:
11183:
11181:
11179:
11151:
11145:
11144:
11142:
11140:
11112:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11101:
11092:. Archived from
11082:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11071:
11055:
11049:
11048:
11046:
11044:
11028:
11022:
11021:
11019:
11017:
11012:on July 19, 2011
11011:
11005:. Archived from
11004:
10996:
10985:
10972:
10963:
10962:
10958:Internet Archive
10950:
10944:
10943:
10941:
10939:
10920:
10914:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10900:. Archived from
10890:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10879:
10864:
10858:
10857:
10855:
10853:
10838:
10829:
10828:
10826:
10824:
10809:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10779:
10773:
10772:
10770:
10768:
10759:. Archived from
10749:
10743:
10742:
10740:
10738:
10729:. Archived from
10719:
10713:
10712:
10692:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10631:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10615:
10587:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10571:
10563:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10552:
10543:. Archived from
10536:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10510:
10504:
10503:
10501:
10499:
10485:
10479:
10478:
10468:
10450:
10418:
10412:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10403:on March 6, 2023
10402:
10395:
10384:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10358:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10341:
10330:
10321:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10301:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10290:
10275:
10269:
10268:
10264:Business Insider
10254:
10248:
10247:
10245:
10243:
10238:on July 12, 2021
10228:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10217:
10198:
10192:
10191:
10189:
10187:
10167:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10141:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10115:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10104:
10084:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10043:
10023:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10012:
9997:
9991:
9990:
9988:
9976:
9970:
9957:
9951:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9940:
9929:
9920:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9903:
9892:
9883:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9872:
9856:
9850:
9836:
9830:
9829:
9827:
9825:
9806:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9780:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9709:
9703:
9702:
9677:(5): 2339–2348.
9666:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9558:(6): 5970–5989.
9543:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9459:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9418:
9412:
9411:
9401:
9391:
9367:
9361:
9360:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9287:
9263:
9257:
9256:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9219:
9187:
9181:
9180:
9172:
9166:
9165:
9140:(182): 442–448.
9125:
9119:
9118:
9090:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9079:
9063:
9057:
9056:
9016:
9010:
9009:
9007:
8975:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8934:
8928:
8927:
8917:
8885:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8855:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8771:
8732:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8706:
8677:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8634:Breaking Defense
8625:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8599:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8562:
8556:
8549:
8541:
8535:
8534:
8523:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8497:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8447:
8441:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8396:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8361:
8355:
8343:
8311:
8305:
8303:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8268:
8252:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8203:. Archived from
8201:gmat.unsw.edu.au
8193:
8187:
8174:
8168:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8138:
8132:. Archived from
8125:
8119:
8118:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8082:on July 30, 2010
8072:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8052:
8045:
8037:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8019:
8012:
8004:
7995:
7994:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7933:10.1109/7.165379
7916:
7905:
7904:
7893:10.1109/7.104271
7868:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7738:
7719:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7699:. Archived from
7688:
7682:
7681:
7676:. Archived from
7666:
7660:
7659:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7624:on July 23, 2013
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7590:. Archived from
7579:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7413:
7407:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7364:
7355:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7326:on June 11, 2011
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7263:The Daily Breeze
7253:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7223:The Daily Breeze
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7037:
7031:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6947:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6916:
6909:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6838:on May 29, 2017.
6834:. Archived from
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6751:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6697:
6680:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6653:on June 25, 2017
6649:. Archived from
6639:
6633:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6610:. Archived from
6600:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6583:
6576:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6404:. Archived from
6397:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6377:
6370:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6312:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
5998:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5964:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5846:
5839:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5810:
5803:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5771:. April 27, 2022
5765:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5684:
5682:
5637:
5631:
5623:
5604:
5603:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5441:(QZSS) is a GPS
5376:High Earth orbit
5273:U.S. Coast Guard
5219:GNSS enhancement
5211:
5208:
5202:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5170:GNSS enhancement
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5014:
5013:
5004:
5003:
4982:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4953:
4944:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4902:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4827:
4789:Solution methods
4728:inscribed sphere
4721:
4715:
4702:Inscribed sphere
4677:
4657:
4642:are subtracted,
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4495:
4494:
4482:
4481:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4416:
4404:
4403:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4336:
4335:
4326:
4325:
4304:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4133:
4132:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4058:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4016:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3983:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3936:
3929:
3928:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3772:
3769:
3763:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3700:1176.45 MHz
3674:1381.05 MHz
3657:1227.60 MHz
3640:1575.42 MHz
3621:
3619:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3505:Satellite clock,
3491:
3489:
3350:Coalition Forces
3311:artillery shells
3189:State Department
3121:Reference frames
2909:soon thereafter.
2861:small telescopes
2847:data is used in
2767:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2724:
2716:
2537:Ascension Island
2509:Ascension Island
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2320:U.S. Space Force
2311:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2268:
2260:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2021:
1998:
1990:
1962:Space Foundation
1836:Raytheon Company
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1329:You can help by
1311:
1310:
1303:
1260:differential GPS
1169:radar refraction
1095:force multiplier
951:radio-navigation
899:
872:
871:
867:
833:Differential GPS
789:time information
745:
738:
731:
569:
568:
548:
540:
532:
524:
516:
456:
415:
357:
343:
342:
326:
311:
293:
281:
267:
243:Operating cost:
197:
196:
192:
148:
146:
141:
126:
115:
49:
42:
38:
18761:
18760:
18756:
18755:
18754:
18752:
18751:
18750:
18716:
18715:
18714:
18709:
18677:
18659:
18641:
18609:
18499:
18451:Bicycle touring
18434:
18384:
18378:mountain biking
18297:
18265:
18239:
18200:
18174:
18126:
18089:
18053:
18017:
17983:
17939:
17921:
17916:
17886:
17881:
17874:
17864:
17854:
17849:
17844:
17834:
17823:
17818:
17808:
17798:
17788:
17778:
17773:
17768:
17763:
17758:
17748:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17703:
17698:
17687:
17682:
17672:
17662:
17642:
17637:
17632:
17627:
17617:
17606:
17601:
17596:
17591:
17586:
17526:
17516:
17486:
17481:
17451:
17426:
17396:
17391:
17386:
17371:
17351:
17341:
17291:
17286:
17271:
17266:
17261:
17231:
17226:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17126:
17091:
17086:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17036:
17026:
16981:
16971:
16961:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16926:
16845:
16840:
16820:
16800:
16790:
16770:
16750:
16740:
16730:
16720:
16704:
16594:
16475:
16438:
16321:
16306:
16271:
16266:
16236:
16056:
16039:
15920:
15915:
15905:
15875:
15827:
15802:
15782:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15747:
15742:
15669:
15659:
15649:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15599:
15564:
15559:
15544:
15528:
15518:
15508:
15498:
15488:
15478:
15448:
15428:
15408:
15398:
15388:
15368:
15327:
15290:
15280:
15260:
15255:
15245:
15200:
15093:
15088:
15083:
15078:
15068:
15058:
15053:
15033:
14985:
14979:
14949:
14944:
14909:other equipment
14908:
14895:
14854:
14825:M60 machine gun
14807:
14773:GUU-5/P Carbine
14755:
14704:
14673:
14664:AGM-176 Griffin
14609:AGM-65 Maverick
14582:
14516:
14389:
14350:
14324:
14318:
14313:
14283:
14278:
14261:
14226:
14148:
14082:
14046:
14036:
14006:
14001:
13950:
13902:
13876:
13813:
13799:TDF time signal
13745:
13740:
13710:
13705:
13673:
13652:
13611:
13536:
13493:
13488:
13458:
13453:
13417:
13343:
13312:
13271:
13266:
13236:
13231:
13218:
13051:
12980:
12907:
12854:
12735:
12627:
12569:
12500:
12491:
12482:
12439:
12429:
12383:
12375:. McGraw Hill.
12372:GPS and Galileo
12362:
12338:
12336:
12332:
12325:
12321:
12318:
12317:
12316:
12301:
12300:
12296:
12289:
12287:Further reading
12284:
12274:
12272:
12257:
12253:
12243:
12241:
12232:
12231:
12227:
12217:
12215:
12202:
12201:
12197:
12159:
12155:
12145:
12143:
12128:
12124:
12114:
12112:
12097:
12096:
12092:
12086:Wayback Machine
12076:
12072:
12066:Wayback Machine
12056:
12052:
12042:
12040:
12025:
12018:
12008:
12006:
12002:
11995:
11989:
11985:
11975:
11973:
11969:
11962:
11956:
11952:
11942:
11940:
11931:
11930:
11926:
11921:Wayback Machine
11913:
11909:
11899:
11897:
11884:
11883:
11879:
11869:
11867:
11863:
11852:
11848:
11847:
11843:
11833:
11831:
11822:
11821:
11817:
11807:
11805:
11801:
11790:
11786:
11785:
11781:
11771:
11769:
11765:
11758:
11754:
11753:
11749:
11739:
11737:
11733:
11726:
11722:
11721:
11714:
11704:
11702:
11697:
11696:
11692:
11682:
11680:
11671:
11670:
11666:
11656:
11654:
11650:
11643:
11639:
11638:
11634:
11624:
11622:
11618:
11611:
11607:
11606:
11599:
11589:
11587:
11583:
11576:
11572:
11571:
11567:
11559:
11555:
11554:
11550:
11537:
11535:
11526:
11525:
11521:
11515:Wayback Machine
11505:
11501:
11492:
11488:
11479:
11475:
11468:
11447:
11446:
11442:
11426:10.1.1.966.9430
11413:
11409:
11400:
11396:
11361:
11354:
11315:
11311:
11272:
11268:
11258:
11256:
11249:
11233:
11229:
11219:
11217:
11210:
11194:
11187:
11177:
11175:
11168:
11152:
11148:
11138:
11136:
11129:
11113:
11109:
11099:
11097:
11090:math.nus.edu.sg
11084:
11083:
11079:
11069:
11067:
11058:Peter H. Dana.
11056:
11052:
11042:
11040:
11031:Dana, Peter H.
11029:
11025:
11015:
11013:
11009:
11002:
10998:
10997:
10988:
10983:Wayback Machine
10973:
10966:
10960:
10951:
10947:
10937:
10935:
10922:
10921:
10917:
10907:
10905:
10892:
10891:
10887:
10877:
10875:
10866:
10865:
10861:
10851:
10849:
10840:
10839:
10832:
10822:
10820:
10819:on May 21, 2011
10811:
10810:
10806:
10796:
10794:
10781:
10780:
10776:
10766:
10764:
10763:on May 30, 2010
10751:
10750:
10746:
10736:
10734:
10721:
10720:
10716:
10709:
10693:
10689:
10679:
10677:
10675:
10659:
10655:
10648:
10632:
10623:
10613:
10611:
10604:
10588:
10584:
10576:
10569:
10565:
10564:
10560:
10550:
10548:
10539:Peter H. Dana.
10537:
10533:
10523:
10521:
10512:
10511:
10507:
10497:
10495:
10487:
10486:
10482:
10419:
10415:
10406:
10404:
10400:
10393:
10385:
10381:
10371:
10369:
10360:
10359:
10355:
10345:
10343:
10339:
10328:
10322:
10318:
10310:
10302:
10298:
10288:
10286:
10285:on May 25, 2017
10277:
10276:
10272:
10255:
10251:
10241:
10239:
10230:
10229:
10225:
10215:
10213:
10200:
10199:
10195:
10185:
10183:
10168:
10164:
10154:
10152:
10143:
10142:
10138:
10128:
10126:
10117:
10116:
10112:
10102:
10100:
10085:
10081:
10071:
10069:
10056:
10055:
10051:
10041:
10039:
10024:
10020:
10010:
10008:
9999:
9998:
9994:
9977:
9973:
9968:Wayback Machine
9958:
9954:
9944:
9942:
9938:
9927:
9922:
9921:
9917:
9907:
9905:
9901:
9890:
9885:
9884:
9880:
9870:
9868:
9857:
9853:
9847:Wayback Machine
9837:
9833:
9823:
9821:
9808:
9807:
9803:
9793:
9791:
9782:
9781:
9777:
9767:
9765:
9752:
9751:
9747:
9710:
9706:
9667:
9663:
9626:
9622:
9585:
9581:
9544:
9540:
9503:
9499:
9460:
9456:
9419:
9415:
9368:
9364:
9321:
9317:
9264:
9260:
9237:
9233:
9188:
9184:
9173:
9169:
9126:
9122:
9115:
9091:
9087:
9077:
9075:
9064:
9060:
9017:
9013:
8976:
8972:
8935:
8931:
8886:
8882:
8872:
8870:
8857:
8856:
8852:
8842:
8840:
8831:
8830:
8826:
8789:
8785:
8775:
8773:
8769:
8730:
8724:
8720:
8678:
8674:
8664:
8662:
8653:
8652:
8648:
8638:
8636:
8626:
8622:
8612:
8610:
8600:
8596:
8586:
8584:
8583:. June 21, 2023
8575:
8574:
8570:
8560:
8558:
8554:
8547:
8543:
8542:
8538:
8525:
8524:
8520:
8510:
8508:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8484:
8482:
8474:
8473:
8469:
8459:
8457:
8449:
8448:
8444:
8438:Wayback Machine
8426:
8422:
8414:
8410:
8394:
8388:
8384:
8374:
8372:
8365:"Space Segment"
8363:
8362:
8358:
8352:Wayback Machine
8312:
8308:
8300:
8280:
8276:
8266:
8264:
8257:"How GPS Works"
8253:
8246:
8236:
8234:
8225:
8224:
8220:
8210:
8208:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8184:Wayback Machine
8175:
8171:
8165:Wayback Machine
8156:
8152:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8126:
8122:
8099:
8095:
8085:
8083:
8074:
8073:
8066:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8043:
8039:
8038:
8034:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8010:
8006:
8005:
7998:
7983:
7979:
7972:
7952:
7948:
7917:
7908:
7869:
7858:
7848:
7846:
7838:
7837:
7833:
7823:
7821:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7796:
7781:
7777:
7767:
7765:
7750:
7746:
7736:
7734:
7733:on June 3, 2019
7721:
7720:
7716:
7706:
7704:
7703:on May 13, 2017
7689:
7685:
7668:
7667:
7663:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7627:
7625:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7594:on May 11, 2011
7580:
7576:
7566:
7564:
7549:
7545:
7535:
7533:
7518:
7514:
7504:
7502:
7501:on May 11, 2011
7493:
7492:
7488:
7478:
7476:
7466:
7462:
7452:
7450:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7426:
7424:
7423:on May 28, 2010
7415:
7414:
7410:
7404:Wayback Machine
7391:
7387:
7377:
7375:
7366:
7365:
7358:
7352:Wayback Machine
7343:
7339:
7329:
7327:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7303:
7301:
7292:
7291:
7287:
7277:
7275:
7254:
7247:
7237:
7235:
7214:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7180:
7176:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7146:
7142:
7132:
7130:
7123:Rewire Security
7117:
7116:
7112:
7102:
7100:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7076:
7074:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7050:
7048:
7039:
7038:
7034:
7022:Wayback Machine
7013:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6944:Wayback Machine
6934:
6930:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6899:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6874:
6873:
6869:
6859:
6857:
6856:on May 17, 2008
6848:
6847:
6843:
6832:harveycohen.net
6826:
6825:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6752:
6745:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6678:
6670:
6666:
6656:
6654:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6631:
6627:
6617:
6615:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6555:
6553:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6503:
6501:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6477:
6475:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6437:
6433:
6428:on May 6, 2011.
6418:
6417:
6413:
6398:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6360:
6356:
6345:
6341:
6331:
6329:
6328:on May 12, 2012
6325:
6310:
6304:
6300:
6290:
6288:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6260:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6211:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6188:
6172:
6168:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6099:
6097:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6073:
6071:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6025:
6021:
6011:
6009:
6000:
5999:
5992:
5982:
5980:
5965:
5956:
5946:
5944:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5902:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5864:
5860:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5837:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5804:. p. B-3.
5801:
5788:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5749:
5738:
5735:
5733:405,696 km
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5718:
5715:
5713:363,104 km
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5552:
5550:
5542:
5540:
5461:
5384:graveyard orbit
5360:
5354:
5352:Similar systems
5239:
5234:
5233:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5185:
5181:
5173:
5165:
5151:
5145:
5114:
5098:
5076:
5065:
5061:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5027:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4940:
4907:
4903:
4892:
4890:
4871:
4870:
4856:
4855:
4841:
4840:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4796:
4791:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4717:
4711:
4704:
4692:Multilateration
4675:
4668:
4663:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4623:
4598:
4590:
4490:
4486:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4439:
4435:
4426:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4237:
4174:
4170:
4155:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4087:
4083:
4068:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4033:
4012:
4008:
3993:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3946:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3897:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3796:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3752:
3748:
3617:
3612:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3528:
3526:
3516:
3506:
3487:
3482:
3473:
3467:
3450:
3444:
3435:
3419:
3391:
3386:
3362:Spratly Islands
3303:cruise missiles
3281:radio operators
3263:modes, such as
3239:artillery shell
3208:
3180:
3091:: for example,
3013:GPS data mining
2923:Disaster relief
2829:: studying the
2794:
2778:
2768:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2737:
2725:
2714:
2626:
2620:
2505:Kwajalein Atoll
2465:
2463:Control segment
2413:right ascension
2383:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2342:
2332:
2312:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2281:
2269:
2258:
2217:
2210:
2178:track algorithm
2174:
2162:Multilateration
2154:
2148:
2082:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2011:
1999:
1988:
1955:Francis X. Kane
1945:Roger L. Easton
1927:, professor of
1845:
1791:November 2004,
1722:50th Space Wing
1712:50th Space Wing
1623:
1617:
1387:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1328:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1236:Moneron Islands
1160:
1013:Roger L. Easton
978:
959:Decca Navigator
928:Ivan A. Getting
920:Roger L. Easton
888:
886:
869:
865:
864:
802:
749:
720:
719:
566:
558:
557:
546:
538:
530:
522:
514:
498:
490:
489:
448:
398:
390:
389:
365:
341:
340:
339:
338:
337:
327:
319:
318:
312:
303:
302:
301:
294:
286:
285:
282:
263:
255:
239:
194:
190:
189:
144:
142:
139:
53:
52:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
18759:
18749:
18748:
18743:
18738:
18733:
18728:
18711:
18710:
18708:
18707:
18697:
18686:
18683:
18682:
18679:
18678:
18676:
18675:
18669:
18667:
18661:
18660:
18658:
18657:
18651:
18649:
18643:
18642:
18640:
18639:
18634:
18633:
18632:
18619:
18617:
18611:
18610:
18608:
18607:
18606:
18605:
18600:
18595:
18590:
18585:
18577:
18572:
18571:
18570:
18565:
18555:
18550:
18545:
18544:
18543:
18536:
18529:
18516:
18514:
18505:
18501:
18500:
18498:
18497:
18496:
18495:
18485:
18484:
18483:
18478:
18468:
18463:
18458:
18453:
18448:
18442:
18440:
18436:
18435:
18433:
18432:
18430:List of events
18427:
18426:
18425:
18420:
18410:
18405:
18404:
18403:
18392:
18390:
18386:
18385:
18383:
18382:
18381:
18380:
18375:
18370:
18365:
18360:
18350:
18349:
18348:
18343:
18338:
18333:
18328:
18318:
18317:
18316:
18305:
18303:
18299:
18298:
18296:
18295:
18290:
18285:
18279:
18277:
18271:
18270:
18267:
18266:
18264:
18263:
18258:
18253:
18247:
18245:
18241:
18240:
18238:
18237:
18232:
18227:
18221:
18219:
18212:
18206:
18205:
18202:
18201:
18199:
18198:
18193:
18188:
18182:
18180:
18176:
18175:
18173:
18172:
18167:
18162:
18160:Eye protectors
18157:
18156:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18134:
18132:
18128:
18127:
18125:
18124:
18119:
18114:
18108:
18106:
18099:
18095:
18094:
18091:
18090:
18088:
18087:
18082:
18077:
18072:
18067:
18061:
18059:
18055:
18054:
18052:
18051:
18046:
18041:
18036:
18031:
18025:
18023:
18019:
18018:
18016:
18015:
18014:
18013:
18008:
17997:
17995:
17985:
17984:
17982:
17981:
17976:
17971:
17966:
17960:
17958:
17945:
17941:
17940:
17938:
17937:
17932:
17926:
17923:
17922:
17915:
17914:
17907:
17900:
17892:
17883:
17882:
17879:
17876:
17875:
17873:
17872:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17847:
17842:
17837:
17831:
17829:
17825:
17824:
17822:
17821:
17816:
17811:
17806:
17801:
17796:
17791:
17786:
17781:
17776:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17746:
17741:
17736:
17731:
17726:
17721:
17720:
17719:
17714:
17706:
17701:
17695:
17693:
17689:
17688:
17686:
17685:
17680:
17675:
17670:
17665:
17660:
17655:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17635:
17630:
17625:
17620:
17614:
17612:
17608:
17607:
17605:
17604:
17599:
17594:
17589:
17584:
17583:
17582:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17562:
17557:
17552:
17547:
17542:
17537:
17529:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17513:
17512:
17507:
17502:
17494:
17489:
17484:
17479:
17478:
17477:
17472:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17448:
17447:
17442:
17437:
17429:
17424:
17423:
17422:
17417:
17409:
17404:
17399:
17394:
17389:
17384:
17379:
17374:
17369:
17368:
17367:
17362:
17354:
17349:
17344:
17339:
17334:
17329:
17328:
17327:
17322:
17314:
17313:
17312:
17307:
17299:
17294:
17289:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17253:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17209:
17208:
17207:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17177:
17172:
17164:
17163:
17162:
17157:
17152:
17144:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17124:
17119:
17114:
17109:
17104:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17084:
17079:
17078:
17077:
17072:
17064:
17059:
17054:
17049:
17044:
17039:
17034:
17029:
17024:
17019:
17014:
17009:
17004:
17003:
17002:
16997:
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16939:
16934:
16929:
16924:
16919:
16914:
16909:
16904:
16903:
16902:
16897:
16889:
16888:
16887:
16882:
16874:
16873:
16872:
16867:
16859:
16853:
16851:
16847:
16846:
16844:
16843:
16838:
16833:
16828:
16823:
16818:
16817:
16816:
16811:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16788:
16787:
16786:
16781:
16773:
16768:
16767:
16766:
16761:
16753:
16748:
16743:
16738:
16733:
16728:
16723:
16718:
16712:
16710:
16706:
16705:
16703:
16702:
16701:
16700:
16695:
16690:
16682:
16681:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16665:
16660:
16652:
16651:
16650:
16645:
16640:
16632:
16627:
16626:
16625:
16620:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16591:
16590:
16585:
16577:
16572:
16567:
16562:
16557:
16556:
16555:
16550:
16542:
16541:
16540:
16535:
16530:
16522:
16517:
16516:
16515:
16510:
16505:
16495:
16494:
16493:
16483:
16478:
16473:
16472:
16471:
16466:
16458:
16453:
16452:
16451:
16441:
16436:
16435:
16434:
16429:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16410:
16409:
16404:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16351:
16346:
16345:
16344:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16304:
16299:
16294:
16293:
16292:
16287:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16254:
16253:
16252:
16247:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16223:
16222:
16217:
16212:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16179:
16178:
16177:
16172:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16149:
16148:
16147:
16142:
16134:
16129:
16124:
16123:
16122:
16117:
16109:
16108:
16107:
16102:
16094:
16093:
16092:
16087:
16079:
16074:
16069:
16064:
16059:
16054:
16053:
16052:
16042:
16037:
16036:
16035:
16030:
16022:
16017:
16016:
16015:
16010:
16005:
16000:
15995:
15987:
15982:
15981:
15980:
15975:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15956:
15955:
15950:
15940:
15939:
15938:
15933:
15923:
15918:
15913:
15908:
15903:
15898:
15893:
15892:
15891:
15883:
15878:
15873:
15868:
15863:
15862:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15835:
15833:
15829:
15828:
15826:
15825:
15824:
15823:
15818:
15810:
15805:
15800:
15799:
15798:
15793:
15785:
15780:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15760:
15755:
15750:
15745:
15740:
15739:
15738:
15728:
15727:
15726:
15716:
15715:
15714:
15704:
15699:
15694:
15693:
15692:
15687:
15677:
15672:
15667:
15662:
15657:
15652:
15647:
15642:
15637:
15636:
15635:
15630:
15622:
15617:
15612:
15607:
15602:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15581:
15580:
15575:
15567:
15562:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15536:
15534:
15530:
15529:
15527:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15511:
15506:
15501:
15496:
15491:
15486:
15481:
15476:
15475:
15474:
15469:
15461:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15441:
15436:
15431:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15360:
15359:
15354:
15349:
15341:
15335:
15333:
15329:
15328:
15326:
15325:
15324:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15237:
15236:
15231:
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15193:
15188:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15163:
15162:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15141:
15131:
15130:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15111:
15110:
15109:
15104:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15076:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15056:
15051:
15050:
15049:
15044:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15010:
15009:
14999:
14993:
14991:
14987:
14986:
14984:system numbers
14978:
14977:
14970:
14963:
14955:
14946:
14945:
14943:
14942:
14937:
14932:
14929:
14926:
14923:
14918:
14912:
14910:
14901:
14900:
14897:
14896:
14894:
14893:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14873:
14868:
14862:
14860:
14856:
14855:
14853:
14852:
14847:
14842:
14837:
14832:
14827:
14821:
14819:
14809:
14808:
14806:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14775:
14769:
14767:
14757:
14756:
14754:
14753:
14750:
14745:
14740:
14735:
14729:
14727:
14714:
14710:
14709:
14706:
14705:
14703:
14702:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14685:BQM-34 Firebee
14681:
14679:
14675:
14674:
14672:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14644:AIM-120 AMRAAM
14641:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14614:AGM-84 Harpoon
14611:
14606:
14601:
14596:
14590:
14588:
14584:
14583:
14581:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14524:
14522:
14518:
14517:
14515:
14514:
14509:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14489:
14484:
14479:
14474:
14469:
14464:
14459:
14454:
14449:
14444:
14439:
14434:
14429:
14424:
14419:
14414:
14408:
14406:
14399:
14395:
14394:
14391:
14390:
14388:
14387:
14384:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14364:
14358:
14356:
14355:Ground vehicle
14352:
14351:
14349:
14348:
14343:
14337:
14335:
14326:
14320:
14319:
14312:
14311:
14304:
14297:
14289:
14280:
14279:
14277:
14276:
14273:
14270:
14266:
14263:
14262:
14260:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14208:
14202:
14197:
14192:
14187:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14167:
14162:
14156:
14154:
14150:
14149:
14147:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14090:
14088:
14084:
14083:
14081:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14054:
14052:
14048:
14047:
14035:
14034:
14027:
14020:
14012:
14003:
14002:
14000:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13969:
13964:
13958:
13956:
13952:
13951:
13949:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13912:
13910:
13904:
13903:
13901:
13900:
13894:
13892:
13878:
13877:
13875:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13823:
13821:
13815:
13814:
13812:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13755:
13753:
13747:
13746:
13739:
13738:
13731:
13724:
13716:
13707:
13706:
13704:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13687:
13685:
13679:
13678:
13675:
13674:
13672:
13671:
13666:
13660:
13658:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13650:
13648:Thousand Sails
13645:
13640:
13638:Kuiper Systems
13635:
13630:
13625:
13619:
13617:
13613:
13612:
13610:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13553:
13551:
13544:
13538:
13537:
13535:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13503:
13501:
13495:
13494:
13487:
13486:
13479:
13472:
13464:
13455:
13454:
13452:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13425:
13423:
13422:Related topics
13419:
13418:
13416:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13364:
13359:
13353:
13351:
13345:
13344:
13342:
13341:
13336:
13331:
13326:
13324:BDS / BeiDou-1
13320:
13318:
13314:
13313:
13311:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13279:
13277:
13273:
13272:
13265:
13264:
13257:
13250:
13242:
13233:
13232:
13223:
13220:
13219:
13217:
13216:
13209:
13202:
13195:
13188:
13181:
13174:
13167:
13160:
13153:
13146:
13139:
13132:
13125:
13118:
13111:
13104:
13097:
13090:
13083:
13076:
13069:
13061:
13059:
13053:
13052:
13050:
13049:
13042:
13035:
13028:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12990:
12988:
12982:
12981:
12979:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12917:
12915:
12909:
12908:
12906:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12864:
12862:
12856:
12855:
12853:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12745:
12743:
12737:
12736:
12734:
12733:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12637:
12635:
12629:
12628:
12626:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12579:
12577:
12571:
12570:
12568:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12510:
12508:
12502:
12501:
12496:
12493:
12492:
12481:
12480:
12473:
12466:
12458:
12452:
12451:
12445:
12438:
12437:External links
12435:
12434:
12433:
12427:
12414:
12404:
12387:
12381:
12366:
12360:
12345:
12315:
12314:
12309:
12303:
12302:
12291:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12282:
12251:
12225:
12195:
12153:
12122:
12090:
12070:
12050:
12039:on May 1, 2011
12016:
11983:
11950:
11924:
11907:
11877:
11841:
11815:
11779:
11747:
11712:
11690:
11664:
11632:
11597:
11565:
11548:
11519:
11499:
11486:
11473:
11466:
11440:
11407:
11394:
11352:
11309:
11266:
11247:
11227:
11208:
11185:
11166:
11146:
11127:
11107:
11077:
11050:
11023:
10986:
10964:
10945:
10915:
10885:
10859:
10830:
10804:
10774:
10744:
10714:
10707:
10687:
10673:
10653:
10646:
10621:
10602:
10582:
10558:
10531:
10505:
10480:
10413:
10379:
10353:
10316:
10296:
10270:
10249:
10223:
10193:
10162:
10136:
10110:
10079:
10049:
10018:
9992:
9971:
9952:
9915:
9878:
9851:
9831:
9801:
9775:
9745:
9704:
9661:
9620:
9599:(7): 725–743.
9579:
9538:
9511:Remote Sensing
9497:
9470:(1): 417–431.
9454:
9413:
9362:
9315:
9258:
9231:
9182:
9167:
9120:
9113:
9085:
9058:
9011:
8970:
8929:
8880:
8850:
8824:
8783:
8741:(8): 751–769.
8718:
8672:
8646:
8620:
8594:
8568:
8536:
8518:
8492:
8467:
8442:
8420:
8408:
8382:
8356:
8306:
8298:
8274:
8244:
8218:
8188:
8169:
8150:
8120:
8109:(6): 349–357.
8093:
8064:
8032:
7996:
7977:
7970:
7946:
7906:
7856:
7844:global.jaxa.jp
7831:
7806:
7775:
7744:
7714:
7683:
7661:
7635:
7605:
7574:
7543:
7512:
7486:
7460:
7434:
7408:
7385:
7356:
7337:
7311:
7285:
7270:. p. 97.
7245:
7230:. p. 91.
7208:
7194:
7174:
7160:
7140:
7110:
7093:"GPS almanacs"
7084:
7058:
7032:
7007:
6980:
6948:
6928:
6893:
6867:
6841:
6819:
6789:
6743:
6729:
6709:
6687:
6664:
6634:
6625:
6595:
6563:
6537:
6511:
6485:
6458:
6431:
6411:
6389:
6354:
6339:
6298:
6270:
6236:
6205:
6186:
6166:
6152:
6132:
6107:
6081:
6050:
6019:
6008:on May 3, 2012
5990:
5969:"GPS Accuracy"
5954:
5923:
5906:"What is GPS?"
5896:
5858:
5822:
5782:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5739:42,164 km
5719:42,164 km
5699:
5632:
5626:over 15m. See
5617:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5572:
5560:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5447:
5446:
5434:
5433:
5430:European Union
5421:
5420:
5412:
5411:
5374:to the lowest
5356:Main article:
5353:
5350:
5238:
5235:
5214:
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5188:
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5179:
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5166:
5164:
5161:
5147:Main article:
5144:
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4757:
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4703:
4700:
4673:
4666:
4653:
4646:
4622:
4619:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4582:geodetic datum
4569:must be used.
4567:fitting method
4563:overdetermined
4554:
4553:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
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3503:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3481:
3480:Message format
3478:
3469:Main article:
3466:
3463:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3418:
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3390:
3387:
3385:
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3342:
3341:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3295:
3284:
3257:
3235:M982 Excalibur
3207:
3204:
3183:classified as
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3161:seismic hazard
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3118:
3086:
3076:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3007:GPS for mining
3004:
2999:
2986:
2967:
2957:
2950:Fleet tracking
2947:
2941:
2930:
2920:
2910:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2838:
2824:
2793:
2790:
2774:Main article:
2770:
2769:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2619:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2545:Cape Canaveral
2521:Cape Canaveral
2493:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2464:
2461:
2421:orbital period
2417:ascending node
2331:
2328:
2314:
2313:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2246:dead reckoning
2209:
2206:
2173:
2170:
2147:
2144:
2110:time of flight
2106:
2105:
2102:
2081:
2078:
2059:speed of light
2044:
2043:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1943:GPS developer
1941:
1940:
1922:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1811:Ground Segment
1807:
1804:
1789:
1786:George W. Bush
1782:
1779:Galileo system
1775:
1772:
1755:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1720:Emblem of the
1708:2nd Space Wing
1704:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1664:
1661:
1645:
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1361:
1350:
1349:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1159:
1156:
1017:Al Bartholemew
994:Doppler effect
977:
974:
885:
882:
837:US Coast Guard
801:
798:
763:), originally
751:
750:
748:
747:
740:
733:
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491:
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487:
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477:
472:
467:
462:
460:Map projection
457:
446:
441:
436:
434:Geodetic datum
431:
426:
410:
405:
399:
396:
395:
392:
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388:
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382:
377:
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366:
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328:
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306:
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269:
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261:
257:
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248:
246:
240:
238:
237:
236:
235:
232:
230:
224:
222:
218:
217:
213:
212:
211:1 sidereal day
209:
207:Revisit period
203:
202:
187:
186:Orbital period
183:
182:
179:
178:Orbital height
175:
174:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:Total launches
150:
149:
136:
132:
131:
130:31 operational
128:
125:Current usable
121:
120:
117:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
70:US Space Force
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18758:
18747:
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18670:
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18437:
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18428:
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18414:
18411:
18409:
18408:List of clubs
18406:
18402:
18399:
18398:
18397:
18394:
18393:
18391:
18387:
18379:
18376:
18374:
18371:
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18276:
18272:
18262:
18259:
18257:
18254:
18252:
18249:
18248:
18246:
18242:
18236:
18235:SportSoftware
18233:
18231:
18228:
18226:
18223:
18222:
18220:
18216:
18213:
18211:
18207:
18197:
18194:
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18177:
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18141:
18140:
18139:
18136:
18135:
18133:
18129:
18123:
18120:
18118:
18115:
18113:
18112:Control point
18110:
18109:
18107:
18103:
18100:
18096:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18076:
18073:
18071:
18070:Alleycat race
18068:
18066:
18063:
18062:
18060:
18056:
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18047:
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17218:
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17125:
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17098:
17095:
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17083:
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17076:
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17065:
17063:
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17055:
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17025:
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16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16901:
16898:
16896:
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16892:
16890:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16877:
16875:
16871:
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16863:
16862:
16860:
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16854:
16852:
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16839:
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16807:
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16794:
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16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
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16774:
16769:
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16762:
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16707:
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16380:
16377:
16375:
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16367:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16343:
16340:
16339:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16270:
16265:
16263:
16260:
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16255:
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16246:
16243:
16242:
16240:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16207:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16188:
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16180:
16176:
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16171:
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16167:
16165:
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16160:
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16153:
16150:
16146:
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16138:
16137:
16135:
16133:
16130:
16128:
16125:
16121:
16118:
16116:
16113:
16112:
16110:
16106:
16103:
16101:
16098:
16097:
16095:
16091:
16088:
16086:
16083:
16082:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16063:
16060:
16055:
16051:
16048:
16047:
16046:
16043:
16038:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16025:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16014:
16011:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16001:
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15990:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15970:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15946:
15945:
15944:
15941:
15937:
15934:
15932:
15929:
15928:
15927:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15890:
15887:
15886:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15874:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15841:
15840:
15837:
15836:
15834:
15830:
15822:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15813:
15811:
15809:
15806:
15801:
15797:
15794:
15792:
15789:
15788:
15786:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15741:
15737:
15734:
15733:
15732:
15729:
15725:
15722:
15721:
15720:
15717:
15713:
15710:
15709:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15682:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15668:
15666:
15663:
15658:
15656:
15653:
15648:
15646:
15643:
15641:
15638:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15625:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15570:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15537:
15535:
15531:
15525:
15522:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15507:
15505:
15502:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15487:
15485:
15482:
15477:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15464:
15462:
15460:
15457:
15455:
15452:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15440:
15437:
15435:
15432:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15358:
15355:
15353:
15350:
15348:
15345:
15344:
15342:
15340:
15337:
15336:
15334:
15330:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15303:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15259:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15226:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15209:
15207:
15204:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15136:
15135:
15132:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15114:
15112:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15099:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15057:
15052:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15039:
15037:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15008:
15005:
15004:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14994:
14992:
14988:
14983:
14976:
14971:
14969:
14964:
14962:
14957:
14956:
14953:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14930:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14913:
14911:
14906:
14902:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14863:
14861:
14857:
14851:
14848:
14846:
14845:M1014 shotgun
14843:
14841:
14838:
14836:
14833:
14831:
14828:
14826:
14823:
14822:
14820:
14818:
14814:
14810:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14770:
14768:
14766:
14762:
14758:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14744:
14741:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14730:
14728:
14726:
14722:
14718:
14715:
14711:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14682:
14680:
14676:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14659:AGM-158 JASSM
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14600:
14597:
14595:
14594:AIM-7 Sparrow
14592:
14591:
14589:
14585:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14563:M102 howitzer
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14528:GAU-8 Avenger
14526:
14525:
14523:
14519:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14485:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14468:
14465:
14463:
14460:
14458:
14455:
14453:
14450:
14448:
14445:
14443:
14440:
14438:
14435:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14413:
14410:
14409:
14407:
14403:
14400:
14396:
14385:
14383:
14382:R-11 Refueler
14380:
14378:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14363:
14360:
14359:
14357:
14353:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14338:
14336:
14334:
14330:
14327:
14321:
14317:
14310:
14305:
14303:
14298:
14296:
14291:
14290:
14287:
14274:
14271:
14268:
14267:
14264:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14212:
14209:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14157:
14155:
14151:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14091:
14089:
14085:
14079:
14078:SLV-5 (Titan)
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14068:SLV-3 (Atlas)
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14058:SLV-1 (Scout)
14056:
14055:
14053:
14049:
14044:
14040:
14033:
14028:
14026:
14021:
14019:
14014:
14013:
14010:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13959:
13957:
13953:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13913:
13911:
13909:
13905:
13899:
13896:
13895:
13893:
13891:
13887:
13883:
13879:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13824:
13822:
13820:
13816:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13804:Time from NPL
13802:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13756:
13754:
13752:
13748:
13744:
13737:
13732:
13730:
13725:
13723:
13718:
13717:
13714:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13688:
13686:
13684:
13680:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13655:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13620:
13618:
13614:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13542:Communication
13539:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13504:
13502:
13500:
13496:
13492:
13485:
13480:
13478:
13473:
13471:
13466:
13465:
13462:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13434:Kalman filter
13432:
13430:
13427:
13426:
13424:
13420:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13354:
13352:
13350:
13346:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13321:
13319:
13315:
13309:
13308:IRNSS / NAVIC
13306:
13304:
13303:GPS / NavStar
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13274:
13270:
13263:
13258:
13256:
13251:
13249:
13244:
13243:
13240:
13230:
13226:
13221:
13215:
13214:
13210:
13208:
13207:
13203:
13201:
13200:
13196:
13194:
13193:
13189:
13187:
13186:
13182:
13180:
13179:
13175:
13173:
13172:
13168:
13166:
13165:
13161:
13159:
13158:
13154:
13152:
13151:
13147:
13145:
13144:
13140:
13138:
13137:
13133:
13131:
13130:
13126:
13124:
13123:
13119:
13117:
13116:
13112:
13110:
13109:
13105:
13103:
13102:
13098:
13096:
13095:
13091:
13089:
13088:
13084:
13082:
13081:
13077:
13075:
13074:
13070:
13068:
13067:
13063:
13062:
13060:
13058:
13054:
13048:
13047:
13043:
13041:
13040:
13036:
13034:
13033:
13029:
13027:
13026:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12991:
12989:
12987:
12983:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12914:
12910:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12865:
12863:
12861:
12857:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12750:
12747:
12746:
12744:
12742:
12738:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12638:
12636:
12634:
12630:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12580:
12578:
12576:
12572:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12511:
12509:
12507:
12503:
12499:
12494:
12490:
12487:
12479:
12474:
12472:
12467:
12465:
12460:
12459:
12456:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12440:
12430:
12424:
12420:
12415:
12412:
12408:
12405:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12388:
12384:
12378:
12374:
12373:
12367:
12363:
12357:
12353:
12352:
12346:
12331:
12324:
12320:
12319:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12270:
12266:
12262:
12255:
12239:
12235:
12229:
12213:
12209:
12205:
12199:
12191:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12173:
12169:
12165:
12157:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12126:
12110:
12106:
12105:
12100:
12094:
12087:
12083:
12080:
12074:
12067:
12063:
12060:
12054:
12038:
12034:
12030:
12023:
12021:
12001:
11994:
11987:
11968:
11961:
11954:
11938:
11934:
11928:
11922:
11918:
11915:
11911:
11895:
11891:
11887:
11881:
11862:
11858:
11851:
11845:
11829:
11825:
11819:
11800:
11796:
11789:
11783:
11764:
11757:
11751:
11732:
11725:
11719:
11717:
11700:
11694:
11678:
11674:
11668:
11649:
11642:
11636:
11617:
11610:
11604:
11602:
11582:
11575:
11569:
11558:
11552:
11545:
11533:
11529:
11523:
11516:
11512:
11509:
11503:
11496:
11490:
11483:
11477:
11469:
11467:9781119018612
11463:
11459:
11455:
11451:
11444:
11436:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11418:
11411:
11404:
11398:
11390:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11359:
11357:
11348:
11344:
11340:
11336:
11332:
11328:
11324:
11320:
11319:GPS Solutions
11313:
11305:
11301:
11297:
11293:
11289:
11285:
11281:
11277:
11270:
11254:
11250:
11244:
11240:
11239:
11231:
11215:
11211:
11205:
11201:
11200:
11192:
11190:
11173:
11169:
11163:
11159:
11158:
11150:
11134:
11130:
11124:
11120:
11119:
11111:
11095:
11091:
11087:
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10903:
10899:
10898:Aviation Week
10895:
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10011:September 28,
10006:
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9835:
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9811:
9805:
9794:September 25,
9789:
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9684:
9680:
9676:
9672:
9665:
9656:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9634:GPS Solutions
9631:
9624:
9615:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
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9590:
9583:
9574:
9569:
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9477:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9458:
9449:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9427:GPS Solutions
9424:
9417:
9409:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9389:10.2196/35549
9385:
9382:(5): e35549.
9381:
9377:
9373:
9366:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
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9254:
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9247:. p. 2.
9246:
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9034:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9015:
9006:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8984:GPS Solutions
8981:
8974:
8965:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8943:GPS Solutions
8940:
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8581:Bloomberg.com
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8366:
8360:
8353:
8349:
8346:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8320:GPS Solutions
8317:
8314:Agnew, D.C.;
8310:
8301:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8278:
8262:
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6881:
6877:
6871:
6860:September 15,
6855:
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6443:. SPACE.com.
6442:
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6064:IEEE Spectrum
6061:
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5862:
5843:
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5832:
5826:
5807:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5775:September 24,
5770:
5764:
5762:
5757:
5703:
5688:
5683:10 Nm/kg
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5657: =
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5643: =
5642:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5618:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5595:
5594:United States
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5257:
5251:
5248:
5244:
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5224:
5220:
5210:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5189:This article
5187:
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5157:
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5134:
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5125:
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4873:
4867:
4858:
4852:
4843:
4837:
4828:
4821:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:least-squares
4804:
4802:
4794:Least squares
4786:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4745:
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4714:
4708:
4699:
4697:
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4661:
4656:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:trilateration
4602:
4593:
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4576:
4570:
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4564:
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4305:
4300:
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4069:
4059:
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4013:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3971:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3937:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3898:
3888:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3845:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:Aviation Week
3782:
3771:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3714:pseudo-random
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3671:
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3663:
3659:
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3646:
3642:
3639:
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3614:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3561:subcommutated
3544:
3540:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3472:
3465:Communication
3462:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:air-to-ground
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3224:unguided bomb
3220:
3212:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:Mental health
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:GPS-equipped
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:in 2006, and
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:Amateur radio
2811:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2766:
2763:
2755:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2729:This section
2727:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2561:space weather
2558:
2557:Kalman filter
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2457:constellation
2453:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2437:line of sight
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2330:Space segment
2327:
2325:
2321:
2310:
2307:
2299:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2273:This section
2271:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:time transfer
2222:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:Doppler shift
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2169:
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2143:
2141:
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2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2050:atomic clocks
2040:
2037:
2029:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2003:This section
2001:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:received the
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:mobile phones
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
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1760:
1756:
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1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
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1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1706:In 1992, the
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:Ronald Reagan
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1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1358:
1346:
1337:is available.
1336:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1316:This section
1314:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:William Perry
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1240:Ronald Reagan
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:gravity field
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:nuclear triad
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1041:constellation
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
973:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
907:
881:
878:
876:
861:
860:U.S. Congress
857:
856:GPS Block III
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
818:
817:Ronald Reagan
814:
809:
807:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
727:
726:
724:
723:
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708:
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703:
702:
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694:
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686:
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611:
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586:
584:
581:
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574:
571:
570:
562:
561:
554:
551:
549:
543:
541:
535:
533:
527:
525:
521:BeiDou (BDS)
519:
517:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
494:
493:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
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463:
461:
458:
455:
451:
447:
445:
442:
440:
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435:
432:
430:
427:
423:
422:circumference
419:
414:
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406:
404:
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400:
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393:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
361:
360:
356:
352:
351:
348:
345:
344:
335:
334:Senior Airman
332:
325:
316:
310:
299:
292:
280:
266:
262:
258:
249:
247:
245:
244:
242:
241:
233:
231:
229:
228:
226:
225:
223:
219:
216:Other details
214:
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184:
180:
176:
172:
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164:
159:
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137:
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71:
68:
64:
61:United States
60:
56:
48:
43:
37:
33:
29:
22:
18579:Open events
18504:Competitions
18336:route choice
18302:Fundamentals
18075:Fell running
18022:Other sports
17919:Orienteering
17803:
14578:M134 Minigun
14497:BLU-109 bomb
14487:CBU-89 Gator
14377:R-9 Refueler
14372:R-5 Refueler
14269:Not assigned
14189:
14063:SLV-2 (Thor)
13935:
13521:
13302:
13228:
13224:
13211:
13204:
13197:
13190:
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13044:
13037:
13030:
13023:
12485:
12418:
12397:
12393:
12371:
12350:
12337:. Retrieved
12330:the original
12297:
12273:. Retrieved
12264:
12254:
12244:December 17,
12242:. Retrieved
12228:
12216:. Retrieved
12207:
12198:
12171:
12167:
12156:
12144:. Retrieved
12140:the original
12135:
12125:
12115:December 26,
12113:. Retrieved
12109:the original
12102:
12093:
12073:
12053:
12041:. Retrieved
12037:the original
12033:The Sun News
12032:
12009:December 13,
12007:. Retrieved
12000:the original
11986:
11976:December 13,
11974:. Retrieved
11967:the original
11953:
11941:. Retrieved
11937:the original
11927:
11910:
11900:December 13,
11898:. Retrieved
11889:
11880:
11870:December 13,
11868:. Retrieved
11856:
11844:
11834:December 13,
11832:. Retrieved
11828:the original
11818:
11808:December 13,
11806:. Retrieved
11794:
11782:
11772:December 13,
11770:. Retrieved
11750:
11738:. Retrieved
11705:December 13,
11703:. Retrieved
11693:
11683:December 14,
11681:. Retrieved
11667:
11657:December 13,
11655:. Retrieved
11635:
11625:December 13,
11623:. Retrieved
11616:the original
11590:November 13,
11588:. Retrieved
11581:the original
11568:
11557:"Blackboard"
11551:
11543:
11536:. Retrieved
11522:
11502:
11494:
11489:
11481:
11476:
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11416:
11410:
11402:
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11364:
11325:(3): 29–41.
11322:
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11312:
11279:
11275:
11269:
11259:February 19,
11257:. Retrieved
11237:
11230:
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11198:
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11156:
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11137:. Retrieved
11117:
11110:
11098:. Retrieved
11094:the original
11089:
11080:
11068:. Retrieved
11064:the original
11053:
11041:. Retrieved
11037:the original
11026:
11014:. Retrieved
11007:the original
10948:
10938:September 9,
10936:. Retrieved
10927:
10918:
10906:. Retrieved
10902:the original
10897:
10888:
10876:. Retrieved
10872:the original
10862:
10850:. Retrieved
10821:. Retrieved
10817:the original
10807:
10797:February 27,
10795:. Retrieved
10786:
10777:
10765:. Retrieved
10761:the original
10756:
10747:
10735:. Retrieved
10731:the original
10726:
10717:
10697:
10690:
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10663:
10656:
10636:
10614:February 28,
10612:. Retrieved
10592:
10585:
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10561:
10549:. Retrieved
10545:the original
10534:
10522:. Retrieved
10508:
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10492:
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10416:
10405:, retrieved
10398:the original
10389:
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10356:
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10332:
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10283:the original
10273:
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10236:the original
10226:
10214:. Retrieved
10205:
10196:
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10175:
10165:
10153:. Retrieved
10139:
10127:. Retrieved
10113:
10103:December 15,
10101:. Retrieved
10092:
10082:
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10061:
10052:
10040:. Retrieved
10031:
10021:
10009:. Retrieved
9995:
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9943:. Retrieved
9918:
9906:. Retrieved
9881:
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9854:
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9822:. Retrieved
9813:
9804:
9792:. Retrieved
9778:
9766:. Retrieved
9758:www.asme.org
9757:
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9076:. Retrieved
9071:
9061:
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9024:
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8983:
8973:
8946:
8942:
8932:
8897:
8893:
8883:
8871:. Retrieved
8862:
8853:
8841:. Retrieved
8837:the original
8827:
8800:
8796:
8786:
8774:. Retrieved
8738:
8734:
8721:
8686:
8682:
8675:
8663:. Retrieved
8659:the original
8649:
8639:November 26,
8637:. Retrieved
8633:
8623:
8613:November 26,
8611:. Retrieved
8607:
8597:
8587:November 26,
8585:. Retrieved
8580:
8571:
8559:. Retrieved
8539:
8531:the original
8521:
8509:. Retrieved
8495:
8485:November 26,
8483:. Retrieved
8479:
8470:
8460:November 26,
8458:. Retrieved
8454:
8445:
8423:
8411:
8403:the original
8398:
8385:
8373:. Retrieved
8359:
8326:(1): 71–76.
8323:
8319:
8316:Larson, K.M.
8309:
8284:
8277:
8265:. Retrieved
8261:the original
8235:. Retrieved
8221:
8209:. Retrieved
8205:the original
8200:
8191:
8172:
8153:
8143:February 27,
8141:. Retrieved
8134:the original
8123:
8106:
8102:
8096:
8084:. Retrieved
8080:the original
8057:November 10,
8055:. Retrieved
8048:the original
8035:
8022:. Retrieved
7991:the original
7980:
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7924:
7920:
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7843:
7834:
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7818:
7809:
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7788:
7778:
7766:. Retrieved
7757:
7747:
7735:. Retrieved
7731:the original
7726:
7717:
7707:December 24,
7705:. Retrieved
7701:the original
7696:
7686:
7678:the original
7673:
7664:
7647:
7638:
7628:December 14,
7626:. Retrieved
7622:the original
7617:
7608:
7596:. Retrieved
7592:the original
7587:
7577:
7565:. Retrieved
7556:
7546:
7534:. Retrieved
7526:The Guardian
7525:
7515:
7503:. Retrieved
7499:the original
7489:
7477:. Retrieved
7463:
7453:November 24,
7451:. Retrieved
7447:the original
7437:
7425:. Retrieved
7421:the original
7411:
7388:
7376:. Retrieved
7372:the original
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7288:
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7199:. Retrieved
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7150:
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7122:
7113:
7101:. Retrieved
7087:
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7061:
7049:. Retrieved
7035:
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6983:
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6964:the original
6951:
6931:
6919:. Retrieved
6903:
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6880:the original
6870:
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6854:the original
6844:
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6831:
6822:
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6801:
6792:
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6734:. Retrieved
6719:
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6646:
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6616:. Retrieved
6612:the original
6607:
6598:
6586:. Retrieved
6566:
6554:. Retrieved
6550:the original
6540:
6528:. Retrieved
6524:the original
6514:
6502:. Retrieved
6498:the original
6488:
6476:. Retrieved
6470:. Jproc.ca.
6466:Jerry Proc.
6461:
6451:February 14,
6449:. Retrieved
6434:
6426:the original
6420:
6414:
6406:the original
6380:. Retrieved
6364:
6357:
6348:
6342:
6330:. Retrieved
6323:the original
6318:
6314:
6301:
6289:. Retrieved
6279:
6273:
6263:November 29,
6261:. Retrieved
6250:The Guardian
6249:
6239:
6227:. Retrieved
6218:
6208:
6196:. Retrieved
6176:
6169:
6157:. Retrieved
6142:
6135:
6125:November 22,
6123:. Retrieved
6119:
6110:
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6093:
6084:
6072:. Retrieved
6063:
6053:
6041:. Retrieved
6032:
6022:
6010:. Retrieved
6006:the original
5981:. Retrieved
5972:
5945:. Retrieved
5936:
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5914:. Retrieved
5899:
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5874:
5861:
5849:. Retrieved
5825:
5813:. Retrieved
5785:
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5702:
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5686:
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5670:
5666:
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5401:
5390:), with the
5343:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5293:
5260:LightSquared
5252:
5240:
5217:
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5190:
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5126:
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5107:
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4805:
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4770:pseudoranges
4767:
4754:
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4725:
4718:
4712:
4671:
4664:
4659:
4651:
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4639:
4635:
4633:
4621:Hyperboloids
4615:
4607:
4591:
4571:
4558:
4555:
4386:pseudoranges
4385:
4383:
4248:
4244:
4240:
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3969:
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3858:
3854:
3852:
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3785:
3781:LightSquared
3778:
3765:
3757:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3710:
3695:
3682:
3669:
3652:
3635:
3630:Description
3604:
3597:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3538:
3536:
3497:Description
3474:
3451:
3436:
3425:relative to
3420:
3411:
3403:leap seconds
3398:
3392:
3389:Leap seconds
3384:Timekeeping
3375:
3358:
3343:
3314:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3226:, March 2003
3197:
3193:
3181:
3113:
2982:pet tracking
2807:
2786:
2779:
2758:
2749:
2738:Please help
2733:verification
2730:
2712:Applications
2682:
2658:
2650:
2618:User segment
2612:
2608:
2593:information.
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2541:Diego Garcia
2513:Diego Garcia
2494:
2477:
2454:
2449:ground track
2445:sidereal day
2442:
2428:
2425:sidereal day
2394:
2357:
2317:
2302:
2293:
2282:Please help
2277:verification
2274:
2238:
2218:
2190:random error
2186:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2155:
2125:
2114:
2107:
2098:pseudorandom
2086:carrier wave
2083:
2063:
2047:
2032:
2023:
2012:Please help
2007:verification
2004:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1942:
1933:astronautics
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:World War II
1891:Ivan Getting
1878:
1854:
1797:assisted GPS
1766:
1744:Bill Clinton
1625:
1618:
1375:and healthy
1340:
1335:Editing help
1317:
1293:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1252:Bill Clinton
1245:
1238:, President
1213:
1194:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1161:
1145:
1141:atomic clock
1130:
1118:
1107:
1099:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1022:
979:
976:Predecessors
963:
948:
912:
879:
853:
845:Bill Clinton
826:
810:
803:
793:GPS receiver
764:
760:
756:
754:
507:
497:Technologies
452: /
364:Fundamentals
234:$ 12 billion
135:First launch
36:
18705:WikiProject
18553:World Games
18275:Video games
18244:Open-source
18218:Proprietary
18186:Backpacking
14925:Flight Suit
14788:M16A2 Rifle
14669:Zuni rocket
14634:AGM-88 HARM
14629:AGM-86 ALCM
14573:M2 Browning
14558:L/60 Bofors
13683:Observation
13643:SpaceMobile
13550:Operational
13276:Operational
12443:FAA GPS FAQ
12146:October 29,
12104:Inside GNSS
11943:November 6,
11740:October 20,
11100:December 4,
11016:October 15,
10878:November 6,
10852:November 6,
10737:November 6,
10524:October 15,
10493:www.gps.gov
10407:December 7,
10372:October 12,
10364:. Galleon.
10042:February 8,
9871:October 13,
9863:. Gcn.com.
9824:October 10,
9078:January 26,
8704:2117/114538
8511:October 27,
8480:www.gps.gov
8367:. GPS.gov.
8237:January 31,
8211:October 27,
7648:EurekAlert!
7598:October 15,
7536:December 8,
7505:October 15,
7427:October 15,
7133:February 9,
7103:October 15,
7077:October 31,
7027:Inside GNSS
6802:www.ion.org
6736:January 14,
6618:January 19,
6588:October 20,
6556:January 14,
6530:October 14,
6504:January 13,
6478:December 8,
6291:October 20,
6229:January 17,
6074:January 17,
6043:January 17,
6012:November 6,
5947:February 1,
5628:tidal range
5558:Spaceflight
5476:GPS signals
5112:Closed-form
3844:Pseudorange
3813:known as a
3471:GPS signals
3423:clock drift
3366:North Korea
3275:(PLGR) and
3237:GPS-guided
3153:earthquakes
3101:GPS drawing
2934:radiosondes
2877:Cartography
2831:troposphere
2549:nanoseconds
2405:inclination
2382: /
2370:105°12′39″W
2242:close to 0m
2234:make use of
2158:hyperboloid
2055:radio waves
1929:aeronautics
1921:avigation).
1831:California.
1668:Onizuka AFS
1388:preparation
1201:ionospheric
1186:Navstar-GPS
1158:Development
1015:(left) and
944:Gladys West
863:2 cm (
785:geolocation
765:Navstar GPS
375:Geodynamics
87:Operational
66:Operator(s)
18720:Categories
18568:University
18540:University
18493:wilderness
18476:geocaching
18423:innovators
18418:by country
18341:wayfinding
18321:Navigation
18256:Purple Pen
18179:Exceptions
18148:protractor
18080:Relay race
14935:Mess dress
14778:M4 carbine
14743:M17 Pistol
14733:M11 Pistol
14713:Small arms
14533:M61 Vulcan
14153:Satellites
14051:SLV series
13633:O3b mPOWER
13567:Globalstar
13499:Navigation
13317:Historical
13057:Block IIIF
12860:Block IIRM
12489:satellites
12339:August 22,
12275:August 10,
12236:. dw.com.
12136:Clove Blog
11199:Navigation
10680:August 16,
10551:August 12,
9930:(Report).
9893:(Report).
9433:(4): 111.
9285:2109.07745
9278:: 103277.
9202:: 101031.
9072:WhatIs.com
8561:August 24,
8024:August 22,
7819:Britannica
7528:. London.
7378:January 7,
7051:August 26,
6937:Appendix B
6159:August 16,
5815:January 3,
5753:References
5728:(that is,
5708:(that is,
5337:including
5207:March 2020
4764:Hypercones
3842:See also:
3334:bhangmeter
3167:Telematics
3114:Pokémon Go
3105:waymarking
3097:Geodashing
3093:Geocaching
3089:Recreation
3069:Sentinel-3
3057:TerraSAR-X
3031:Navigation
2997:Nikon GP-1
2989:Geotagging
2970:Geofencing
2938:dropsondes
2849:astrometry
2835:ionosphere
2827:Atmosphere
2752:March 2015
2367:39°44′49″N
2334:See also:
2296:March 2015
2090:modulation
2066:satellites
2026:March 2015
1986:Principles
1886:for 2003:
1220:Boeing 747
145:1978-02-22
127:satellites
116:satellites
18637:World Cup
18548:World Cup
18481:poker run
18331:resection
18098:Equipment
18049:Rogaining
18006:Fox Oring
15791:A/B/E/F/N
14738:M9 Pistol
14398:Munitions
14087:SB series
13987:Radio VNG
13908:Satellite
13819:Shortwave
13669:Teledesic
13657:Abandoned
13369:(retired)
12986:Block III
12913:Block IIF
12741:Block IIR
12633:Block IIA
12190:247985456
12174:: 49–59.
11421:CiteSeerX
11347:121336108
10961: PDF
10757:DailyTech
10457:1433-8351
10346:April 27,
10333:GPS World
9768:August 3,
9724:(1): 20.
9699:134160047
9640:(1): 11.
9492:125791718
9357:0966-6923
9335:: 35–44.
9310:1361-9209
9226:2665-9174
9162:0022-1430
9053:118344484
8949:(3): 74.
8924:0949-7714
8399:Crosslink
8267:April 22,
8030:Chapter 7
7941:0018-9251
7901:0018-9251
7737:August 3,
7479:August 9,
7000:March 22,
6776:0018-9219
6647:au.af.mil
6258:0261-3077
6033:The Verge
5983:April 12,
5889:April 12,
5851:April 21,
5570:Geography
5372:Low Earth
5245:'s (FCC)
5156:ephemeris
5096:Iterative
5059:−
5025:−
4993:−
4961:−
4938:∑
4897:
4877:^
4862:^
4847:^
4832:^
4783:hypercone
4779:spacetime
4680:hyperbola
4433:−
4421:~
4384:Defining
4347:−
4315:−
4283:−
4211:…
4168:−
4162:−
4150:~
4081:−
4075:−
4063:~
4006:−
4000:−
3988:~
3953:−
3941:~
3892:~
3815:Gold code
3804:Gold code
3627:Frequency
3595:minutes.
3574:ephemeris
3515:Ephemeris
3494:Subframes
3269:HAVEQUICK
3185:munitions
3149:Tectonics
3143:Surveying
3019:GPS tours
2841:Astronomy
2706:Bluetooth
2685:NMEA 0183
2568:unhealthy
2553:ephemeris
2533:Kwajalein
2256:Structure
2132:longitude
2074:spacetime
1909:ng-range
1699:In 1991,
1696:receiver.
1526:2010–2016
1501:2005–2009
1476:1997–2004
1451:1990–1997
1426:1989–1990
1401:1978–1985
1371:Currently
1343:July 2023
1067:arms race
982:Sputnik 1
964:In 1955,
454:Longitude
380:Geomatics
166:Regime(s)
18695:Category
18583:O-Ringen
18456:Climbing
18346:waypoint
18210:Software
18170:Headlamp
18131:Personal
17993:governed
17956:governed
14905:Uniforms
14859:Ordnance
14568:GAU-23/A
13852:ROA Time
13751:Longwave
13701:RapidEye
13696:Pleiades
13664:Celestri
13616:Proposed
13592:Tianlian
13587:Starlink
13403:StarFire
13398:SouthPAN
13334:Timation
12575:Block II
12484:NAVSTAR
12269:Archived
12238:Archived
12218:June 24,
12212:Archived
12208:phys.org
12082:Archived
12062:Archived
12043:April 7,
11917:Archived
11894:Archived
11861:Archived
11799:Archived
11763:Archived
11731:Archived
11677:Archived
11648:Archived
11538:June 13,
11532:Archived
11511:Archived
11389:24431129
11304:30190437
11253:Archived
11214:Archived
11172:Archived
11133:Archived
10979:Archived
10932:Archived
10908:June 20,
10846:Archived
10823:June 20,
10791:Archived
10608:Archived
10518:Archived
10498:June 21,
10475:28163638
10433:(1): 1.
10366:Archived
10337:Archived
10289:June 25,
10242:July 12,
10216:July 12,
10210:Archived
10186:March 3,
10180:Archived
10155:March 3,
10149:Archived
10129:March 3,
10123:Archived
10097:Archived
10093:NBC News
10072:March 3,
10066:Archived
10036:Archived
10005:Archived
9986:10176800
9964:Archived
9936:Archived
9899:Archived
9865:Archived
9843:Archived
9818:Archived
9788:Archived
9762:Archived
9408:35507385
8990:(1): 1.
8900:(1): 3.
8867:Archived
8863:ucar.edu
8843:July 23,
8776:March 2,
8767:Archived
8763:56017067
8713:54069697
8665:June 27,
8608:C4ISRNet
8552:Archived
8505:Archived
8434:Archived
8375:July 27,
8369:Archived
8348:Archived
8340:59397640
8231:Archived
8180:Archived
8161:Archived
8086:June 26,
8015:Archived
7849:April 4,
7824:April 4,
7799:April 4,
7793:Archived
7768:April 6,
7762:Archived
7758:BBC News
7656:Archived
7561:Archived
7557:ABC News
7530:Archived
7473:Archived
7400:Archived
7348:Archived
7330:June 20,
7304:June 20,
7272:Archived
7232:Archived
7127:Archived
7097:Archived
7071:Archived
7045:Archived
7018:Archived
6994:Archived
6940:Archived
6921:July 12,
6912:Archived
6886:June 17,
6812:June 17,
6806:Archived
6702:July 20,
6693:Archived
6579:Archived
6472:Archived
6445:Archived
6382:March 3,
6373:Archived
6332:April 9,
6285:Archived
6223:Archived
6219:BBC News
6198:July 28,
6192:Archived
6100:March 7,
6068:Archived
6037:Archived
5977:Archived
5941:Archived
5910:Archived
5883:Archived
5842:Archived
5806:Archived
5661:, where
5459:See also
5437:Japan's
5415:China's
5398:to scale
5394:and the
5382:and its
5329:system,
5296:Best Buy
5283:(NASA),
5258:company
5256:Virginia
4803:(GDOP).
4028:, where
3968:, where
3873:, where
3811:sequence
3768:May 2021
3417:Accuracy
3399:GPS time
3321:howitzer
3265:SINCGARS
3206:Military
3131:Robotics
3111:such as
3061:TanDEM-X
2792:Civilian
2646:Maynooth
2128:latitude
1793:Qualcomm
1748:dual-use
1690:Gulf War
1391:Planned
1373:in orbit
1232:Sakhalin
1181:Navstar.
1137:Timation
1064:Cold War
1048:Timation
957:and the
829:Gulf War
800:Overview
633:ISO 6709
531:(Europe)
529:Galileo
515:(Russia)
513:GLONASS
450:Latitude
439:Geodesic
397:Concepts
100:Accuracy
92:Coverage
51:GPS Logo
18593:Tiomila
18533:Masters
18466:Hunting
18401:members
18368:walking
18363:running
18196:Whistle
18165:Gaiters
18138:Compass
18058:Related
17865:957–967
17835:900–951
17828:900–999
17819:847–899
17809:835–845
17789:824–831
17749:808–816
17692:800–899
17683:755–799
17673:746–753
17618:700–735
17611:700–799
16995:A/B (I)
16850:600–699
16841:593–599
16821:581–589
16801:571–579
16791:561–569
16771:551–559
16751:543–549
16741:531–541
16731:521–529
16721:501–519
16709:500–599
15832:400–499
15803:381–397
15783:338–379
15533:300–399
15519:280–298
15509:240–278
15499:227–238
15332:200–299
15291:143–197
14990:100–199
14813:Support
14765:carbine
14721:Sidearm
14587:Missile
14325:systems
13955:Defunct
13931:Galileo
13926:GLONASS
13582:Orbcomm
13572:Iridium
13517:GLONASS
13512:Galileo
13444:Wavelet
13339:Tsiklon
13329:Transit
13298:GLONASS
13293:Galileo
12506:Block I
12448:GPS.gov
11369:Bibcode
11327:Bibcode
11284:Bibcode
11220:May 22,
11178:May 22,
11139:May 22,
11070:July 7,
11043:July 7,
10956:at the
10767:May 30,
10727:Fas.org
10466:5253894
10435:Bibcode
9945:May 23,
9908:May 23,
9814:cwu.edu
9726:Bibcode
9679:Bibcode
9642:Bibcode
9601:Bibcode
9560:Bibcode
9519:Bibcode
9472:Bibcode
9435:Bibcode
9399:9118091
9337:Bibcode
9290:Bibcode
9204:Bibcode
9142:Bibcode
9033:Bibcode
8992:Bibcode
8951:Bibcode
8902:Bibcode
8873:May 28,
8805:Bibcode
8743:Bibcode
7881:Bibcode
7697:GPS.gov
7567:May 22,
7278:May 23,
7238:May 23,
7201:May 25,
7167:May 25,
6973:May 28,
6657:June 7,
6468:"Omega"
6120:GPS.gov
5973:GPS.gov
5742:
5730:
5722:
5710:
5544:Portals
5486:GPS/INS
5408:GLONASS
5370:, from
5304:C Spire
5264:Motient
5247:Part 15
4596:Spheres
3758:updated
3590:⁄
3579:almanac
3554:⁄
3543:bitrate
3376:In the
3323:shells.
3202:-free.
3157:crustal
3083:phasors
3053:Jason-2
3049:Jason-1
2960:Geodesy
2907:Verizon
2802:antenna
2415:of the
2409:equator
2198:compass
2182:tracker
1768:GPS III
1759:Al Gore
1649:KAL 007
1620:USA-203
1383:Failure
1380:Success
1363:Launch
1190:Block I
1188:. Ten "
1081:(USAF)
1030:TRANSIT
1026:Polaris
938:of the
922:of the
884:History
868:⁄
767:, is a
693:Geo URI
663:NAVD 88
573:NGVD 29
547:(Japan)
539:(India)
523:(China)
385:History
370:Geodesy
347:Geodesy
265:gps.gov
260:Website
193:⁄
143: (
114:Nominal
18629:Junior
18588:Jukola
18526:Junior
18461:Hiking
18373:skiing
18358:hiking
18353:Racing
18230:Condes
18117:Course
17717:L (II)
17580:S (II)
17310:A (II)
17245:A (II)
17000:B (II)
16623:L (II)
16407:L (II)
16145:G (II)
16003:M (II)
14678:Target
14548:GAU-19
14543:GAU-13
14538:GAU-12
14452:GBU-28
14437:GBU-15
14323:Ground
14257:EWS-G2
14252:EWS-G1
14222:XSS-12
14217:XSS-11
14211:XSS-10
14144:ASB-11
14139:SSB-10
13916:BeiDou
13847:JN53DV
13837:HD2IOA
13691:Planet
13628:OneWeb
13602:ViaSat
13507:BeiDou
13283:BeiDou
12425:
12413:, 2012
12399:
12379:
12358:
12295:about
12188:
11464:
11423:
11387:
11345:
11302:
11245:
11206:
11164:
11125:
10705:
10671:
10644:
10600:
10473:
10463:
10455:
9983:
9697:
9490:
9406:
9396:
9355:
9308:
9224:
9160:
9111:
9051:
8922:
8761:
8711:
8338:
8296:
7968:
7939:
7899:
7192:
7158:
6784:838848
6782:
6774:
6727:
6685:
6256:
6184:
6150:
5916:May 5,
5302:, and
5287:, and
4579:WGS 84
4565:and a
4232:where
3442:Format
3354:jammed
3073:CubETH
2980:, and
2903:Sprint
2899:Nextel
2665:RS-232
2543:, and
2440:360°.
2401:orbits
2200:or an
1917:id to
1843:Awards
1701:TomTom
1660:users.
1596:Total
1365:period
1318:is in
1214:After
998:UNIVAC
934:, and
811:After
683:GCJ-02
673:ETRS89
653:WGS 84
643:NAD 83
623:GRS 80
583:OSGB36
537:NAVIC
418:radius
173:planes
95:Global
84:Status
18563:Youth
18153:thumb
18105:Event
17712:L (I)
17575:S (I)
17305:A (I)
17240:A (I)
16643:L (I)
16618:L (I)
16402:L (I)
16140:G (I)
15998:M (I)
15844:B/C/N
14761:Rifle
14422:GBU-8
14417:Mk-84
14412:Mk-82
14362:HMMWV
14247:ES-17
14242:LS-16
14237:LS-15
14232:ES-14
14205:LS-10
14134:SSB-9
14129:SSB-8
14124:SSB-7
13941:IRNSS
13921:DORIS
13779:DCF77
13623:IRIS²
13527:IRNSS
13449:RINEX
13388:NTRIP
13373:JPALS
13367:GPS·C
13362:GAGAN
13357:EGNOS
13288:DORIS
12333:(PDF)
12326:(PDF)
12186:S2CID
12003:(PDF)
11996:(PDF)
11970:(PDF)
11963:(PDF)
11864:(PDF)
11853:(PDF)
11802:(PDF)
11791:(PDF)
11766:(PDF)
11759:(PDF)
11734:(PDF)
11727:(PDF)
11651:(PDF)
11644:(PDF)
11619:(PDF)
11612:(PDF)
11584:(PDF)
11577:(PDF)
11560:(PDF)
11484:,1994
11385:S2CID
11343:S2CID
11300:S2CID
11010:(PDF)
11003:(PDF)
10577:(PDF)
10570:(PDF)
10401:(PDF)
10394:(PDF)
10340:(PDF)
10329:(PDF)
10311:(PDF)
9939:(PDF)
9928:(PDF)
9902:(PDF)
9891:(PDF)
9695:S2CID
9488:S2CID
9280:arXiv
9049:S2CID
8770:(PDF)
8759:S2CID
8731:(PDF)
8709:S2CID
8555:(PDF)
8548:(PDF)
8395:(PDF)
8336:S2CID
8137:(GIF)
8051:(PDF)
8044:(PDF)
8018:(PDF)
8011:(PDF)
7962:92–93
6967:(PDF)
6960:(PDF)
6915:(PDF)
6908:(PDF)
6780:S2CID
6696:(PDF)
6679:(PDF)
6582:(PDF)
6575:(PDF)
6376:(PDF)
6369:(PDF)
6326:(PDF)
6311:(PDF)
5845:(PDF)
5838:(PDF)
5809:(PDF)
5802:(PDF)
5679:6.673
5613:Notes
5606:World
5531:S-GPS
5396:Earth
5300:Sharp
4719:black
4245:x, y,
3855:x, y,
3718:chips
3371:PS752
3299:ICBMs
3163:maps.
3137:Sport
3065:CHAMP
3045:GRACE
3037:Orbit
2985:area.
2954:fleet
2859:with
2800:This
2704:, or
2136:geoid
2101:scale
2088:with
1913:adio
1551:2018–
1497:IIR-M
1360:Block
1324:prose
1152:SECOR
1114:SS-25
1110:SS-24
1055:OMEGA
1034:DARPA
955:LORAN
791:to a
613:SAD69
593:SK-42
408:Geoid
18261:MeOS
18225:OCAD
18143:hand
17989:IARU
17708:802
17531:695
17496:691
17466:687
17431:683
17411:681
17356:672
17316:666
17301:665
17236:655
17166:649
17146:648
17066:634
16991:621
16891:603
16876:602
16861:601
16805:580
16775:560
16755:550
16684:499
16654:498
16634:497
16614:495
16579:490
16544:485
16524:484
16460:478
16423:474
16398:471
16281:451
16241:445
16206:441
16166:435
16136:431
16111:428
16096:427
16081:426
16024:418
15989:416
15969:414
15885:405
15812:399
15787:380
15624:315
15569:306
15463:222
15343:201
15225:132
15113:118
15098:117
15038:107
14553:M240
14405:Bomb
14386:C300
14367:LSSV
14227:S-13
14213:(II)
14200:LS-9
14195:ES-8
14190:NS-7
14185:LS-6
14180:ES-5
14175:ES-4
14170:LS-3
14165:WS-2
14160:WS-1
14119:SB-6
14114:SB-5
14109:SB-4
14104:SB-3
14099:SB-2
14094:SB-1
14043:USSF
14041:and
14039:USAF
13992:WWVL
13977:OLB5
13872:YVTO
13867:WWVH
13809:WWVB
13774:Beta
13597:TDRS
13562:DSCS
13557:BGAN
13532:QZSS
13413:SDCM
13408:WAAS
13383:MSAS
13378:LAAS
12423:ISBN
12377:ISBN
12356:ISBN
12341:2008
12277:2019
12246:2016
12220:2020
12148:2016
12117:2008
12045:2011
12011:2011
11978:2011
11945:2011
11902:2011
11872:2011
11836:2011
11810:2011
11774:2011
11742:2015
11707:2011
11685:2011
11659:2011
11627:2011
11592:2011
11540:2015
11462:ISBN
11261:2021
11243:ISBN
11222:2018
11204:ISBN
11180:2018
11162:ISBN
11141:2018
11123:ISBN
11102:2018
11072:2008
11045:2008
11018:2010
10940:2009
10910:2011
10880:2011
10854:2011
10825:2011
10799:2018
10769:2010
10739:2011
10703:ISBN
10682:2013
10669:ISBN
10642:ISBN
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